13 billion years ago there
energy and matter exploded the
Universe was born and one billion
years later there were stars.
Our solar system; sun,
earth and other planets
were created around
4.6 billion years ago
and 3.8 billion years ago
our Earth had everything
that was necessary for life
to sustain and evolve.
There was atmosphere, seas and a thin
and solid crust around the Earth.
Continental plates together
which made up the Earth’s
crust 250 million years ago
was known as the Pangaea.
The Pangaea slowly
began to break-up and
form masses of land what
we call continents.
It was about 200,000 to
250,000 years ago that our
ancestors the Homo Sapiens
appeared in Africa.
They slowly learned to communicate among
themselves and developed language
which helped in passing down the
language and cultures of their society.
Humans migrated to all the
continents except Antarctica
who were mostly gatherers who
collected nuts, berries,
leaves and hunters who made nets
to set trap games, fished with
harpoons and hunted for big animals
like bison, mammoths in groups.
They were intelligent and
made the best use of
the sources they had;
they used bones, hides,
antlers and stone
to craft weapons,
jewellery, homes, tools,
pottery and clothes.
They were also artistic and made
beautiful paintings in the caves
they lived, carved amazing
sculptures in wood, bone and stone.
As ice melted it uncovered
much land and trees, birds and
animals started flourishing
in North America and Eurasia.
The huge animals of Ice Age were replaced
by smaller animals and as human population
grew the demand for food also increased and
was the main reason why farming started.
Farming helped the people to have
permanent homes and stay at one place.
Humans evolved in
intelligence and also started
taming and domesticating
animals as pets.
It was around this time that man
first used metals - copper tools.
Increased farming helped
people to settle which
formed villages mostly
in the Nile Valley
and Fertile Crescent and then spread in the
other parts of Afroeurasia and America.
These settlements lead to civilizations
and Egypt, Mesopotamia and
Indus Valley were some of the
densely populated civilizations
which were intelligently
build and displayed some
intensely clever works of
the people of those times.
The Pyramids show their
creative and beautiful
work which is entirely
praiseworthy.
Written language left by
them help to know their
style of living and
traditions they followed.
Development of mankind was fast
after the civilizations and with
thousands of inventions and
developments which have happened.
There is much which comes under
the history of the world
and there is no part of it
which is not interesting.
Prehistory
Early Humans
According to studies it has been concluded
that the Australopithecine genus was
the first apes to walk upright like
humans from which homo came gradually.
About 200,000 years ago in Africa
anatomically modern humans
rose and showed modern behaviour
around 50,000 years ago.
Most of the expansion of the human
race took place at the ending
of Ice Age and learned to
colonise about 12,000 years back
and it is during this time
they get familiar with
fire and learnt to cook
besides hunt and gather.
There are early sculptures
and cave paintings found
which depict their use of
weapons and ways of life.
Rise of Civilizations
8,000 BCE marked the Neolithic Revolution
and other important discoveries like
wheel, mathematics, cursive script, planting
of crops, astronomy and agriculture.
With farming the
population grew and formed
cities then states and
eventually civilizations.
Agriculture helped in food surpluses and
there were many who were not engaged
in faming directly which gave rise to
manufacturing, trade and politics.
Some of the important civilizations
back then were Harappan civilization,
Mesopotamian civilization,
Egyptian civilization,
Indus Valley civilization and
Chinese civilization.
All the civilizations flourished
beside famous rivers.
The civilizations had highly developed and
had a controlling government, language
and writing system, trade and commerce,
social structures and complex economy.
With societies came religion
where natural powers
like sun, moon, sky and
sea were worshipped.
The religion system also
gave rise to priests,
shrines, temples and
religious scriptures
and some of the oldest date back to 2400 and
2300 BCE which are Egyptian Pyramid Texts.
Ancient History
Cradles of Civilization
There are three age
system which is comprised
in the Bronze age, Stone
Age and Iron Age.
Civilizations in this era
flourished along the
fertile rivers like Nile
in Egypt, Yellow River
and Yangtze River
in China, Indus in
India and Euphrates and
Tigris in Mesopotamia.
One of the most complex civilizations
of these times happens to be Sumer.
A pictorial form of writing
which used pictographs
known as the cuneiform
script was developed here.
These symbols were drawn on clay tablets
with a blunt reed used for a stylus or pen.
