
Chinese: 
你是否停下来想过，是什么给弯角赋予了个性呢？
是什么让一个弯角不同于另一个弯角呢？
为什么有的声名在外，有的却平淡无奇？
让我们近距离观察一下不起眼的“弯角”
毕竟是有了它，F1赛道才不至于成为无穷无尽的大直道啊！
尽管拐角与弯道看似简单，它们的个性却却取决于好几个指标
在这部视频中，我们会一点一点地介绍一个弯角的个性是如何构成的
乍看起来，一个弯角的个性可能主要取决于它的角度
一个比较小的内角就意味着一个比较急的弯，对吧？
不过……事情并没有那么简单
让我们看一个90度的弯角
一个街道赛道可能会包含一个这样的直角弯
或者是这样的弯
而一个更开阔的场地赛道或许会有一个这样的长90度弯
那么，在所有三个弯里，A点和B点分别位于相同的位置
但这些弯角却非常不同
这里的关键是半径
举例来说，让我们看一下这个弯

English: 
Have you ever stopped and wondered what gives
a Turn its character? What makes one turn
different than another? Why are some notorious
and others just… “muh!”? Let’s take
a close look at the humble turn – the one
simple trick that keeps F1 tracks from being
straights that go on forever!
Corners and turns may seem simple but there
are several qualities that each contribute
to its personality. In this video we’ll
build up the nature of a turn, bit by bit.
It may seem like the main contributing property
of a turn is its angle. A smaller internal
angle makes for a tighter turn, right? Well…
it’s not quite that simple.
Let’s have a look at a 90 deg corner. A
street circuit might feature a right angled
bend like this. Or maybe like this . Whereas
an more open racetrack might have a long 90
deg turn like this.
Now, in all three corners, points A and B
are in the same places but the turns are very

English: 
different. What matters here is the radius.
Let’s have a look at this turn for example.
These two bits are straight, so we can isolate
the turn here and show that it’s just part
of a circle. The radius of a circle is the
distance from the centre to the circumference
and the larger the circle, the longer and
faster the turn is.
Now, as the track has width, each turn has
an outer radius and an inner radius, with
the inner radius being smaller. But there’s
a third, more important radius. The radius
of the racing line through the corner.
We’ll cover racing lines properly in another
video but, just to make sure we’re all on
the same page – the racing line is the preferred,
fastest line through a corner. There is no
one racing line, but essentially, the car
will turn in from the outside of the track,
clip the inside of the track some way through
the turn and exit the turn on the outside
of the track again.
You’ll see the racing line forms its own
curve with a radius much bigger than any curve
following the actual curve of the turn. This
is much faster, as a larger radius curve can

Chinese: 
这两截是直道，所以我们可以把此处的弯道隔离出来
然后看出它只是一个圆的一部分
圆的半径是从圆心到圆周的距离
圆越大，弯角就越长，速度也越快
因为赛道有宽度，每个弯角都有一个外侧半径和一个内侧半径
内侧半径显然更小
但还存在第三种半径，而且它更重要
这就是过弯赛车线的半径
我们会在另一部视频里详细讨论赛车线
但为了保证大家都有足够的基础知识——
赛车线是通过一个弯角时最佳的、最快的路线
赛车线并不是唯一的
但基本上，赛车会从赛道外侧拐入
在一个叫做“弯心”（apex）的点处切过赛道内侧
然后再从赛道外侧出弯
你会看到赛车线组成了它自己的圆弧，你可以把它想成一个圆的一部分
这个圆的半径要远大于沿着赛道前进方向绘出的任何圆弧的半径

Chinese: 
这条线路要快很多，因为你能以更快的速度通过半径更大的弧线
但是，我们还没说完半径的问题
你看，我们一直在研究的这个弯是一个持续半径弯
意思是自始至终半径都保持不变——我放进去一个圆就能确定这个弯角
著名的130R弯[日本铃鹿赛道]曾经是一个单一半径弯，但后来它被修改了
而且130R的意思是它有着一个长为130米的半径
也就是说我可以画一个半径130米的圆，然后把它放到弯内，而它会完美地装进去
（努力估算后，我认为这个数据所指的是弯道外侧的半径）
但提到可变半径弯，事情就更为有趣了
举例来说，你你可能会遇到一个半径逐渐增大的弯角
这意味着入弯处的圆弧较小，但出弯处的圆弧要大很多
这类弯中的一个很好的例子是上海的第12和13弯
它们始于一个很急的弯角，但逐渐放开，形成一个绵长的右弯

