Does it had a [kazakh] or conclusive evidence that the world is not a rotating evolving globe?
but a stationary plane circle by rectangle
preface [to] [2nd] edition
The first edition of this an unpretentious Pamphlet of 48 pages was published so much interest in the subject has [been] manifested
That a second edition is without doubt called for in fact long after the first edition was exhausted
There's from various parts of the world were received asking for copies
Which - I regret could not be supplied in that pamphlet very much of the evidence
We had accumulated from various sources had to be omitted so as to reduce what otherwise would [have] been bulky volume - a short treatise
Retaining sufficient evidence to convince the mind those who would take cognizance of and duly estimate proved facts of Nature
[Labour's] have not been in vain, and he have been enabled to see through the delusions of Modern astronomy
Letters from various parts testify [that] in some cases men and women have begun to make use of their brain power
Which had been stunted and dwarfed by acceptation without the slightest proof of the unscientific
Unreasonable unnatural and infidel teachings of men foisted upon a credulous public in the name of science
others again
tell that the writers have thrown to the moles and to the bats the worldwide and
Almost universally believed hoax that we are living on a whirling [seers] globe revolving faster than a Cannon ball travels
rushing through space at a rate Beyond human power to concede
And flying with the whole of the so-called solar system in another direction 20 times the speed of its rotation
To the editors of newspapers who whether favorably or unfavorably?
Reviewed the Pamphlet our thanks are due and now
Respectfully tendered this edition is sent forth with the [assurance] of the divine blessing in the firm conviction the truth is strong and must prevail
Tw Castle Buildings [Durban] [Matala] South Africa
November 1899 introduction it will be noticed that the style of this volume differs considerably from the first edition in
That edition we divided the book into four parts these scientific assertions
statements natural Crews and applications and conclusion
the first of these was covered by extracts from Well-known astronomical works
Second was filled with Bible quotations the direct opposite of the astronomical speculations
the third Division Contains many proofs of the impossibility of [the] truth of the Globe theory
The last division being made up of the logical arguments founded on the first three
modern natural teaching affirms the [Bonnet] [globe] which rotates revolves and spins away in space at brain reeling rates speed
That the sun is a million and a half times the size of air is groped and nearly a hundred million miles distant from it
That the moon is about a quarter of the size of the Earth
that it receives all its light from the sun and is thus only a
Reflector and not a giver of light that it attracts the body of yours thus causes the tides that
[the] stars are worlds and sons some of them equal in importance to our own
Son [himself] and others vastly superior, but these worlds inhabited by sentient beings are without numbers and occupy space
boundless in extent [an] illimitable in duration the whole of these interlaced bodies being subject to and supported by
universal gravitation the foundation and the father of the whole fabric
Simple minds and theoretical speculators the so-called science of Modern astronomy furnishes a field
unsurpassed in any science for the unrestrained license of the imagination and the building up of a complicated
Conjuration of absurdities such as - over all [the] simpleton and make him gape with wonder
To deceive even those who truly believe their assumptions to be facts and to make men doubt divine revelation with his little
Discrimination as they were formerly called upon to believe if the reader will carefully follow and weigh the evidence following chapters
He cannot fail to be delivered from the thraldom of popular credulity and led to seek the truth for himself
current science declares that the Earth was once shot off from the sun a
piece of Molten Rock which by universal attraction became larger by in drafts from without as
the late Ra proctors assures us
This Molten [mast] of 350 million years to cool down for protoplasm [to] get a footing
Which took millions of years by evolution and selection to produce a Darwinian ape?
Evolution and selection allied to and combined with the survival of the fittest
again took many millions of years to [evolve] primeval man
Many ages again elapsing before historical man was produced there
[are] four bodies according to the late Ra proctor which represent four stages of what we may term astronomical progression as follow
The Moon was once inhabited
But is now a chaotic, mass
[-] the Earth is inhabited it was once like the planet [jupiter]
Earlier still it was like the sun, and will become like the moon now is
Jupiter was once like the sun it is being prepared for inhabitants when inhabited it will be like the Earth
When it's race as inhabited world has been run it will become like the moon
The sun will become like two patern another sun will have taken its place
Later it will become like the Earth and will then be inhabited
Later still it will become chaotic like the moon and so on for countless ages in fact forever
What a grand conception yay, rather what a grand perversion of the reasoning powers
And what's tulsa fication of common sense?
what an abuse of precious gifts in order to Satisfy a fertile imagination and
Supply idle curiosity was something new in the domain of science
No one who reads the [Bible], but can see how these unfounded speculations are diametrically opposed to its plain teaching
the science of the 19th century and the science of the Bible are totally at Variance if
The one be true the other is necessarily False
Which is it let the evidence here place before the reader answer the question
but honest minded men and women who read these pages learn the truth for themselves by practical
investigation into the facts here inset for
Which we challenge the whole scientific world to successfully dispute
We court no favor and fear in a full
Scientific or otherwise all we ask is careful [attention] and practical investigation
We have no fear as to the logical conclusion which shall be arrived at
assumptions
in order to account for natural phenomena keeping with the assertions of the [learned]
Many hypotheses have to be laid down and many unfounded assumptions are absolutely necessary
to support the Unsound fabric of astronomical imagination
in
modern science and Modern thought by a [slaying] the following occurs on page 51
What is the material universe composed of?
ether matter and energy
Ether is not actually known to us by any test of which the senses can take cognizance, but it's a sort of mathematical
Substance which we are compelled to assume in order to account for the phenomena of light and heat
Whatever explanation may be furnished regarding light the heat on this basis must be discarded as utTerly untrustworthy
Because the premises are assumed
Once upon a time. It was stated that the [stars] were motionless
but as soon as assumption was allowed to talk the scene was changed for as
science siftings informs us on Volume 6 page 39
As soon as it was conjectured that the stars were subject a law of gravitation. It was inferred that they were not motionless
Professor Huxley had to resort to assumption to account for the disappearance of ships at sea
Although had he known the truth of the matter or taken the trouble to [enquire]
His unwarranted assumptions would have been totally unnecessary
he says
We assume the convexity of [the] water because we know of no other way to explain the appearance and disappearance of ships at sea
What learning?
What profound wisdom if we know of no other way?
It is better to admit the fact and wait until we have found out some other way to explain the difficulty if there is any
knowledge is Gained by practical
Investigation and experience and has no need of the assistance of assumption to provide an excuse for ignorant
if water could be proved to be convex there would be no need to assume it to be so
We should have many proofs and Abundant evidence of the fact
But the fact that water has been proved to be level hundreds of times
Makes it necessary for those who refuse [to] believe proof facts which tell against their theory to resort to assumption
to maintain their unreasoning position
And yet the same professor in his book science and culture says
The assertion Which Outstrips evidence is not only a blunder, but a crime
The assertion therefore that water is convex against proof furnished many times over that it is level
Is not only a blunder, but a crime
the age of the Earth
This is [a] subject which has been speculated upon. I shall quote a few of the more prominent assumptions
Sir Robert Fallin is the story of the heavens pages 169 and
170
We cannot pretend to know how many thousands of millions of years ago this epoch was
But we may be sure that earlier still the Earth was even hotter
Until at length, we seem to see the temperature increase to a red heat from a red heat
We look back to a still earlier age when the earth was white-hot
Back again until we find the molten surface of our now solid globe was actually Molten
But imagination goes still further than this
In our place among infinities, why are a proctor?
Pages 9 and 10
We find the following
Let it suffice that we recognize as one of the earliest stages of our Earth's history
Their condition as a rotating mass of glowing Vapour
capturing then is now, but far more actively than now masses of matter which approached near enough and
growing by these continual in drafts from without
How we are to recognize that the Earth was once a rotating mass of Vapour. We are not told
On what evidence the recognition rests is not stated?
Perhaps it is not too much to assume that this is like most other assumptions on the astronomical schools
Without the slightest vestige of possibility to say nothing of probability
Sir our ball tells us that we may be sure that the earth was once actually molten
But on what provable data the surety of this actuality rests. We are left to the foggy mazes of imagination to discover
but imagination
Assisted by assumption will account for anything and so we are told that it took
350 million years for the Earth to cool down from a temperature of [2,000] centigrade to 200
Procter says that bischoff has shown this and so we ought to be sure enough
Where similar Ridiculous statements made in relation to any other science and astronomy or Geology?
I believe the general reader or the general public would dismiss them at sight?
But because they are made in a domain [of] science where the general reader in most cases cannot follow
They are allowed to pass as the genuine product of learning and investigation
Whereas they are at vast but wild and utterly impossible theories
In modern science and modern thought page 44 we are informed that it is right however to state that all
mathematical calculations of time based on the assumed rate at which
Cosmic matter cools into suns and planets and these into solid and habitable globes are in the highest degree
uncertain
Thus after all the labor to establish a theory allied with much skill [in] setting it forth in its best dress
we are calmly assured that all these tall figures and imaginations are based on premises which are in the highest degree uncertain if
evidence for rejecting these fanciful hypotheses summarily and in toto were wanting
Surely it is now furnished to satisfaction
not only are these
mathematical calculations of assumed premises in the highest degree
Uncertain but they are to be classed with the tomfoolery of the age and reckoned among the many and impossible absurdities [of] the present day
one of the chief of recent speculations regarding the Earth
Is that it as a body like the planets because it has been shown that the sun and the [stars] are of the same?
constituent parts as the Earth
Iron Salt ETC are said to be elements of the sun's composition and
As the Earth contains these and other minerals it is a globe or planet like the other heavenly bodies which contain the same metals
What is known as spectrum? Analysis is relied upon as proving this a
prism is placed in position so as to intercept the sun's Rays and
The colors seen through this instrument
Red Orange yellow blue are said to be the result of the various metals contained in the sun in a state of fusion
Emitting their several colors and the combined sunlight which total light is decomposed into its component colors by the prism
With the object of testing the conclusions arrived at by the learned relative to spectrum analysis Several experiments were made by the writer
The light of the sun on a clear day about noon seen through the prism
Disclosed the various colors that can be seen through this instrument on
A hazy day before sunset the colors seen were the same but very faint
Light [from] a lighthouse and a star seen through the prism
Showed the colors to be the same
The color from the light of the star being much less brilliant than that from the lighthouse
the light from a paraffin street lamp gave the same result as light from the star or the sun only much fainter and
then the electric light was tried a
Large street lamp of great power and several others [of] less Power gave the same result of the sun
Star light house and [street] land, but in various degrees of Brilliancy according to the power of the light
Even a candle Gave a very faint yellow blue tinge
So slight that [it] had to be looked at for some time before anything but blue was apparent
if therefore
It be argued [that] spectrum analysis proves that the sun is made of the same
Materials as we find in the earth and that therefore the earth is a product of evolution
And it is equally clear that the electric light in
The gas shade of the lamp which in cases [it] a really composed of iron and various other metals in a state [of] fusion
Constituting indeed a global glowing vapor and not glass carbon ETc at all
it is also is reasonable to conclude that the paraffin lamp and the candle are composed of metals in a state of fusion and
That there is in reality no paraffin no glass no tallow and no wick
That is to say known facts must be thrown aside
Common sense Delta fide and reason dethroned in order to bolster up the unprovable assumptions of Modern science
relative to the doctrine of evolution of applies to the Earth and the heavenly bodies
[aeronautics] if the world be a ball as there [are] ball gravely informs us the aeronaut should be one of his most ardent [supporters] as
the highest part of the surface of the globe would be directly under the car of a balloon and
the sides would fall away or dip down in every Direction [the]
[universal] testimony of aeronauts however is entirely against the globular assumption as the following [quotations] shovel
the London Journal of 18th july
1857 says the Chief peculiarities of the view from a balloon at a considerable elevation was the altitude of our Horizon
Which remained practically on a level with the eye at an elevation of two miles?
