In recent years there are many exciting
news come out from time to time.
since 2007 I think when people discovered
some detectable radiation from the
neutron star where that the light wave
was polarized.  That prediction
by Heisenberg ninety years ago would
appear have been experimentally
confirmed around 2007.  You will
check that publication.  In 2012 or 2011, I'm not sure,
there's you know a big news they found
the evidence for the Higgs particles.
We know that the Higgs particle is a
theoretical necessity for the Standard
Model.  The Standard Model was
proposed in the 50s or 60s. Around 60s
that people were looking for a unified
theory which would ideally cover all
particles, charged or neutral, mass or
massless particles, so that people
hopefully we can explain every particles
and their behaviors within the same
framework, called a standard model.  In doing so, people have to first of all
overcome all the mathematical
difficulties because singularities seem
everywhere.  If you're not careful you
have to easily be disappointed. That is
why at the beginning, as Weinberger
recalled, that the development was a
little bit discouraging, because unlike
the relatively simple treatment brought in
quantum electrodynamics by Feynmann
and others.  That when you're dealing with
interaction like strong interaction
between proton and neutron and proton
and proton, then you will encounter
quite unexpected mathematical anomalies
or singularities. Of course this is
beyond a the capability of
experimentalists. On other hand they're
always intelligent people who are ready
to to show the world that mathematics
can help. So, that's why the group theory
or symmetry, the theory of symmetry, the
idea was introduced similar to the
modula arithmetic in Number Theory. In
the early days of algebra, people're trying to
find an analytical formula for
polynomials, from the linear, quadratic, go
to the cubic, quartic, and quintic. But,
unfortunately, when people went to the
quintic equations people realize that in
general there is no analytical solution,
but instead they will see patterns,
unexpected patterns. And this pattern
also appears when we study numbers. For
example if you build a clock, if you have
a clock with different time intervals,
we call them modulus in Number Theory.
So, no matter how many number you
have, if you put these numbers in the
clockwise way, step by step,
you will always end up with one of the
numbers which make this clock. It's
called the modulus okay. So in other
words, the numbers are divisible. So all
numbers, probabaly, the whole integers or
natural numbers
can be grouped as different elements, or
different types of the elements. In other
words, the elements who are in the same
category are divisible by the particular
number of that module and their
multiples. In this  way, so, for any
modules  with any numbers
we can accommodate unlimited, infinite
numbers, so we can put a number in these
modules so that we can say: "Hey Hey,
this module was this group of
numbers is divisive by that
particular numbers and their
multiples. So, this is this is basic idea
of the of the Group Theory that is also
being used for the study the numbers in
pure mathematics. Now in the 1960s,
people'er trying to, but had actually
attempted that they had make some progress.
Because by 1960s the number of so-called
elementary particle was just being increased,
exponentially increased, and especially
with increase of the possible
energy achieved by a variety of the
accelerators. So it would appear that
there's no end to find a complete list.
It is impossible to put these
so-called elementary particles into a
small basket like Mendelsohn's, Oh not
Menderlsohn;s but Mendeleev's Periodic
Table.  So, you see, that is a little bit
very disappointed period because you
see by the 1940s or even earlier that people
acturlly by 1935, all of the three elements
that made of all atoms
in the Periodicl Table had been found:
they are the negative charge electron,
positively charged proton, and in
actually neutral neutrons. These three
elements or these three particles can be
used to build any atoms. I think people
should celebrate at that stage, because
that is what people would expect for
since Democritus. At the beginning,it was
a little bit abstract, but by the time
when Dalton put his idea around 1803
the atom became the physical okay,
something real because we can virtually
to build in his day, Dalton could
actually tell people that how to
build, say, waters, gases, and other simple
compounds by using these elementary
particles, called atoms, called Dalton's
atoms, althought at that time, physicists didn't
know that is any internal structures. And
by that time, I mean, on the other hand
that the Mechanics, Newton's Mechanics
had been further developed into a more
compact, more elegant mathematical
formalism, like the formalism built by
Lagrangian,
Lagrange and Hamilton. We know that
Hamiltonian is now widely used in Quantum
Mechanics which represents, actually
Hamiltonian actually represents the
total energy of system. So, by the time, by
that time that people both physicists
and mathematicians had built of such the
models which would appear very elegant
and compact. But, on other hand,
people,.. our knowledge about Dalton's
atoms remains obscure and although there
are many chemists trying to you know
explain the phenomena in terms of some
new ideas like Lavoisier's,  including
Michael,... So many people many physicists
were trying to help to try to help out.