English: 
be taken at much higher speeds. But wait – we’re
not done with radiuses (or radii) yet!
See, this turn we’ve been looking at is
an example of a constant radius turn. This
means the radius is the same from start to
finish – I can shove just once circle in
here to define the corner.
The infamous 130R used to be a single radius
turn until it was modified. 130R means it
had a radius of 130 metres (and as best as
I could calculate, this measurement referred
to the outer radius.
But things get more interesting in variable
radius turn. For example, you might have an
increasing radius turn – this means the
entry to the corner follows a small circle
but the exit traces a much larger circle arc.
A good example of this is turn 12/13 at Shanghai

English: 
– it starts as a pretty tight turn but opens
out into a long right hander.
On the other hand, a decreasing radius turn
tightens as you travel through it. Turns 13/14
at Sepang are an infamous example of this
type of corner. If we deconstruct it, you
can see the increasingly large circle arcs
that make up the corner. This makes for a
very challenging type of corner as you will
enter it at a fast pace but have to break
and turn harder midway through, always trying
to chase the apex that’s getting away from
you.
A variable radius corner is more interesting
as drivers don’t have a “simple brake,
turn, hoof it” tactic. They have to adjust
their inputs right through the turn and it’s
much trickier to approach perfection.
OK, so let’s talk camber. Camber refers
to the tilt of the surface of the track across
its width.
The track may be flat or tilted one way or
the other, or even be bent across its width.
Don’t confuse this with tyre camber which
describes the angle of the wheel relative
to the car. Again, that’s for another video!

Chinese: 
与此相反，半径逐渐减小的弯角则会在你通过时变得越来越急
[马来西亚]雪邦赛道的第13和14弯就是这种弯角中最为“恶名昭彰”的例子了
如果我们把它分解开来，你可以看到这个弯角是由尺寸越来越大的圆弧组成的
因此这类弯角也非常具有挑战性，因为你需要以较快的速度入弯
但在半路上刹车并用比较大的力度拐入
所以你要找的弯心点并不会像平常一样变得越来越容易靠近
可变半径的弯角较为有趣，因为车手们没有一套简单的“刹车、拐入加油门”的战术
他们必须得在过弯时持续调整方向盘角度和动力输出，所以完美的操作就更难做到
好的，那我们现在来聊聊倾角
倾角（camber）是指赛道表面在横截面方向上的倾斜程度
赛道可能是水平的，但它也可能是向某一侧倾斜的
它的表面甚至还可能在横方向上是一条弧线
另外，请不要把这个倾角和轮胎倾角（tyre camber）搞混了
轮胎倾角是用来表示轮胎与车身夹角的
我们会在另一部视频里讨论那个话题
一个弯角当然可以是水平的

Chinese: 
但如果赛道在弯角处存在一定倾斜，这个弯角就可以被形容为
正倾角/内倾（on-camber）或者反倾角/外倾（off-camber）
一个正倾角弯是向弯道内侧倾斜的
所以如果你在正倾角弯外侧放一只球，这只球会滚到内侧
最经典的正倾角例子就是椭圆形赛车场巨大“堤坝式弯角”
正倾角弯有助于转向过弯
它促使你的赛车朝着弯道的方向转动
为什么呢？让我们来想象一台正位于“堤坝式弯角”上的赛车
车的重力是垂直向下的，但并非与赛道表面呈90度
倾斜画面就可以清晰地看到，这个力是轻微地指向弯角方向的
相反地，反倾角弯向着外侧倾斜，并促使赛车朝弯道相反的方向转动
这使得转向过弯更加困难，会导致大量的转向不足（understeer）
也就是说赛车无法转向到足够的程度
你将不得不减低速度来逼迫赛车转过弯角

English: 
A turn can be flat of course, but if there’s
a tilt across the track this can be on-camber
or off-camber.
An on-camber corner is sloped towards the
inside of the track. So if you put a ball
at the outside of an on-camber turn, the ball
would roll to the inside. Classically, the
huge banked turns on oval racing tracks are
on-camber.
On-camber makes it easier to steer through
the turn. It encourages your car to turn in
the direction of the corner. Why? Well, let’s
imagine a car on a banked turn. The weight
of the car is still acting straight down,
not directly at 90 deg to the track. A quick
tilt shows that this force is acting a little
bit towards the direction of the bend.
Conversely off-camber turns slope towards
the outside of the turn and encourage the
car to steer away from the turning direction.
This makes it harder to steer properly, producing
bag loads of understeer (i.e. the car doesn’t
quite turn enough). You’ll have to slow
down more to force the car around the turn.

