A hotspot is a localized source of high heat
energy that sustains volcanism. It is not
a isolated shallow magma reservoir beneath
the crust, nor is it a pipe of magma that
streams from the outer core.
One theory holds that hot spots may begin
as a blowtorch-like thermal perturbation in
a zone between the liquid outer core and overlying
mantle about 2900 km deep.
The thermal plume allows solid, yet mobile
mantle to rise very slowly and convect outward.
Convection is the process by which heated
material rises and cooler material sinks.
Although magma may be generated as deep as
1500 kilometers, individual blobs do not traverse
the entire mantle.
Let’s zoom in to look at hotspot volcanism
beneath a moving plate.
As each pocket of melt stalls, its heat is
transferred to adjacent rock. This process
continues to the base of the tectonic plate
where decreased pressure facilitates rock
melting.
The magma that forms at the base of the plate
rises through the plate in a network of cracks
and shallow chambers and erupts on the surface.
Over 100's of thousand years large volcanoes
built atop the plate; the weight of the volcanoes
bends the plate downward.
Volcanoes that spent their constructive life
over the thermal plume slowly get rafted away
on the moving plate and new volcanoes build
in their place.
Multiple dikes can feed several volcanoes
from separate conduits.
The moving plate drags the thermal plume with
it.
This can explain why volcanoes can erupt again
after centuries of quiescence, even after
they have moved off the center of the hotspot.
However, erosion greatly outpaces volcanism
as eruptions wane and the buoyant effect of
the plume diminishes allowing the volcano
to subside.
