Normandy (; French: Normandie, pronounced
[nɔʁmɑ̃di] (listen), Norman: Normaundie,
from Old French Normanz, plural of Normant,
originally from the word for "northman" in
several Scandinavian languages) is one of
the 18 regions of France, roughly referring
to the historical Duchy of Normandy.
Normandy is divided into five administrative
departments: Calvados, Eure, Manche, Orne,
and Seine-Maritime. It covers 30,627 square
kilometres (11,825 sq mi), comprising roughly
5% of the territory of metropolitan France.
Its population of 3.37 million accounts for
around 5% of the population of France. The
inhabitants of Normandy are known as Normans,
and the region is the historic homeland of
the Norman language.
The historical region of Normandy comprised
the present-day region of Normandy, as well
as small areas now part of the departments
of Mayenne and Sarthe. The Channel Islands
(French: Îles Anglo-Normandes) are also historically
part of Normandy; they cover 194 km² and
comprise two bailiwicks: Guernsey and Jersey,
which are British Crown dependencies over
which Queen Elizabeth II reigns as Duke of
Normandy.Normandy's name comes from the settlement
of the territory by mainly Danish and Norwegian
Vikings ("Northmen") from the 9th century,
and confirmed by treaty in the 10th century
between King Charles III of France and the
Viking jarl Rollo. For a century and a half
following the Norman conquest of England in
1066, Normandy and England were linked by
Norman and Frankish rulers.
== History ==
Archaeological finds, such as cave paintings,
prove that humans were present in the region
in prehistoric times.
Celts (also known as Belgae and Gauls) invaded
Normandy in successive waves from the 4th
to the 3rd century BC. When Julius Caesar
invaded Gaul, there were nine different Celtic
tribes living in Normandy. The Romanisation
of Normandy was achieved by the usual methods:
Roman roads and a policy of urbanisation.
Classicists have knowledge of many Gallo-Roman
villas in Normandy.
In the late 3rd century, barbarian raids devastated
Normandy. Coastal settlements were raided
by Saxon pirates. Christianity also began
to enter the area during this period. In 406,
Germanic tribes began invading from the east,
while the Saxons subjugated the Norman coast.
As early as 487, the area between the River
Somme and the River Loire came under the control
of the Frankish lord Clovis.
Vikings started to raid the Seine valley during
the middle of the 9th century. As early as
841, a Viking fleet appeared at the mouth
of the Seine, the principal route by which
they entered the kingdom. After attacking
and destroying monasteries, including one
at Jumièges, they took advantage of the power
vacuum created by the disintegration of Charlemagne's
empire to take northern France. The fiefdom
of Normandy was created for the Viking leader
Hrólfr Ragnvaldsson, or Rollo (also known
as Robert of Normandy). Rollo had besieged
Paris but in 911 entered vassalage to the
king of the West Franks, Charles the Simple,
through the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte.
In exchange for his homage and fealty, Rollo
legally gained the territory which he and
his Viking allies had previously conquered.
The name "Normandy" reflects Rollo's Viking
(i.e. "Norseman") origins. To this day, in
Norwegian language the word nordmann (pron.
Norman) denotes a Norwegian person.
The descendants of Rollo and his followers
adopted the local Gallo-Romance language and
intermarried with the area's native Gallo-Roman
inhabitants. They became the Normans – a
Norman-speaking mixture of Norsemen and indigenous
Franks, Celts and Romans.
Rollo's descendant William became king of
England in 1066 after defeating Harold Godwinson,
the last of the Anglo-Saxon kings, at the
Battle of Hastings, while retaining the fiefdom
of Normandy for himself and his descendants.
=== Norman expansion ===
Besides the conquest of England and the subsequent
subjugation of Wales and Ireland, the Normans
expanded into other areas. Norman families,
such as that of Tancred of Hauteville, Rainulf
Drengot and Guimond de Moulins played important
parts in the conquest of southern Italy and
the Crusades.
The Drengot lineage, de Hauteville's sons
William Iron Arm, Drogo, and Humphrey, Robert
Guiscard and Roger the Great Count progressively
claimed territories in southern Italy until
founding the Kingdom of Sicily in 1130. They
also carved out a place for themselves and
their descendants in the Crusader states of
Asia Minor and the Holy Land.
