good morning so ah todays talk is going to
be on suffixes and reference words we have
been talking about developing vocabulary and
affixes that is suffixes and prefixes collectively
ah known as so today we are going to do suffixes
and ah also reference words now reference
word is ah first i will talk about reference
words which i am going to do in the next half
of todays lecture first i will begin with
suffixes and i will define suffixes also for
those who are ah not sure about it reference
words and we are going to do reference words
lots of them today in the section second half
or second section of our lecture but ah to
explain what these are these are words ah
which have come to become a very important
part of our day to day language
of course by day to day language i mean ah
higher and advanced level of language um these
words have their roots in foreign languages
yes and we have been doing quite a bit of
that as well but today i am going to look
at certain words and expressions that had
that have their origin from ah religion from
various religious texts from literary text
and biblical sources as well as um medicine
and other professions we never we may not
realize we may never realize that many of
the words which ah we use in our everyday
language and communication they have their
origin in something that we are not given
we are not remotely ah knowledgeable or aware
of so thats what we are going to do today
ah i am going to draw your attention to some
of the important words that may appear on
a frequently that may that appear that do
appear frequently and they may appear for
you as well in your competitive exams and
what is their origin what is their meanings
and how they are used in ah contemporary contexts
and usage
so suffixes what are suffixes suffixes are
ah those letters group of letters it can be
a letter or a group of letters added at the
end of a word which makes a new word now if
you look at the list of these words and i
am going to give you the meanings of these
words these are just examples this is not
of course a definitive list or suffixes these
are examples of certain suffixes ah words
which use a t e as a suffix ok what happens
when you use a suffix is a new word is most
often a different word class from the original
word so um you can say to consume something
that is a verb and consummate becomes an adjective
thats what you mean by changing the class
regular is an adjective regularly becomes
an adverb you have changed the class of the
original word and if you have your cambridge
dictionary if you have your oxford dictionary
advance english language dictionary you will
find at the end of those books there are several
pages ok running ah it runs into several pages
and gives you the suffixes the and the word
categories ok its a very useful tool that
you have in your hands these two dictionaries
i have given you i have advised you to keep
looking these dictionaries from the very first
lecture so please refer to them as you ah
do todays lecture as you attend todays class
and see how useful and how interesting suffixes
can be you change the class ah of the original
word and also add something more to it add
a new meaning to it
so first suffix that we are going to look
at of course i am not going to give you the
list of entire suffixes i am i cannot do that
all the possible existing suffixes but only
ah some that are important ah from exam point
of view so a t e ah its used as an adjective
ending ameliorate the first word here with
something is to make better to improve ok
to make better to improve thats the meaning
you will find this word very very commonly
used next word is attenuate and attenuate
is to make thin to weaken attenuated finances
that attenuated um consummate consummate is
ah is to bring to the highest point ok it
is ah as verb it means to bring to the highest
point to bring to fulfillment to complete
as an adjective it means complete in every
detail perfect ah a consummate artist um so
ah james cambrian is a is a consummate artist
manirathnam is a consummate artist so thats
how we use and out and out ah someone who
is very particular about details attention
to detail sense perfect
desiccate look at the spelling d e s i double
c a t e its to dry up dehydrate desiccated
lips of a traveler in a dessert disparate
its not desperate you are desperate when you
want something very badly desperate to get
the ticket to the latest show in town ah disparate
means unlike different dissimilar bringing
together of disparate elements so look at
the spelling d i s p a r a t e unequal different
dissimilar we often say this um this ah building
was constructed by using disparate elements
from all over the place this ah the faculty
is it constitutes disparate ah kind of people
ok not all are equal not all are similar though
they may work together so this is just an
example a team may comprise of disparate elements
importunate is urgent in demand insistent
your importunate insistence on getting the
work done thats why we spoiled it because
