We’ve explored the jungles, the deserts,
the arctic, even the moon.
But one place still remains a mostly uncharted
mystery; our oceans.
Oceans cover about 70% of Earth’s surface,
but we know more about the geography of Mars
than we do about what lies on the bottom of
the sea.
But all that might change.
Around the world people are looking to finally
reveal the secrets of our deep oceans for
both scientific and economic gains.
So, how close are we to completely mapping
the ocean?
For thousands of years people have taken to
the seas with the goal of finding out just
how deep our oceans are.
This mainly consisted of tying a weight to
a long rope and throwing it over the side
of a boat.
This is actually how we discovered the deepest
part of the ocean,
Mariana Trench.
Since then we’ve obviously advanced with
our technology, and have actually already
used satellites to map the entire ocean.
Kind of.
The way that they do satellite mapping of
the ocean, they use altimetry.
As the satellite is passing over an orbit,
if there's a higher concentration of rock,
or sea mounts, or anything that's beneath
the ocean surface, the increased gravity actually
causes some of the water to collect around
the top of it and they
can measure the different heights of the ocean
surface.
Using certain algorithms and processing that
data, they can actually get a decent representation
of what it's like down there.
But decent isn’t good enough.
Satellite mapping only gives us about a 5km
resolution of the ocean floor, meaning we
can see features and objects larger than 5km
across.
To put that in context, most of Mars has been
mapped to 6m and almost all of Venus and 100%
of the moon has been mapped to 100m.
Less than 10% of our oceans, and maybe closer
to 5%, have been mapped to this detail.
that really is disappointing for a marine
biologist, really disappointing for anyone
who's thinking about doing business on the
oceans, managing the oceans, thinking about
how to get what we need from the future of
the oceans...We're sort of fumbling around
in the dark…
Having a detailed map would greatly change
how we use the ocean.
It would help with safety, like charting potential
hazards that could take down a ship.
It could lead to more accurate climate models,
better understand tsunami dangers and improved
weather predictions.
It would help with laying down ocean cables,
fiber optics and pipes.
However, it could also help advance the exploitation
of the ocean’s natural resources, like those
precious metals used to create your cell phone.
But having a detailed map will help us better
understand how to protect the ocean when the
inevitable rush to further exploit it begins.
The International Seabed Authority, which
is in charge of overseeing seabed mining on
the high seas, part of its charge is to set
up some areas of special biological interest
that will not be mined and putting them in
the right places, in places that matter for
biodiversity and matter for ocean function,
requires knowing what's down there...so you
don't mine, for example, a rainforest and
put your protected area in a desert, right?
So ocean mapping may be this double edged
sword.
On one side, people are trying to map the
ocean to help understand and protect it, making
geological and biological discoveries along
the way.
Others are trying understand and exploit it,
potentially harming the ocean floor as they
go.
But these two factions might work together
to achieve a goal that could see both sides
benefiting.
How do you manage what you don't understand
We can map out things like manganese nodules,
that have the potential for copper and nickel and cobalt.
We depend on ocean mapping for before any kind of oil explorations done
they must map the seafloor
both the surface and the subsurface of the seafloor,
and in this case, here we’re going to get a full understanding
through mapping what’s there
and then can set up the appropriate management approaches
So if everyone wants this map, why hasn’t
it been done yet?
Well, it’ll cost a lot of money.
and take a lot of time.
Maybe as much as 200 ship years.
So with the current day technology, it would
take about 200 years for one ship to map the
whole ocean or 200 ships one year.
The question is the cost.
We've estimated that to map the entire ocean
at a reasonable level of resolution would
cost on the order of three billion dollars
and you'd say, "Wow, gee, who would ever spend
three billion dollars to map a planet?"
And I point to the fact that we've sent missions
to the moon which cost on the order of 600
million dollars or so and mapped the moon
much better than we've mapped our planet.
We've sent missions to Mars, many missions
to Mars.
Each one of those missions cost between two
and three billion dollars.
And so we have the will to do that.
One way to cut down on cost would be to do
it faster, and the good news is that’s the
plan.
What started as throwing a weight over the
side of the boat has turned into utilizing
acoustic waves.
By sending hundreds of laser-like beams of
sound into the ocean and measuring how long
it takes to bounce back, scientists can more
accurately image the ocean depths.
We're also trying to develop techniques to
speed that up, to do it more quickly.
And to do it maybe with autonomous vessels,
vessels that will be more efficient that you
don't have to have a crew on and send autonomous
vessels out for months at a time and let them
start collecting the data…
To put out drones that would go out and do
it autonomously, that's a new forefront that's
developing at the moment, but that's still
in its infancy.
The amount of drones that would need to go
out to perform this, that's something that
they're still building on.
So yes, one day in the near future our oceans
may be teeming with underwater drones or crew-less
ships, crisscrossing the planet, collecting
and sending data that will be transformed
into a 3D map of our oceans.
Which is another hurdle we still need to figure
out, what to do with all this data?
There's also a major challenge of trying to
mass collect and synthesize this data…
It's one thing to have the data stored on
500,000 hard drives and 500,000 vessels, but
you need to get put all together in the same
place.
And one boldly named group, Seabed 2030, is
looking to lead that fight.
The collaborative project between the Nippon
Foundation and GEBCO, is aiming to gather
all the bathymetric data and produce the world’s
first highly detailed ocean map, and do it
by 2030.
It's amazing how every time we go out to map
in unknown waters, we find something we didn't
know about.
It's that kind of discovery and exploration
that really drives at least me in terms of
ocean mapping.
And it’s that passion, along with their
hard work, that has given those in the community
the ability work with and root for Seabed
2030 and their nearing deadline.
They could certainly use more resources if
they're gonna get close to hitting that goal,
but I'm gonna go ahead and commit the least
aspiration, I'm gonna hope that they're right
that we'll have the oceans mapped by 2030.
I think, the global initiative to have it
done by 2030 is going to be quite an undertaking.
It's going to depend on developing technology
and a concerted effort from different players,
but I'm optimistic and I think it will happen
at some point.
We need a detailed map of the ocean to better
understand the ocean, and to do this we need
people, ships, advanced technology, global
cooperation and of course, money.
So, how close are we to mapping the entire
ocean?
Well, all eyes are on Seabed 2030 and their
goal to have a complete, public map by well,
2030.
We're gonna give it our darndest to do.
It's a very, very ambitious goal.
I'm not sure we will get a hundred percent
there but we're certainly gonna make some
strides toward that.
So that's our goal is to see it all mapped
by 2030.
Thanks so much for watching another episode
of How Close Are We.
If you have any ideas for future episodes,
let us know in the comments.
And if you want to watch more Seeker ocean
content, click over here to watch the Swim,
an ongoing series about one man’s journey
to swim across the Pacific Ocean.
