I hint about the only person around it
doesn't have TV coverage of the things
that man got the black up now you're
gonna be getting a TV picture now
they'll yes we are getting a TV picture
one all
art welcome to this edition of NASA
images this is lynn Bondurant during
this show we're focusing on historic
NASA documentary footage showing some of
the discoveries about the solar system
and stars made by unmanned probes in
1979 and later our first film clip is
from 1979 and show some of the results
of the Voyager spacecraft encounters
with Jupiter and the Pioneer spacecraft
flyby of Saturn Jupiter largest of the
sun's nine planet was photographed close
up by the voyagers one and two
spacecraft what their camera is recorded
as they passed by the giant planets
turning clouds were ribbon-like streaks
of red and brown and yellow the wealth
of data and photographs left behind by
the voyagers are providing scientists a
valuable source of raw material to be
studied from Jupiter's newly-discovered
ring to the active volcanoes of io one
of its 14 surrounding moans the voyagers
discoveries have surprised and delighted
NASA scientists information that may one
day help us better understand our owner
and the voyagers mission did not end at
Jupiter the two spacecraft are now
speeding toward a rendezvous with Saturn
in 1980 and 1981 acting as pathfinder
for the voyagers pioneer 11 the 570
pounds spacecraft climax six-and-a-half
years and a two billion mile voyage in
deep space as it swept by Saturn at 70
1,200 miles per hour
scientists watched anxiously as pioneer
made it to our passage of Saturn's rings
four times the spacecraft was hit by
small pieces of debris but emerged
safely
despite the collisions pioneer had a
closer look at Saturn that all the
observations that have been made in the
last 400 years photographs show what
appear to be jet stream
swirling around Saturn at 300 miles an
hour a new ring circling the planets
equator and radiation belts that are
more like Earth's in their intensity and
energy levels the pioneer 11 spacecraft
marked by the objects it was sent to
observe is speeding out of the solar
system in an endless journey just before
Voyager 1 was to fly by Saturn nasa
released this pre encounter film clip in
October 1980 we looked beyond our
atmosphere many times but never have we
seen what we are about to see to Voyager
spacecraft on our approaching the planet
Saturn rings spectacle of gas and ice
and the second-largest our planets there
are special characters aboard Voyager
though which will revolutionize our
knowledge about saturday it's curious
rings and it's ten moons monstro que
Canaveral 1977 the voyagers completed
their door of Jupiter 1979
they return 33,000 covered some
remarkable find
where has rings like center of the 1670s
volcanic activity
yeah
the Voyager encounters with saturn will
sharpen our impressions of the outer
reaches of our solar system it's cold
out there nearly a billion miles from
the Sun and yet one of sentence morning
the giant Titan may have an admin
support organic life an exploratory
spacecraft pioneer 11 journey past
Saturday year ago with less
sophisticated camera pioneer
successfully passing through the
dangerous rings and discovered a fifth
one which the voyagers should verify
with photographs well we can expect very
good quality photographs of Saturn one
of the things that made the Jupiter
pictures so interesting with the
surprises that were received in these in
these pictures now we know even less
about the about the saturn system and so
we might expect more surprises than we
had even jumping these
computer-generated pictures show what
major one will see traveling toward its
closest encounter on our laboratory it
should reveal some exciting discoveries
about Saturn which have been beyond our
grasp
that date voyager 1 will dip near the
clouds of Titan to look for potential
life there then it will pass behind
Saturn's rings to study the planets
mixture of water and ice
scientists think the reins might have
been formed from a shattered satellite
or some other body that was pulled into
Saturn's orbit by gravity to us they
seem sleek and smooth with the Rings are
composed of huge chunks of ice at close
range they appear as an asteroid
snowstorm Saturn's composition has been
a scientific puzzle because of the dense
clouds extend 37,000 miles from the
planets rocky core we don't really even
know exactly how large many of this
attorney and moons are because they're
so hard to measure from the earth and in
fact one of the major experiments that
were conducting with all of the
instruments on board the board
spacecraft is a comparison of the
Jupiter system with the Saturnian system
to see how they differ and why they
differ the voyages were planned to
affirm our beliefs about Saturn and
Jupiter but they've been so successful
that NASA is sending voyager 2 on to
Uranus
after it toward Saturn next August boys
your tool travel an average speed of
60,000 miles per hour reaching the
seventh planet Uranus by 1986 after that
spacecraft adventure even farther to
Neptune
when the voyagers finish their mission
they will lose contact with earth and
total endlessly to new galaxies but then
they will serve for what was Fantasia
and speculation in our minds has become
factual knowledge about space one of the
last frontiers when Voyager 1 dead speed
through the saturn system there were
some surprises as we'll see next and
we'll also see a short report on how the
solar max satellite looked at the Sun
these people here in Mission Control
were responsible for guiding NASA's