So one of them is Michael Faraday. 
Michael Faraday is considered not only as a
hero in Physics, but also the hero in
Chemistry because due to his
contribution, due to his experimental
works, that people gradually realized the
charged particles in the substance
play a very important role in all
chemical reactions. Faraday called these
particles as cations,  or cathode's ions,
Farady mistakenly labeled the charged
particles as Anions and Cations
to indicate, respectively, that
they are either positively charged or
negatively charged. But unfortunately
because he failed to understand that the
the charges, okay, the charges by nature
oppositely charged attract, while same
charges acturally repeal, okay? So
basically if he,  Faraday paid more
attention to Coulomb's observations
and Coulomb's Law, then he wouldn't
probably he would not to invent these
pre-modern Chemistry terminologies such as
as "eye ons" and "cat ons,"  and 
"oxidation" and "reduction." So these
terminologyies is, are non-physical. It's just
empirical just people trying to... of
course, in the meantime, we have to
mention that development in studying all
the thermal motion, heat
in particular. You see in early days and
the heat was treated as mysterious
material like a fluid, invisible
fluid,...yes like the Dark Material today, and
so that they had a proper quantitative
definition and they had a proper unit called
Carlory, Calorie. so they have proper
unit for the Calorie.
but of course eventually after Joule,
James Joule, and the  people realized that
the heat is nothing but that equivalent
to work down, mechanical work done. ok.
it's just a slightly different way it's
just a slightly different way for
energy to propagate or transfer from one
object to another.  Another concept is a
temperature okay. So you see it takes a while so
it's a tech... so what the temperature,
scale of temperature is quite arbitrary
okay if you read the history about the
temperature scale you will find  that
sometimes the zero, the temperature zero
just means you know arbitrary.  Of
course except for the degree Celsius
so they chose the ice point,
three phase of
water coexistence that is the zero degree
but of course eventually by studying gas and liquid,  especially by stuying the gas,
initiated by Boyle. Boyle was
considered as a Father of Modern
Chemistry because he brings ideas, the
physics method, to study the gas. Before
him, people just randomly choose the
pressure and temperature to...
to do their alchemy. Okay. I must
emphasize that the pre-modern Chemistry
is actually alchemy. So that is why the..
because that it took some time
before people realized what Heat is.
The Heat is not is not... It is
just a more sophisticated, complicated
type of motion when milions, billions
and billions of the particles move randomly.
so that's why we have to introduce what we called macroscopic properties.
Microscopic property for individual
particle individual atoms individual
molecules that is microscopic properties.
So, we still describe the motion of
individual particle when we for example
when we talk about the temperature we
actually actually refer to the
statistical, the average of the proper
quantity such as the average value of of the
kinetic energy of  individual mo..
individual molecules that's where the
statistics has been seriously adopted to
study the the thermal motion so
eventually we have people established
Thermodynamics, from the first law to the
second or to the theird law,  and we learnt
a lot. By the end of  the19th century, almost
everything in Physics would appear has
been done.
