Camera movement is one of the most expressive
tools for a director to use. Good camera movement
can enhance the emotion of a scene, reveal
elements that are off-screen, and can help
the viewer feel like part of the action. Since
it is such a powerful tool, it is very important
to know the types of camera movements available
as well as the proper time to use them.
By far the most common type of camera movement
is a simple pan or tilt. Panning a camera
refers to rotating a camera on an axis or
tripod horizontally while tilting refers to
moving a camera in the same way - only vertically.
Both movements are most often used to follow
the movement in a scene, but can also be used
to reveal elements that were not originally
in frame. This can help build a feeling of
surprise or advance the storyline of a film.
A great example of this can be found in the
movie Braveheart when William Wallace runs
around the corner of his house. As he does
so, the camera pans to the right to reveal
an envoy of people who have come to announce
the death of William's father. This helps
the audience feel the same shock and surprise
as William feels when he realizes what the
envoy means.
One of the best ways to make a narrative look
more professional is to incorporate dolly
and truck movements into a scene. A dolly
movement is made by moving a camera either
closer or further from a subject over time.
The movie Tombstone uses a dolly shot in order
to see expression on the face of the main
character better during an important piece
of dialog in the movie. Another move closely
related to the dolly is the truck This shot
is performed by moving a camera from side
to side. Movies such as The Dark Knight use
this camera move to set the pace of a scene.
The slow dolly movement in this scene is in
stark contrast to the action that just happened
in the movie - allowing the audience to know
that the pace has become more relaxed in this
scene. Other movies such as Saving Private
Ryan use this movement to follow characters
as they move away from the camera and to reveal
elements in the foreground that help you gain
insight into the story. Dolly moves are most
often performed using either a wheeled dolly,
a track dolly, or a sliding dolly - depending
on the size of the set and the amount of equipment
being used. Wheeled and track dollies are
great for heavy camera equipment which operators
can sit or stand next to, while slider dollies
are great for smaller cameras and shorter
moves. Additionally, table-top dollies are
useful for getting smooth shots from low to
the ground or product shots that are placed
on a smooth table surface. If you don't have
access to a camera dolly, great shots can
also be achieved using common items such as
wheelchairs and carts.
For those camera moves where you don't want
dolly tracks to be seen and where complex
motion needs to occur, a sled and vest system
is the best option. A sled and vest system
usually consists of a weighted camera sled
for counterbalance, an elastic arm that can
absorb the shock of human movement, and lastly
a vest to distribute the equipment's weight
evenly over an operator's body. The film Snatch
has a shot sequence that shows the kind of
unique movement a sled and vest system can
achieve. In the film, the camera is moved
smoothly past each character giving viewers
a unique insight into what each character
is thinking or feeling before the tense battle
that is about to begin. Even so, a camera
and vest system can't eliminate all the shake
of human movement. As a result, most operators
bend their knees slightly, and walk carefully
from heel to toe to dampen the vibration from
their footsteps.
Another popular camera move is the boom. A
boom is a device consisting of a camera that
is attached to an arm that can pivot on a
fixed point through space. This move is useful
for many of the same reasons as a tilt or
pan movement like this clip from the Dark
Knight shows, with the added benefit of allowing
for both low and high angle shots. A boom
movement is useful for many other purposes
too. For example, in the movie The Shawshank
Redemption, a boom movement is used to represent
the new-found freedom of the main character
who had escaped from having been in jail for
many years. Boom arms often require additional
setup time as many pieces need to be joined
together for it to work. Also, heavy weights
are also needed to balance a camera at the
other end of the boom arm which can make the
unit very heavy. As a result, shots utilizing
a boom arm need to be planned well ahead of
time to make sure there is plenty of time
and access to set up the equipment.
Clever camera movement is one of the best
ways to add drama and information to a scene.
That's why knowing how and when to use dollies,
boom arms, sled and vest systems, and tripods
in your story can give your production an
engaging and emotional boost.