The 14th-century explorer Jean de Béthencourt
established a kingdom in the Canary Islands
in 1404. He received the title King of the
Canary Islands from Pope Innocent VII but
recognized Henry III of Castile as his overlord,
who had provided him aid during the conquest.
=== 13th to 17th centuries ===
In 1204, during the reign of John Lackland,
mainland Normandy was taken from England by
France under King Philip II. Insular Normandy
(the Channel Islands) remained however under
English control. In 1259, Henry III of England
recognized the legality of French possession
of mainland Normandy under the Treaty of Paris.
His successors, however, often fought to regain
control of their ancient fiefdom.
The Charte aux Normands granted by Louis X
of France in 1315 (and later re-confirmed
in 1339) – like the analogous Magna Carta
granted in England in the aftermath of 1204
– guaranteed the liberties and privileges
of the province of Normandy.
French Normandy was occupied by English forces
during the Hundred Years' War in 1345–1360
and again in 1415–1450. Normandy lost three-quarters
of its population during the war. Afterward
prosperity returned to Normandy until the
Wars of Religion. When many Norman towns (Alençon,
Rouen, Caen, Coutances, Bayeux) joined the
Protestant Reformation, battles ensued throughout
the province. In the Channel Islands, a period
of Calvinism following the Reformation was
suppressed when Anglicanism was imposed following
the English Civil War.
Samuel de Champlain left the port of Honfleur
in 1604 and founded Acadia. Four years later,
he founded Québec City. From then onwards,
Normans engaged in a policy of expansion in
North America. They continued the exploration
of the New World: René-Robert Cavelier de
La Salle travelled in the area of the Great
Lakes, then on the Mississippi River. Pierre
Le Moyne d'Iberville and his brother Lemoyne
de Bienville founded Louisiana, Biloxi, Mobile
and New Orleans. Territories located between
Québec and the Mississippi Delta were opened
up to establish Canada and Louisiana. Colonists
from Normandy were among the most active in
New France, comprising Acadia, Canada, and
Louisiana.
Honfleur and Le Havre were two of the principal
slave trade ports of France.
=== Modern history ===
Although agriculture remained important, industries
such as weaving, metallurgy, sugar refining,
ceramics, and shipbuilding were introduced
and developed.
In the 1780s, the economic crisis and the
crisis of the Ancien Régime struck Normandy
as well as other parts of the nation, leading
to the French Revolution. Bad harvests, technical
progress and the effects of the Eden Agreement
signed in 1786 affected employment and the
economy of the province. Normans laboured
under a heavy fiscal burden.
In 1790 the five departments of Normandy replaced
the former province.
13 July 1793, the Norman Charlotte Corday
assassinated Marat.
The Normans reacted little to the many political
upheavals which characterized the 19th century.
Overall they warily accepted the changes of
régime (First French Empire, Bourbon Restoration,
July Monarchy, French Second Republic, Second
French Empire, French Third Republic).
There was an economic revival (mechanization
of textile manufacture, first trains...) after
the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic
Wars (1792–1815).
And new economic activity stimulated the coasts:
seaside tourism. The 19th century marks the
birth of the first beach resorts.
During the Second World War, following the
armistice of 22 June 1940, continental Normandy
was part of the German occupied zone of France.
The Channel Islands were occupied by German
forces between 30 June 1940 and 9 May 1945.
The town of Dieppe was the site of the unsuccessful
Dieppe Raid by Canadian and British armed
forces.
The Allies, in this case involving Britain,
the United States, Canada and Free France,
coordinated a massive build-up of troops and
supplies to support a large-scale invasion
of Normandy in the D-Day landings on 6 June
1944 under the code name Operation Overlord.
The Germans were dug into fortified emplacements
above the beaches. Caen, Cherbourg, Carentan,
Falaise and other Norman towns endured many
casualties in the Battle of Normandy, which
continued until the closing of the so-called
Falaise gap between Chambois and Mont Ormel.
The liberation of Le Havre followed. This
was a significant turning point in the war
and led to the restoration of the French Republic.
The remainder of Normandy was liberated only
on 9 May 1945 at the end of the war, when
the Channel Island occupation effectively
ended.
Between 1956 and 2015 Normandy was divided
into two administrative regions: Lower Normandy
and Upper Normandy; the regions were merged
into one single region on 1 January 2016.