I mean at fundamental levels we know,
people knew at a fundamental level
people knew the mechanical motion from the
stars to the object to the steam engine,
and to the combustion. Of cause,
electricity, electromagnetism which has
been unified, this is the first time remember
I used "unified."  Maxwell 
was the person who actually unified the
electromagnetism and the using his
tfour equations. Of course,
all of the four questions were
derived by others except for the last one
where he had introduced the flux,
time-dependent flux of electrical field
which will be also responsible for the
formation of the magnetic field. So,
in that way, he predicted the existence of
electromagnetic wave which has happened
to be the lightn so light had to be
part of that spectrum of
electromagnetic wave.
However, in nineteen..by 1900 that
Max Planck first explained that with
you know many reservations and he finally
decided to change the fundamental
idea about electromagnetic radiation.
Instead of describeing the radiation using
the wave models
he used oscillators
and eventually you have to also
give the proper unit for this energy
called quanta, so later on people call
quanta as as photon. Based on the photon
effect, photon is a very strange particle
because photon has no mass. Of course you
can argue that we still can work out
the effective mass of photon by using
Einstein's, to be used by Einstein's
relativity that was five years later.
So, it's very strange
this just,.. photon is just the basic unit
of radiation energy so which is simply
determined by the frequency, the product
of the frequency and a constant. So that
is our knowledge has been...
That was a
breakthrough in understanding physics.
Of course that is a breakthrough and
because since then, since Max Planck
electromagnetic radiation must be
sometime treated as discrete spectrum or
discrete particles rather, so without
this assumption you can hardly avoid
what we call the Violet Catastrophe. Now
after Planck,
Einstein became a second person and
at the beginning of the 20th century
to ignite a branch of ideas, at least
three of them,  so he published his
papers in 1905.  The first noticeable,..
the most famous one is his theory on
called a special relativity.
Now relativity is nothing new since the
time of Galileo, physicists have known that
the motions are relative.  say,  if you
people standing on the bus and
his observation with people standing on
the bus stop are different sometime
opposite, right?  So therefore what you see
what you measure is dependent on the frame
you choose where the observer did his
observation. So relativity or relative
motion was nothing new, but something new
as that by that time there's a strong
experimental evidence that a speed of light
is constant everywhere.  Because of that,
Einstein probably was the first one to
explicitly talk about the implications
of these of this phenomenon. So, the speed
of light is the fastest
and nothing can go faster than speed
of light. Besides,  you cannot add
a light speed as we do when actually
travel at a lower speed. So because of
that Einstein's idea about space and
time has changed a lot of things,
though not immediately, because many
physicists were working on the issues how to
understand the smaller microscopic world
where the atom happened to be divided. 
By definition, atom in Greek means
something you cannot divide, it is not
divisible according to his definition in
Greek but around that time around to the
first 20 years of the 20th century,
not only were atoms being smashed
into sub atomic components, together
many invisible strange radiation or
strange rays including X-ray, alpha
radiation, gamma ray, or beta ray appeare, observed. So many physicists were busy
on these issues, not just at
experimental level, and but also at
theoretical level,  intheory.  After discovery of the solay system of...
after discovering nuclei
in atoms by Rutherford, Bohr was
the first to propose,.. Bohr was
the first to propose a phenomenological
formula to explain the experimentally
observed discrete a spectrum of
hydrogen atom.
His idea is rather simple. If one wants
to explain a discrete absorption or
emission spectrum, then one has be prepared
to have a proper discrete energy
formula, that is the objective. Of course, he
didn't start with treating energy, he
started treating momentum. Bohr proposed
that the angular momentum is quantized
so he tried to incorporate Planck
constant in his new theory about atoms.