of your importunate insistence so urgent in
demand annoying ok so it is urgent in and
in demand very urgent you have to have it
now so it is importunate the hotel guests
and his importunate behavior you know he was
always i want it now here right away ok these
are very annoying people ah next suffix is
e s c e the latin word ending e s c e r e
means to begin to or to become english adjectives
and nouns suffixes are accent and essence
for example you have effervesce to begin to
boil over to bubble and then you say effervescent
effervescent personality boiling over bubbling
ebulant ebullient so someone who is very ah
chirpy bright maybe not the exact meaning
chirpy and bright um vivacious often we call
teenagers a teenage girl an effervescent she
is effervescent on screen bubbling ok very
chirpy effervescence is bubbling and excitement
so one is an adjective effervescent effervescence
is a noun whenever you have something ending
in s e n c e becomes a noun its excitement
whenever something ends with m e n t it is
ah again a noun so effervescence whenever
anything ends with s c e n c e it is a noun
whenever a word ends with s c e n t then it
is an adjective
next word is coalesce again a very popular
word with examiners to grow together everything
coalesce together was brought together very
very ah high sounding word and used in very
knish kind of situation look it up what does
it mean to come together to grow together
yeah so coalesce um i wanted to look at ah
another suffix f y words ending in f y and
that becomes the verb so pure is an adjective
purify is a verb deity in an adjective deify
is to make a some someone a god of deity is
god ok but when you deify someone what are
you doing you are making someone giving someone
a god like station or ah kind of a status
so f y ending in f y to make a god of the
exalt someone to that level rectify is to
make something right correct or adjust so
um rectification um rectify is to make something
right the the entire idea to make something
yeah so its verb
stultify is to make something look foolish
to cause someone or something to appear foolish
or ridicules so that is stultify think of
a kind of a popular culture that you have
kind of ah the music ah the run of the ah
run of the mill song and dance situations
with pots and pans all over so that becomes
you know ah stultifying kind of situation
ah foolish and ridicules next word is edify
e d i f y f y this is to up lift to enlighten
to enlighten and to up lift to make something
better edification is the noun
next suffix is i v e i v e we say furtive
for example furtive which is stealthily which
is secret which is like a thief so furtive
glances furtive look ok very secret for whatever
reason enter the house ah in a furtive manner
um now palliative palliative is given here
is like a cloche its acting to sod pain or
distress temporarily alleviating so palliative
sometimes we even call or um name some certain
kind of medicine is palliative a palliative
care um scudding pain but we can only reduce
the pain some i i have words ending in i v
e can also be taken as nouns alternative conservative
diminutive so they not everything that ends
in i v e so therefore thats the idea please
be very careful not everything is what it
appears to be or seems to be there are always
exceptions alternative to this is not an adjective
but a noun ah a girl of diminutive size is
not an adjective but a noun and my parents
are pretty conservative in their approach
um its a noun yeah its not an adjective
we have words ending in a c i o u s or i c
i o u s audacious for example what audacity
audacity is your noun and audacious behavior
ok audacious comes from audacity it means
someone who has the nerve the courage to do
something ah it can be used both in positive
positive and negative word voracious again
a c i o u s having a huge capacity for something
voracious reader is a i call i would like
to think of myself as a voracious reader someone
who likes to read a lot who consumes lots
of books and ah you also say voraciously voracious
appetite someone who likes to eat a lot like
a gluten so voracious is something enormous
big you dont call someone a voracious person
just like that huge person so voracious person
no it has to follow up with a certain kind
of a noun you have an appetite or you have
a read appetite for reading or something like
that appetite for food appetite for reading
appetite for life poetically speaking so you
have to have that kind of a noun there its
an adjective
now ah we have another set of suffixes ending
in a r c h monarch for example right monarch
is someone who rules and you also have a r
c h y lets think of anarchy oligarchy so r
words ending in arch and archy these are um
ah suffixes that suggest rulers and rule so
monarchy anarchy oligarchy when do you have
anarchy when there is lack of rule disorder
everyone is out on the streets and protesting
and there is no one to control things go out
of control that is a anarchy all over oligarchy