Administration became easy
once writing developed.
Transportation developed
through seas and rivers and
this period also saw chariots
and horse-based cavalry.
The first powerful civilization
which had a large territory was
in Egypt where Upper and Lower
Egypt were united in 3100 BCE.
Other civilizations were Minoan in Crete
and Akkadian and Assyria in Mesopotamia.
Over the millennium civilizations
developed and trade became
important and aided in increasing
the power of the civilizations.
In 2500 BCE Vedic period laid its
foundations in India which founded many
important cultures of Hinduism and
important republics like Mahajanapadas.
Though some of the most complex
civilizations rose in the
East, Americas had some of the
native and simple societies
and it was only when Mesoamerica was
formed between 1500BCE to 500 BCE that the
civilizations like Maya,
Olmec, Nazca, Moche
and Zapotec were more
centralized and complex.
They grew crops mainly maize and created
a diverse religion and culture.
Axial Age
Axial Age started in the 8th
century BCE, and this period saw
many philosophical ideas and
transformations in religions.
Some of them include Buddhism, Jainism,
Persian Zoroastrianism, Confucianism,
Taoism, Legalism, Jewish Monotheism
and Ancient Greek philosophy.
Regional Empires
The period 500 BCE to 500
CE saw many civilizations
which were much organized
with uniting philosophies,
trained armies and radical
administrations were formed
so that the emperor could
rule over large territories.
The military seizure of lands
by the bigger civilizations
bought peace and encouraged
trade internationally.
The most famous civilizations
during this time were:
· The Median Empire which
is the present Iran but
it also extended to
modern Turkey and India.
The Empire began from
678 BCE and also way to
Iranian and Sassanid
Empires (224 to 651 CE)
· The Athenian Empire
was succeeded by the
Delian League from 478
BCE which is now Greece.
· The boundaries of Greece were further
extended into India by Alexander
the Great of Macedon building a
vast empire from 356 to 323 BCE.
His Hellenistic successors further extended
the era which lasted from 323 to 30 BCE.
· Almost all of South
Asia of what is India was
united by the Mauryan
Empire from 322-185 BCE
and the land flourished
under the reign of Ashoka
the Great and the Gupta
Dynasty amazed the world
with their wonderful reign
and the period to be known
as the Golden Age from
the 4th to 6th century.
Southern India was ruled by three powerful
dynasties the Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas.
The 4th and 5th century set
foundations of the Hindu culture.
· The present day Italy was once the
gigantic Roman Empire which began in
the 3rd century BCE which later split
into eastern and western regions.
The western region fell in 476 CE whereas
the eastern region which was Byzantine
continued for another thousand years
till the Ottoman’s overthrew them.
· From 221 to 206 BCE the Qin
dynasty in China advanced
in many ways and was
followed by the Han dynasty.
They developed copper instruments
and they prospered in areas of
astronomy, technology, education,
mathematics and other fields.
· The present day of Ethiopia was the
famous civilization of Aksumite Empire.
They had their own currency
and carved big monolithic
stelaelike Obelisk of Axum to
spot their Emperors' graves.
· Some of the famous
civilizations in the
Americas were Zapotech in
the 200 BCE to 100 CE,
the Mayan Civilization
from 250 to 900 CE after
which the Olmec Empire
followed and finally
the Aztecs built their empire on the bordering
cultures and were influenced by Toltecs.
Declines, Falls and Greater Rises
The major problem that all the empires was
maintaining a huge army and supporting the
government, all the pressure was on the
farmers and the lower class of the society.
All this unrest within civilizations led
to wars and battles and the people fought
among themselves which ultimately led
to the downfall of the civilizations.
Other tribes took this
opportunity of the
already fighting nations
and overpowered them.
Postclassical History
This era is begun in the 5th century and is
marked by the fall of the Western Empire.
The eastern part of the Roman Empire was
Byzantine and endured until Middle Ages
whereas the western part of the
empire was divided into smaller
kingdoms which was later allied
under Holy Roman Empire.
Postclassical times also
parallel the Islamic conquests
following the Islamic Golden Age
and the dawn of Arab Slavery
which was later followed by invasions
from the Mongols in Central Asia
and Middle East and the establishment
of the Ottoman Empire in 1299.
The Southern part of Asia saw
successions of middle kingdoms of
India which was trailed by
establishment of Islamic empires here.