Causing the surface of years to appear concave instead of convex and to recede during the rapid ascent
Whilst the Horizon and the balloon seemed to be stationary
Jay Glazer Frs
And his work travels in the Air states on
looking over the top of the car [the] Horizon appeared to be on [a] level with the eye and
Taking a grand view of the whole visible area beneath. I was struck with its great regularity
All was dwarfed to one plane it seemed too flat to even apparently
Artificial in his accounts of his [ascents] in the Air m
Camilla Flammarion states the Earth appeared as one immense plane richly decorated with never varied colors
Hills and valleys are all passed over without being able to distinguish any undulation in the immense plane
Mr.. [Elliott] an American aeronaut says I don't know that I ever hinted heretofore that the aeronaut may well be the [most] skeptical man about
the rotundity of the Earth
Philosophy Forces this truth upon us
But the view of the [Earth] from the elevation of a balloon is that of an immense to rest real basin?
The Deeper part of which is directly under one's feet
[to] Cuttack astronomy page 37 in March 1897
I'm at M [victor] [emmanuel] [and] asked him to give me an idea of the shape of the earth as seen from a balloon
He informed me that
Instead of the Earth declining from the view on either side in the higher part Beyond to the car as is popularly [supposed]
It was the exact opposite the lowest part like a huge basin
Being immediately under the car and the Horizon on all sides rising to the level of the eye
This he admitted was exactly. What should be the appearance of a plane viewed from a balloon
There's almost needless to say that a globe would present a totally different appearance the highest part being directly under the car
contrast if
The Earth [meets] [a] globe of popular beliefs the same amount of heat [and] cold summer and winter should be
Experienced at the same latitude north and south of the equator [the] [same] number of plants and animals would be found in the same general
conditions exist
That the very opposite is the case disproves the globular assumption
the Great contrast between
places at the same latitudes north and south of the equator is a strong [argument] against the received doctrine of the Rotunda Via veer from
the Geological Journal for November 1893 I
Extract the Following
a voyage towards the antarctic sea report by William a spruce on
January 12
1893 we saw what appeared to be high mountainous land in glacier stretching from about 64 degrees?
10 minutes west to about 65 [degrees] 30 minutes out
This I believe may have been the eastern coast of Grahams land which has never before been seen
But it would be unwise to me to be too certain for it must have been 60 miles distant
meteorology
periods of fine calm weather alternate with very severe gales
Usually accompanied by fog and snow the barometer never attained 30 inches
The records of air temperature are very remarkable our lowest temperature was 20 point 8 degrees Fahrenheit our highest
37 point six degrees Fahrenheit only a difference of sixteen point eight degrees
Fahrenheit in the Total range for a period extending slightly over two months
Compare this with our climate where in a single day and night you may get a variation of more than twice [that] amount
The average temperatures show a still more remarkable uniformity
December average 31 point 1 4 degrees Fahrenheit for 115 readings
January 31 point 10 degrees Fahrenheit for
198 readings range of less than one and a half degrees Fahrenheit
this I consider to be [very] significant and worthy of special attention by future antarctic Explorers
For may it not indicate a similar uniformity of temperature throughout the year
antarctic cold has been much dreaded by some the
429 readings I [took] during December January and February show an average temperature of only thirty point seven six degrees Fahrenheit
This being in the very height of summer in latitudes corresponding to the Faroe islands in the [north]
But I believe the temperature of winter will not vary very much from that of summer
This uniformity of temperature partly accounts for the great accumulation of ice which is formed not on account of the [great] severity of the winter
But because there is practically no summer to melted
Mr.. Seabone has vividly pictured the onrush of summer in the arctic
But how different it is in the antarctic there there is eternal winter and snow never melts
As far north as a man has traveled he has found reindeer and hare basking of his own and country Brilliant with Rich Flora
Within the antarctic circle no plant is to be found
report by
CwDm
Bcm on
The passage out we on Board the active
Touched at the beautiful Island of Madeira
In October and two more months landed us in the Barren, Falkland Island
[sailing] vents on December 11th
We crossed the stormy waters to the east of cape horn and saw our first Iceberg on December 18 on
The same Day we sighted Clarence Island one of the South Shetland's
These are called after our own northern shetlands and the [part] side to buy us lies only some 60 miles near the pole
but what a difference between the two places our own shetland right with ladies dresses and light summer garments and
carrying tennis racquets and parasols
The South Shetland's even in the height of summer
Clad in an almost complete covering of snow only [a] steep cliff or bold rock standing out and deep contrast here and there
The only Inhabitants being birds or seals and even the bird life with the exception [of] the penguins the scanty
Sir James Ross on his third voyage entered the ice at
nearly the same spot and
Fifty Years before all but a week had sheltered from a westerly [gale] under the inhospitable shores of Clarence Island
its highest point stands
[4550] Seven Feet Above Sea level [the]
[following] from Polar explorations read before the Royal Dublin society is taken from zetetic astronomy by Parallax on
The South Georgia's [in] the same latitude as yorkshire in the North Cook did not find a shrub big enough to make a tooth peggy
Captain Cook describes it as savage and horrible the wild rocks raised their lofty summits
Till they were lost in the clouds and the valleys laid covered with everlasting snow
Not a tree was to be seen
Not a shrub even big enough to make a toothpick
Who could have [thought] that an island of no greater extent than this the isle of Georgia?
situated between the latitude of 54 and 55 degrees
Should in the very height of summer be in a manner wholly covered many fathoms deep with frozen snow
The lands which lie to the south are doomed by Nature to perpetual frigid nests never to feel the warmth of the sun's Rays
Whose horrible and savage aspect I have not words to describe
The South Shetland's occupying a corresponding latitude to their namesake in the [north]
present Scarcely a vestige of vegetation
Kerguelen as low as latitude 50 degrees South Boast 13 species of plants of which
Only [one] a peculiar kind of cabbage has been found useful in cases of scurvy
While Iceland 15 degrees nearer to the pole on the North Boasts
870 Species
Even marine lights is Sparse in certain tracts of vast extent and the sea bird is seldom observed flying over such [wastes]
The contrast between the limits of organic life and Arctic and antarctic Zones was very remarkable and significant
Vegetables and land animals [are] found at nearly 80 degrees in the [north]
while from the parallel of 58 degrees [in] the South the lichen and Suchlike plants only
Clothes the rocks and seabirds and the cetaceans tribes alone are seen upon the desolate beaches
McClintock describes herds of reindeer [a] perfect forest of antlers moving North in the Summer
Via either [duck] and the brent goose through the air the unwieldy family of the cetacean through the waters
The Arctic Bear upon the ice the musk oxen reindeer along the land all [went] their way northward at certain seasons
Now these indications are absent from the Southern [Zone] as is also the inhabitation [of] man
The bones of musk oxen killed by the esquema were found north of the 79th parallel
While in the south man is not found above the 56 parallel of latitude
This is supported by the following from the western Christian Advocate of 10th February 1897 copied from Appleton Science Monthly
Distinctiveness of the antarctic climate as compared with the arctic is found in the relations of both the summer and the winter temperatures
The high Summer he dipped in the few months of its existence has the energy to develop that lovely carpeting of grass and flowers
Which gives to the low-lying lands even to the 82nd parallel of latitude [a] charm equal to that of the upland meadows of switzerland is
in a measure wanting in the south in its place frequent coals and dreary fogs navigate the atmosphere and
Render Droop and desolate a region that extends far into what may be properly designated the habitual zone
the Fields of anemones poppy [Sacra] fridges and Mountain [pink's] of dwarfed birches [and] Willows are replaced by
interminable snow and ice
With only here in their bare patches of rock to give assurance that something underlies the snow covering
Man's habitations in the Northern hemisphere extend to the [70th] parallel of latitude and formerly extended to the 82nd in
The Southern hemisphere they find their limit in [Wei] [Jia], and the 55th parallel fully
350 miles nearer the equator than where as in the shetland islands ladies and laundresses to sport in the game of tennis and
Still 700 miles further from the equator in Siberia
Nordenskiöld found forests of pine rising with chunks seventy to a hundred feet in height further to this we note that
seasons on the heliocentric Model would work by the
Variation of the tilt of the Earth in its yearly cycle as [it] moves around the sun
However, we would see that this point zero [zero] two percent difference in the distance caused by the tilt is what they attributed
credible change of temperature, so
[note] that if yours were spinning at
1,150 miles per hour as the waiter and we're spinning around the sun and always at an even pace that
Seasons should always be exactly identical
With the same temperatures and the same effects at the same time of the year every year year after year in perpetuity
However, we see that
Seasons and weather changes every day it does so in a completely random or seemingly random Manner
having nothing to do with once moving from Southern
equatorial regions into the North or
Vice-versa from Northern Cold moving into the Southern area
instead what we see is vast drastic changes in the temperatures on Earth that the
temperatures of the poles aren't accounted for
By the sun's position over the flat Earth, but are completely not accounted for in the heliocentric Model
which would have the Earth having to wobble or
Actually change its tilt
Many times a year in order to account for this change in
seasons
The voyage of a naturalist by sea Darwin Pages 210 and 212 we were informed that
one side of the Harbor is formed by a hill about
1,500 feet high which Captain Fitzroy is called after surge a banks in commemoration of his disastrous
Excursion which proved fatal to two men of his party and nearly so to Dr.. [Sol] [endure]
The snow song which was the cause of this misfortune happened in the middle of January
Corresponding to our july in the latitude of Durham
We were detained here several days by bad weather the climate is certainly wretched
The Summer Solstice is now 25th
December past yet every day snow fell [on] the hills and in the valleys there was rain accompanied by sleet it
Is utTerly impossible to shut one's eyes to the fact that these?
Evidences furnished indisputable proof that the figure of the Earth cannot be globular if it were of that shape the same
Conditions would be found at equal latitudes north and South which we have seen is [not] the case
contradictions the grave
Contradictions that exist among the recognized teachers of astronomical science ought to cause the thinking man to pause before accepting a theory
About which no two of its exponents may be found to agree
Sir Isaac, Newton in his Principia
Resuscitated the fundamental proposition of pythagoras thus the sun is the center [of] the solar system and immovable
Since then professor Eshel discovered that the sun was [not] a moveable in
Regard to the atmosphere of the planet mars the same contradiction is manifest in
the question million San jose of 9th august
1894 we find that Mr.. Norman Lockyer has been telling an interviewer that mars is like us in many respects
It has an [atmosphere] like ours he says
the standard of 18th August 1894 says professor Campbell of the lick observatory
Announces that he is demonstrated that mars presents. No evidence of having an atmosphere
Then mr.. [J]. Gillespie in his triumph of philosophy page 89 comes to the rescue and says as
to the planets being inhabited if we take refraction into account
We shall find that there is not such a thing as atmosphere near them
For instance in an eclipse of the moon especially at her apogee the Earth is brought to a mere point by refraction
Caused by the air of [yours] and where the moon a little further away from this point would be brought to nothingness
[that] is although the earth were exactly in a straight line between the sun and the Moon the
Earth would not even show a spot [on] the moon's disc
Now by the same rule of either Mercury, or venus at any atmosphere. They could never be seen crossing the sun's disc
[I] think this is satisfactory proof that they have no atmosphere and cannot therefore be inhabited
after all this delightful
uncertainty a writer in knowledge of February
295 says the interesting chapter on Solar Theories is well fitted to serve as a lesson and modesty
So diverse and conflicting are the various
hypotheses
So difficult to harmonize are the observed facts when we come to consider the atmosphere that concerns us most the same
Contradictions are evident sir David brewster in his more worlds than one tells us that the atmosphere of the earth extends for about
45 miles in
science systems of 18 March 1893 the Following occurs
we may infer that a few hundred miles embrace all the gaseous envelope of the globe and
in Elementary physiography page 293
We are told that the height of the atmosphere is not known with any certainty there is probably no fixed limit to the atmosphere
It is a fair inference from these contradictory statements that present-day scientists. So called do not know anything about the height of [the] Earth's atmosphere
Many men of thought and learning of scouted the ideas imposed upon us by Sir Isaac, Newton of which the following is a sample
The repetition of a blunder is impertinent and ridiculous to liberate oneself from an errors difficult sometimes indeed
impossible for even the strongest and most gifted minds
But to take up the error of another and persist in it with stiff neck obstinacy is a proof of poor qualities
the obstinacy of a man of
Originality when he airs may make us angry
but the stupidity of the copyist Irritates and renders us miserable and
if in our strife with Sir Isaac
Newton we have sometimes passed the bounds of moderation the whole blame is to be laid upon the school of which Newton was the head
Whose incompetence is proportional to its arrogance whose laziness is proportional to its
self-sufficiency
and whose virulence and love of
Persecution hold each other in perfect equilibrium through the whole of Newton's experiments there runs a display of pedantic accuracy
But how the matter really stands with Newton's gift of observation and with his experimental aptitudes?
