
Vietnamese: 
Này !
Kallie đây
Chương trình hôm nay được làm với sự hợp tác của bảo tàng quốc gia về lịch sử tự nhiên Smithsonian
Blake và mình đã đủ may mắn để được tham quan Sảnh Cổ Đại trong suốt quá trình nâng cấp của nó
và không chỉ có thế
Vào thứ sáu , ngày 15 tháng 6 , mình sẽ quay lại Sảnh Cổ Đại , dẫn 1 chương trình trực tiếp
Bọn mình sẽ được tham dự 1 chuyến tham quan ở hậu trường của buổi triển lãm  và 1 chuyên gia từ Smithsonian
sẽ trả lời các câu hỏi của bạn
Thông tin chi tiết về chỗ xem buổi tường thuật sẽ có trong phần mô tả
Giờ thì hãy nói về sự tiến hóa
Câu chuyện về sự sống trên Trái Đất là câu chuyện về sự thay đổi
Những vật sống đã thay đổi bầu khí quyển và khí hậu
Chúng trường tồn qua sự chuyển động của các mảng lục địa và cả sự lên , xuống của mực nước biển
Và chúng phản ứng với những thay đổi đó trong suốt chặng đường lịch sử Trái Đất
thông qua 1 quá trình vẫn tiếp tục đến ngày nay : tiến hóa
Động lực hùng mạnh này , nói đơn giản , là luôn thay đổi theo thời gian

English: 
Hey!
Kallie here.
Today’s episode was made in collaboration
with the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural
History.
Blake and I were lucky enough to visit the
museum's Deep Time Hall during its renovation
and that’s not all!
On Friday June 15th, I will be back in the
Deep Time Hall, hosting a livestream
We’ll be getting a behind-the-scenes tour
of the exhibit and an expert from the Smithsonian
will be answering your questions.
More information on where to watch the stream
will be in the description.
Now let’s talk about evolution.
The story of life on Earth is a story of change.
Living things have changed the atmosphere
and the climate.
They’ve endured the movements of the continents,
and the rise and fall of the seas.
And they’ve responded to these changes,
over the long course of Earth’s history,
through a process that still continues today:
evolution.
This powerful force is, in the simplest terms,
just change over time.

English: 
And it’s responsible for the shape of the
tree of life, and for generating the diversity
that we see in the fossil record as well as
in modern ecosystems.
It’s the very foundation of our understanding
of biology, and it continues to help us make
sense of the world around us.
As a scientific concept, evolution was revolutionary
when it was first introduced.
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace
were the first to put all of the pieces together
into a unified explanation that would radically
alter our understanding of life on our planet.
But our understanding of evolutionary theory
didn’t stop there.
We’ve learned a lot -- and we’re still
learning.
In the last 160 years, we’ve learned what
Darwin and Wallace didn’t know, and we’ve
figured out a lot about how evolution actually
works - like how it can produce the incredible
array of animals you see here, and how we
know they’re all related.
When the Smithsonian opened its first exhibit
of fossil animals in the early 1900s, it was
called the Hall of Extinct Monsters.
Today, Kallie and I are in a space that’s completely renovated and re-imagined:

Vietnamese: 
và nó chịu trách nhiệm cho hình dạng của cây sự sống và cho việc tạo ra sự đa dạng
mà chúng ta thấy được trong ghi nhận hóa thạch cũng như trong các hệ sinh thái hiện đại
Đó chính là nền móng cho sự hiểu biết của chúng ta về sinh học và chúng tiếp tục giúp ta
hiểu rõ thế giới xung quanh
Với tư cách là 1 khái niệm khoa học , sự tiến hóa mang tính cách mạng khi nó lần đầu được giới thiệu
Charles Darwin và Alfred Russell Wallace là những người đầu tiên sắp xếp các mảnh ghép lại
thành 1 lời giải thích thống nhất sẽ làm thay đổi triệt để hiểu biết của chúng ta về sự sống trên hành tinh
Nhưng sự thông hiểu về thuyết tiến hóa không chỉ dừng ở đó
Chúng ta đã biết được rất nhiều và chúng ta vẫn đang tiếp tục biết thêm
Trong vòng 160 năm qua , chúng ta biết được những gì mà Darwin và Wallace không biết và chúng ta
đã khám phá được nhiều về cơ chế thực sự của tiến hóa - như là làm sao nó có thể tạo ra
1 loạt các động vật bạn thấy ở đây và làm sao ta biết chúng đều liên hệ với nhau
Khi Smithsonian mở cửa lần đầu vào đầu những năm 1900 ,nó được gọi là
Sảnh Của Những Con Quái Vật Tuyệt Chủng
Hôm nay , Kallie và mình đã ở trong 1 không gian hoàn toàn được đổi mới và có diện mạo khác

