The Science behind dark matter and dark energy.
Matter is energy cooled to a slow vibration.
Vibrations of energy, like tiny, invisible
strings (according to String Theory) help
to shape matter through the inter-relations
of the four cosmic forces: Strong Nuclear,
Weak Nuclear, Electromagnetic and Gravitational
forces.
In 1933, a Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky,
published a paper inferring the existence
of what he called “dunkle Mat erie”, or
dark matter..
Roughly 80 percent of the mass of the universe
is made up of material that scientists cannot
directly observe, unlike normal matter, dark
matter does not interact with the electromagnetic
force.
This means it does not absorb, reflect or
emit light, making it extremely hard to spot.
In fact, researchers have been able to infer
the existence of dark matter only from the
gravitational effect it seems to have on visible
matter.
Dark matter seems to outweigh visible matter
roughly six to one, making up about 25% of
the universe.
Dark matter ideas arise frequently in theories
that suggest physics beyond the Standard Model,
such as supersymmetry and extra dimensions.
One theory suggests the existence of a “Hidden
Valley”, a parallel world made of dark matter
having very little in common with matter we
know.
If one of these theories proved to be true,
it could help scientists gain a better understanding
of the composition of our universe and, in
particular, how galaxies hold together.
Although the existence of dark matter is generally
accepted by most of the astronomical community,
a minority of astronomers argue for various
modifications of the standard laws of general
relativity, such as MOND, TeVeS, and conformal
gravity that attempt to account for the observations
without invoking additional matter.
Many experiments to detect proposed dark matter
particles through non-gravitational means
are under way. On 25 August 2016, astronomers
reported that Dragonfly 44, an ultra diffuse
galaxy (UDG) with the mass of the Milky Way
galaxy, but with nearly no discernable stars
or galactic structure, may be made almost
entirely of dark matter.
After the Big Bang, the universe began expanding
outward. Scientists once thought that it would
eventually run out of the energy, slowing
down as gravity pulled the objects inside
it together.
But studies of distant supernovae revealed
that the universe today is expanding faster
than it was in the past, not slower, indicating
that the expansion is accelerating. This would
only be possible if the universe contained
enough energy to overcome gravity.
Enter dark energy.
Dark energy makes up roughly 70% of the universe
and appears to be associated with the vacuum
in space.
While the universe appears to be made of a
mysterious, invisible substance called dark
matter, (25 roughly percent) their is also
a force that repels gravity known as dark
energy.
It is distributed evenly throughout the universe,
not only in space but also in time, in other
words, its effect is not diluted as the universe
expands.
The even distribution means that dark energy
does not have any local gravitational effects,
but rather a global effect on the universe
as a whole. This leads to a repulsive force,
which tends to accelerate the expansion of
the universe.
Unlike for dark matter, scientists have no
plausible explanation for dark energy. According
to one idea, dark energy is a fifth and previously
unknown type of fundamental force called quintessence,
which fills the universe like a fluid.
The rate of expansion and its acceleration
can be measured by observations based on the
Hubble law.
These measurements, together with other scientific
data, have confirmed the existence of dark
energy and provide an estimate of just how
much of this mysterious substance exists.
The matter we know, that makes up all stars
and galaxies only accounts for only around
5% of the content of 
the universe.