Every man possessing eyes and senses may make himself aware it may be boldly asked where can the man be found?
possessing the extraordinary gifts of Newton
Who would suffer himself to be [deluded] by such a hocus-pocus [if] he had not in the first instance willfully deceived himself
Only those who know the strength of self-deception and the extent to which it sometimes Trench it on dishonesty
[or] in a condition to explain the conduct of Newton and of Newton school
To support his unnatural theory newton heaps fiction upon fiction seeking to dazzle when he could not convince
ghosts proceedings of the Royal institution of great britain
Vol 9 part 3 page 3 5 3
through 3 5 5
w friend says
It has over and over again been the hope and expectation of intelligence and unprejudiced men
That some less extravagant and more intelligible system would sooner or later
Be found as a substitute for the mathematical romance with which Newton has favored the world
This name has been sanctioned for a device which the more it is examined
Excites the more astonishment at its adoption by men of research and observation
Then again Kepler's law is said to be so [well-established] and so absolutely necessary to the truth of the Newtonian hypothesis
when weighed in the Balance by competent judges are contradicted and set aside by a stroke of the pen
professor WB carpenter in the Modern review for October 1880 says
It was not until twelve years after the publication of his first two laws that Kepler was able to announce the discovery [of] the third
This again was the outcome [of] a long series [of] guesses
And what was remarkable as to the error of the idea which suggested the second law to his mine?
Was still more remarkable as to the third for not only in his search for the harmony of which he felt assured
Did he proceed on their erroneous notion of a whirling force emanating from the sun which decreases with increase of distance?
But he took as his guide another assumption no less erroneous B's that the masses of the planets increase with their?
distances from the Sun in
Order to make this last fit with the facts
He was driven to assume a relation of their respective densities which we now [know] to be utterly untrue
For as he himself says unless we assume this proportion of the densities the law of the periodic times will not answer
Thus says his biographer three out of the four suppositions made by Kepler to explain the beautiful law he had detected are now
indisputably known to be False
What he considered to be the proof of it being only a mode of false reasoning?
By [which] any required result might be deduced from any given principles?
Newton's theory in Kepler's laws of the Chief Foundation of stones of Modern astronomy
[and] when these are shaken the whole fabric reels and staggers like a drunken meant until sooner or later
It will find the grave in the oblivion that it's so well merits
the Daily Chronicle of 8 April 1891 says
It may be a surprise to find that we are still and perfectly acquainted with the figure of the Earth
The [Ceylon] Independent of 23rd December 1893 is Following
this question seems to be still agitating the austrian government and
More than one austrian men of war that has called here lately has had an officer on board whose special commission was to make
observations for the purpose of ascertaining the attraction of the Earth in order thereby to arrive at the exact shape of the globe an
Officer thus employed is on the Austrian steamer, lisanna who?
Since the vessels arrival has spent a good deal of time at the National Bank
where a room was allotted him for the purpose of adjusting his instruments an
Officer engaged on similar duty was on the Kaiser and Elisabeth the other day
Run Goong-bok in his work figure of the Earth tells us how the men of science made the world Globe?
The Earth of the Newtonian theory is [the] mere creation of the fancy. It's shape has been determined
Partly of Imaginary and partly of positively erroneous elements and results of subsequent experiments and measurements have by means of purely
mathematical Factors and tentative formulas been adapted to its presupposed figure
Mr.. J
gillespie who believes up here is a globe suspended in space with no revolution around the sun says in his
Triumph of Philosophy page six I
Can challenge any astronomer in Great Britain on any point in theoretical?
astronomy and prove that the present theory is a regular burlesque a hoax in a swindle if
It is a sin to tell a lie
What must be the doom of men who teach generation after generation one of the most glaring and degraded Falsehoods ever laid before mankind?
Dr.. Lardner in his museum of science says all the diurnal changes of appearances presented by the firmament the
risings and settings of the sun moon and stars and their varying appearances [in] different latitudes
Admit of being explained with equal precision and completeness
Either by supposing the universe to revolve daily around the earth or the Earth to revolve daily on its axis
Then as to the velocity of light if light [travels] at all
the same glorious mixture and uncertainty again presents themselves
Geuman the heavens conjectures that light travel at the rate of one hundred ninety [two] thousand miles a second m
Léon foucault guesses at one hundred eighty four thousand miles per second sir our ball at one hundred eighty thousand miles
the Editor of science siftings assumes the first time
186,000 miles the second time one hundred ninety six thousand miles
This is all contradicted by a writer in the [English] mechanic of 27th july 1894 who says I?
Believe no one now holds the view that light actually moves most people think that there is only one school of astronomy in vogue
Whereas there are at [least] four all at loggerheads with each other the pTolemaeus represented by J
Gillespie of dumfries who suppose the Earth Globe a [centre] for the revolution of the sun Moon and stars?
The corrections of America who suppose the Earth a hollow globe for us to live inside?
the Newtonian Copernican who suppose the sun a center keeping the planets whirling in orbits by Gravity and
For the Cartesian Copernican Z-- who suppose the planets to whirl round the sun without the necessity of gravity
Sir our Phillips heading up this school
Astronomy will sometimes summon Geology to its [eighth] when difficult problems are awaiting solution
but astronomers generally claim that when the two [sciences] disagree
astronomy is the safest assumption as
lang however in his modern science and Modern thought claim superiority for Geology on
Pages 48 and 49 he says
the conclusions of Geology at any rate up to the silurian period Are approximate facts and not theories while the
Astronomical conclusions are theories based on Data so uncertain though while in some cases
They give results incredibly short like that of 15 million years for the whole past process of the formation of the solar system
In others they give results almost incredibly long
As in that which supposes the moon to have been thrown off when the earth was rotating in three hours
The safest course in the present state of our knowledge seems to be to assume that
Geology really proves the duration of the present order of things to have been somewhere over 100 million years
Thus one fable falsely called science exposes another fable of about the same value
the safest course and the present state of
The utter ignorance of science as to the matters here in dispute is certainly to reject both these
delusions and seek the truth for ourselves
Geological Blunders have been many infrequent
But they are seldom allowed to reach the eyes or ears of those who are dukan to believe in all this imposing science teaches
the daily chronicle of 14th January 1893 speaks pretty plain and proves the truth of the above remarks
the paper says A
Geological blunder
There is in nature an article by a French writer on Sir Archibald [Daiki]
Director-General of the Geological survey, which is just now causing a good deal of talk amongst
English men of science of
Course nobody is surprised at the fulsome nests of [Abdulla] perilous
Eulogy as nature seems to exist for pushing the great official scientific syndicate of Huxley hooker guy key [and] Co
limited
Very strictly limited which may be said [to] run science in England M
De La [poirot] would probably not have been permitted to write anything about a member of it unless it was fulsome
what has really amazed people is the audacity with which a famous historic bungle on the part of the
Geological survey is a glossed over and the director-general not on credited with the work of those who exposed and corrected it to his utter
discomfiture
But actually covered with laurels for thus one of the most glorious scientific conquests of the century the whole thing is delightfully
characteristic of state [and] doubt science in England If
You are one of the official syndicate who run it you may blunder with impunity and make your country ridiculous at the taxpayers expense
Scientific men who can correct you shrink from the task?
they know that the syndicate can boycott them and by intrigue can keep them out [of] every honor and profit and that
The syndicate satellites can write and shout down everywhere independent non official critics
they also know that if perchance some particular intrepid person does succeed in exposing one of this in
They can always buy the same means after the public has forgotten the incident
Suppress him and boldly appropriate to themselves the credit of his work
the Geological secret of the Highlands
But the unlocking of [which] sir archibald guy key is now credited
was really made a puzzle for more than half a century by the blundering of the geographical survey and director general sir Roderick Murchison and
famous Courtier and Society geologists of the last generation
In the Highlands he saw isis an ordinary crystalline [schist] resting on silurian Strata
And he foolishly held the sequence to be quite normal
This kiss he would have it were not archaic formations
But only metamorphosed [siberian] deposits he also held that primitive nice was not part of the Molten crust of the globe
But [only] sediments of sand and mud altered by intense pressure and [heat]
purchase and not to put too fine a point on it balanced everybody into accepting this absurd theory and the whole forces of the
geological survey with its official and social influence
Together with the unscrupulous power of the official syndicate which then as now jabbed science wherever it had a state endowment
[were] spent in perpetuating the blunder and blasting the scientific reputation of whoever [scoffed] at it
but in the natural history school at Aberdeen university it [was] scoffed at the
Late Dr.. Nickel professor of Natural [history] in Aberdeen proved that Murchison and the survey were wholly wrong
His proof being as complete as the existing state of science allowed
When he died doctor a lean neck olson took the same side and four years in relation to this grand problem. It was aberdeen university
against the world in
Shouting the last word no voice has been louder than sir archibald guy keys it is therefore
Diverting to find his official biographer stating in nature that all the time
He was wrestling in [four] [oaken], [Sentía] with doubts as to the soundness [of] the official position
and that finally his love of truth prompted him to order a resurvey of the whole highland region in
Plain [English] the Taxpayer Having had to pay for Murchison bungling survey was because of his successors
Love of truth to enjoy the luxury of paying over again to correct it
The real truth however is this when it was supposed that the a bird onehans were finally crushed
There were rows in England a young geologist called Lapworth
who had the courage [to] revise the whole controversy and take sides with the aberdeen school as
He developed an extraordinary genie at first [to] [Dig] Rafi
He not only broke to pieces the official work of the geological survey [in] the highlands
but by revealing the true secret of
Structure of that perplexing region he played havoc with the Murchison [x'] and the guy keys and all their satellites
Convicting them of bungling and covering them [with] ridicule
Nature in fact in these parts had suffered from a much more powerful
emetic than Murchison imagined
Then when bits of the primitive crust of the globe were thrown up and pushed on the top of more recent deposits
Murchison jumped to the conclusion that they were of later date than what they lay on it
Was a terrible blunder as the aberdeen men?