English: 
the David H. Koch Hall of Fossils: Deep Time,
also known as the Deep Time Hall.
And it depicts, more vividly than ever, the
staggering variety of animal forms that have
arisen and disappeared over time.
A monument to the fact that, as Darwin himself
put it, “endless forms most beautiful and
most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.”
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace
were both British naturalists whose thinking
about the natural world was deeply shaped
by long voyages of exploration.
Darwin famously traveled to South America
and the Galapagos Islands, and Wallace went
to South America and Southeast Asia.
And together they observed an incredible diversity
of life.
They saw first-hand how very similar organisms
seemed to be slightly modified in ways that
made them ideally suited to their environments.
For Darwin, he saw this in the different shapes
in the beaks of finches on the different islands
of the Galapagos archipelago.
For Wallace, it was the differences between
monkeys living on different riverbanks in
the Amazon.
And they both realized that the patterns they
observed meant that these species all probably
arose from the same place - a common ancestor.

Vietnamese: 
Sảnh David H. Koch về hóa thạch còn gọi là Sảnh Cổ Đại
Và nó miêu tả sống động hơn bao giờ hết sự đa dạng đáng kinh ngạc của những hình mẫu động vật
đã trỗi dậy và biến mất theo thời gian
1 tượng đài minh chứng sự thật rằng , như Darwin nói , '' những hình mẫu vô hạn đẹp đẽ nhất và
tuyệt vời nhất đã và đang tiến hóa "
Charles Darwin và Alfred Russell Wallace đều là nhà tự nhiên học người Anh với những tư tưởng
về thế giới tự nhiên đã được nhào nặn sâu sắc bởi những chuyến hành trình khám phá nhiều năm
Darwin đã du ngoạn Nam Myanmar và quần đảo Galapagos còn Wallace thì đến
Nam Mỹ và Đông Nam Á
và cùng nhau họ khám phá sự đa dạng phi thường của sự sống
Họ là những người đầu tiên nhìn thấy những thể sống có vẻ như được cải tiến 1 chút theo những cách
làm chúng phù hợp lý tưởng với môi trường của mình
Về phần Darwin , ông thấy điều này thông qua những hình dạng mỏ khác nhau của họ chim sẻ thông
trên những hòn đảo khác nhau của quần đảo Galapagos
Về phần Wallace , ông thấy những khác biệt giữa những con khỉ sống ở những bờ sông khác nhau
trong vùng rừng Amazon
Và họ nhận thấy những mẫu vật mình quan sát nói lên rằng những sinh vật này đều rất có thể
xuất hiện từ cùng 1 gốc - 1 tổ tiên chung

English: 
The bodies of these animals, they realized,
had been shaped over time by the conditions
in their environments, resulting in the different
forms they found on different islands and
riverbanks.
But, in addition to being well-traveled, Darwin
and Wallace were also well-read.
And their ideas were deeply influenced by
other, earlier thinkers, in natural history,
geology, and even economics.
Scholars like Georges Cuvier, Charles Lyell,
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, and Thomas Malthus
helped establish the ideas that were critical
to evolutionary thinking -- namely, that the
Earth was very old, that species seemed to
change and go extinct over time, and that
individuals competed over limited resources.
Darwin and Wallace used these insights -- along
with their own observations -- to both arrive
at the same mechanism by which species evolve:
natural selection.
In a paper read to a meeting of scientists
in London in 1858, they presented their theory
of natural selection based on a series of
principles:

Vietnamese: 
Cơ thể những loài này , họ nhận thấy , đã được định hình theo thời gian bởi điều kiện môi trường của chúng
kết quả là những kiểu cơ thể khác nhau mà họ tìm được trên những hòn đảo hay
những bờ sông khác nhau
Nhưng ngoài việc đi nhiều nơi ,Darwin và Wallace cũng đọc nhiều
và tư tưởng của họ chịu ảnh hưởng sâu sắc bởi những nhà tư tưởng trước đó trong lĩnh vực lịch sử tự nhiên
,địa lí và cả kinh tế học
Các học giả như Georges Cuvier , Charles Lyell , Jean - Baptiste Lamarck và Thomas Malthus
đã có công tạo ra những ý tưởng quan trọng cho cách nhìn nhận sự tiến hóa - cụ thể là
Trái Đất rất cổ xưa đến nỗi các sinh vật có vẻ thay đổi và tuyệt chủng theo thời gian
và những cá thể đó cạnh tranh nhau những nguồn tài nguyên có hạn
Darwin và Wallace dùng những tư tưởng tiến bộ này cùng với quan điểm cá nhân - mà cuối cùng đều hướng
về cùng 1 cơ chế mà bởi đó các loài tiến hóa : chọn lọc tự nhiên
Trong 1 báo cáo gửi cho hiệp hội các nhà khoa học ở London năm 1858 , họ trình bày giả thuyết của mình
về chọn lọc tự nhiên dựa trên 1 chuỗi các nguyên tắc :

English: 
The first key idea was that, in a population
of living things, natural variations will
occur, and as a result of those changes, some
members of the population will survive and
reproduce more than others.
Then, they posited that those that survive
and reproduce will pass on their traits to
their offspring.
And this meant that traits that give individuals
an advantage in a certain environment will
get passed on more often.
And as a result, more members of the population
will have that trait.
Therefore, gradually and over time, this will
result in certain traits showing up more or
less often in a population.
Today, when this series of events happens
within a species, we call it microevolution.
It’s how a single species responds to changes
in the environment.
On a broader scale, we call it macroevolution.
This is how these changes accumulate over
long periods of time to produce entirely new
body plans, new species, and the grander patterns
of diversity in the tree of life.
And one of the most incredible things about
the development of the theory of evolution
by natural selection was that Darwin and Wallace
didn’t have a good explanation for how traits

Vietnamese: 
Nguyên tắc chính đầu tiên cho rằng , trong 1 quần thể , đa dạng tự nhiên sẽ
xảy ra và kết quả của những thay đổi trên là 1 số thành viên của quần thể sẽ sống sót
sinh sản nhanh hơn những con khác
Sau đó , họ cho rằng những cá thể sống sót và sinh sản sẽ truyền lại các tính trạng của chúng cho
con cái
và điều này nghĩa là những tính trạng cung cấp cho các cá thể 1 lợi thế trong 1 môi trường nhất định
sẽ được truyền lại thường xuyên hơn
và kết quả là có nhiều thành viên hơn trong quần thể sẽ có tính trạng đó
Vì vậy , dần dần , nó sẽ dẫn đến kết quả là những tính trạng cụ thể sẽ xuất hiện
thường xuyên hơn hay ít hơn trong quần thể
Ngày nay , khi 1 chuỗi những sự kiện này xảy ra trong 1 quần thể , chúng ta gọi đó là tiến hóa vi mô
Đó là cách 1 chủng loài riêng lẻ phản ứng với những thay đổi của môi trường
Trên 1 mức độ lớn hơn , chúng ta gọi là tiến hóa vĩ mô
Đây là cách những thay đổi tích luỹ trong khoảng thời gian dài để tạo ra
1 cấu trúc cơ thể hoàn toàn mới , loài mới và những hình mẫu ấn tượng hơn của sự đa dạng trên cây sự sống
Và 1 trong những điều bất ngờ nhất về sự phát triển của thuyết tiến hóa
bởi chọn lọc tự nhiên là Darwin và Wallace đã không có 1 lời giải thích thỏa đáng cho việc làm sao