1,800 pounds unmanned Voyager 1
spacecraft some billion miles through
space on november $YEAR 12 after a
three-year journey voyager 1 made its
closest encounter with the planet Saturn
was receiving food Voyager has returned
more than 18,000 photographs photographs
that are giving scientists excellent
close-up views and new information about
the huge planet and its many moans with
the help of computer animation you can
take a ride on Voyager to Saturn and its
major moans voyagers 11 scientific
instruments probed deep into the
atmosphere of Saturn and gave us an
unprecedented view of those incredible
rings we now know there are six major
ring systems made up of possibly as many
as a thousand Rings the Rings our Sun
reflecting icy objects ranging from
Boulder sized to small particles that
were around the planet at very high
speeds and those moans our satellites
like outriders they encircle Saturn
generating as much scientific interest
as the great ringed planet itself minus
Kathy's do knee raya tighten and a host
of smaller ones
listen more than a thousand journalists
were on hand to witness the encounter
and attend the science briefings that
followed this is and these were some of
the storytellers the engineers and
scientists themselves it's always
gratifying to have the results be
something more than what was expected
and Saturn and what we have found was
not expected
I suspect even for the next few years we
will find a new discoveries in the data
which we've acquired in the last few
days and as we see more and more
examples of the way the universe can put
planets together we find that our
traditional perspective in explaining
our own planet has been rather limited
we get new ideas from this what we
learned about Saturn during that
encounter and during the months that
preceded it
I really rewritten the textbooks on
Saturn next August voyager 2 will
approach Saturn pass by the ring
spectacle of gas and ice from a
different angle and then fly on to
Uranus arriving there in 1986 it may
also traveled to Neptune before leaving
our solar system from Earth it appears
as a warm friendly ball an integral part
of everything living but up close it's a
churning solar furnace that spout solar
flares in an atmosphere that's
constantly changing and explosive little
wonder that our star the sum has been
the focal point of scientific
investigation for centuries to relay
sophisticated pictures and data about
the sun and its energy cycles national
solar max in nineteen short of solar
maximum mission being returned are the
first true close-up views of the
mysterious spots and solar flares that
energize the Sun service all this part
of an effort to learn how we can channel
the Sun into an even more effective
energy source our next clip from sep
tember 1981 shows us some of the
Voyageur to results from Saturn
those music like sounds are actually
radio waves picked up by the plasma wave
detector on nasa's voyager 2 spacecraft
as it approached and swept by the planet
Saturn after a four-year billion-mile
journey voyager 2 passed within 63,000
miles of the many-colored planet and
transmitted back thousands of extremely
clear pictures astronomers were
surprised at the complexity of Saturn's
rings including what appeared to be
spokes running across them
during one experiment scientists watch
the star come out from behind Saturn and
go behind the Rings they then measure
the amount of starlight a hundred times
a second as it blanked on and off what
they found were many many individual
streams of particles orbiting saturn
light waves in the ocean Saturn also has
very interesting weather according to
imaging team leader dr. Bradford a Smith
the fact have found that there are
similarities between the Centurion
weather and terrestrial weather so that
the analysis which is still going on in
trying to understand the dynamics of
that of that seven system those analyses
innovator going to be helpful in
interpreting our own earth meteorology
Saturn is surrounded by signs of
collisions small odd shaped bodies of
rock and ice trains and dr. Lawrence a
soda blood of astro geologic studies the
US Geological Survey specializes in the
study of Saturn's moons or satellites
what we've seen from the combined
missions now is that the collection of
objects that we find in the Saturnian
satellite system extremely varied and
unanticipated in terms of the geologic
activity in the degree to which these
objects have remained active and alive
and solidus order to discovered has been
active / loss of geologic history is
extremely puzzling thing to have an
object that has been continually
replacing sections of the surface but
actually has a mass that's something
like one part in a hundred thousand the
mass of the Earth the planet-sized moon
Titan has many of the characteristics
that may have existed on earth in its
early geologic history its atmosphere is
dominated by eighty-two percent nitrogen
gas compared with seventy-nine percent
on earth but instead of oxygen it has
methane and hydrogen and it's very cold
and smoggy Voyager tues cameras have
been turned off and will remain off most
of the time for the next four years
even so engineers at NASA's Jet
Propulsion Laboratory will be watching
and guiding it toward its next
rendezvous with the planet Uranus in
1986 and Neptune in 1918 I Voyager
project scientist dr. headstone made
these observations about the importance
of this type research
well I think we all want to understand
where we live and it's interesting that
we now have the capability to include in
where we live
the solar system in which we live now