Persistently held and we do not wonder that sir Archibald Daiki
Who rose the place and powered [by] defending it is anxious to have his connection with it bailed by a friendly hand
but it is rather outrageous for the friendly hand to give him the credit of
Conceding the very error which he defended to the last gasp and deprive professor lapworth of the honor of having banished it from science
one of the most diverting things however in the article in nature is that sir archibald guy [kias] bulow did because
when frightened by the stir professor lat porous paper made in 1883
He was fain to send his surveyors to go over the highlands again
he as their official chief ordered them [to] divest themselves of any prepossession in favor of Published views and
To map out the actual facts old Colin campbell when he objected to the institution of the Victoria cross
Said it was as absurd to decorate a soldier for being brave as a woman [for] being virtuous
He did not foresee a still greater absurdity that of eulogizing a man of science because he instructed his
Assistants to tell the truth when conducting an [investigation] into his own blunders
from the Daily Chronicle Saturday, January 14th
1893 and then a further issue the same paper says
Sir archibald guy key [director-General] of the geological survey [has] a last taken notice in nature
We need hardly say of our article condemning the attempt to give the survey all the credit of some of the most remarkable discoveries
Of the age which have really been made by men unaided by the state in toiling for daily bread as teachers of science
We had heard something
That caused us to expose this scandal the fact is the official ring of [state] [endowed] science not content with Jobbing the Royal
Society in it and its distinctions as their critics have been showing in [the] [times] are meditating a raid on the taxpayer
they want more money and as a preliminary step their official organ nature of course begins to boom their work and
Reputations this is a good old game the only novelty in the situation
Is that a daily newspaper for the first time in history ventured to show it up?
We do not desire to be harsh to the illustrious scientists at it nature
It is the duty of all official organs to make big men out of small material
But when they begin to do this by Coolly confiscating the achievements of private and independent
Workers for one of the managing partners of the great firm of Huxley Kaikki Dyer & Co limited we thought it time to protest
The letters that have been appearing in the [times] make some funny revelations about the way the royal society has worked
Sir Archibald guy [keyes] defense suggests that as the times only followed that the game [is] scented it would show its readers plenty of sport
We ourselves would make no objection to a vote of money and native researches to the [Frank] and practical manner in which
and the terms on which
the official [Gang] of science frequently
acknowledge the achievements of Young outsiders the Daily chronicle fed to 1893
Modern astronomy has been set down as the most exact of all the sciences and
Geology said to be little less than infallible
the reader may Form his own conclusions from the above extracts
Circumnavigation is said to be one of the best proofs of the earth as a globe it is often asserted
generally by those who have not the remotest idea of the subject that
[ships] had sailed around the world on one course east or west and come back to the place where they started from it
Will be a surprise to such to be informed that this wonderful feat of navigation has never yet been accomplished
That it is most unlikely that it will ever become a fact and that
It would take several of the proverbial small fortunes to successfully carry it out
Some people think it is quite an easy matter to start from say liverpool and steer west and come back to the starting point
Suppose we attempt such a journey
after crossing the atlantic we must leave the ship and traverse the American content as
There are no roads running due west but should have to take the sun's bearing almost hourly to keep us on the true course
Sometimes having to cross private property travel through cultivated lands, and in some cases to go through other people's houses to preserve a westerly course
Suppose we [arrive] at the other side and [then] took ship across the pacific
We should again now to travel across a continent
Thousands of miles to get back to the North Sea and then across it in England
We might arrive at Liverpool if anyone thinks this possible, he ought to try it
if the reader will scan the surface of a school globe
You'll at once see that if such a thing should ever be attempted. No reasonable
Hope of success could be entertained unless the attempt were made in the extreme south
suppose a ship to start from Cape Point latitude 34 [south] and steer East
The first land encountered would be Australia
She would then have to go south to clear the land and so could not return to her starting point on an easterly course
But would have to take many courses to return there
let the ship start from cape horn in
latitude
56 South and steer West she would soon encounter islands and would have to alter her course to North or south
To clear them and so could not get back to cape horn on a westerly course
The same would apply [on] an easterly course it is evident therefore that the Earth can only be circumnavigated
on One course in the extreme south
there the dangers of icebergs of
Magnitudes never met within the north and darkness during a great part of the year would render such an expedition
costly dangerous and of long duration
say a vessel starts on an easterly or westerly course and latitude 65, so
She could only sail during the very finest of summer weather and would have to come North during the winter
Returning to her last point she could again start on the course Round-the-world and continue
So long as the fine weather lasted repeating the process of going North during the dark and winter months
That this would occupy a long time and cost a deal of money [displayed] enough to anyone willing to be convinced
for these reasons
I am of opinion that no ship will ever sail around the [world] on one course and come back to her starting point
And yet some globe is the world
One of the greatest feats of navigation will tell you that it has been done scores of times
Improved & Seamanship that man could undertake and which has never yet been attempted spoken of as though
it were a matter of almost Daily occurrence and
Who but the astronomers are responsible for such like fallacies and schoolbooks and astronomical works?
Whoo but those famed [four] learned ignorant are answerable for the foolish arrogant and stupid credulity of the masses on this subject
Can there be any truth in a science? Which is founded on conjecture and supported by [so] [called] facts as proof of its correctness
Which facts have never existed outside the brains of their inventors?
if it were said that a vessel could sail around the world
Allowing for deviations for land ice and other obstacles in the way of her making one course
So that by making many in various courses she could have length return to her starting point
I would have no quarrel with the pro pounders of circumnavigation
But if the general statements on the point were reduced and brought within the compass of fact
In language such as the above the supposed proof that the world's rotundity would be annihilated in evers
Navigation it is seated that a vessel may leave a port cell round ears can come back to her starting point on one course
This I have no hesitation in stating is absolutely false
If otherwise I should be glad to be informed of the name of the port
To learn it are beginning to see through the fallacy of the circumnavigation proof of the [world's] for Tunde t
As the following from Elementary physiography by professor Richard a gregory [f] [ras] clearly shows?
quote
buras has been circumnavigated agreed many times and it is a common occurrence for a ship to leave, England and
By steering Westward all the voyage to arrive in England again without retracing an inch of her way
Similarly we can journey round the globe sometimes traveling on land and sometimes on the seat
But eventually returning to the starting point without at all turning back on our course
This would appear to be [a] certain proofs of the Earth surface is curved
Nevertheless it has been pointed [out] that
circumnavigation would be possible if the Earth had a flat surface with [the] North Magnetic pole at its Centre a
compass needle would then always point to the centre of [the] [surface] and so a ship might sail due east and west as
Indicated by the compass and eventually return to the same point by describing a circle
D wilson [Barker] [R&R] [frs]? [he] remarks in his work on navigation quote?
The fact that the Earth has been sailed round is not sufficient proof as to its exact shape
Authoritative statements, we may hope that this so-called proof of the globular shape of the Earth will soon be expunged from the textbooks
This is written in the 1890s. It has yet to be expunged from the textbooks
we since had two major world Wars and
a non-stop
conglomeration of other small wars in between and
It doesn't look like the textbooks are anywhere close to on their way [to] changing
Curvature in Chambers mathematical tables the Curvature of the globe is given a seven point [nine] three five inches to the mile
Varying inversely as the square of the distance
if it be required to ascertain the curvature on a globe of
[25000] Statute Miles equatorial circumference
Square the distance and multiply by seven point nine [three] five inches the result is the curvature
Thus in six miles there is a dip of merely twenty four feet and thirty miles nearly [600] feet and so on in
mensuration by t Baker C
II the correction for Curvature is said to be seven point nine six two inches a mile these two equations
So nearly agree an amount to just about what the correction would be on a global besides the Earth is said to be
that they may be taken as correct if
[therefore]
The world we live on is a globe it is a simple matter [to] find out how far any object at a given height can
be seen in
September 1898 I received a letter from Australia in which the writer says in the year 1872
I was on board the ship thomas would captain gibson from China to London
Owing [to] making a long passage we ran shorter provisions and so short after
Rounding the cape that the captain spoke of putting into st.. [Elina] for a supply
it was then my hobby to get the first glimpse of land and
In order to do this
I would go up to the top gallant yard and make a survey just as the sun would be [rising]
the Island was clearly in view
well on the starboard Bow I
Reported this to Captain Gibson. He disbelieved me saying it was impossible as we were 75 miles distant
He however offered me paper and pencil to sketch the land. I saw this I did
He then said you are right and shaped his course accordingly
[I] had never seen the island before and could not have described the shape of it had I not seen it
St.. [Halina] is a high Volcanic island if my informant had seen the top only there would have to be an allowance made for the
Height of the land, but as he sketched, the island he must have seen the whole of it
Which should have been three thousand six hundred fifty feet below the line of sight if the world be a globe
Deducting 100 feet for the height of the yard he viewed it from in
Chambers information for the people section on Physical Geography page 59 the following occurs in North America
The basin or drainage of the Mississippi is estimated at 1 million three hundred thousand square miles and that of the st.
Lawrence at six Hundred Thousand Square Miles
while northward of the 50th parallel
extends an inhospitable flat of Perhaps greater dimensions
so more than
1.3 million Square miles or [600,000] square miles
north of the 50th parallel extends an inhospitable flat of greater dimensions
Next in order of importance is that section of Europe extending from the German see through prussia Poland and Russia towards the ural mountains
presenting indifferently [tracks] of heath sand and open pasture and
Regarded by geographers as one vast plain
So flat is the general profile of the region
That it has been remarked
It is possible to draw a line from London to Moscow
Which would not perceptibly vary from a dead level the foregoing is a london to Moscow proof
That the surface of the world is not
globular
on a globe no matter how powerful the glass only [a] certain distance could be seen as
The roundness of [the] globe would prevent a glass from seeing round and [it's] sickness would equally prevent one seeing through it
But in fine weather objects at distances out of all proportion to what the curvature would allow are
visible with the assistance of a good glass
The following from the voyage of A naturalist by Charles Darwin page 166 illustrates this point
the Guanaco Or Wild [Lema]
Mr.. Stokes told me that he one day saw through a glass our herd of these animals which evidently had been frightened and were
Running away at full speed
Although their distance was so great [that] he could not distinguish them with the naked eye from
The atlas of Physical Geography by the Reverend t Milner Ma I extract the following
vast areas exhibit a perfectly dead level
Scarcely arise existing through
[1500] miles from the Carpathians to the Urals
South of the Baltic the Country is so flat that [a] prevailing North wind will drive the waters of the staten Er half
Into the mouth of the odor and give the river a backward flow 30 or 40 miles
the plains of Venezuela and new Grenada in South America Chiefly on the left of the Orinoco are
Termed La Nose or level Fields
often in the space of
270 Square miles the surface does not vary a single foot
The Amazon only Falls 12 feet in the last 700 miles of its course
The La Plata has only a descent of one thirty third of an inch a mile
these extracts clearly prove that the surface of the earth is a level surface and that therefore the world is not a globe and
When we come to consider the surface of the world under the sea we shall find the same uniformity of evidence?
against the Popular view
to 1872
when a British research vessel HMS challenger
Set out on the first-ever mission to map the ocean floor
That most of [recorded] history man has just assumed that beyond a certain level the sea was pretty flat pretty dead fairly lifeless
They weren't expecting to find anything very interesting
For four years the challenger Chris crossed the oceans covering 70,000 miles
the crew plumbed the depths every hundred and forty miles using a total of
249 miles of Rope and hundreds of pounds of lead weight
It was tedious back-breaking work, but [at] the time it was the only way to measure the depth of the ocean [floor]
The challenger expedition marked the birth of Modern Oceanography and provided the first crude map to the ocean floor
It showed how the ocean floor gently slopes away from the land and then plummets thousands of feet to vast flat plain?
