[music: Naqshbandi]
Solving the Cosmological Constant Problem
based on the Duality of Time Theory
In this video we want to see how
the Duality of Time Theory provide a
simple solution to the huge value of the
zero point energy suggested by quantum
field theory, and reconcile it with the
value of dark energy that, has been
experimentally estimated in 1998, as well
as explaining the source of dark matter
and dark energy, and their structure and
relation to normal baryonic matter.
The Duality of Time Postulate states
that: at every instance of the outward
normal level of time, space and matter of
perpetually being recreated in one
linear chronological sequence, which
forms the inward levels of time, that are
also nested inside each lower dimension
of space.
This means that at every instance of the
real flow of time, there is only one
metaphysical point, that is the unit of
space-time geometry, and the universe is
a result of its perpetual recurrence in
the inner levels of time, which is
continuously and perpetually recreating
the dimensions of space and what it may
contain of matter particles, which then
kinetically evolve throughout the outer
normal level of time that we encounter.
This geometrical point is the Single
Monad that has been explained in the
first volume of this series.
In the 14th century, the Catholic Church
decided to adopt the Aristotelian static
and geocentric model of the universe, and
it considered scientists who criticized
this model as heretics. In the "Brief
History of Time", Stephen Hawking says
that even Einstein, when he formulated the
general theory of relativity in 1915, was
so sure that the Universe had to be
static, that he modified his theory to
make this possible; introducing the
so-called Cosmological Constant into his
equations.
Einstein added the Cosmological Constant
to his field equations so that the
positive attraction of matter may
balance the cosmological constant
repulsion.
However, after Hubble's discovery of the
expansion of the universe in 1929, he (Einstein)
abandoned this idea, and called it his
biggest blunder.
However, again, in 1998, after the
discovery of the accelerating universe
from distant type Ia supernovae, in
addition to the data from the Cosmic
Microwave Background and large galaxy
redshift surveys; astronomers were able
to measure the evolution of the
expansion rate of the Universe, and found
it to be accelerating, which led to the
current standard model of cosmology, the
Lambda-Cold-Dark-Matter (LCDM) model.
On the other hand, as early as 1960s,
quantum field theory predicted that
quantum fluctuations would make huge
contributions to the vacuum energy, much
larger than the energy due to the
Cosmological Constant, which was known to
be either zero are very small.
The problem became extremely critical after
the development of inflationary models
in the 1980s; since the cosmic inflation
is driven by vacuum energy, and even the
smallest changes in its value will lead
to different expansion scenarios.
As Steven Weinberg showed: there are many
problems associated with the
Cosmological Constant: the observed
acceleration of the expansion simply
means that the Cosmological Constant is
about 120 orders of magnitude (10^120) smaller
than the density of vacuum energy, or the
Planck density, that can be calculated
from quantum field theory. This is known
as the "problem of smallness".
Moreover, being so small: why it just happens to have
exactly the value that makes its density
similar to the average matter density,
which is called the "coincidence problem".
Many solutions have been suggested, but
because the discrepancy is the so huge, none
of the speculations came ever close to
solving the puzzle, which indicates that
there is something substantially wrong
in our understanding of quantum physical
processes. Therefore, this problem was
described as the "worst theoretical
prediction in the history of physics".
In the Duality of Time Theory, the huge
discrepancy in the Cosmological Constant
problem is diminished, and even eliminated,
because of the chronological
recreation of space in the inner levels
of time. Therefore, the vacuum energy
should be calculated from the average of
all states, and not the collective
summation, as it is currently treated in
quantum field theory.
This means that we should divide the
vacuum energy density by the number of
modes included in the unit volume, which
is in the order of (10^)117, because we divide
by Planck length cube, since the cutoff
is applied at the Planck scale. This will
reduce the discrepancy between the
observed and the predicted vacuum energy
density from 120 into only three orders
of magnitudes (120-117). The remaining very small
discrepancy could be explained according
to quintessence models, but a more
accurate calculation is needed first,
because all the current methods are
approximate.
Moreover, because of the genuinely
complex nature of time, the two
primordial states of void (0) and vacuum (c), are
multiplied into four elemental states:
which are nothing but the four classical
elements of the Summerians: earth, fire,
water and air. These are the four extreme
states in nature where earth is absolute
mass (0, 0), fire is absolute energy (c, c), air is the
super-gas (0, c) and water is the
super-fluid (c, 0) that corresponds to
bose-einstein condensate, while normal
baryonic matter is simply when this
ground state (c, 0) is excited into (c, v) and
antimatter is the excitation of the
super-gas (0, c) into (v, c). Dark Matter and
Dark Energy are the other possible states,
which also include the states formed
from the conjugate (negative) time directions.
These states of matter and energy are "dark"
because they do not interact with the
normal baryonic matter, since they exist on
orthogonal dimensions. It is also clear
from this diagram how this model could
explain supersymmetry and matter-
antimatter asymmetry.
[Music: Naqshbandi, Oh, My God, I am begging at Your Door!]