Upper Normandy (Haute-Normandie) consisted
of the French departments of Seine-Maritime
and Eure, and Lower Normandy (Basse-Normandie)
of the departments of Orne, Calvados, and
Manche.
== Geography ==
The historical Duchy of Normandy was a formerly
independent duchy occupying the lower Seine
area, the Pays de Caux and the region to the
west through the Pays d'Auge as far as the
Cotentin Peninsula.
Western Normandy belongs to the Armorican
Massif, whereas the major part of the region
belongs to the Paris Basin. France's oldest
rocks crop out in Jobourg in the Cotentin
peninsula. The region is bordered along the
northern coasts by the English Channel. There
are granite cliffs in the west and limestone
cliffs in the east. There are also long stretches
of beach in the centre of the region. The
bocage typical of the western areas caused
problems for the invading forces in the Battle
of Normandy. A notable feature of the landscape
is created by the meanders of the Seine as
it approaches its estuary.
The highest point is the Signal d'Écouves
(417m) in the Massif armoricain.
Normandy is sparsely forested: 12.8% of the
territory is wooded, compared to a French
average of 23.6%, although the proportion
varies between the departments. Eure has most
cover (21%) while Manche has least (4%), a
characteristic shared with the Islands.
=== Regions ===
The Avranchin
The Bessin
The Bauptois
The bocage virois
The campagne d'Alençon
The campagne d'Argentan
The campagne de Caen
The campagne de Falaise
The campagne du Neubourg
The campagne de Saint-André (or d’Évreux)
The Cotentin
The Perche
The Domfrontais or Passais
The Hiémois
The Lieuvin
The Mortainais
The pays d'Auge, central Normandy, is characterized
by excellent agricultural land.
The pays de Bray
The pays de Caux
The pays d'Houlme
The pays de Madrie, area between the Seine
and the Eure.
The pays d'Ouche
The Roumois et Marais-Vernier
The Suisse Normande (Norman Switzerland),
in the south, presents hillier terrain.
The Val de Saire
The Vexin normand
==== 
Channel Islands ====
The bailiwick of Jersey
The bailiwick of Guernsey (Fr. Bailliage de
Guernesey)The Channel Islands are considered
culturally and historically a part of Normandy.
However, they are British Crown Dependencies,
and are not part of the modern French region
of Normandy,
Although the British surrendered claims to
mainland Normandy, France, and other French
possessions in 1801, the monarch of the United
Kingdom retains the title Duke of Normandy
in respect to the Channel Islands. The Channel
Islands (except for Chausey) remain Crown
dependencies of the British Crown in the present
era. Thus the Loyal Toast in the Channel Islands
is La Reine, notre Duc ("The Queen, our Duke").
The British monarch is understood to not be
the Duke with regards to mainland Normandy
described herein, by virtue of the Treaty
of Paris of 1259, the surrender of French
possessions in 1801, and the belief that the
rights of succession to that title are subject
to Salic Law which excludes inheritance through
female heirs.
=== Rivers ===
Rivers in Normandy include:
the Seine and its tributaries:
the Andelle
the Epte
the Eure
the Risle
the RobecAnd many coastal rivers:
the Bresle
the Couesnon, which traditionally marks the
boundary between the Duchy of Brittany and
the Duchy of Normandy
the Dives
the Orne
the Sée
the Sélune
the Touques
the Veules, the shortest French river
the Vire
== Politics ==
The modern region of Normandy was created
by the territorial reform of French Regions
in 2014 by the merger of Lower Normandy, and
Upper Normandy. The new region took effect
on 1 January 2016, after the regional elections
in December 2015.
=== Government ===
The Regional Council has 102 members who are
elected under a system of proportional representation.
The executive consists of a president and
vice-presidents. Hervé Morin from the Centre
party was elected president of the council
in January 2016.
== Economy ==
Much of Normandy is predominantly agricultural
in character, with cattle breeding the most
important sector (although in decline from
the peak levels of the 1970s and 1980s). The
bocage is a patchwork of small fields with
high hedges, typical of western areas. Areas
near the Seine (the former Upper Normandy
region) contain a higher concentration of
industry. Normandy is a significant cider-producing
region, and also produces calvados, a distilled
cider or apple brandy. Other activities of
economic importance are dairy produce, flax
(60% of production in France), horse breeding
(including two French national stud farms),
fishing, seafood, and tourism. The region
contains three French nuclear power stations.