the vast flat plains in
Nature and Man by Professor, WB carpenter article the Dt
And its contents pages 320 and 321 the writer says
Nothing seems to have struck the challenger surveyors more than the extraordinary flatness
Except in the neighborhood of land of that depressed portion of the Earth's crust which forms the floor of the great oceanic area
quote nothing seems to have struck the [challenger] surveyors more than the extraordinary flatness of
The Earth's crust which forms the floor of the great
Oceanic area if the bottom of mid-ocean were laid dry an observer standing on any spot of it would find himself
surrounded by a plane only
comparable to that of the North American prairies or the South American Pampas
The form of the depressed area which lodges the water of the deep ocean is rather
Indeed to be likened to that of a flat waiter or [pea] tray
Surrounded by an elevated and deeply sloping rim than to that of the basin with which it is commonly compared
This remarkable writer tells [us] thousands of miles in the atlantic the pacific
And the great Southern ocean beds being a plain surface and from his remarks
It is clear that a flat surface is the general contour of the bed of the great oceans for tens of thousands of square miles
Canal's
if yours be the globe of popular belief it is very evident than in cutting a canal an
Allowance must be made for the curvature of the globe
Which allowance would correspond to the square of the distance?
multiplied by 8 inches nearly from the age of 5 August 1893
I extract the following
Quote the German emperor performed the ceremony of opening the gates of the baltic and North sea canal in the spring of 1891
The canal starts at Holton L on the South side of Kiel Bay and joins the Elbe 15 miles above its mouth
It is 61 miles long
200 feet wide at the surface and 85 feet at bottom
No locks are required as the surface of the two seas is level
Let those who believe it is the practice for surveyors to make allowance for Curvature
Ponder over the following from the Manchester Ship canal company, [Earth] [review] October 1893
It is customary in Railway and canal constructions for all levels to be referred to a datum
Which is nominally horizontal and is so shown on [all] sections it
Is not to practice in laying out public works to make allowance for the curvature [of] the Earth?
the Manchester Ship canal company engineer's office
19 February 1892
A
Surveyor Mr.. T. Westwood rights to the Earth review for January 1896 as follows in
Leveling I work from ordinance marks or canal levels to get the height above sea level
I work sometimes from what is known as the
Wolverhampton level this is said to be four hundred seventy three point one nine feet above sea level
Sometimes I work from the birmingham level this is said to be four hundred fifty three point zero four feet above sea level
you
Sometimes I work from the walsall level
This is said to be [400] [7.89] feet above sea level
The puzzle to me used to be that though each extend several miles each level was and is treated throughout
Its whole length as the same level from end to end
Not the least allowance being made for Curvature
Although if the Earth were a globe 112 feet ought to be allowed
One of the civil engineers in this district after some amount of argument on each side as to the reason why no allowance for Curvature?
Was made said he did not believe anybody would know the shape of the earth in this life I
Think most will grant that a practical man is capable of forming a judgment in all cases of more value than the merely theoretical
calculator
here then we have the evidence of practical men to the effect that no allowance for Curvature is made in cutting canals a
Clear proof that we are not living on a huge ball
but on a surface the general contour which is level as a datum line from which surveys are made is always a
Horizontal line
disappearances of ships at sea
Jw Draper in his
conflict between religion and science page 160 says
The circular visible Horizon, and [it's] dip at sea
the gradual appearance and disappearance of ships in the oven
Cannot fail to incline intelligent sailors to a belief in the globular form of year
the circular visible Horizon amounts to nothing because if we take our stand in a large square of say 20 miles
The visible Horizon will be circular any point in the distance being the edge of the circle of vision
If we measure off a square of 100 miles or so division will be bounded by a circle the limit of sight
So the circular visible [Horizon] may it once be dismissed
But it's dip at sea is just what has never been seen it
Is the very thing that requires to be seen to establish the Globular theory?
Wherever we look at see the water extends in one straight line as far as the eye can reach
a flat surface is always seen and
Ships are seen at distances all together out of proportion
to the allowance to be made for convexity if the surface work in vex one
When a ship or any other object recedes from the observer on a level surface
[the] highest part is always seen last by reason of perspective
So that the masts and sails of a receding vessel on a flat surface
Should be seen long after the hull has become invisible to the naked eye
Besides this love perspective the Hollow vessel is generally of a dark color and often at a very short distance
Disappears to the naked eye because it has lost its individuality in the mass of surrounding water
Both hall and water being nearly of the same color
it appears to have mingled with the water and is thus lost to sight the
[hull] has no background whatever, but the masks and sails have a splendid background against the sky and
Stand out to advantage and are for this reason also seen long after the hull has vanished
But that the hull has not gone down behind a hill of water
That it is not because of the globular surface of the water that it is visible it has been proved by the writer many times
At cape town some time ago. I made special experiments with a view to arrive at the truth of the matter on
One Occasion, I watched the Sooner Lilla of cape Town sail away, North bound to Saldana [Bay]
Instead of gradually going down the hill of water the observer always being on the highest part
She appeared to ascend an inclined plane until she reached the level of my eye
Perhaps 100 feet above sea level and then gradually diminished in size
Soon her hull disappeared it was painted black and her masts and sails became smaller and smaller every minute [I]
Then applied a binocular to the eye and saw her hull plainly enough
It remained in sight until the individuality of the vessels parts were lost in the distance
the Ironbark La [Caída] of Liverpool sailed out of the Table [Bay] bound to Australia I
Watched her until the hull had completely disappeared
but on applying the glass saw it as clearly as possible and
This when the vessel was at least ten miles away
So that the hill of water in both these instances was imaginary only in
May
1895 [I] was a passenger [on] board the usS
God in Al Gore Bay
[I] gave a brief lecture on the subject of this work and had much discussion with some of the passengers
One affirming he could believe all I said
With the exception of the way I accounted for the disappearance of ships at Sea I
Replied that we would likely see one of the ships and then it could be tested
Next day, I observed a vessel about 10 miles away
But though the masts and sails were pretty clear the hull was not to be seen
Applying the glass. I saw the hull as plain as any other part of the ship [I]
Called the gentleman with whom I had the previous day's conversation and showed him the vessel I
Asked him to look at the ship for some time so as to be quite sure whether the hull was visible or not
after looking a minute or so he was quite certain that the hull could not be seen I
Asked him why it was invisible
because he said it is hidden behind a hill [of] water the surface of the ocean being convex I
asked him if he believes my glass could see through a hill of water and
Gave him the astronomers Curvature for the distance which he admitted to be ten miles as 10 by 10 by 8 inches equals
66 feet Less 20 feet for height of I and 10 feet for height of the other vessels hull
Equals 36 feet the Hull should have been below the water
He replied that the glass could not of course [see] through a hill of water and applied it to his eye
great was his astonishment on seeing the hull, but
equally ready was his confession that the theory of years rotundity founded on the disappearance of ships as he
was False on A
Steamer in March 1897 when near St.. Alena my attention was called to a large vessel just before sunset
With the naked eye the masts and sails were visible enough, but nothing of the hull could be seen on
Applying the glass [that] there appeared to be no difference, and I was for some [time] lost in wonder
But as the sun got lower in the heavens
I noticed that the vessels hull was overshadowed by banks of black clouds [slowed] down on the water and thus could not be seen
The hull was enveloped in dense blackness and was lost to the eye
But as soon as the sun was low [enough] to counteract this effect
I saw the hull quite plain with the glass when only the sails were visible to the naked eye
Between [10] early Southampton, we sighted a large [four] masted steamer
astern of Us
The hull was also plainly to be seen the vessel appeared to be in ballast our
[Ship's] officers said she was 12 miles away, and I think the distance was not less
For two whole days. She was visible to us astern
Sometimes the hull being quite plain at other times being invisible
Thus proving that the state of the atmosphere has more to do with the matter than globular d. If it existed could have
According to the globe theory an object plainly visible to the naked eye and seen by scores of people
Should have been 96 feet below the Horizon
Allowing both vessels to be the same height [above] the water
Which was as near as possible correct as our ship had scarcely any cargo on board and presented a high [sign] out of the water
another Witness
quote to the Editor of the Earth review
Sir in [August] last [eye] with several other friends being a no ban for a holiday
took a trip for a day in a small yacht on lough, Lauren and
Being a glorious sunshiny day and so calm that not a ripple was seen and being become for an hour about midday
We observed a good many [sights] of various kinds
Amongst other things that we saw was a yacht which the captain told us was 12 miles distant
We saw all the masts and part of the hull and to get a better view of her
We took our binocular opera-glass a good one
Sir wouldn't it require a funny curvature table either with or without the odd fractions
To explain how we saw the hull of that vessel 12 miles off
According to a table furnished by the present astronomer royal recently it ought to [have] been 66 feet below the line of sight
But the table that we saw it from was the side of [our] yacht, and we concluded the sea was level
yours respectfully
John Smith Sydal [Halifax]
the following is [from] 100 proofs that the earth is not a globe if
We take a trip down the Chesapeake Bay in the daytime
We may see for ourselves the utter fallacy of the ideas that when a vessel appears hauled down as it is called it
Is because the harless behind the water?
For vessels have been seen and may often be seen again
Presenting the appearance spoken of in a way far away beyond those vessels and at the same moment the level shoreline with its accompanying
complement of tall Trees
Towering up in perspective over the heads of the [hull] down ships
the Following is from Chambers Journal of February 1895 Page 32 a
Good many years ago a pilot and the [Mauritius] reported that he had seen a vessel which turned out to be two hundred miles off
this [incident] caused [a] great deal of discussion and nautical circles at the time and
strange to say a seemingly well authenticated case of the same kind occurred afterwards at Aid A
Pilot dare announced that he had seen from the heights the bombay steamer then nearly due
He stated precisely the direction [in] which he saw her and added that her head was not then turned towards the port
Two days afterwards the missing steamer entered the port and it was found on
Inquiries that at the time mentioned by the pilots he was exactly in the direction and position indicated by him
but about 200 miles away
Under exceptional conditions of the atmosphere therefore enormous distances can be penetrated by [the] unaided eye and with a good telescope
Objects at distances totally out of proportion [to] the globular theory can be seen
Take the case of the above steamer. It's a globe theory be correct this satchel would have been [four] Miles below the line of sight
Allowing one mile for a height of observer and thus even when aided by the most powerful telescope ever invented could not have been seen
Once more it dawns on the thinking man that the world is not the global pot of popular credulity
But an extended motionless plane
Distances if the world be a globe the distances which are sailed by ships sailing around the globe
Would answer to the theory and measurements as made by such ships would always answer to the theoretical distances of the astronomer
That such is not [the] case as I shall presently show disprove the theory
First let us inquire how distances are obtained say in sailing on an easterly or westerly course in
obtaining the longitude by dead reckoning [and] allowance for the supposed convergence or shorter longitude
According to the latitude would have to be made
When the result obtained should not vary much from the longitude obtained by observation
When currents [had] to be reckoned with the allowance for their known velocity in any Direction?
Would bring the result of the dead reckoning up to that obtained by observation
always remembering that if a ship is steering east for example
the Allowance for the Direction of the current cannot be the same as
would have to be made by a vessel in the same latitude steering West
If the allowance for currents be made in the same direction when the ship is steering west as when she is steering east
It is very evident that this has done to bring the theoretical result into line with the actual facts
Navigators are often at a lot to account for the great differences between Dead reckoning
Even when the allowance for currents has been made in the ship's position as obtained by observation
believing that they are sailing on a globular surface nothing presents itself to the mind, but the usual series by which they
unsuccessfully endeavor to account for their discrepancy
Did they know that the surface of the ocean is a plain surface they ought to know this?