Chinese: 
[比利时]斯帕赛道的10号里维格（Rivage）弯是一个“恶名昭彰”的外倾弯
而且总是导致严重的转向不足
做F1游戏的Codemasters公司也把这个细节放进了他们的游戏
令许多玩家又气又乐
接下来，我们也不能忘了坡度（也就是赛道的高低起伏）
如果入弯处是上坡，刹车区就会变短，这意味着你踩刹车可以比平常更晚
而下坡入弯则会要求你大幅提前刹车
因为这个坡度会促使赛车不断向前运动
较长的刹车区有助于提高比赛质量，因为这种情况下车手更容易犯错
而且后车也有更多空间可以略微延迟刹车从而超过对手
弯角路面上的浅坑或者矮包会对过弯时的抓地力产生巨大的影响
在通过一个浅坑时，赛车会感受到向下额外的压力
因为相对赛道本身，赛车还在向下加速
（想象一下电梯抵达底层时你体验到的那种沉重的感觉）
通过浅坑时，赛车基本上会变得更重，而更多向下的压力意味着更多的抓地力

English: 
Turn 10, at Spa is notoriously off-camber
and loaded with understeer – something Codemasters
made sure to put in their F1 games to many
players’ delighted frustration.
Let’s not forget changes in elevation though
(i.e. the track going up and down).
An uphill entrance to a turn will shorten
the braking zone, meaning you can brake even
later than normal whereas a downhill approach
will force you to brake surprisingly early
as the slope encourages the car to continue
forwards.
Longer braking zones make for better racing
as it’s easier to make mistakes and there
is a greater margin for a chasing car to try
braking slightly later to nip past.
A corner with a dip or a crest has a massive
effect on grip levels through the turn. Through
a dip, the car experienced increased downforce
as it accelerates downwards relative to the
track (think about the heavy feeling you get
when a lift reaches the ground floor). It
is essentially heavier through a dip and more
downforce = more grip.

English: 
On a crest, however, the opposite is true.
The car is pulled away from the track and
is effectively lighter, with much less downforce.
The car “goes light” and can become very
twitchy.
Eau Rouge at Spa has a dip and a crest meaning
the car can travel incredibly fast through
the double-turn and becomes very light on
exit, ready to fly off the road with the slightest
error.
The most interesting and challenging turns
are those with elements of the unexpected.
Turns with changing radiuses, elevations,
and widths. Turns designed to be not-quite-flat-out.
Corners that imbalance the car before throwing
you into the next turn.
You’ll notice that Tilke’s worst tracks
have far fewer of these elements in them.
Abu Dhabi is a prime example of a very flat
track with lots of single-radius corners that

Chinese: 
然而在一个矮包上，一切正好相反
赛车被从赛道上拔起，而且基本上变得更轻，向下的压力也变得更小
当赛车“飘起来”时，它会变得非常不稳定
斯帕赛道的艾奥-罗格（Eau Rouge）弯包含一个浅坑和一个矮包
意味着赛车能以不可思议的高速通过这组二连弯
但会在出弯处变得非常轻，只要犯一点错误就会飞出赛道
最有趣也最有挑战性的弯角是那些包含不可预知成分的弯角
它们的半径、坡度和宽度都有可能变化
它们被设计成刚好无法全油门通过的程度
它们使得赛车失去平衡，然后[趁你不备]直接把你扔进下一个弯角
你或许已经注意到了，在F1里最糟糕的一些赛道上，这些元素就少很多
阿布扎比是一个最好的例子：赛道极度平坦，而且一堆单一半径弯角
让车手全无发挥创意的空间，不能寻找独特的路线
所以我们对于弯角的介绍就是这样了
在将来，我们会把赛道作为一个整体来研究

English: 
leave no room for flare or interpretation.

Chinese: 
但现在请先享受弯角本身，并在看到弯角的时候好好领会它们的个性吧
感谢大家观看这部视频
我很希望知道哪些是你最喜欢的弯角，如果它不是出现在一级方程式比赛中的弯角则更好
因为我本身非常专注于F1，而没有机会看到全世界更加丰富多彩的精美赛道
如果你喜欢这部视频，而且刚刚发现我的频道，也请你看看我的其它一些视频
它们共同讲解了一级方程式中规则以及技术中的方方面面
另外，为视频点赞会给我巨大的帮助，而且请务必订阅频道，这样你就不会错过新的视频了
我在轻微地扩大这个频道，希望在这个主要的讲解视频系列之外再做一些额外的视频
所以我希望在那些视频上线时你们也会喜欢
最后感谢我所有Patreon订阅用户坚持不懈的帮助
你们是最棒的，你们将会比其他人提前大约半周获得这些视频，感谢你们的反馈