Vietnamese: 
các tính trạng được truyền từ cha mẹ sang con cái
Di truyền học với tư cách là 1 ngành vẫn chưa tồn tại và cả 2 ông đều không hề hay biết về những thí nghiệm
đang được tiến hành vào cùng lúc đó trên cây đậu Hà Lan bởi 1 thầy tu người Czech tên là Gregor Mendel
Vào những năm 1850 , trong khi Darwin và Wallace đang lắp những mảnh ghép về chọn lọc tự nhiên
cùng nhau thì Mendel đang lai giống các cây đậu tại tu viện của mình để cố gắng hiểu ra cách di truyền
hoạt động
Và ông thấy rằng các tính trạng không chỉ đơn giản là trộn với nhau khi vật sống sinh sản
Thay vào đó , chỉ 1 số được di truyền với những tính trạng rời rạc trên 1 số hậu duệ
Công trình của Mendel được tái khám phá vào đầu thế kỷ 20 , khi 1 thế hệ các nhà sinh học mới
lúc đó đang nghiên cứu về di truyền
Và nhờ vào làn sóng mới của những nhà nghiên cứu đã đưa sự hiểu biết của chúng ta về tiến hóa
lên tầm cao mới
1 trong những nhà sinh học này là 1 người Mỹ tên là Thomas Hunt Morgan
Thay vì đậu , ông lai giống ruồi và trong năm 1910 , ông lai giống 1 con ruồi với 1 tính trạng kỳ quặc
Nó có đôi mắt trắng thay vì mắt đỏ

English: 
were passed from parent to offspring.
Genetics as a field was still a long way off,
and neither of them were aware of the experiments
that were being done on pea plants at the
time, by a Czech monk named Gregor Mendel.
In the 1850s, while Darwin and Wallace were
putting all the puzzle pieces of natural selection
together, Mendel was breeding peas at his
monastery to try to figure out how heredity
worked.
And he figured out that traits didn’t simply
blend together when living things reproduced.
Instead, only some were inherited as discrete
traits by different numbers of offspring.
Mendel’s results were rediscovered around
the turn of the 20th century, when a new generation
of biologists was investigating genetics.
And it was this new wave of researchers that
brought our understanding of evolution to
the next level.
One of these scientists was American biologist
Thomas Hunt Morgan.
Instead of peas, he bred flies, and in 1910,
he bred a fly with an odd trait.
It had eyes that were white, instead of red

Vietnamese: 
Thêm nữa , ông ấy có thể lai tạo tính trạng mắt trắng đó ngược trở lại quần thể cha mẹ
Morgan đã phát hiện ra thêm 1 yếu tố quan trọng nữa của tiến hóa bằng chọn lọc tự nhiên : đột biến
Ông thấy rằng con ruồi đó đã trải qua 1 sự thay đổi ngẫu nhiên trong gen làm nó trở nên khác biệt
so với phần còn lại
Nên Morgan cho rằng các đột biến là 1 nguồn của sự đa dạng trong các thể sống và
rằng nó là nguồn đa dạng mà chọn lọc tự nhiên sử dụng để hoạt động
Những đột biến có lợi sẽ được truyền lại , ông nghĩ , và những đột biến có hại cuối cùng
sẽ biến mất
Vì thế vào đầu những năm 1900 , chúng ta đã nhận ra được 2 trong số 4 động lực chính của tiến hóa
Darwin và Wallace cho ta chọn lọc tự nhiên và Morgan cho ta đột biến
Phải đến thập niên 1920 mọi việc mới bắt đầu trở nên rõ ràng thông qua
công trình của 3 nhà sáng lập trong lĩnh vực di truyền nổi tiếng : Ronald Aylmer Fisher
John Burdon Sanderson Haldane và Sewall Wright
Fisher và Haldane đều nhìn chọn lọc tự nhiên dưới dạng toán học , đặc biệt trong quần thể lớn
sử dụng ý tưởng của Mendel về di truyền để rút ra kết luận về tần số và
tốc độ mà chọn lọc tự nhiên làm việc trên sự đa dạng

English: 
What’s more, he was able to breed that white-eyed
trait back into the parent population.
Morgan had discovered another key driver of
evolution by natural selection: mutation.
He realized that the fly had undergone a random
change in its genes that made it different
from the rest.
So Morgan theorized that mutations were a
source of variation in living things - and
that it was the source of the variation that
natural selection acted on.
Beneficial mutations would be passed on, he
thought, and detrimental ones would eventually
disappear.
So by the early 1900s, we’d already recognized
two of the four major forces of evolution:
Darwin and Wallace gave us natural selection,
and Morgan brought mutation into the mix.
It wasn’t until the 1920s that things would
really start to come together through the
work of three of the founders of the field
of population genetics: Ronald Aylmer Fisher,
John Burdon Sanderson Haldane, and Sewall
Wright.
Fisher and Haldane both looked at natural
selection mathematically, especially in large
populations, using Mendel’s ideas about
inheritance to figure out how often and how
fast natural selection worked on variations.