The Songhai and Mali
Empires flourished in
Western Africa whereas
because of Asian trades
in the southeast coast of Africa a mix of
Muslim culture called Swahili flourished.
China had empires of Sui, Tang, Yuan, Song
and the commencement of Ming dynasty.
Americas saw Aztecs, Maya and Incas.
Western Asia and North Africa
Before Islam could begin in 7th
century Middle East was subjugated
by the Persian Empire of Sasanian
and the Roman Byzantine Empire.
They were always with war against
each other and fought for
lands of Anatolia, Levant,
Americas and other regions.
The reason was more than just lands; they
also fought for culture and religion.
They Christian and Hellenistic
cultures competed against
the Zoroastrian religion and
Persian Iranian beliefs.
Once Islam was founded the empires
were soon overpowered and Islam had a
great impact on economic, political
and military past of the Middle East.
Their expansions began in 750
CE and had most parts of Middle
East, North Africa and some parts
of Europe under their banner.
Learning and trade flourished
and those who came to trade
in other empires took back
inventions and discoveries.
The European king tried to take back the
land of the Muslims through the Army
of Crusades but was unsuccessful and lost
even more land to the Ottoman Turks.
The domination of the
Arabs ended in the 11th
century when the Mongols
took over their lands.
The Mongols faded soon and
the lands were occupied
by the Turks of the
Ottoman Empire in 1299.
Europe
The early times of the Middle
Ages in Europe witnessed
deurbanization, depopulation
and barbaric invasions.
The invaders formed their empires on what
remained of the Western Roman Empire.
Middle East and North Africa which
earlier under the Eastern Roman
Empire were captured by the Islamic
conquerors in the 7th century.
Even though new kingdoms took over
the Roman Empire, Christianity
spread in Europe and several
monasteries were founded
and the Carolingian Dynasty
covered much of Europe but their
lands were taken by the
Magyars, Saracens and Vikings.
Middle Ages witnessed Manorialism
and Feudalism where the
society’s lower class was
subjugated to the upper class
and had to pay rents and offer services
for the lands they got from nobles.
The Crusades in the 1095 tried to take back
the Holy Land from the Muslims but failed,
however they were able to
establish a few Christian
states in the near east and
build many Gothic Cathedrals.
The later part of the Middle
Ages faced famine, war and
plagues which ate in to the
populace of western Europe.
The bubonic plague ‘Black Death’
alone killed about one third of
the total population in a matter
or three years (1347 to 1350).
South Asia
The Aksumite Empire in the
Sub-Saharan Africa declined
in 7th century and the Zagwe
Dynasty took its place.
The Zagwe’s were famous for rock cut
architecture in Lalibela who were
followed by the Solomonic Dynasty and
continued to rule till the 20th century.
Islamic empires like
Mali, Kanem, Songhai and
Ghana rose in the Western
parts of Africa.
They controlled the trans-Saharan trade
in ivory, gold, salt and slaves.
Southern African empires included
the Benin and Oyo Empires.
The Akan who were famous for their
complicated architecture and the
Igbo Kingdom of Nri who excelled in
producing advanced art in bronze.
Modern Zimbabwe had many kingdoms that
grew from the Kingdom of Mapungubwe.
Their main source of
income was trade with the
Swahili’s who resided on the
coast of Eastern Africa.
The Swahili were an intelligent clan who
build great nations and port cities like
Kilwa, Mombasa and Zanzibar and traded with
Arabs and Asians who taught them Islam.
East Asia
After the fall of Gupta’s in India the
land was divided in many small states.
The Muslim invasions began in 711
CE in the western frontiers.
Although the Arabs were stopped that
time but Islam still took its roots
in India because of the Arab traders
who traded in the west coast.
The post-classical kingdoms of
Southern India include the Cholas,
Mughals, Chakulyas, Rashtrakutas,
Marathas and Islamic Mughals.
Science, literature, art,
engineering, philosophy and
astronomy were encouraged by
the kings of these dynasties.
Central Asia
Sui Dynasty fought their way to Central
Asia by defeating Turkic nomads.
The Tang Empire battled the Tibetan
Empire to control Tang Dynasty.
Islam started to spread in the region
by the 8th century and soon became the
faith of many; Buddhism continued to
be embraced by people in the south.