Something new would present itself for consideration theories would be abandoned an investigation instituted
the result could not fail to be advantageous to navigation generally in [South] Sea voyages by Sir James
C Ross volume 1 page 96 states we found ourselves every day from 12 to 18 Miles by
observation in advance of our reckoning
Page 27 by our observations at noon we found ourselves 58 miles to the eastward of our reckoning in two days
quote voyage towards the South pole by Captain Jazz Weddell States
by
quote feb 11th at noon in latitude 65 degrees 53 minutes so our
Chronometer gave 44 miles more westing than the log in three days
Lieutenant wilk says that in less than 18 [hours]
He was 20 miles to the east of his reckoning in latitude 54 degrees 20 minutes south in
Anton's voyage round the world by our Walter [page] 76 the following statement is made
It was indeed most wonderful that the current should have driven us to the eastward with such strength
For the whole Squadron esteemed themselves upwards of 10 degrees more westerly than this land the streets of Magellan
so then running down by our account about 19 degrees of longitude
We had not really advanced half that distance
Captain woodside of the American bar contained Echo at cape town on 26 June 1898 reports that on 12 January
1896 being without observation for two days. I'm going 250 miles a day on a straight course
expected to be 100 miles South and a long way to the eastward of Gough Island in latitude 40 degrees south
[what] was startled to find his ship making straight for the Island and barely escaped shipwreck the
Farley no winslow was wrecked there 25 years [ago], and there were remains of numerous other wrecks
The fact that in sailing either east or west the currents are allowed the same way
Proves of the rotundity idea is the Factor which effectually be bars our navigators from obtaining a correct solution of the difficulty?
let it be acknowledged that as the surface of all standing water is [leveled] the world is a plane and not a globe an
Investigation may be instituted into the causes of the discrepancies to which we have alluded
but so long as the globular idea prevails
So long will [it] be impossible for the navigator to arrive at the truth of the matter I?
Have further weight of evidence on this important Branch of our subject
By comparing the theoretical measurements of the supposed globe with the distances actually made in sailing these data
Which I now submit prove clearly to any unprejudiced [mind] that the world cannot be the global of astronomical imagination
But that it [is] an outstretched circular plane without axial or orbital motion
Sir Robert Ball and his story of the heavens page 163
informs the reader that
The dimensions of the Earth are known with a high degree of accuracy
This writer is recognized as an able exponent of globular hypothesis
And it is generally conceded that what he says may be regarded as correct
He's like the neil degrasse tyson of his day
Let us now inquire what high degree of accuracy the dimensions of the Earth are known if the earth
We the globe it is generally said to be it is evident that the further we go south from the equator
The smaller will the circles be and no circle south of the equator could be equal to that at the equator
The ss. Niz [dale] of Glasgow
captain hadn't sailed from Hamelin Bay in Western Australia on 8th, January 1898
arriving at port natal on 1st February 1898 having steamed
4519 Nautical Miles
The log of which the Chief officer, Mr. Boyle also a past master
Kindly gave me a copy shows that she did not make quite a rom line track
[Emmalin] bays in Latitude 34 degrees South and
longitude 115 degrees 5 minutes East Port Natal is situate in Latitude 29 degrees south
53 minutes South and 31
Degrees [4] minutes east longitude the difference of latitude being so small we shall not get far out if we take the Middle latitudes
these 32 degrees, so
the difference of longitude is 84 degrees [1] minute or
4.28 of the complete
circle of 360 degrees round the world
Something must be added to the ship's log so as to bring the distance up to the romm line track say 100 miles
therefore to find the distance around the world at 32 degrees south it is only necessary to solve the following problem as
84 degrees One minute
Is to 360 degrees is to?
4619 Nautical Or
5390 Statute Miles is 2x the answer equals twenty three thousand miles nearly
thousand miles in excess of what the distance would or [could] be on a globe and
Further south on a globe the distance should be less in
the Cruise of HMS challenger by WJJ [Spri]
The distance made good from the cape of good hope to Melbourne is stated to be seven thousand six hundred Thirty seven miles
the cape is in Latitude [Thirty-four] Degrees Twenty one minutes south and
Melbourne and latitude 37 degrees South the longitude of the cape being eighteen degrees
Thirty minutes East and Mel born One Forty five or Fourteen point five
Degrees East the Middle Latitude is Thirty five and a half degrees
The difference of longitude one hundred twenty six and a half degrees which makes the distance round the world at that latitude
[Thirty-five] and a half degrees to be over
[tWenty-Five] thousand statute miles and as great as the equator is said to be
Thus we see unreliable evidence that the further we go South the greater is the distance round the world
This latter distance is many thousand miles more than the purely theoretical measurement of the world at that latitude south
From the same work we find the distance from Sydney to Wellington to be one thousand four hundred Thirty two miles
The Middle latitude is 37 and a half degrees in the difference of longitude 23
Degrees 36 minutes which gives as the distance around the world at latitude 37 and a half degrees south
25500 Statute Miles
This distance is again greater than the greatest distance [round] the globe was said to be and many
Thousands of Miles greater than could be the case on a globe
Thus on purely practical Data
apart from any [theory] the world is proved to diverge as
The South is approached and not to converge as it would do on a globe
fluids it
Is in the nature of fluids to be and remain level and when that level is to serve by any influence whatever?
Motion ensues until the level is resumed
professor Airy tells us in his six lectures on astronomy that
Quicksilver is perfectly fluid it surfaces perfectly horizontal
We may add that all fluids are the same for the reason given by the next writer
Mr.. [Wt]. Lin of the Royal Observatory Greenwich
Or greenwich in his first principles of natural philosophy says
The upper Surface of a fluid at rest is a horizontal plane
because if a part of the surface were higher than the rest
Those parts of the fluid which were under it would exert a greater pressure upon the surrounding parts than they receive
from them so that motion would take place amongst the particles and
Continue until there were none at a higher [level] than the rest that is
Until the upper Surface of the whole Mass and fluid became a horizontal plane
the [English] mechanic of 26 June
1896 says quote since any given body of water must have a level surface
ie no one part higher than another and
Seeing that all our oceans a few inland Seas accepted are connected together
[it] follows that they are all virtually of the same level
in [March]
1870 the Bedford Canal was chosen to experiment upon the view of determining whether water was horizontal or convex
The following argument is taken from the report as printed in the field for 26 March
1870 and is considered to be sufficient and
unanswerable
the [Station's] appeared to all intents and purposes
Equi distant in the field of view and also in a regular series
First the Distant bridge secondly the central signal and thirdly the horizontal crosshair marking the point of observation
showing that the Central disc thirteen feet four inches high
Does not depart from a straight line taken from end to end of the six miles in any way, whatever either laterally or vertically?
Four if so and as in the case of the disc nine feet four inches high if it were lower or nearer the water
It would appear as that diSc does nearer to the distant Bridge if it were higher it would appear in the opposite Direction
near the horizontal crosshair which marks the point of [observation] as
the disc four feet lower appears near to the Distant Bridge
so a disc to be really five feet higher would have to appear still nearer to the horizontal crosshair of the telescope and
Therefore it is shown that a straight line from one point to the other
Passes through the central point in its course and that a curved surface of water has not been
demonstrated
There's quite an interesting note about this portion. I'll read the article to you later. I'll read it in
At some point to this movie where it actually describes
What they call a great
naturalist being Drawn into this
discussion and into the Bedford canal and into bets that they made and the
[actual] recording of his drawings in field printed in the field
magazine and
You can see that they try to claim that it was an unsuccessful test
And you'll see some [really] interesting
Funny things there it's proven again that it's perfectly flat and actually court cases were won on
Samuel Rowe bottoms part and on others parts that prove that the water was flat however
newspapers and other Media
sources at the time made the exact opposite statements and put out bold-faced lies
Claiming that the Bedford level had been proven to be wrong and that they've been proven
To have lost their bets at the Bedford level
When the exact opposite was shown to be [the] truth. It wasn't long after the bedford level that
that row bottom was run out of the country and
Very shortly soon [after] that run out of his life
So we'll come back to that
in
Theoretical astronomy
Page 47 it is stated on the Royal observatory wall at Greenwich
Or at greenwich is a brass plate which states that a certain horizontal mark is
154 feet
above mean water at Greenwich and
155 Point 7 feet above Mean water at Liverpool
Difference of the level between Liverpool and greenwich is shown to be only [1] point [7] feet
If the world were a globe the difference of level would be many thousands of feet
it is [a] common saying that water will find its level and it is true if
Water would be dammed back. It will as soon as released take the easiest course to where it can [find] its level
the following from the Natal Mercury of 24th October
1898 Fully Illustrates this point a
mountain of water
quote London October 19 diggers news special the steamer [belong] to Rock Walls
Entering the moor past dock birkenhead first the dock gates
The water inside which was 8 feet higher than the level of the river rushed out with tremendous force?
The swirling mass of water damaged the shipping and beached and sank a number of barges two lives were lost
As soon as the water got to the level of the river its power would cease
Charles Darwin in his voyage of A naturalist page
328 tells us I
Was reminded of the pampas of Buenos aires by seeing the diSc of the rising sun?
intersected by an Horizon level as that of the ocean [a]
Globe with level oceans would be a new thing [in] geography
figure of the Earth in
the history of the conflict between religion and science by Jw Draper page 153
We are informed that an uncritical
Observation of the aspect of Nature persuades us that the earth is an extended level surface
which sustains the dome of the sky [a]
firmament dividing the waters above from the waters, beneath
That the heavenly bodies the sun the moon the stars
Pursue their way moving from East to West
[they're] insignificant size and motion round the motionless Earth proclaiming their inferiority of
the various organic form Surrounding men none Rival him in dignity and
Hence he seems justified in concluding that everything has been created for his use
The sun for the purpose of giving him light by day
the Moon and Stars by night [A]
critical observation of nature [I] may say
persuades an intelligent and unbiased mind that seeing is believing and that
Therefore the world is not the globe of Modern ideas
Dr.. Draper further tells us on page 156 of his book quote many ages previously a speculation had
been brought from India to Europe by pythagoras
It presented the sun as the center of the system
around him the planets revolved in circular orbits their order of Physician being Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn
Each of them being supposed to rotate on its axis as it
revolved around the sun
Aristarchus adopted the Pythagorean system as representing the actual facts
But this was the result of a recognition of the [sons] amazing dis and therefore of his enormous size
the heliocentric system
Thus regarding the sun is the central orb to created the Earth to a very subordinate rank?
Making her only one of a company of six revolving bodies
this speculation
afterward this is has been shown in the foregoing pages to be without the slightest foundation in fact and
The World shown to be a [plane] and not a globe in
modern science and modern thought by a slang the following imaginative proof of the globular figure of the Earth is brought forward if
for instance by traveling 65 miles from North to South
We lower the apparent height of the pole star one degree
It is mathematically certain that we have traveled this 65 miles not along a flat surface, but along a circle which is
360 times
65 or in round numbers
24,000 miles in circumference and
[8,000] miles in diameter and that the form of years is a perfect sphere of these dimensions and
on Pages
162 and 163 the Following is the continuation of the same ridiculous argument?
Until the cape was doubled the course of the gamma ships was in a general Manner southward very soon
it was noticed that the elevation of the pulsar above the Horizon was diminishing and
Soon after the equator was reached the star had ceased to be visible
Meantime other stars some of them forming magnificent constellations had come into [view]
the stars of the Southern Hemisphere
All this was in conformity to theoretical expectation founded on the admission of the globular form of the Earth
if we select a flat street a mile long
Containing a roll of lamps it will be noticed that from where we stand the lamps gradually decline to the ground
The last one being apparently quite on the ground
Take the lamp at the end of the street and walk away from it a hundred yards
And it will appear to be much [nearer] the ground than when we were close to it
Keep on walking away from and it will appear to be gradually depressed until it is last seen on the ground and then disappears
now according to the astronomers the whole mile was only depressed about eight inches from one end to the other so
[that] this eight inches could not account for the enormous depression of the light as we receive from
This proves that the depression of [the] pole star can and does take place in relation to a flat surface?