Vietnamese: 
Chính Haldane , người giải phép toán , giải thích sự chuyển biến của giống bướm bạch dương nổi tiếng
ở nước Anh , nơi mà 1 gen cho màu tối lan tỏa nhanh chóng , khi khi ô nhiễm làm đen các vỏ cây
bạch dương mà chúng bám vào
Những nghiên cứu như vậy dẫn Fisher và Haldane đến kết luận rằng chọn lọc tự nhiên diễn ra chậm chạp
nhưng cũng đồng nhất , trong 1 quần thể lớn
Trong khi đó , tại Mỹ , 1 nhà di truyền tên Sewall Wright đang suy nghĩ cách thức tiến hóa hoạt động
trên 1 quần thể nhỏ hơn và bị cô lập nhiều hơn
Ông làm 1 vài nghiên cứu lai giống các động vật như bò và lợn guinea
Nhưng chính là nhờ công trình nghiên cứu toán học về gene đã giúp ông ấy phát hiện thêm 1 yếu tố chính nữa
sự biến đổi gene
Ý tưởng cho rằng tần suất mà 1 số gene nhất định sẽ xuất hiện có thể thỉnh thoảng thay đổi
hoàn toàn do ngẫu nhiên và Sewell thấy rằng điều này có ảnh hưởng lớn hơn trong
quần thể nhỏ hơn là quần thể lớn hơn
Thêm 1 ý tưởng , có liên quan 1 chút , xuất hiện cũng trong thời gian này vào cuối thập niên 1930 ,
là sự chuyển dịch gene - sự di chuyển gen giữa các quần thể , bằng con đường di cư
Vì vậy , khi thành viên của 1 quần thể , ví dụ như báo ở Texas , giao phối với

English: 
It was Haldane who did the math that explained
the transition of England’s famous peppered
moths, in which a gene for dark color spread
quickly, as pollution darkened the bark of
the trees they lived on.
Studies like this led Fisher and Haldane to
conclude that natural selection acted slowly,
but also uniformly, in large populations.
Meanwhile, in the US, a geneticist named Sewall
Wright was thinking about how evolution worked
in smaller, more isolated populations.
He did some research breeding animals like
cattle and guinea pigs.
But it was his mathematical studies of genetics
that led him to uncover another key idea:
genetic drift.
This is the idea that the frequency at which
certain genes appear will sometimes change,
totally by chance, and randomly, and Sewell
found that this has a greater effect in smaller
populations than in larger ones.
Another, somewhat related, idea that came
up around this time, in the late 1930s, is
gene flow - the movement of genes between
populations, by way of migration.
So, when members of one population of a species
-- say, panthers from Texas -- breed with

Vietnamese: 
thành viên của quần thể khác , như báo ở Florida , điều đó sẽ làm thay đổi thành phần
có trong bể gene của quần thể Florida
Và điều này cũng là 1 động lực chính của những thay đổi tiến hóa
Cùng nhau , công trình của Fisher , Haldane và Wright cho thấy chọn lọc tự nhiên dựa trên gene
là lời giải thích hợp lý nhất cho cách tiến hóa hoạt động
Và trong năm 1937 , thêm 1 nhà sinh học nữa gom lại mọi bằng chứng từ di truyền đến lịch sử tự nhiên
để trình bày cách thức chọn lọc tự nhiên có thể sản sinh ra loài mới
Và điều này cho phép chúng ta thực hiện 1 bước nhảy to lớn về khái niệm từ tiến hóa vi mô đến tiến hóa vĩ mô
Ông ấy tên là Theodosius Dobzhansky và ông đã làm việc tại phòng thí nghiệm của Hunt về ruồi trước đó
Ông nhận thấy quần thể ruồi từ những quốc gia khác nhau có vẻ khác nhau về mặt di truyền
mặc dù chúng vẫn được xem là cùng 1 loài
Nhưng chúng không quá giỏi trong việc giao phối với nhau và sinh sản
Nên ông tự hỏi phải chăng chúng thực sự khác loài
Và nó dẫn chủ đề nghiên cứu này quay ngược về thế kỷ 19 và ý tưởng từng được ghi trên giấy