The Arabs gained control over some
parts of Central Asia as they had
an effective military power that could
fight the nomads of the steppe.
6th and 7th centuries of
Central Asia were controlled
by a powerful nomadic group
known as Hephthalites
and in the 10th and 11th centuries the
land was distributed among different
powerful kingdoms like Seljuk Turks,
Khwarezmid Empire and Samanid dynasty.
The most remarkable power
which Central Asia
witnessed was that of
Ghenghis Khan of Mongolia.
After his death in 1227
the whole of Central Asia
was ruled by his successor
Chagatai Khanate.
A Mongol military Timur conquered
much land in 1369 but after
his death the territory was
divided in to smaller areas like
Khanate of Bukhara, Khanate of Kokhand,
Khanate of Khiva and Khanate of Kashgar.
Southeast Asia
The early Middle Ages of Southeast Asia
saw Kingdom of Funan fall into the
hands of Chenla Kingdom which was later
replaced by Khmer Empire in 802 CE.
Before Industrial Age Khmer has one
of the largest cities in the world
Angkor which had thousands of temples
including the famous Angkor Wat.
The main powerful kingdoms of the
Thai were Ayutthaya and Sukhothai.
9th century saw kingdoms like
Pagan, Lavo, Srivijayan, Champa,
Dai Viet, Haripunchai, Majapahit,
LanXang and Ava in power.
Islam spread in the beginning
of the 13th century and
many Malay states also emerged
during the same time.
Oceania
Between 1200 and 1500 the
Tui Tonga Empire flourished
through Micronesia,
Polynesia and Melanesia.
The Tongan language, culture
and domination spread entirely
and influenced the Niue, Rotuma,
East Uvea, Futuna, Samoa
and many other islands
of New Caledonia,
Vanuatu, Micronesia and
the Loyalty Islands.
There are no written records for
these kingdoms and writing was
introduced only when the Europeans
began exploring the islands.
Prehistories have estimated through
careful analysis on the basis of
archaeology, linguistics, colonial
ethnography and oral traditions.
The Americas
In the North America, Mississippian
culture in the modern
United States of America was
rose to power in 800 CE.
From 9th to 13th centuries the
Ancient Pueblo People and
their ancestors built many
structures which continued to be
some of the largest buildings in North
America until the 19th century.
The Maya and the Teothithucan
civilizations fell in Mesoamerica
and the Aztec took their place
in the 14th and 15th century.
14th and 15th century of
South America had the Incas
flourishing their empire in the
entire Andes Mountain Range.
They were an advanced society and were
skilled in masonry and road system.
Modern History
Modern history is also known
as the modern times or modern
era and is the history of the
age following the Middle Ages.
Early Modern Period
The historians use the term Early Modern
Period to refer to the ages between
Middle Ages and Industrial Revolution
which is between 1500 to 1800.
The era characterizes the
rise of science and by the
swift growth in politics,
technology and a nation-state.
A nation state is one which
adjoins the administrative
entity of a state to the
traditionalentity of a nation
from which it purposes to stem its governmental
legality to rule and hypothetically
its position as an autonomous state if one
takes the declarative theory of statehood
as disparate to the constitutive theory.
Capitalist economies like Genoa rose
in the northern Italian Republics.
Mercantilism dominated the Early Modern
Period and feudalism, serfdom and the
power of Catholic Church also gained certain
heights but eventually disappeared.
The era also includes the European
colonial expansion, Age of
Discovery, Thirty Years War and
pinnacle of European witch-hunting.
· Renaissance
14th century, Europe’s Renaissance comprised
of economic and social rise of Europe
and the rediscovery of all the scientific
discoveries made in the classical world.
Renaissance also stimulated an ethos
of curiosity which led to Humanism.
Even though the time saw many
political and social upheaval
Renaissance is famous for its
artistic contributions to the world.
Some of the famous contributors are
Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci.
The Protestant Reformation of
the 16th century and Age of
Enlightenment in the 17th century
led to the Scientific Revolution.
· Expansion of Europe
It was during this time that the power
of Europe was at its peak and the
civilizations here were more urbanized
than any other civilizations of the world.
However, the civilization slowly
weakened and distorted, the
causes continue to be a matter
of debate among the historians.
For instance China was one of the most
radical civilizations of the Middle Ages.