Simply because we increase our distance from it the same as from the street lamp
In other words the farther away we get from any [object] above us as a star for example
The more it is depressed along the Horizon
And if we go far enough, it will sink or appear to sink to the Horizon and then disappear
The writer has tried the streetlamp many times with the same result
Growth of the Earth
Are a proctor in his work our place among infinities pages 9 and 10 tells us that the Earth was once a massive glowing vapor
Capturing then is now
But far more actively than the now masses of matter which approached near enough
growing by these continual in drafts from without
All that is within and upon the earth are formed of materials which have been drawn in from these depths of space
Surrounding us on all sides
particles Drawn in towards the Earth by processes continuing Millions and millions of ages
This is written with as much authority as [the] writer could have had had even present
When the supposed spark was shot off from the sun
He writes as though
He had carefully watched a spark grow bigger age by age until it assumed the proportions it had when it began to cool down
He tells his story as though he had been an [eyewitness] of all the supposed processes during all the supposed countless ages
Until Protoplasm made its appearance and life began to evolve upon the supposed slope
The reader is made to understand from the scientific Manner in which the mythical storyteller
unfolds his mythical tale
that he the retailer of the story carefully watched the
evolution of the Earth until the time came when the astronomers were able to tell us without the fear of contradiction that
the Earth actually had taken all these millions of ages to evolved into its present form and
size
[marvellous] is it not and how very scientific to be sure
The reader may pass over the whole of the foregoing extracts from the pen of the greatest astronomer of the age
For there is not one word of truth in it it is the product of a fertile imagination
nothing more
The world is much [the] same now as it was [in] the days of our grandfathers
only the people now are more infidel than they were in those days and
since its creation it has not greatly altered except that as it has been altered by the
universal flood in the time of that righteous man, Noah
The flood disturbed the strata of the Earth and broke up its layers hence we find the bones of men and animals beneath the crust
Which fact causes infidels scientists who are seeking a proof of the untruths of the bible?
To believe that the Earth is many millions of ages old and therefore not the earth of the creation as recorded in Genesis
The Poet [Cowper] as well said here the just law the judgment of the skies
He that hates truth shall be the dupe of lies and he that will be cheated to the last
Delusions strong as hell shall bind them fast
gravitation
The law of Gravitation is said by the Advocates of the Newtonian system of astronomy
to be the greatest discovery of science [and] the foundation of the whole of Modern astronomy if
Therefore it can be shown that gravitation is a pure assumption and an imagination of the mind only
That it has no existence outside of the brains of its six pounders and Advocates
the whole of the hypothesis of this modern so-called science fall to the ground as flat as the surface of the ocean and
this most exact of all the sciences this
wonderful feat of the intellect becomes at once the most ridiculous
Superstition in the most gigantic [imposture] to which ignorant and credulity could ever be exposed in
The story of the Heavens spicer our ball. It is stated on Page 82
The law of Gravitation the greatest discovery that science has yet witnessed
the law of Gravitation which underlies the whole of astronomy page 101
The law of Gravitation announces that everybody in the universe attracts every other body
With a Force which varies inversely with the square of the distance
popular science recreations by G tis on Da
Pages 486 and 487 contains the Following
Gravitation is the Force which keeps the planets in their orbits
Every object in the world tends to attract every other object in proportion to the quantity of matter of which each
consists
professor WB carpenter in his work Nature and Man page 365 says
The laws of Light and Gravitation wrote Mr.. Atkinson to Harriet, Martineau
[Thirty] Years ago
Extend over the universe and explain whole classes of phenomena and this explanation according to the same writer is all-sufficient
philosophy finding no God in Nature nor seeing [the] want of any
See vernon boys Frs
Ars M MrI in his paper the Newtonian constant of Gravitation says?
G represents that mighty principle under the influence of which every star planet and satellite in the universe
Pursues its allotted course
Unlike any other known physical influence it is independent of medium it knows no refraction it
Cannot cast a shadow it
is a mysterious power which no man can explain of
Its propagation through space all men are ignorant
I cannot contemplate this mystery at which we ignorant ly wonder without thinking of the altar on [Martha's] [Hill]
when will a St. Paul arrives able to declare it unto us or
Is Gravitation like life a mystery that can never be solved?
proceedings of the Royal institution of Great Britain March 1895 page 355
professor WB carpenter in his paper Nature in law published in the Modern review for October 1897
Sub Newton in relation to our present subject with a piece [of] purely geometrical reasoning
Assuming two forces to act on a body of which one should capable of imparting to it uniform motion in a straight line
Whilst the other should attract it towards a fixed point in accordance with Galileo's law of gravity
He demonstrated that the path of the body would be deflected into a curve
The idea of continuous Onward motion in a straight line as the resultant of an original
impulsive Force not antagonized or affected by any other
Formula Rise by Newton as his first law of motion is
Not borne out by any acquired experience and does not seem likely to be ever thus verified
For in no experiment. We have it in our power to make can we entirely eliminate the
antagonizing effects of Friction an atmosPheric resistance and
Thus all movement that is subject to this retardation and is not sustained by any fresh action of the impelling force
Must come to an end
Hence the conviction commonly entertained that Newton's first law of [motion] must be true
Cannot be philosophically admitted to be anything more [than] a probability
we have no proof and
in the nature [of] things can never get one of the assumption of the atTractive Force exerted by the Earth or
By any of the bodies of the solar system upon other bodies at a distance
Newton himself strongly felt that the impossibility of rationally accounting for action at a distance
Through an intervening vacuum was the weak point of his system all that
[we] can be said to know is [that] which we learn from our own experience
Now in regard to the sun's attraction for the Earth and planets. We have no certain experience at all
Unless we could be transported to its surface
we have no means of experimentally comparing solar gravity with Terrestrial gravity and
If we could ascertain this we should be no nearer the determination of its
Attraction for bodies at a distance the doctrine of universal gravitation, then is a pure assumption
in letters [to] the British association
Professor Bernstein says the theory that motions are produced through material attraction is absurd
Attributing such a power to mere matter
Which is passive by nature is a supreme?
Illusion it is a lovely and easy theory to satisfy any man's mind
but when the practical test comes it fails and
Falls all to pieces and becomes one of the most ridiculous theories to common sense and judgment
the Following extracts are taken from a million of facts by Sir Richard Phillips if the son has
quote if the son has any power it must be derived from motion and
If acting on bodies at a distance like jupiter on his moons or the earth on its moon there must be an intervening medium
To conduct its momentum through its system it
is a principle never to be lost sight of that circular motion is a necessary result of equal action and reaction in
Contrary directions for the [Harmony] would be disturbed by variation of distance if the motion were rectilinear
The same action and reaction are therefore only to be preserved by a reciprocal circular motion
no attraction
And no projectile force are therefore necessary?
Their invention must be regarded as blunders of a superstitious age
If the bodies came near while moving the same way there would be no mutual reaction and they would go together for want of reaction
And not owing to that mechanical impossibility called attraction
to accommodate the hypothetical law of universal gravitation
to the phenomena of the Planet
astronomers have referred to change the mean density of my itself in the earth for comparison being taken at a density of
1000 to accommodate mercury to the assumed law it is taken as
[2,585]
venus
1024 Mars
656 Jupiter 201 Saturn 103 and
Herschel 218
Consequently we [have] the Paradox that jupiter
1290 times larger than the Earth contains, what 323 times more atoms Saturn
1107 times Larger, but a hundred and fourteen times more atoms
Even the sun according to these theorists is but one-fourth the density of the Earth
There may be differences
But chemistry and all the laws that unite and compound atoms are utterly at variance with so rash and Wild and hypothesis
It is [a] waste of time to break a butterfly on [a] wheel
But as astronomy and all sciences beset with fancies about attraction and repulsion. It is necessary to eradicate them
If there are two bodies, and it is required to move a to see
the Forest moving a to see must proceed from the side a
Either some impact or some involvement of a motion towards C. Must act at 8 to carry 8 to see
The Modern Schools however assert that b. May move a to see
and a move b to C, and this is mutual attraction and
It is necessary [to] believe that B
Acts on the side a where b is not present and that a acts on B on the Side B
Where a is not present in other words a is required to be where it is not and also be in for today?
so as to move b to [C] all of which is absurd if
In any case a and B
Approach it is not because a moves be towards self or b moves a towards self
but owing to some causes which affect the space in which [a] [and] B are situated and
Which causes act on a a and on the at B?
The statement that a moves b. And B moves a is ignorance and is what is meant by attraction
It is also worse than ignorance to justify idleness by asserting that the true cause is indifferent
Or to justify ignorance by asserting that it is unknowable
This reasoning applies to every species of attraction
Whatever may be the pomposity of the equivocal terms in which it is described
universally bodies cannot push other bodies towards themselves
if
A and b are said to repel one another and that b makes a move to C and a makes b move to D
We have to bear in mind that while a is moving to C
it is enforced only in that direction and cannot therefore be moving be Towards D in
Like Manner While B is moving to D
It is enforced only in that direction and cannot therefore be enforced in the contrary direction so as to move a to see
every species and variety of attraction and repulsion are therefore absurd
Matter is in all cases the conductor of motion if a body moves it is because it is [the] patient of some sufficient
Momentum of body or matter acting on the side from which the body moves and only in Force in that direction
some adopters of attraction ETc talked by False analogy of
drawing others of Pulling
lifting ETC
Laplace invents gravitating atoms and gives them a velocity of [six] [thousand] times that of light
Which in some way known only to himself?
performs the work of bringing the body in
others Imagine Little hooks
As to drawing pulling ETc it behooves them to show the tackle [the] [leavers] the ropes Etc
in spite of all the learning
ingenuity and elaborations of men confessedly very able
if there is not and cannot be any action of the nature of attraction and if the phenomena ascribed to it our local effects of
Palpable local causes and if all the phenomenon and involvement may be clearly explained on different principles
Then it may be to be lamented that so much ability and character should have been wasted
while a respect for truth and sound reasoning
Demands that the whole should be too forgotten as a dream or demolished as a card house
professor Airy in his lectures on astronomy [fifth] Edition page 194 informs us
Newton was the first person who made a calculation of the figure of the earth on the theory of gravitation
He took the following supposition as the only one to which his theory could be applied
He assumed the Earth to be a fluid
This fluid matter he assumed to be equally dense in every part
For trial of his theory he supposed the assumed Fluid Earth to be a spheroid in
This manner he inferred that the form of the Earth
would be a spheroid in which the length of the shorter is - the longer or
equatorial diameter and in the proportion of two to nine [to] [2:30]
The New Principia by N. Crossland contains the Following
In ascending a hill we experienced a hard struggle and feel more fatigued than when walking on the level ground
Why is this?
Newtonian attributes this to the attraction of gravitation of the Earth against the pole of which we have to contend
but if he would be consistent with his theories of the attraction of gravitation
Diminishes inversely as the square of the distance from the center [of] the Earth
We ought in defiance of experience to feel it to be less laborious to ascend a hill
Than to promenade the same distance on level ground
because as we ascend we recede from the center of the Earth and
Therefore the Force of gravitation ought to diminish in a corresponding degree
the Newtonian can only get over this difficulty by a species of scientific quibbling
According to the definition of weight I have given the solution of the problem is perfectly simple
in ascending a hill a man comes in conflict with the laws [of] the natural tendency of
anybody
Assisting the easiest and shortest route to its level of stability
He chooses the very reverse and must therefore endure the consequences of acting in opposition to this law at
Every step he has to lift his own weight and the higher he
Mounts the more he feels the influence of the law which he defies
His easiest and more direct course to obey the law of weight is to remain where [he] is
The next is to descend to a lower level
the attraction of gravitation is said to be stronger at the surface of the Earth then at a distance [from] it is it so
If I spring upwards perpendicularly, I cannot ascend more than four feet from the ground
but if I jump in a curve with a low trajectory
Keeping my highest elevation about three feet. I might clear out a bound the space above the earth of eighteen feet
so that
Practically I can overcome the so-called Force or pull at the distance of four feet in the proportion of 18 [to] [4]
Being the very reverse of what I ought to be able to do according to the Newtonian hypothesis
Again take the case of a shot propelled from a cannon
by the force of the explosion and the influence of the reputed act of gravitation the shot forms a parabolic curve and
Finally follows to the Earth
Here we may ask why if the forces are the same these direct impulse and gravitation?
does not the shot form an orbit like that of a planet and revolve around the [Earth] the
Newtonian may reply it because the Impulse which propelled the shot is temporary and the Impulse which propelled the planet is permanent
Precisely, so but why is the impulse permanent in the case of the planet revolving the sun? What is the cause of this permanent?
