
English: 
Socrates is considered one of the founders
of Western Philosophy, but you might not have
guessed that from his early life.
Socrates was born to a working-class family
in ancient Greece, around 470 BC.
His father was a sculptor who cut stone for
the Parthenon and taught Socrates the stone-cutting
trade.
As an adult, Socrates worked as a stonemason,
as well as serving in the military during
three campaigns.
It wasn’t until he retired that Socrates
took up the occupation he is best known for
- teaching.
What are the great works of Socrates everyone
should read?
Well... there aren’t any.
Socrates did not write.
What we know of Socrates comes from the works
of his students, Plato and Xenophon, as well
as the playwright Aristophanes, who was a
contemporary of Socrates.
This is sometimes referred to as the “Socrates
Problem” - we know about Socrates only through
second-hand accounts.

Chinese: 
苏格拉底被认为是创始人之一
西方哲学，但你可能没有
猜他早年生活。苏格拉底
出生于古代的一个工人阶级家庭
希腊，公元前470年左右。他的父亲是雕塑家
谁为帕台农神庙砍石头并教导
苏格拉底石材贸易。作为一个成年人，
苏格拉底作为一个石匠，以及
在三次战役期间在军队服役。
直到他退休后，苏格拉底
占据了他最有名的职业
 - 教学。
什么是苏格拉底大家的伟大作品
应该读？那么......没有。苏格拉底
没有写。我们所知道的苏格拉底来了
从他的学生的作品，柏拉图和
色诺芬，以及剧作家阿里斯托芬，
谁是苏格拉底的当代人。这是
有时被称为“苏格拉底问题”
 - 我们只是通过他人描述的方式了解苏格拉底

Chinese: 
苏格拉底问题复杂化
从这个时候写作的性质来看。
我们会考虑的东西很少
在经典时代写的历史。
相反，他们大多是戏剧化的作品 - 戏剧
和哲学对话。例如，
在阿里斯托芬的戏剧“云彩”中
苏格拉底被描绘成一个教导的骗子
他的学生聪明的欺骗行为。但
那是一部讽刺喜剧，我们也应该如此
相信那个描述？柏拉图说这出戏
是诽谤。相比之下，柏拉图的和
色诺芬的作品呈现出更亲切的写照
苏格拉底的性格，但甚至他们的帐户
在许多细节上有所不同。我们离开了
把这个人的样子拼凑在一起，找到
各种描述中的共同点。
苏格拉底作为一个高耸的智慧的声誉
当他的一个追随者朝圣时，他就开始了
德尔福的Oracle。这是一位女祭司
在担任媒体的阿波罗神庙中

English: 
The Socrates Problem is compounded by the
nature of the writing from this time.
There is very little of what we would consider
histories written during the Classic Era.
Rather, they are mostly dramatised works - plays
and philosophical dialogues.
For instance, in Aristophanes’ play “The
Clouds,” Socrates is depicted as a swindler
who teaches his students clever acts of deception.
But that was a satirical comedy, so should
we believe that depiction?
Plato said the play was slanderous.
By contrast, Plato’s and Xenophon’s works
presented a kinder portrayal of Socrates’
character, but even their accounts differ
in many particulars.
We are left to piece together what the man
was like, finding common ground in the various
depictions.
Socrates’ reputation as a towering intellect
began when one of his followers made a pilgrimage
to the Oracle of Delphi.

English: 
This was a priestess at the Temple of Apollo,
who served as a medium through which the god
of Apollo spoke.
People traveled from all over Europe to hear
her prophecies.
The Oracle proclaimed no one was wiser than
Socrates.
When Socrates heard this statement, he took
it to be a puzzle.
He set out to find who WAS the wisest man.
He interviewed the people of Athens who were
most admired for their wisdom - teachers,
politicians, artists - but he concluded that
they all had a fatal flaw.
These men all believed they knew a great deal,
but were ignorant of what they did NOT know.
Socrates said that he was as ignorant as any
other man, with the very slight advantage
that he at least KNEW he was ignorant - and
in that way, he was the wisest of an entire
population of ignorant people.
Socrates said, “What I do not know I do
not THINK I know."
This is referred to as the “Socratic Paradox.”
It may surprise you that Socrates, “the
wisest man in Athens,” was not known for

Chinese: 
阿波罗神说话。人
来自欧洲各地听她
预言。甲骨文宣称没有人
比苏格拉底更聪明。当苏格拉底听到这个
声明，他认为这是一个谜题。他定了
去找谁是最聪明的人。他采访了
雅典人最受人敬仰
因为他们的智慧 - 教师，政治家，
艺术家 - 但他断定他们都有
一个致命的缺陷。这些人都相信他们
知道很多，但对什么都不知道
他们并不知道。苏格拉底说他是
就像任何其他人一样愚昧无知
他至少知道他的轻微优势
是无知的 - 那样，他就是那样的人
明智的整个无知的人口
人。苏格拉底说：“我不知道
我不认为我知道。“这是提到的
作为“苏格拉底悖论”。
苏格拉底可能会让你吃惊，
雅典最聪明的人“，并不为人知