The Chinese had a well-developed
monetary economy and the peasants
of the nation who were free could
sell their harvest in the market.
As per the historian Adam Smith, China
has always been one of the most
prosperous, rich, industrious and
urbanized countries of the world
enjoying technological benefit and
had a monopoly in the production of
cast-iron, suspension bridge construction,
compass, piston bellows and printing.
Marco Polo who visited the country
500 years ago has described it
the same as it has been by the
travellers from the 18th century.
The downfall of the civilizations was
because of the geographical conditions.
China, Middle East and India are all
surrounded by oceans and mountains
but once the barriers are crossed
the land is completely flat.
Europe also enjoyed this protection from
the invaders of Central Asia as the
Carpathians, Alps, Apennines and Pyrenees
mountain ranges bound the nation.
The invasion of the nomads was devastating
once they managed to cross the barriers.
The Islamic Golden Age
came to an end when
the Mongol sack of Baghdad
attacked in 1258.
China and India were under
constant attacks and Russia
also spent a few years
under the Mongol-Tartars.
Western and central Europe
was further away from
Central Asia and faced
less threats of invasion.
The Ottoman Empire ruled the most
Middle East, the Ming Dynasty
reigned over China and the
Mughals held the reins of India.
One of the undoubtedly vital
terrestrial factors in
the rise of Europe was the
Mediterranean Sea, which,
for ages, had functioned as a
nautical superhighway nurturing
the exchange of people,
merchandises, ideas and creations.
Many historians argue that the European
institutions aided in its expansion.
The free-market economics
and property rights
were much stronger than
anywhere in the world.
However the European maritime has also
been given the credit of its expansion
- Atlantic states of Spain, France,
England, Netherlands and Portugal.
Spain and Portugal were the leading
vanquishers and Europeans were inspired
by them; Iberian Union was a result of
their union, the first global empire.
The French, English and Dutch
started dominating the Atlantic
and a series of war was fought
in the 17th and 18th centuries
which ended with the Napoleonic wars and
the British rose as a new world power.
· Regional Developments
In 1501 Persia was rules by
Safavid Empire after which the
Afsharid Empire took over in 1736
and the Qajar Empire in 1796.
The Pashtuns and Uzbeks held
the east and north areas.
The Ottoman Empire ruled the Balkhans,
Middle East and almost all of North Africa.
The Swahili Empire of Africa faded
once the Portuguese corroded
their lands while the Moroccans
took over Songhai Empire in 1591.
Butua.Rozwi and Mutapa were smaller
nations from Kingdom of Zimbabwe.
Adal Sultanate invaded
Ethiopia in 1531 and
in 1769 saw the Age of the
Princes or Zemene Mesafint
when the country was ruled by the
warlords who had a prince for their head.
Oyo and Benin Empires saw their
golden age during this period and the
Ashanti Empire became a powerful
nation in 1670 which is now Ghana.
The Qing dynasty took over the Ming Dynasty
in 1644 in China who rules until 1912.
From 1568 to 1603 Japan went
through the Azuchi-Momoyama
period trailed by Edo
period from 1603 to 1868.
The Joseon Dynasty of Korea
endured all Chines and
Japanese invasions and rules
through from 1392 to 1910.
In the 16th century the Mughal
Empire set its foot in Indian
Subcontinent and overthrew
Deccan and Delhi Sultanates.
Later the British East took over India.
Present day Indonesian Sumatra and
Malaysia were jointly known as
Sultanate of Malacca and were invade
and rule by the Portuguese in 1511.
The southern tip of the Malay Peninsula
was dominantly ruled by Johor Sultanate.
The whole of Southeast
Asia was subjugated to
colonization of the Europeans
except for Thailand.
The Europeans briskly colonized
Americas quickly displacing
and destroying the civilizations
of Inca and Aztecs.
Britain, Britain, France and
Portugal settled in large
numbers and imported
thousands of African slaves.
After years of struggle and war
13 British colonies declared
Independence and became the
United States of America in 1776.
In Russia the first Tsar was
Ivan IV in 1547,who seized
Turkic Khanates and made
Russia a powerful country.
Western European countries
developed and expanded
in ways of technology
and were always in war.
The wars were primarily
religion based; Christian
vs. Muslims or Catholic vs.
Protestants.
Napoleon became powerful in France who
waged war against the world to rule
it and what followed was Napoleonic
wars which began in 19th century.