rule by the chosen few maybe the richest may
be the most intellectual maybe the most domineering
the oligarchy
we have next ah suffix c i d e c i d e so
latin suffix it has origin in latin ah in
the latin language and it stands for kill
and killer so we get a number of words like
regicide killing of your ah see this is the
suffix c i d e you kill your king you are
regicide when you kill your father you are
patricide this is an act of patricide and
fratricide is when you kill your brother you
know fraternity is the noun so parricide regicide
fratricide and you also have genocide which
is wiping out national ethnic or religious
groups this the word came into existence during
the nazi war crimes during the second world
war and the years that preceded so i am sure
most of you know the history to know something
about the hollow cost if you dont know please
look it up these things may appear for the
reading passages so genocide homicide of course
killing of ones fellow man so you have the
cop here in several hollywood films you know
homicide detective he investigates killing
of people
you have words ending in p h i l e look at
this suffix p h i l e comes from the greek
word p h i l o s philos that is loving so
when you are a bibliophile the the way it
is written you are a lover of books bibilio
books you are bibliophile and you are a lover
of books francophile a lover of france or
all things french so ah people who have those
exotic kinds of taste they may call them or
european taste they may call themselves you
know ah i like everything that is french or
that is english so you become an anglophile
anglophin or we also have a word such as indophile
um very often you find there are so many people
from across the world who are very fond of
all things indians and concerning india so
indophile anglophile all things concerning
the english speaking part of the world could
be the u s canada and also england of course
so p h i l e is suffix standing for loving
we have suffix ending r y words ending in
r w so you have words such as bigotry b i
g o t r y this is extreme intolerance yeah
ah generally we say religious bigots cannot
tolerate people of other different religions
we have gimmickry now gimmickry is something
that is very interesting you are resorting
to lot of gimmickry ah things you know ah
it is used in a very shallow way so a gimmick
is a way a shallow way to attract attention
to gain more eye balls or to gain more acceptance
so you resort to using some certain gimmicks
you have a word like gadgetry which is use
or collection of mechanical devices all the
gadgetry that i see here it has led to nothing
we also have another interesting word ending
in r y mimicry which is the act of mimicking
or militating ok and then you have a word
like ribaldry which means ah using course
or indecent language shakesphere was known
for using lot of ribaldry in his plays therefore
he had to be if you may recall we have talked
all already about someone who was very fond
of ah removing the objectionable language
from shakespeares play and we have a term
for that bordelaise the act of removing anything
that is course or indecent of course what
is course or indecent varies from culture
to culture and time to time what was considered
in the sense fifty years ago may not be ah
maybe very acceptable today
we have a man who does a job kind of thing
so we have a r y words ending in a r i y so
ah word like antiquary one who studies ancient
things antiquary and we have some word like
lapidary one who cuts precious stones very
exotic very ah sort of ah un common kinds
of works and antiquary and lapidary we have
words ending in a r d so we have something
like dastard which means one who is cowardly
dastard in war and we have a word like sluggard
one who lies and does nothing he is lazy idle
person so sluggard we have e r very common
suffix many words end in e r advisor broker
amateur amateur is one ah someone who participates
for the love and not for love of something
and not for money so amateur musician amateur
singer amateur dancer basically ah originally
it was used to ah suggest someone who participates
for the love of the sport now amateur has
come to include a number of other ah situations
and even not for money but for the love of
something
we have a suffix i t e so we have something
like anchorite one who withdraws from the
world he becomes the religious reclose a hermit
like situation the anchorite oh its given
here word ending in i t e we have list of
diminutives and here i have given you such
words now these suffixes are c l e c u l e
l e the latin form is or latin ah group of
letters is c u i u s corpuscle a little body
minute particle a body sight ok corpuscle
homunculus a little man aduwa manikin not
man kin as in you find in stores but manikin
m a n i kin man i kin so m a n i k i n aduwa
miniscule ok very small infinitesimal so that
is very diminutive very small you have nozzle
nozzle of a jug jar a little nose pout of