There is also easy access to and from the
UK using the ports of Cherbourg, Caen (Ouistreham),
Le Havre and Dieppe.
== Demographics ==
In January 2006 the population of Normandy
(including the part of Perche which lies inside
the Orne département but excluding the Channel
Islands) was estimated at 3,260,000 with an
average population density of 109 inhabitants
per km², just under the French national average,
but rising to 147 for Upper Normandy.
The main cities (population given from the
1999 census) are Rouen (518,316 in the metropolitan
area), the capital since 2016 of the province
and formerly of Upper Normandy; Caen (420,000
in the metropolitan area) and formerly the
capital of Lower Normandy; Le Havre (296,773
in the metropolitan area); and Cherbourg (117,855
in the metropolitan area).
== Culture ==
=== 
Flag ===
The traditional provincial flag of Normandy,
gules, two leopards passant or, is used in
both modern regions. The historic three-leopard
version (known in the Norman language as les
treis cats, "the three cats") is used by some
associations and individuals, especially those
who support reunification of the regions and
cultural links with the Channel Islands and
England. Jersey and Guernsey use three leopards
in their national symbols. The three leopards
represents the strength and courage Normandy
has towards the neighbouring provinces.
The unofficial anthem of the region is the
song "Ma Normandie".
=== Language ===
The Norman language, a regional language,
is spoken by a minority of the population
on the continent and the islands, with a concentration
in the Cotentin Peninsula in the far West
(the Cotentinais dialect), and in the Pays
de Caux in the East (the Cauchois dialect).
Many place names demonstrate the Norse influence
in this Oïl language; for example -bec (stream),
-fleur (river), -hou (island), -tot (homestead),
-dal or -dalle (valley) and -hogue (hill,
mound). French is the only official language
in continental Normandy and English is also
an official language in the Channel Islands.
=== Architecture ===
Architecturally, Norman cathedrals, abbeys
(such as the Abbey of Bec) and castles characterise
the former duchy in a way that mirrors the
similar pattern of Norman architecture in
England following the Norman Conquest of 1066.
Domestic architecture in upper Normandy is
typified by half-timbered buildings that also
recall vernacular English architecture, although
the farm enclosures of the more harshly landscaped
Pays de Caux are a more idiosyncratic response
to socio-economic and climatic imperatives.
Much urban architectural heritage was destroyed
during the Battle of Normandy in 1944 – post-war
urban reconstruction, such as in Le Havre
and Saint-Lô, could be said to demonstrate
both the virtues and vices of modernist and
brutalist trends of the 1950s and 1960s. Le
Havre, the city rebuilt by Auguste Perret,
was added to Unesco's World Heritage List
in 2005.
Vernacular architecture in lower Normandy
takes its form from granite, the predominant
local building material. The Channel Islands
also share this influence – Chausey was
for many years a source of quarried granite,
including that used for the construction of
Mont Saint-Michel.
The south part of Bagnoles-de-l'Orne is filled
with bourgeois villas in Belle Époque style
with polychrome façades, bow windows and
unique roofing. This area, built between 1886
and 1914, has an authentic “Bagnolese”
style and is typical of high-society country
vacation of the time. The Chapel of Saint
Germanus (Chapelle Saint-Germain) at Querqueville
with its trefoil floorplan incorporates elements
of one of the earliest surviving places of
Christian worship in the Cotentin – perhaps
second only to the Gallo-Roman baptistry at
Port-Bail. It is dedicated to Germanus of
Normandy.
=== Gastronomy ===
Parts of Normandy consist of rolling countryside
typified by pasture for dairy cattle and apple
orchards. A wide range of dairy products are
produced and exported. Norman cheeses include
Camembert, Livarot, Pont l'Évêque, Brillat-Savarin,
Neufchâtel, Petit Suisse and Boursin. Normandy
butter and Normandy cream are lavishly used
in gastronomic specialties.
Fish and seafood are of superior quality in
Normandy. Turbot and oysters from the Cotentin
Peninsula are major delicacies throughout
France. Normandy is the chief oyster-cultivating,
scallop-exporting, and mussel-raising region
in France.
Normandy is a major cider-producing region
(very little wine is produced). Perry is also
produced, but in less significant quantities.