So he did so and a remarkable. Bohr's
model can quantitatively explain
the observed the hydrogen spectrum. 
so that is a step forward although there
was no fundamental explanation of why one
should introduce a quantized angular
momentum. In the meantime, de Broglie's
introduced his matter wave.
his famous wave is that so long as 
there is a momentum of particle and
there will be an associated matter wave,
so that the wavelength can be determined by
analogy of Max Planck's photon. Now
based on this wave ide, Schrodinger
has first proposed that perhaps we can
use a wave function to describe the is a
matter wave. For the free charged
particles in the uniform space,
the wave is plane waves. It is easy
to describe. However, in the case of
hydrogen atoms, the electron is confined
to the very
tiny orbital around the proton. So,
Schrodinger himself found a difficult,
encounter an enormous amount of
difficult to use his equation to explain
even to explain the hydrogen
absorption spectra. In the mean time,
Heisenberg also had come up of his idea
that again it's in the realm of discrete
formulism because everything because
you want to build a proper model in
physics, you must base on experiment
observations. Now in those days that
observation of discrete absorption and
emission spectra is something one every
therotician must take into account
seriously. Unlikely Schrodinger's,
Heisenberg came out some ideas quite
different he mentioned that his elements
of these variables can be organized into
a similar pattern as people used
metrics or matrices.  So hence his new
theory is known as Matrix Mechanics. When
Paul Dirac first heard of Heisenberg's
metrics, his response was you know not
very excited, because he did
certainly  see something new,
but Dirac is a perosn who likes to link
the new theoretical challenges with
existing well established classical
formalism, in particular the Hamiltonian
and Poisson Bracket.  Yes, it is from the
Poisson Bracket that
Dirac eventually worked out that the link
between the classical mechanics and the
new mechanics. We don't know the name,
nowaday we call it Quantum Mechanics.
but in his days is just you know the
coexistence of Matrix Mechanics
and Schrodigner's wave mechanics. So, Dirac
was the first person to realize that
there is a mathematical similarity
and the only thing he had to is just
to incorporate the h,  the Planck
constant into that the Poisson Bracket.
now how to do that?  He just picked up the
two basic quantities to describe a
motion of the particle., one is the
coordinate,and another is the linear momentum. So 
these two quantities were used as a
basis in the Hamiltonian mechanics formulism,
so that the people actually can
treat this as a variable. But in
classical physics both the variables are
treated as continuous, the values for
coordinat ad values for the momentum is
continuous. Now how do we recreate
the Poisson bracket or Poisson-like
bracket to incorporate the new mechanics
into the silimer formulae of the
Hamiltonian or Hamiltonian mechanics,
Lagrangian mechanics formalism, so, that
is a key. How did you, do you know how did
Dirac get that answer? He simply studied
the calculus the first derivative with x
and x itself, then he worked out the
the commutative 
relation of these two quantities by
carefully compare the nature of the
consequence of what we call the product
rule. You see the product rule? When you study
calculus you can either,... if you have
two operations,  if you applied to
operations to a function, the order of
these operations matters. Okay?
For example, if you derive if you use the
first do the first derivative and then times
x, then the answer
would be different.
So based on this fact he built up his
basic the most fundamental equation,
called commutator,
commutative relation between the
coordinate and the linear momentum from
the the product rule in calculus. So when
we are studying differentiation
and trying to work out the first derivatives,
you use the product rule. So from the
product rule, Dirac worked out this two related quantities. so he called
that, without hesitation, he called x is
the coordinate, the first derivative with x is
determinant or dependent of
the momentum. On the other hand, how to
incorporate Heisenberg,...
how to incorporate the Planck constant?
He just plus it. More importantly,
Dirac
was the first person to introduce a
complex number into the formalism of
mechanism so therefore you can see that
in every textbook the operator for
momentum can be written as negative i
h-bar times first derivative,or del over del x.
So that is where
that is how he built up his elegant and
very compact foundation for the new
mechanics eventually called
Quantum Mechanics. In his Dirac
formulism, both Heisenberg's Matrix mechannics
Schrodinger's wave equation formulism
can be considered as two different
pictures, one picture is Schrodinger
Picture in which
the operator is time independent while
the wave function is time dependent
which is change direction and the length
in the Hilbert space. In the Heisenberg
picture, the wavefunction is
fixed and time independent while the
operator is time dependent.