English: 
members of another population -- like panthers
in Florida -- that will change the makeup
of the gene pool in the Florida population.
And this, too, is a driving force of evolutionary
change.
Together, the work of Fisher, Haldane, and
Wright showed that natural selection acting
on genes was the most likely explanation for how evolution works
And in 1937, another biologist brought together
all of the evidence from genetics and natural
history to show how evolution by natural selection
could produce new species.
And this enabled us to make the enormous conceptual
jump from microevolution to macroevolution.
His name was Theodosius Dobzhansky, and he
had worked in Hunt’s fly lab.
He’d found that fly populations from different
countries seemed to be genetically different,
even though they were considered to be the
same species.
But, these flies weren’t so good at reproducing
with each other.
So he wondered if they were actually different
species.
And this took the scientific conversation
all the way back to the 1800s, and the once-novel

English: 
idea that evolution could eventually, gradually
produce new species.
From his experiments, Dobzhansky produced
a theory about how new species originate.
Mutations happen naturally in populations,
creating variations that can stick around
if they’re beneficial or just neutral.
And if populations are isolated, these variations
can remain within a single group, with new
mutations popping up.
But none of these would spread to the rest
of the species.
Over time, this would make one group genetically
distinct from others, potentially causing
problems if it tried to interbreed with others.
And given enough time, it would lose the ability
to interbreed with other populations entirely.
It would become a new species.
This was the beginning of “the Modern Synthesis,”
a collaboration by many evolutionary biologists
of the time to explain large-scale patterns
of evolution.
And while the Modern Synthesis has changed
over time, it’s still the framework for
our current understanding of how evolution
works.
In 1953, we added a better understanding of
how genetics works, through the discovery

Vietnamese: 
cho rằng tiến hóa có thể cuối cùng , dần dần tạo ra loài mới
Từ những thí nghiệm của mình , Dobzhansky cho ra đời 1 thuyết về việc những loài có nguồn gốc từ đâu
Những đột biến xảy ra tự nhiên trong quần thể , tạo ra sự đa dạng có thể được giữ lại
nếu chúng có lợi hay trung tính
Và nếu quần thể bị cô lập , sự đa dạng này có thể tồn tại trong 1 nhóm duy nhất
với những đột biến mới xuất hiện
Nhưng các đột biến mới này không thể truyền cho phần còn lại của loài
Theo thời gian , chúng sẽ làm 1 nhóm về mặt di truyền tách biệt với những nhóm khác , phát sinh vấn đề
tiềm ẩn nếu chúng cố lai giống với nhau
Và với đủ thời gian , nhóm đó sẽ mất khả năng lai giống với các nhóm khác hoàn toàn
Nhóm đó sẽ trở thành 1 loài mới
Đây là khởi đầu cho " the Modern Synthesis " ,1 sự hợp tác bởi nhiều nhà sinh học về tiến hóa
của thời đó để giải thích những vấn đề lớn của tiến hóa
Và trong khi  the Modern Synthesis đã thay đổi theo thời gian , nó vẫn là trụ cột
cho hiểu biết hiện tại của chúng ta về cách tiến hóa hoạt động
Trong năm 1953 , chúng ta được biết tốt hơn về cách thức gene hoạt động , thông qua sự phát hiện

Vietnamese: 
của kết cấu DNA và chức năng của nó
Vì vậy, giờ ta biết rằng sự đột biến xảy ra ngẫu nhiên khi DNA được sao chép không đúng trong quá trình nhân bản
- điều mà Morgan không biết
Bây giờ chúng ta biết rằng chọn lọc tự nhiên chỉ là 1 trong những cơ chế của tiến hóa
cùng với đột biến , biến đổi gene và dịch chuyển gene
Và chính kiến thức này cho phép chúng ta chứng kiến, lần đầu tiên , tiến hóa vi mô xảy ra
ngày nay , ví dụ như các nghiên cứu về những vi khuẩn mà phát triển khả năng kháng lại kháng sinh
Và nó cũng đồng thời giúp chúng ta hiểu câu chuyện mà những mẫu hóa thạch xung quanh ta đang cố kể
câu chuyện của tiến hóa vĩ mô
những hiểu biết này , chúng ta có thể thấy làm sao mà , Pezosiren - 1 loài thú biển được trưng bày trong sảnh
có liên hệ với loài Metaxytherium gần đây
Chúng cách nhau đến 30 triệu năm , những con thú này đã tiêu biến chi sau và phát triển
chân vịt thay vì chân đứng
Và ngày nay , họ hàng gần nhất của chúng còn sống là lợn biển và bò biển
Những nơi như Sảnh Cổ Đại cho ta thấy sự tiến hóa 1 cách chân thực , với những mẫu vật đưa ta từ những
hóa thạch cổ xưa nhất đến những dạng trung gian cho đến những dạng sống mà ta biết
ngày nay
Chỉ trong vòng chưa đến 200 năm, nghiên cứu khoa học hoàn toàn cách mạng hóa hiểu biết của chúng ta