Late Modern Period
· 1750-1899
Science changed the lives of people
and the Scientific Revolution led
to Industrial Revolution which
transformed markets of the world.
Although the revolutions began in
the 17th century the inventions
and discoveries were applied on
in the middle of 18th century.
The Industrial Revolution
started in Great Britain where
the British used many new
techniques of mechanisation,
factory and mass
production to produce more
products using less
manpower and in less time.
The late 18th century also
saw the birth of Democracy
after the French and
American Revolutions.
After Europeans gained control
over America the revolutions
and their independence turned
their ways to Asia and Oceana.
Britain took control over Egypt, Indian
Subcontinent and Malay Peninsula.
The Dutch strengthened
their control over Dutch
East Indies whereas
France took Indochina.
South Africa, Australia and New Zealand
were also colonized by the British.
Russia colonized Siberia.
Europe was on an advantageous
position for two reasons; the
wealth got from the Atlantic
trade and business culture.
The African slave trade
helped them increase
the wealth got from
the plantations.
· 1900-1945
Most of the world was under
the control of the Europeans.
As the century outspread, the
global system subjugated
by competing powers was
exposed to austere stresses,
and eventually seemed to yield
to a more fluid edifice
of sovereign nations
structured on Western models.
But soon it looked as if the
global system controlled by
opponent powers yielded to a
structure controlled by one power,
a system planned like Eastern
rather than Western simulations.
This alteration was catalysed by
World War I which bought much
destruction and weakened the French
and British forces and monarchs.
The after result of which was
influential philosophies.
The Russian Revolution fashioned the first
communist state in 1917 while 1920 and 1930
witnessed militarist fascist despotisms
gain control in Germany, Italy and Spain.
The enmities between the already
rival countries and the
financial chaos of Great Depression
gave way to World War II.
· 1945-2000
When the World War II came to an
end in 1945 the countries together
founded the United Nations to
prevent further wars among nations.
The United State of America, China,
United Kingdom and Soviet Union were
declared victorious in World War II
and came to be known as the Big Four.
Later France was added to the
council and now there were
five permanent seats in the
United Nations Security Council.
Suspicions among each other
lead to a forty five year
old Cold War between United
States and Soviet Union.
The Asian and African countries soon
declared themselves independent
but faced epidemics, illiteracy,
poverty and neo-colonialism.
Science and technology progressed in
leaps and bounds in the 20th century
and the standard of living and life
expectancy of the people increased.
As discoveries happened
the world shifted from
coal based economy to
petroleum based economy.
Engines, roads, automobiles
everything happened in a few years.
World witnessed globalization
and even reached the space.
Humans discovered the structure
of DNA, treatment for the
diseases were now bettered,
human genome was sequenced,
literacy rates increased,
ways of agriculture
improved because
of the machines.
Computers, internet, motion
pictures, music recordings,
global climate change, epidemics
like ebola, volcanoes,
near to Earth comets and
asteroids, declining of natural
resources, overpopulation
and nuclear proliferation.
Contemporary History
Contemporary history is
the history which covers
all that has happened
from 1900 to present.
· 21st Century
Rising economic globalization
and integration marks the 21st
century with subsequent augmented
danger to interweaved economies,
and by the growth of communications
with smartphones and the internet.
The period has also been marked by
increasing military globalization and
unipolarity, with consequential steadying
of harmony and the expansion of democracy.
The demand and competition for
resources has increased because of the
mounting industrialization and population
mainly in Brazil, China and India.
This amplified demand is causing
increased levels of ecological
degradation and also raised the
threats of global warming.
This also gave rise to
developing sources which
could be renewed
especially wind and solar
and demands for cleaner
fossil-fuel technologies also
increased and the use of
nuclear energy expanded.
World also witnessed many
terrorist attacks which
continue today and is one of
the major threats globally.
The history of the world is hard to
be summed up and there is a treasure
of works yet awaited to be discovered,
understood and deciphered by man.
Humans have always been intelligent
and have evolved quickly.
There is no idea to what future holds
for us but what started 13.7 billion
years ago has been all mostly preserved
for us to understand their happenings.
They learnt and implemented
according to what
nature provided to them
and developed highly.
Mankind will continue to evolve
till their presence and continue
to add to the history of the
world until the Universe lives.