a hose we have all these words ending in c
l e c u l u s c o l e these are they suggest
ah lack of height small size
we have words ending in a v l e and i v l
e showing or capability of fitness so you
have fusible which is practicable we have
feasible which is workable we have expugnable
which is unable to be out fought unconquerable
it is un impregnable so you know this job
cannot be we can these people are this corporate
is so huge humongous its absolutely inexpugnable
that is they are unable to we are unable to
be out relentless so this is the way ah suppose
we have suffixes that end in o r y words that
end in with suffixes o r y a r y so all these
are several we will do some small by the end
by the time come to the end of this course
we will practice more ok
so um from here let me take me to the reference
words words from a variety of fields so the
first word that i wanted to do with you is
alienation which is so commonly used it comes
from the word alienate alienate is ah a verb
alienation is a noun it has its roots in literature
philosophy psychology poetry and personal
narratives ok and where people talk about
universal problems of identity and alienation
so this is a very frequently occurring word
you have to look it up it occurs in several
kinds of context man is alienated from his
style surroundings you are surrounded by people
but you still feel alone that is a very simple
meaning but it is a philosophical word and
therefore it has several context several meanings
its a multilayered multi word so please look
it up
there is a word called babel b a b e l its
also the title of a movie and if you have
seen the movie you could know the babel in
the movie there are disparate group of people
brought whose life intersects they may not
meet each other one another but their life
intersects each other in a most tenuous way
so babel is what a confused mix of voices
you go to a restaurant in the peak during
the peak hours and you hear so many voices
you can say babel of conversation so many
voices mix of voices different people you
dont really understand you just hear lot of
noises so babel of noises is the way you use
it babel can also mean ah figurative noise
or conversation it comes from the biblical
tower of babel story where god confuse the
builders of the tower to ah the ideas that
people were trying to build a tower to heaven
so god ah didnt want that to happen and these
builders were given these workers were given
different languages so thats the they thats
how several languages started thats the origin
of languages people started speaking in different
languages no one could understand or follow
one another or each other there is utter confusion
babel of voices and then nothing can happen
work gets unfinished undone
next word is balkanization it describes a
phenomenon or situation when a country breaks
up into two or more smaller countries so we
talk about balkanization of nations ok so
um certain european countries breaking into
several ah smaller units yeah its a very political
kind of a word but then we also use it in
several other context balkanization perhaps
in corporate context perhaps in political
context but it has come to become a part of
our language now there is a word called blitzkrieg
now this is interesting 
blitzkrieg is an intense and brutal military
campaign thats how it originated that the
origin of the word the noun blitzkrieg means
a very quick violent and intimidating attack
by one armed force against another enemy but
it also always almost always refers specifically
to the german military offence during the
second world war the word blitzkrieg means
rapid attack in the german language from blitz
or lighting it is paired with krieg or war
the blitzkrieg wage by german on england in
nineteen forty and nineteen forty one is often
referred to as the blitz so rapid attack lighten
lighting attack or lighening attack attack
the way you know with swiftness and speed
of lightening so remember these words blitzkrieg
alienation alienation that i was already talking
about um you know these are about heroes or
rather non heroes who lost in the troubled
world outside them and can find no identity
blitzkrieg how you know we often say blitzkrieg
of words blitzkrieg of information but you
should also know the origin otherwise you
wont be able to attempt or contextualize it
and you actually see the word written in front
of you
there is an interesting expression called
curates egg i would like you to look it up
curates egg part good part bad part good part
bad how was your day today ah not nothing
great just like curates egg this has become
a part of everyday vocabulary i will also
do a couple of um idioms with you i havent
done ah actual idioms so far so i will be
doing that as part of developing your vocabulary
we have a word like diaspora d i s p o r a
diaspora is a large group of people with a
similar heritage or homeland who has since
moved out to places all over the world we
often say indian diaspora right the term comes