So that is difference.  So remember if you
go back to history there's the hot or
heated debate between Heisenberg and
Schrodinger and they cannot convince
each other
both think they are right and both think
others are wrong. But it's quite
unexpected Dirac help them to solve this
seemingly unsolvable debate by using his
modified Poisson bracket.
Okay that is a long story, but another
thing we have to mention the Dirac is
that his contribution to to combine 
his basic Quantum Mechanics with
Einstein's special relativity. In those
days, I think also Schrodinger had
done something but he's not a brave
enough to publishhis idea because he's
...according to the recall by 
Dirac. So Dirac was first person to
study electron because 
electron is key to build the atomic
model from the quantum mechanics as you
can see  the simplest case would be
the single electron in hydrogen atom and
is in two electron in helium atom. Of
course but we have to when we
study the jump from the single
electron to a two electron then you have
to increase the complexity our wave
function in order to take into account
of the you know not just
Coulomb interactions but also the exchange
reaction. Ho, by the way, that is where the
the idea of exchange
interaction was introduced when
you're dealing with the atom with more
than one valence electron like helium.
So, after Dirac
has lay, after Dirac has laid the
foundation for the new mechanics, known
as Quantum Mechanics, his interest
shifted to the electron, because in the old
mechanics in the early quantum
mechanics, the electron was treated as a
classical particle. In other words, the
the formula for the energy still uses the
definition of in the classical mechanics
like is the p squared divided by 2m plus
the potential energ, and that is the energy
we divided in the Hamiltonian
mechanics formalism. In the late1920s Dirac was trying
to solve the problem. He first would ask
what would happen if we incorporate
Einstein's Special Relativity, not the
General Relativity,
because after all the gravity is
weak compared with electromagnetic
interaction so therefore Dirac was
concerned about how what would happen
if we use the energy formula from the
Einstein's special relativity and to
incorporate into the basic formula, namely, the equation motion in Quantum
Mechanics. So he's the first person to
enter that area by combining quantum
mechanics and a special relativity. Well,
the result was quite amazing, unexpected.
He's not only predicted that, theoretically
predicted that, there's a spin
each electron has spin, spin 1/2.  Yes, we
use the spin, I used to study spins
I studied electron spin resonance
for twenty years. So that is spin purely
derived from a theoretical from that combination, from that marriage of
quantum mechanics and special relativity.
In addition to that, we all know that
he predicted the existence of what
we called antimatters,  anti-electron,
known as positrons. So that is
quite amazing just by merely combining the
energy formula from Einstein's special
relativity with the equation
of motion in Quantum Mechanics. Of
course, people when we are looking back they
may think that, well, it's not a big deal perhaps some people
might think because after all,
Dirac was only dealing with a simple just one electron.
Still, in Dirac's
theory on electron,the radiation was still
described by the classical
electromagnetic field. So that is
something people after him in the 40s
like Feynmann and others were trying to
use Dirac's idea,.. trying to extend Dirac's
ideas by
quantizing the electromagnetic field
into photons and various particlec,
fundamental particles with just just for
argument's sake. They're trying to ...
Tthe field is called Quantum
Electrodynamics, basically is just
dealing with a number of electrons and a
number of photons and when these
particles interact each other,
the equation becomes so complicated,
tedious. Still, they still use the very
elegant notation introduced by Paul
Dirac is called a Dirac braket. This
bracket if backed back is density, to
do this way you get dot product.