Apple brandy, of which the most famous variety
is calvados, is also popular. The mealtime
trou normand, or "Norman hole", is a pause
between meal courses in which diners partake
of a glassful of calvados in order to improve
the appetite and make room for the next course,
and this is still observed in many homes and
restaurants. Pommeau is an apéritif produced
by blending unfermented cider and apple brandy.
Another aperitif is the kir normand, a measure
of crème de cassis topped up with cider.
Bénédictine is produced in Fécamp.
Apples are also widely used in cooking: for
example, moules à la normande are mussels
cooked with apples, cream and cheese, bourdelots
are apples baked in pastry, partridges are
flamed with reinette apples, and localities
all over the province have their own variation
of apple tart, that is more popular named
tan tan tan tan, because the people can't
say the correct name "Tarte Tatin", a classic
pastry dish from the region is Norman Tart
a pastry-based variant of the apple tart.
Other regional specialities include tripes
à la mode de Caen, andouilles and andouillettes,
salade cauchoise, salt meadow (pré salé)
lamb, seafood (mussels, scallops, lobsters,
mackerel...), and teurgoule (spiced rice pudding).
Normandy dishes include duckling à la rouennaise,
sautéed chicken yvetois, and goose en daube.
Rabbit is cooked with morels, or à la havraise
(stuffed with truffled pigs' trotters). Other
dishes are sheep's trotters à la rouennaise,
casseroled veal, larded calf's liver braised
with carrots, and veal (or turkey) in cream
and mushrooms.
Normandy is also noted for its pastries. It
is the birthplace of brioches (especially
those from Évreux and Gisors) and also turns
out douillons (pears baked in pastry), craquelins,
roulettes in Rouen, fouaces in Caen, fallues
in Lisieux, sablés in Lisieux. Confectionery
of the region includes Rouen apple sugar,
Isigny caramels, Bayeux mint chews, Falaise
berlingots, Le Havre marzipans, Argentan croquettes,
and Rouen macaroons.
Normandy is the native land of Taillevent,
cook of the kings of France Charles V and
Charles VI. He wrote the earliest French cookery
book named Le Viandier. Confiture de lait
was also made in Normandy around the 14th
century.
=== Literature ===
The dukes of Normandy commissioned and inspired
epic literature to record and legitimise their
rule. Wace, Orderic Vitalis and Stephen of
Rouen were among those who wrote in the service
of the dukes. After the division of 1204,
French literature provided the model for the
development of literature in Normandy. Olivier
Basselin wrote of the Vaux de Vire, the origin
of literary vaudeville. Notable Norman writers
include Jean Marot, Rémy Belleau, Guy de
Maupassant, Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly, Gustave
Flaubert, Octave Mirbeau, and Remy de Gourmont,
and Alexis de Tocqueville. The Corneille brothers,
Pierre and Thomas, born in Rouen, were great
figures of French classical literature.
David Ferrand (1591–1660) in his Muse Normande
established a landmark of Norman language
literature. In the 16th and 17th centuries,
the workers and merchants of Rouen established
a tradition of polemical and satirical literature
in a form of language called the parler purin.
At the end of the 18th century and beginning
of the 19th century a new movement arose in
the Channel Islands, led by writers such as
George Métivier, which sparked a literary
renaissance on the Norman mainland. In exile
in Jersey and then Guernsey, Victor Hugo took
an interest in the vernacular literature.
Les Travailleurs de la mer is a well-known
novel by Hugo set in the Channel Islands.
The boom in insular literature in the early
19th century encouraged production especially
in La Hague and around Cherbourg, where Alfred
Rossel, Louis Beuve and Côtis-Capel became
active. The typical medium for literary expression
in Norman has traditionally been newspaper
columns and almanacs. The novel Zabeth by
André Louis which appeared in 1969 was the
first novel published in Norman.
=== Painting ===
Normandy has a rich tradition of painting
and gave to France some of its most important
artists.
In the 17th century some major French painters
were Normans like Nicolas Poussin, born in
Les Andelys and Jean Jouvenet.
Romanticism drew painters to the Channel coasts
of Normandy. Richard Parkes Bonington and
J. M. W. Turner crossed the Channel from Great
Britain, attracted by the light and landscapes.