English: 
of the structure of DNA and how it functions.
So, now we know that mutations randomly happen
when DNA is copied incorrectly during replication
- something Morgan didn’t know.
Now we also know that natural selection
is only one of the mechanisms of evolution,
along with mutation, genetic drift, and gene
flow.
And it’s this knowledge that allows us to
witness -- first hand! -- microevolution taking
place today -- say, in studies of bacteria
that develop resistance to antibiotics.
And it also helps us understand the story
that the specimens around us right now are
trying to tell us, the story of macroevolution.
With this understanding, we can see how the
aquatic mammal behind me, Pezosiren, is related
to the more recent Metaxytherium.
Separated by some 30 million years, these
mammals lost their hind limbs and acquired
flippers instead of feet.
And today, their closest living relatives
are the manatees and dugongs.
Places like the Deep Time Hall show us evolution
at work, with specimens that take us from
the most ancient fossil ancestors, to transitional
forms, all the way to the organisms we know
today.
In less than 200 years, scientific study has
completely revolutionized our understanding

Vietnamese: 
về bản chất thay đổi liên tục của sự sống
Chúng ta đã có thể thấy cách dạng sống được định hình bởi môi trường của chúng để tồn tại tốt hơn
và sinh sản tốt hơn
Và chúng ta cũng biết được rằng thời gian thành phần quan trọng của tiến hóa
Đó là lý do việc nhìn vào quá khứ cổ xưa là thiết yếu cho sự hiểu biết của chúng ta về cách mà sự sống
đã thay đổi trong suốt hàng triệu năm qua
và cũng là lý do bọn mình rất hào hứng với việc mở cửa Sảnh Cổ Đại mới
trong bảo tàng quốc gia Smithsonian về lịch sử tự nhiên tại Washington D.C.
Nếu bạn có thể đến đây thì hãy vào tham quan nhé
Và nếu bạn không thể , theo dõi họ trên truyền thông để được chiêm ngưỡng những mẫu vật tuyệt vời
sắp được trưng bày
Và hãy nhớ đón xem chương trình đặc biệt về lịch sử tiến hóa của những động vật
thú vị nhất hành tinh
When Whales Walked : Journey in Deep Time lần đầu ra mắt trên kênh PBS and Smithsonian
vào ngày 19 tháng 6 lúc 9 giờ tối theo giờ Bờ Đông
Hãy xem đường dẫn ở phần mô tả
Cảm ơn đã theo dõi mình hôm nay ở trường quay Konstantin Haase

English: 
of the constantly changing nature of life.
We’ve been able to see how organisms are
shaped by their environments to better survive
and reproduce there.
And we’ve learned that time is a key component
of evolution.
This is why a deep look into the deep past
is critical for our understanding how life
has changed over millions of years.
And, it’s why we’re so excited about the
opening of the new Deep Time Hall
in the Smithsonian National Museum
of Natural History in Washington, D.C.
If you can make it in person, pay them a visit!
And, if you can’t, follow them on social
media to see some of the amazing specimens
now on display
And be sure to watch a new special about the
evolutionary history of some of our planet’s
most fascinating animals.
When Whales Walked: Journeys in Deep Time
premieres on PBS and Smithsonian Channel June
19th at 9 PM Eastern.
Check out the links in the description.
Thanks for joining me today in the Konstantin
Haase studio.

English: 
And an extra big thanks to our current Eontologists:
Jake Hart, Jon Ivy, John Davison Ng, and Steve

Vietnamese: 
Và cảm ơn lần nữa đến những nhà tài trợ lớn của bọn mình : Jake Hart , Jon Ivy , John Davison Ng và Steve