Even Diract's bracets
were used in the quantum
electrodynamics, the equation is still
too complicated, too long, too many terms,
because they have to deal with a number of
particles, right? Now,
Richard Feynmann was very clever
so he invented the graphic
representation of these algebraic
equations in quantum electrodynamics,  so
that is the famous quantum diagram,.. that
is famous of Feynman diagrams. Feyman's
diagrams were not just used in dealing
with electromagnetic interaction but
also has been extended to to study
other fundamental interactions such as 
strong interaction weak interaction not
just a nuclear decay, beta decay, beta
positive decay, beta negative decay and gamma
decay, anihiliation of the positron and
the electron, and the formation of, the
generation of pairs of
electron and the positron from
a photon. So, these are just a few of the
fundamental interactions that involved
which can be graphically explained by
Feynmann's diagrams. By the1960's and 80's,
the study of the elementary particles,
the "heat" has been decreased as
you can feel that by the 1980s,,the study
in elementary physics was not as that
popular anymore, well, meaning that the
funding has been diverted into other
study areas, such as solid state physics,
such as NMR and MRI that were
some of the attractive fields of studies. Because the study of particle
physics depends on the energy level an
accelerator can provide so it was 
really quiet to my
knowledge. But there's something
exciting happen in the mid of the 1980s that
was the discovery of so-called
high-temperature superconductors. That
was the first year I was in Monash
University where all of sudden the
Department of Physics was polarized,
everybody was talking about
superconductor doing experiment, borrowing some sample and to show some Meissner Effect.
It's a little bit strange
you see everybody was talking
about superconductivity and what would
happen if they if the transition temperature
reach to the room temperature.
At that time Iwas not very
fan of superconductivity, so I just
stayed in my lab o
study the interaction between Bleomycin
and DNA in the presence of the
copper ions.  I was using electron spin
resonance to study these combination
structural information and so I was not
interested in being involved in this
popular science obviously. Of course,
eventually that
heat wave eventually died down, people
shall return to their respective the
areas of study. For next
5-10 years, as a whole, it would
appear, it is quiet. And it was
not until, the as I said,
it's not until
the
the report that Higgs particle was
experimentally observed in 1912, no,
was observe in 2012 and all of
sudden, people in the field of particle
physics just became alive from the,..
from the graveyard. It was to return to
the arenas and they just claimeed: "Yes, we got
it! We got the Higgs particle that
is the mass-donor that has solved the
problem once for all within..." Of course
they cannot talk about beyond the
three fundamental interactions, that is
electromagnetic, that is
electromagnetic interaction, the weak
interaction, and the strong interactions.
of course, we have to admit that those
mathematicians work in.. all the theoretical
physicists work in that area are very
intelligent.  They can you know to
introduce finite number of group,
elements of group, and to actually
include all these particles
observed but also predict others.Of
course by nineteen ...So by the
time the discovery the Higgs particles,
they were satisfied,  satisfied in the
sense that they have finally unified,
this is the second time I used the word
unified, finally they have successfully
unified the three fundamental
interactions observed in nature, namely
the electromagnetic interaction, the weak
interaction, nuclear weak interaction as
we observed in the beta decay nuclear
decay, and also the strong interaction
which puts the nuclei together.
Now, apart from user Group
Theory, so that they can reduce the
necessary elements to the minimum, now
it's just a dozen of them. You can see,
you can find this table in every text
book or website.  These finite number
of so-called elements include six quarks
and six leptons, and together with Bosons,
these are Fermions. Fermions have spin
1/2 and they are
the elements for for matter, for
materials, for the particles, and there
are other particles is called Bosons. Boson is quantized particles which are
interaction and which is which are
responsible for the interaction between
the matters either the isolated quarks
or their combined proton or neutron and
with other elementary particles and with
other sub atomic particles. I think that
theory by itself is self-consistent.
However, people are not satisfied.