that is interesting because we're very
curious people and where we live on one
of the planets of solar system which has
obviously evolved to where it is today
and which is continuing to evolve it's
very difficult when you're looking at
something now to to be able to
accurately go back in time and order to
go forward in time but by looking at a
number of examples of things as they
exist now in the solar system
I think we have a better idea of both
how to look backward in time to the
beginning and possibly how to look
forward in time to how things will
evolve
now let's turn to the inner solar system
to learn more about Venus from this 1982
report stop the Earth's rotation remove
its friendly neighborhood moon we should
just slightly closer to the Sun and
scientists believe the earth would
become like this planet Venus recent
findings indicate that the Earth and
Venus are identical in many ways at one
point in Venus history it might even
have had oceans similar to ours
these are some of the new discoveries
resulting from an international Venus
science conference many of the new
findings have come from the several
Pioneer Venus spacecraft sent there by
NASA to study the cloud shrouded planet
at close range know that Venus got dents
sulfuric acid clouds that would seem to
us to be something like a smog or heavy
fog which would burn your skin if you
are exposed to these clouds the bottom
of the clouds about 30 miles above the
surface and below that the atmosphere is
clear you can see for great distances as
you go deeper and deeper into the
atmosphere gets hotter and hotter and
eventually once you get to the surface
it's about 800 degrees Fahrenheit like
being inside of a self-cleaning oven
temperature are so hot that it would
kill anyone who was exposed to them and
the pressures are equivalent to being
3,000 feet deep in the ocean so the
pressures would be crushing the light
levels are so dim at the surface during
the day that it's sort of like the
cloudiest day that we ever experienced
on Europe so it's a dim hot crushing
place during the early years of the
solar system's history conditions may
have been right for life to exist on
Venus one of the key elements was water
according to geologists dr. Harold
Mazursky well we think that there was a
lot of water in Venus like there is on
the earth but it's not there now its way
to hot there's water vapor in the
atmosphere so the big question is early
in its history
did it have condensed water and the
surface and we can look for that in high
resolution radar pictures
the way we do it is you look for sure
lines because they are dried lakes now
in the western united states that were
full of water during the Ice Age and we
can see that evidence clearly their
offshore Boris that were made one that
was water so we can look for those kinds
of things that may have been there in
the past on Venus surface we were
utterly surprised on Mars by
understanding that the history was
different early and the same things to
the earth so be strange Venus had always
been the same as it is now lightning
active volcanoes upside-down clouds that
caused a drizzle of sulfuric acid and a
super hot surface slowly but surely
venus is giving up some of its secrets
new information that will help us better
understand our own planet both past and
future by May nineteen eighty-three when
the next clip was released the pioneer
10 spacecraft was about to become the
first man-made object to leave the solar
system
launched in 1972 NASA's pioneer 10
spacecraft has accomplished many firsts
over the course of its eleven years
space odyssey one was a successful
passage through the rocky asteroid belt
a feat which greatly alleviated the
fears of scientists concerned about
damage too far traveling spacecraft
having safely journeyed this some
two-and-a-half billion miles to Jupiter
pioneer 10 transmitted valuable
scientific information back to earth
information shedding new light on the
composition and evolution of Jupiter and
its moons on june thirteenth of $MONTH
this year
pioneer 10 will travel beyond all the
known planets and become the first
man-made object to leave the solar
system as NASA's Deep Space Network
continues to track the spacecraft out to
around five billion miles
researchers hope to learn more about the
boundary between the sun's atmosphere
and true interstellar space pioneer 10 a
spacecraft that has journeyed further
than any other to the outer planets and
now beyond our solar system a man-made
object which will from a new vantage
point in Whitman's words look up in
perfect silence at the Stars
as pioneer 10 is speeding out towards
the stars astronomers are using radio
telescopes to examine planets and stars
as this 1983 report shows astronomers
calculate that there are approximately
100 billion other stars in the Milky Way
an infinite number of these stars could
conceivably have planets orbiting them
possibly supporting some sort of life
a scientific approach to the search for
extraterrestrial intelligence has become
possible in recent years thanks to the
extraordinary development of new and
more sophisticated instrumentation radio
telescopes such as the Deep Space
Network at NASA's Jet Propulsion
Laboratory in California are being used
by scientists as part of a 5-year
research program but the big ear on the
universe is the era sebo observatory the
world's largest radio radar telescope
flying deep within the mountains of
northern puerto rico a natural
depression formed by the collapse of
huge limestone caves the instruments
collecting area is larger than all the