Théodore Géricault, a native of Rouen, was
a notable figure in the Romantic movement,
its famous Radeau de la Méduse being considered
come the breakthrough of pictorial romanticism
in France when it was officially presented
at the 1819 Salon. The competing Realist tendency
was represented by Jean-François Millet,
a native of La Hague. The landscape painter
Eugène Boudin, born in Honfleur, was a determining
influence on the impressionnists and was highly
considered by Monet.
Breaking away from the more formalised and
classical themes of the early part of the
19th century, Impressionist painters preferred
to paint outdoors, in natural light, and to
concentrate on landscapes, towns and scenes
of daily life.
Leader of the movement and father of modern
painting, Claude Monet is one of the best
known Impressionists and a major character
in Normandy's artistic heritage. His house
and gardens at Giverny are one of the region's
major tourist sites, much visited for their
beauty and their water lilies, as well as
for their importance to Monet's artistic inspiration.
Normandy was at the heart of his creation,
from the paintings of Rouen's cathedral to
the famous depictions of the cliffs at Etretat,
the beach and port at Fécamp and the sunrise
at Le Havre. It was Impression, Sunrise, Monet's
painting of Le Havre, that led to the movement
being dubbed Impressionism. After Monet, all
the main avant-garde painters of the 1870s
and 1880s came to Normandy to paint its landscapes
and its changing lights, concentrating along
the Seine valley and the Norman coast.
Landscapes and scenes of daily life were also
immortalised on canvas by artists such as
William Turner, Gustave Courbet, the Honfleur
born Eugène Boudin, Camille Pissarro, Alfred
Sisley, Auguste Renoir, Gustave Caillebotte,
Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat, Paul Signac,
Pierre Bonnard, Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso.
While Monet's work adorns galleries and collections
all over the world, a remarkable quantity
of Impressionist works can be found in galleries
throughout Normandy, such as the Museum of
Fine Arts in Rouen, the Musée Eugène Boudin
in Honfleur or the André Malraux Museum in
Le Havre.
Maurice Denis, one of the leaders and theoricists
of the Nabis movement in the 1890s, was a
native of Granville, in the Manche department.
The Société Normande de Peinture Moderne
was founded in 1909 by Pierre Dumont, Robert
Antoine Pinchon, Yvonne Barbier and Eugène
Tirvert. Among members were Raoul Dufy, a
native of Le Havre, Albert Marquet, Francis
Picabia and Maurice Utrillo. Also in this
movement were the Duchamp brothers, Jacques
Villon and Marcel Duchamp, considered one
of the father of modern art, also natives
of Normandy. Jean Dubuffet, one of the leading
French artist of the 1940s and the 1950s was
born in Le Havre.
=== Religion ===
Christian missionaries implanted monastic
communities in the territory in the 5th and
6th centuries. Some of these missionaries
came from across the Channel. The influence
of Celtic Christianity can still be found
in the Cotentin. By the terms of the treaty
of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, Rollo, a Viking pagan,
accepted Christianity and was baptised. The
Duchy of Normandy was therefore formally a
Christian state from its foundation. The cathedrals
of Normandy have exerted influence down the
centuries in matters of both faith and politics.
King Henry II of England, did penance at the
cathedral of Avranches on 21 May 1172 and
was absolved from the censures incurred by
the assassination of Thomas Becket. Mont Saint-Michel
is a historic pilgrimage site.
Normandy does not have one generally agreed
patron saint, although this title has been
ascribed to Saint Michael, and to Saint Ouen.
Many saints have been revered in Normandy
down the centuries, including:
Aubert who's remembered as the founder of
Mont Saint-Michel
Marcouf and Laud who are important saints
in Normandy
Helier and Samson of Dol who are evangelizers
of the Channel Islands
Thomas Becket, an Anglo-Norman whose parents
were from Rouen, who was the object of a considerable
cult in mainland Normandy following his martyrdom
Joan of Arc who was martyred in Rouen, and
who is especially remembered in that city
Thérèse de Lisieux whose birthplace in Alençon
and later home in Lisieux are a focus for
religious pilgrims.
Germanus of NormandySince the 1905 French
law on the Separation of the Churches and
the State there is no established church in
mainland Normandy. In the Channel Islands,
the Church of England is the established church.
=== People ===
See Category:People from Normandy
== 
Image gallery ==
== 
See also ==
Duchy of Normandy
Duke of Normandy