from an ancient greek word meaning to scatter
about so people are scattered about this is
what happens to diasporic people they scatter
from their homeland to pi to places across
the globe spreading their culture they grow
go the bible refers to the diaspora of jews
exiled from israil by the babylonians but
the word is now also used more generally to
describe many large migration of refugees
languages or cultures
we have another word which is called doppelganger
literary generally diaspora is spelt with
the capital d this is the more or less a doppelgang
a literary kind of a word someone who looks
spookily like someone else you find someone
how resembles you a lot not just in habit
and temperament but also looks like you ok
isnt a twin a doppelganger spooky think of
a movie like departed martin is departed starr
starring leonardo de caprio and they look
alike they act a like in different situations
both them are moles ok so if you are aware
of that each person becomes anothers doppelganger
now originally this was ah used to refer to
a kind of ghost the word is german is of german
origin and literally meant double walker as
in a ghost or shadow of yourself there is
another word called doyen d o y e n doyen
is an expert ok ah sunil gavaskar the doyen
of indian cricket ok in expert is specialized
area that the others dont know as much about
doyen is distinguished in a way that ah earns
leadership status as indicated by the words
origin in in french word deien d e i e n it
has its origin in french ah a woman who is
an expert in doyenne d o y e double n e so
doyen doyenne ok so its like a person who
just leads the way commands everyone doyen
you take a very high respect to someone when
you use the word doyen
another word very interesting is dybbuk d
y double b u k its a its jewish in origin
hebrew in jewesh popular belief this dybbuk
is an evil spirit which enters into a living
person and noose into his or her soul causes
mental illness talks through the persons mouth
represents a separate and alien personality
and this becomes a dybbuk ah today it is also
pejorative or even humorously used we have
a word again a french word an eminence grace
a person who exercises power or influence
in certain areas without holding an official
position the person may not be really the
college principal but here he could be just
be ah an assistant but he with he has so much
of power in the entire situation in the on
in the organization that ah he or she does
not really need to hold an official position
regardless of a persons position there is
lot of power or influence so we use the word
its a french word eminence grise
we have a word like ex cathedra which is with
the full authority of the office so that letter
has been signed or sanctioned or the proposal
has been sanctioned ex cathedra with the full
authority of the office there is a word called
frisson which i have come across quite frequently
nowadays frisson or frisson if you want to
call it the latin route is friseur like fridge
to be cold f r i g e r e and while a frisson
is shivery in a sense shiver but it is mostly
used to denote or suggest thrills a thrilling
kind of shiver yeah you read something and
you felt frisson shivered with thrill
furies i am also going to do something called
hubris i will i will as well write it so furies
in greek and roman mythology the furies were
the female spirits of justice and vangants
this is important vengents they are the angry
ones angry spirits known for persuing people
who had caused some devastation or murdered
family members the furies punished their victims
by driving them mad ok so furies very high
flying literary kind of a word there is a
word call gaucherie not grocery but gaucherie
g a u c h e r i e its the quality of being
rustic or gosh awkward person ok we were completely
charmed by the gaucherie of that lady she
didnt know how to behave in a particular situation
but we still calm down her naīve her naīve
her naivete and innocent quite ah charming
it can also be used in negative way gaucherie
someone who is rustic gauche who is unsophisticated
there is a word called gauntlet though in
the gauntlet or run the gauntlet 
it comes from the old french word from which
was thrown down as a symbol of a challenge
running the gauntlet is an old military form
of punishment in where the victim runs between
two rows of men wearing armored gloves who
beat him as he pass passes through the ah
if someone makes you run the gauntlet ok they
wont really strike you with armor gloves but
they will probably make you do something miserable
comes from military term you have to run through
the gauntlet you run through two rows of men
wearing the gloves they will beat you up if
someone makes you run through the gauntlet
it means you have to go through that entire
t d s process of getting something often we
say bureaucracy makes you run through the
gauntlet makes you feel miserable
there is a word called gestalt g e s t a l
t very literary it has it basically means
two or more parts like figure and ground and