Chinese: 
阐述和发表演讲。相反，他
会问问题;问题后的问题，
来确定某人真正知道的是什么。
通常，答案中的逻辑不一致
会指出错误的理由。在
这样，老师和学生都是
导致知识。这是一种新的话语形式
后来被称为“苏格拉底方法”。
它仍然是习惯于这一天作为其中之一
有史以来最成功的教学方法。
可悲的是，这种指出人们的习惯
推理中的错误可能赢得了苏格拉底
雅典的朋友很少。这没有帮助
他的外表也不吸引人。
在柏拉图的“研讨会”中，苏格拉底是
被描述为相当不吸引人 - 短和
粗壮，有鼓鼓的，盯着眼睛。他是
据说也有奇怪的宗教观点。
可能是最后一根稻草是阿里斯托芬的'
播放“云”，这表明了这一点
苏格拉底与智者有关。
这是一群老一辈的老师

English: 
expounding and making speeches.
Rather, he would ask questions; question after
question, to pin down what did someone actually
know.
Often, logical inconsistencies in the answers
would point out faulty lines of reason.
In this way, both the teacher and student
were led to knowledge.
This was a new form of discourse that came
to be known as “The Socratic Method.”
It is still used to this day as one of the
most successful teaching methods ever found.
Sadly, this habit of pointing out people’s
mistakes in reasoning may have won Socrates
few friends in Athens.
It didn’t help matters that he was also
unappealing in appearance.
In Plato’s “Symposium,” Socrates is
described as quite unattractive - short and
stocky, with bulging, staring eyes.
He was said to have odd religious views, as
well.
What might have been the final straw was Aristophanes’
play “The Clouds,” which suggested that
Socrates was associated with the Sophists.

Chinese: 
担心教会青年人变得疯狂
和不敬。最后，他的名单
犯罪时间过长。苏格拉底被指控
与无神论者和腐蚀青年
雅典。
苏格拉底在审判中代表自己。
正如柏拉图的“道歉”所描述的那样
色诺芬的“苏格拉底道歉”
陪审团，“苏格拉底否认是一个智者，
并给出了他试图鼓励的证据
美德和雅典人的举动。
但以真正的苏格拉底时尚，他没有尝试
赢得陪审团，而是指出
他们的想法多么糟糕。陪审团发现
他有罪并判处他死刑。
在雅典这个时候，罪犯被定罪
可以提出替代他们的惩罚。
苏格拉底开玩笑地建议他改为
在Prytaneum享受免费用餐，这是一种荣誉
保留给最受尊敬的公民
雅典。陪审团没有开心。苏格拉底

English: 
This was a group of teachers whom older generations
feared were teaching the youth to be wild
and disrespectful.
In the end, his list of offenses grew too
long.
Socrates was charged with being an atheist
and corrupting the youth of Athens.
Socrates represented himself in the trial.
As described in Plato’s “Apology,” and
Xenophon’s “Apology of Socrates to the
Jury,” Socrates denied being a Sophist,
and gave evidence of his attempts to encourage
virtue and elevated behavior from Athenians.
But in true Socratic fashion, he did not try
to win over the jury, but rather point out
how poor their thinking was.
The jury found him guilty and sentenced him
to death.
In Athens at this time, convicted criminals
could propose an alternative to their punishments.
Socrates jokingly suggested that he instead
be given free meals at the Prytaneum, an honour
reserved for the most admired citizens of
Athens.
The jury was not amused.

English: 
Socrates’ followers wept, and encouraged
him to flee (which was not an unusual occurrence
at these sorts of trials).
But, as if to dramatically win his argument
that he always obeyed the rule of law, Socrates
went to his death with no outward appearance
of fear.
He willingly drank the cup of deadly hemlock
that was the means of his execution.
He was 70 years old.
Athens had put to death the man Plato called
“the wisest and most just of all men.”
Socrates the man may have died, but his ideas
lived on through his disciples.
The writings of Plato and Xenophon brought
their teacher back to the world.
Socrates’ philosophy continued to be studied
through the Middle Ages, and reached a new
peak during the Renaissance.
To this day, the Socratic Method is used by
teachers everywhere to find out what you know,
and what you DON’T know.
For our part, we strive to honour his memory
at Socratica.

Chinese: 
追随者哭了起来，并鼓励他逃离
（这不是一个不寻常的事件
各种试验）。但是，好像要戏剧性地
赢得他的论点，他总是服从
法治，苏格拉底去世了
没有恐惧的外表。他心甘情愿地
喝了一杯致命的铁杉
他的执行手段。他70岁。
雅典已经把柏拉图所说的那个人处死了
“所有人中最聪明，最公正的人。”
苏格拉底这个人可能已经死了，但他的想法
通过他的门徒生活。着作
柏拉图和色诺芬带来了他们的老师
回到世界。苏格拉底的哲学
继续在中间进行研究
时代，并在文艺复兴时期达到了新的高峰。
直到今天，苏格拉底方法被使用
老师到处找出你知道的事情，
和你不知道的。就我们而言，我们
努力纪念他在Socratica的记忆。