Some just still dream, not just dream
they just claim one day they can unify
everything that
has been the slogan or has been a dream for
some, not a few quite is quite
because you see since Maxwell. Maxwell
was the first physicist to unify different
seemly different areas together. In his
day, it's unified electricity magnetism
and and  light. Now after the success
after this standard model,
many people started even before this
time, even before the discovery of Higgs
particles, many
physicists have been trying to unify
that every interaction, namely the
gravity. Gravity is very unique okay
gravity was the first fundamental
interaction well studied by Isaac
Newton. Apart from the Newton's
three laws of mechanics,  his law of the
gravitation, called the universal
gravitational law, plays a very important
role, still plays an important role today when we launch the satellitesand  when you send
people to the Mars, you use Newton's
mechanics, you use Newton's second law
all the time and... it's
self-contained, so we still use Newton's
Law to describe gravity, gravitation
today in practice. But for theoreticians and
who always need wish to you know use
some very sometimes called a simple, but
it's not simple, theories to incorporate
different interactions into the same
framework so that is called a Grand
Unified Theory.  I think also Einstein
was one of the radicals to believe that
his theory can solve all the problems.
Of course his idea is not well accepted
by people who work in the sub..
or subatomic world because they believe
that those interactions like
electromagnetism, like the strong and
weak interactions, can never be described
by Einstein's General Relativity.
So in essence, the basic idea of
Einstein's general relativity is that
they're trying to describe the physical
stuff like the gravity in terms of the
mathematical entities such as geometry,
in particular, to be specific, the
curvatures of space or space-time
curvature of space are even more
abstract. But the spacetime has been
introduced his special relativity, which
is revolutionary and very fluitful, just as
I mentioned as Paul Dirac's theory on
the electron, or the Dirac Equation was
built on both the quantum mechanics and
Einstein's special relativity. But unlike
special relativity, in my opinion, 
Einstein's General Relativity is a
little bit beyond the the approach
physicists have being used since Galileo
and Newton, and many others,
and Kelvin, and Maxwell. He's trying
to not just provide the theoretical
framework to describe the observed
results, he's trying to over... he's trying to
rewrite everything fundamental in
physics by taking into account of 
the spacetime and he said: well, if there
is the curvature in the in a spacetime there
you'll experience a
force and light will change its direction.
As I have just recently shown
that you don't have to.
Without using his complicated General
Relativity, you can derive by
combining the Newton's universal
gravitational law and Einstein's special
relativity,  we can easily
calculate the bend
of the light rays by the Sun. This is
a little bid like religious... this is a bit 
more like philosophy or even
religions that if you noticed Einsteins
behaviors in his later years, he'd just
think that he is right and he'd simply
think nobody can explain the universe
better than he did.  This is a little bit
crazy.  There are many
brilliant there,... in history there are
many brilliant physicists okay, so,
Einstein is one of them, that's my
opinion.
So talking about some latest reports.
If you if you look at the recent developments
in both General Relativity and
the Standard Model, you will find that
something, in terms of timing, it's quite
interesting. You see the observation or
the claim of the
existence of the Higgs particles, it's
just a few years away, is few years
earlier than the first observation of
the gravitational wave, presumably
originated from the merging of the
binary black hole. This is a quite
remarkable because all of a sudden these
two remote, extremely remote areas in
physics all of sudden got their
breakthrough in terms of experimental
observation, but I must make it clear
that the observation of the gravitational
wave implies that there is no quantum,
there is no graviton people dream of
from point of view of the standard model.
Do you know why? In Einstein's general
relativity there is no such things
called gravity but simply the curved
spacetime, so you don't need any
exchange particles like glueon, W or
Z particles, or photons there, you don't
need that Bosons.
Einstein's, to some extent, the
Einstein's the general relativity about
gravity is something like magician's. You
see, it just says: "Hey, here's is a recipe
then you can creat any force by just
bend the space, or by curve the space
okay." Who know that? So, my
point is although the the key
experiment observations in study of the
gravity and the study of elementary
particles occurred almost at the same time,  there's nothing,
there's no indication
that this two areas can be, go to together
In other words, in the case of gravity, as
I mentioned before, if you accept that
the origin of the gravity is due
to you know geometry, the space-time, the
curvature of space-time, then you will be
automatically excluded from the club of
the Standard Model or a club of the
Grand Unified Theory of the universe.