combined collecting areas of all
telescopes ever built as a radio
receiver the 1000 foot structure listens
for signals coming from other stars in
our galaxy as a radar the telescope
sends out the strongest signal now
leaving Earth a signal which may be
detected by similar instruments anywhere
in our galaxy operated by cornell
university the observatory was initially
conceived to study the composition of
the Earth's upper atmosphere later NASA
supported the installation of a large
transmitter so it could be used to study
other planets in our solar system the
surface roughness of Mars was examined
prior to the Viking landings in 1976
high-resolution studies were also done
on Venus director of the Arecibo
telescope is dr. Don Campbell NASA
realized the utility of the improved
Arecibo telescope which would be
powerful enough to study the surface of
Venus it would also allow us to look
more with more detail at the surface of
mercury services and Mars major
altitudes to complement the photography
that was done from the Viking orbiters
and also to look at the outer planets
the satellites of Jupiter the rings of
satin and numerous asteroids and comets
that might come by
the very large collecting area captures
radio waves coming from stars and
galaxies giving scientists a clue to the
distribution of mass throughout the
universe other interesting cosmic radio
sources are posts ours dying stars which
emit pulsating radio signals as they
spin in space one of these fascinating
stars was discovered a terrace ebo in
1982 director of radio astronomy at era
si bo is dr. Mike Davis this new pulsar
that has been discovered recently at the
observatory is rotating 642 times per
second that's more than 20 times as fast
as the next fastest pulsar the one in
the Crab Nebula and these neutron stars
as they're called were predicted as long
ago as 1934 but nobody knew that they
would come with a rotating flashlight
beacon like a lighthouse shining out to
see every time this beacon flashes past
the observatory we pick up a pulse
astronomers have also detected quasars
emitting enormous quantities of radio
energy which traveling at the speed of
light have taken as long as 10 billion
years to reach
eres ebo listening for signals from
space in an attempt to solve some of the
mysteries of our universe our final
report shows how an international group
of probes was to study common Hallie and
how voyager 2 was approaching the planet
Uranus comment how he is making its
regular 76-year pilgrimage around our
Sun as it has been doing for countless
centuries the comet is the target of
study 45 exploratory spacecraft from
Europe Japan and the Soviet Union each
whizzing by the giant snowball of ice
gas and dust from different vantage
points the european space agency's joto
spacecraft will be the most daring prohm
by taking a flight path just 300 miles
in front of the Comets head
joto hopes to photograph the comet's
nucleus to other highly instrumented
Soviet spacecraft Vega won and Vega two
are scheduled to fly by the comet at a
distance of 6,000 miles hoping also to
obtain images of the comet's nucleus
lastly to Japanese spacecraft studying
Hallie our planet a which approaches the
sunward side of how at a distance of
120,000 miles and sake which will pass
about 4 million miles from the comment
in order to get the best use out of all
the research being done on the comet the
International Hallie watch was organized
thousands of scientists and amateur and
professional astronomers from 47
different countries have joined forces
the house encounter is a
once-in-a-lifetime chance to study one
of the most primitive objects in our
solar system a program dedicated to
visiting some of the planets in our
solar system with two unmanned probes
has had a history of success
ever since its beginning in 1977 Voyager
1 and Voyager 2 were both launched on
their way to Jupiter and Saturn now
having logged nearly two billion miles
in space since 1977 voyager 2 will . its
sensors and TV cameras at a planet we
have never seen up close
Uranus Voyager project scientist dr.
edward stone NASA's Jet Propulsion
Laboratory in Pasadena California
well there are several unique things
about Uranus first of all is the most
remote planet that we will we will have
visited in the solar system it formed in
a much colder region of the solar nebula
and therefore is made of different
materials in either Jupiter or Saturn so
we will be studying the different
properties of Uranus and satellites the
other interesting thing about Uranus is
that it's tipped over on its side with
its spin axis at this time basically
pointing at the Sun so it's it has a
much different orientation with respect
to the Sun
many questions will be answered during
the encounter before the tiny one time
spacecraft ventures even further into
our solar system to visit the eighth
planet from the Sun Neptune voyeur to
successfully examine Uranus and early
$MONTH 1986 common holly was also
studied by an armada of spacecraft
during an X program will see comet
Hallie and Uranus results
that's all we have for this edition of
NASA images but before we go let me
remind you that you're cordially invited
to see the displays at the Visitor
Center here at the NASA Lewis research
centres are located near the hopkins
international airport in Cleveland
admission is free until next time this
is lynn Bondurant saying goodbye history
but the only person around it doesn't
have TV coverage of the food that man
they got the black up now and you can
feel better in the morning
baby picture never fail us we are
getting
picture1 all
family