that are integrated together that we perceive
them as one object ok perception from oneness
from many if the basis of gestalt its it is
derived from the german philosophy meaning
form or shape ok that is the idea of perception
form or shape so many things ok but looking
at them in your perception becomes like ah
they are almost 1 so that is gestalt the area
of gestalt psychology was developed in nineteen
twelve focusing on various aspects of a person
and how they combine into a whole various
aspects combine into a whole that affects
a person that persons relationship with his
or her environment so that is gestalt philosophy
it is often used in education also how an
aspect of environment influence your the way
a child or a person ah um responds to education
hubris so furies and hubris hubris is excess
of pride or confidence its again from greek
mythology where it means excessive pride violating
the bounds set for humans so humans shouldnt
have that much pride thats the idea greek
gods punish they get offended when humans
display so much of pride in their accomplishments
so the hubris if there is there are hubris
they are punished by the gods ok so we just
say over the top self confidence another word
from theatre is mise en scene putting a scene
together the physical setting of an action
in the theatre world and thats where it comes
from mise en scene is the way props and scenery
and design are arranged in french mise en
scene is it means setting an on the stage
from mise or putting or placing ok the stage
of a theatre so the mise en scene in the class
room if you want to extend the analogy to
that mise en saw was set very theatrical very
cinematic and then there are a couple of words
which come from the world of medicine as i
told you in the beginning so you have a word
like proliferate this word has original meaning
its derivation from biology and medicine now
it means gates are wide open proliferation
of ah so many courses proliferation of engineering
colleges so many colleges all over
and again another word that comes from the
world of medicine is syndrome syndrome s y
n d r o m e it means running together concurrence
a cycle of symptoms or manifestations that
occur together you have also have words like
viable v i a b l e that referred once referred
only to the chances of one an organism survival
but their use as escalated and proliferated
now it is used the word is used prolifically
its a synonym for durability and even success
and survival
i will give you l list of now some popular
words ok which i have picked um randomly not
really any connection with anything but i
thought these could be of help and use to
you so there is a word called spectrum spectrum
in the right context means the whole range
of scope it is used often with broad or wide
broad spectrum of antibiotics ok they include
a lot there is a word called tendentious meaning
ah promoting a certain tendency so from tendency
noun we get tendentious adjective ok promoting
a certain tendency biased it could be biased
and controversial there is a word like ploy
again very commonly used could see through
the ploy related to the word employ and is
used is a synonym for device tactic or maneuver
yeah so maneuvering something a ploy and there
is a word like burgeon b u r g e o n it means
to bud ok almost like proliferate i have already
given you the diminutives and there i have
mentioned manikin m i m a n i k i n its a
small man small in height a pigmy ah you know
it often um is used to denote a skeletal model
of something
there is a word punctilio pun cti lio what
does it mean its adopted from italian punctilio
its a small point ok it is a nice point of
behavior or a nice detail of procedures about
which someone is very finicky so very particular
about a finicky about niceties punctilious
means being attentive to small details very
fastidious very meticulous it depends on you
whether you like the word if its used for
you punctilious person a punctilious professor
fastidious meticulous very very finicky perfectionist
are always not um very well tolerated if you
are fastidious and you want people around
you to be perfect and attentive to small details
you may not be very popular but the job gets
done perfectly so its up to you um
there are words like immolate and immolation
they come from the latin word mola m o l a
a milestone molars the name of the grinding
teeths it also derives from the same word
the latin word mola came to mean the thing
ground a kind of grain or meal so ah thats
how it originated in accordance with the prescribed
ritual roman priest sprinkle mola finely ground
grain with a portion of salt over a sacrificial
animal head so over the over a period of time
over centuries the word has become literally
the act of sacrifice applied to sacrificing
yourself so immolate oneself so um thank you
very much with this we come to end of todays
class we will continue with more interesting
words subsequent classes in our subsequent
classes
thank you