We are asked by the Newtonian to believe that the action of [gravity]
Which we can easily overcome by the slightest exercise of volition in raising a hand or a foot is so
Overwhelmingly violent when we lose our balance fall a distance of a few feet that this force which is imperceptible under usual conditions
May under extraordinary circumstances caused a fracture of every limb we possess
common sense must reject this interpretation
Gravitation does not furnish [a] satisfactory explanation of the phenomena here described
Whereas the definition of weight already given does
For a body seeking in the radius manner its level of stability would produce precisely the results experienced
if the influence which kept us securely attached to this earth were identical with that which is powerful enough to disturb A
Distant planet in its orbit could be more immediately conscious of its masterful presence and potency
Whereas this influence is so impotent in the very spot where it is supposed to be the most dominant that we find an insurmountable
difficulty in accepting the idea of its existence
Fortunately for our faculty of locomotion the Newtonian hypothesis may be rejected as a snare and a delusion
It is quite amusing to watch, Newtonian and Darwinian floundering about in their attempts to expound the mysteries of creation
Their theories are as ridiculous of the fashion which once prevailed for [Delacruz] can po and they ought to be treated with equal severity
the Team's quite possible that during the last 200 years we've been living in a sort of scientific fool's paradise and that
universal gravitation is a gigantic Newtonian Mayor's net as
A theoretical Scientific guide, we must give up, sir Isaac
Newton as useless and misleading and allow this reputation to retire into private life in
knowledge of the 17th and 24th February 1882
there appeared a discourse on the birth of the moon by title evolution
By [doctor] ball the astronomer Royal for Ireland which I should say is without exception the most elusive and absurd
Contribution ever made to so-called science
At one time I thought that Parallax who told us that the earth was a flat plane like a plate
Was the most misguided man in the kingdom?
but I now believe that he is quite entitled to the take rank and scientific wisdom and
To sit down on an equality with [the] astronomer Royal of Devil
[I] have courted a length on this important matter and the evidence here produced besides very much more in the same direction for
Which I have not the space here shows clearly that there is no such force as gravitation in existence anywhere
One of the world's So-called Great thinkers J
As [mill] is quoted in professor Carpenter's nature and man page 385 the same although
We speak of a man's fall is caused by the slipping of his foot or the breaking of a rum as the case may be
The efficient cause is the attractive force of the Earth?
Which the loss of support to the man's foot brings into operation?
If a man is not deeper than to believe what this deep thinker has left on record in this matter
If he has no more brain power than to accept the foregoing statement
I would strongly advise him to cease thinking [altogether] and thus save the few brains he has
It is simply astounding that men who in business matters are sharp enough
[oh] as dull as bricks and as credulous as children when the awe-inspiring
Subject of gravitation that grand masterpiece of astronomy is the scene
To ask the reason why or to venture to suggest that the assumptions of the learning require some sort of proof to back them up?
Never seems to strike Moderns who [believed] in this monstrous humbug
[Eggy] burn in sun Moon and stars page 27 says
If the sun is pulling with such power at the Earth and all her sister planets. Why do they not fall down upon him a
Very proper question truly and when this question is propounded to astronomers they cannot give an answer was recording
They simply do not know how to [answer] the question without stultifying their common sense
But the above writer. Thinks it can be answered so says
did you ever tie a ball to a string and swing it rapidly round and round your head if
You did you must have noticed the steady outward pull of the ball
the Steady Outward pull of the ball clearly implies that the ball has
Intelligence and knows [just] what to do so as to prevent its hitting the head of the operator
The Outward pull of a ball which is fastened to the hand of the operator by a string is
clearly impossible
If the operator sees to impella trout and round his head by the mechanical [attachment] and the power he exerts and swinging it round
the ball would seek its level of stability and falls to the ground and
As this illustration is used to teach. What gravitation is and how it acts
We shall just follow the illustration to its logical conclusion and see where the theory is
the illustration implies that between all the bodies in the universe
There is a connecting link like a string which keeps the body that attracts attached to the body that is attracted
This connecting link in the case of the ball is the string now we could readily understand gravitation of this illustration
Conveyed to us by the ball in the string were a correct representation of fact
But we very naturally ask. What is the connecting link?
what is the string of what does it consist and
Of what do all the connecting links between the sun [and] the myriad orbs of Heaven consist?
would not the strings get somewhat entangled as
This connecting link ever been observed anywhere the answer to these pertinent questions
Is that there is no connecting link in existence?
When the missing link is produced we are prepared to admit all the gravitation theorists teach on the subject
Until then we Shall continue to regard it as the myth
It undoubtedly is
But we are not done with the illustration yet the ball and string device sets forth that the body that attracts is not only
Connected with the body attracted
But that the former is the motive power of the latter that the sun is the [power] which compels the Earth to Revolve [round] it
Even as the motive power of the ball is the exertion of the hand of the operator
Without the connecting link the Earth would fall according to the astronomers in a rectilinear path forever
but what these wise men do not see and which is a necessary part [of] a theory [as]
Represented by the ball and string idea is that the motive power also must come from the sun?
Without this motive power and the connecting link the whole of the theory falls to pieces
There is no motive power in the sun to cause the earth to revolve around it
And there is no connecting link between the sun [and] the earth to keep the ladder in its position
consequently the theory of Universal gravitation
has no existence [in] fact
He who cannot reason as a fool he who will not read and is a bigot
he who dares not reason is a coward, but he who can and there's two reason is a man if
the reader can and dares to reason let him reason this matter out and discover whether
astronomy [as] drummed into children's heads at school and
Vauntingly displayed with many pictures from public platforms has one inch of standing ground or one
Reason to offer as an apology for its further existence and power to befool mankind longer
you
you
the flood as we have seen was caused by the opening of the netting of heaven and the fountains of the abyss the
Heaven or sky is an expanse for the clouds
strong as Molten near [Jobe]
37:18 and was made on the second day of creation to separate the waters above from the waters below
Hast thou come to the springs of the sea asks. God
[3816]
It was formerly the opinion of Christian writers that these Springs or fountains are in the central, Norton
Confined by the impenetrable walls of ice which were broken down at the flood
However, when Noah had entered the ark from Heaven and abyss rushed the waters to fulfill god's purpose to destroy the Earth with its
Inhabitants and
The rending of rocks the shattering of hills the breaking up of Earth's strata the piling up, mass upon
Mass Wherein were buried animals and plants to be dug up many centuries afterwards
all lands were filled with the wreck of the old world [a] terrible warning to all future ages of the commission of unrighteousness and
Let it be noted that the petrifaction of fossils is not surprising
Seeing that the Earth was wholly sunk under the water for [a] whole year?
Even geologists confessed that a degree of petrifaction [has] no proof of the antiquity of a fossil
The mere amount of change that which the fossil has undergone
is not by any means a proof of the length of time that has a lab since it was buried in the earth as
That amount depends so largely on the nature of the material on which it was entombed and on the circumstances that have since surrounded it
Jukes page 190 quote then what was the origin of the rocks indeed of the entire Earth?
aqueous according to genesis 1:1
[-] in the beginning of God's framing the heavens and the Earth
The Earth was in loose atoms and empty
Where were the loose atoms in the abyss of waters and God on the [3rd] day of creation?
Consolidated all into rocks
Stratified and unn stratified causing the land to appear
But why is man not found as a fossil embedded among the rocks as are the animals the answer is not difficult
Before the flood man was not so prolific as now
during the
1656 Years of the Old world there were according to moses only 10 generations counting from Adam to [Noah]
Noah during six hundred years had only three sons
However, let us Reckon approximately the antediluvian population allowing eight children to each couple
first Generation to second Generation [eight] third Generation [Thirty-two] fourth Generation
128 Fifth Generation Five Twelve six generation
2048 Seventh Generation
[8,192] eighth Generation
[32,768] ninth Generation
131,000
7210 Station Five Hundred Twenty four thousand two hundred eighty eight the
Sum is six hundred [ninety] nine thousand and fifty and the whole human [population]
Before the flood might not amount to one-sixth of the population of London
Be it remembered that mankind in the old world dwelt in asiatic turkey speaking the same language
And it was not till after Noah's death that the dispersion from Babbles over the Earth took place
asiatic turkey Contains at Present fifteen Million Human beings
And [they're] only could fossilized man be found but extent if at all has that country been geologically examined
possible to deliver men from the spell and sorcery of great names
If only a fabler Lie is called scientific and fathered by a writer reputed a great man
How many thousands believed at once without proof?
is it not as hard to turn men from the worship of their fellow worms [as]
To turn a hindu from the worship of sticks and stones
The scientific [favorites] of newspapers scribblers are alerted over with flattery until the reputation of greatness is attained
And to argue against pet scientific fictions is only to provoke silly Jesting or astonishment
at the presumption of daring to differ from the scientific [slave-drivers]
Will any of their slaves of science dare to be free or use their common sense is?
Geology not at issue of suppositions from beginning to end let us see
The geologists managed to get dupes some disguised infidel who has had sufficient influence to obtain a professorship
some disguised infidel who has had sufficient influence to obtain a
Professorship in a college writes a book [about] the creation in which he attempts to prove to the entire satisfaction of atheistic
Journalists that the world made itself without the help of [God] at all
Of course the blasphemous character of the book has carefully veiled
Less soft-headed religionists take alarm the book does not sell
perhaps even a pious wine is [dropped] so that the work of judas may be done more effectually and
The author is repeated so very great a man for all the newspapers say it
By the way of preface astronomy is appealed to as a science, so [well-established] that none
But fools object to it therefore the reader must imagine all the vast continents and oceans making up a ball
No larger than the schoolroom globe
Next he is assured that recent researches and science have proved that those lights the sun moon and stars
Consist of the very same constituents of the Earth and sea as well as the Nebulae which science supposes to be clouds of glowing gas
so all these must have had a common origin and
Therefore the simpleton must next imagine the schoolroom globe along with the sun moon and stars
Changed into a quantity of fiery gas in
The beginning how many million years ago science cannot yet? Decide was gas
Is the dogma of Geology, but he dare not ask about the origin of the gas itself?
Then the mesmerist requires him to suppose that all the fiery, mass
Very conveniently Began to cool
Particularly a quantity in the center which also whirled about until it became the sun
The victim of duplicity is next set to suppose that other quantities also cools until they changed into planets
Especially one quantity went on cooling until it very conveniently became the Earth ball with a rocky crust and though on fire
Originally get a portion of it changed into all the oceans and [seen]
In the study of science does Dr.. Dick in his book on Geology
One is permitted to suppose anything if he will but remember and acknowledge to others that he only makes up positions
Will give reasons to show that his suppositions may be true and be ready at any time to give up his
subdivisions when facts go against them
The last of these two sub positions namely the gradual cooling of the world
From a state of intense heat is often made by those who wish to form to themselves a notion of how the rocks and rivers?
Mountains and plains of the world have been brought to exist as they are page 10
Can the foolish geologists instead of making these absurd?
Suppositions, not believe the fact that God made the world as stated on God don't [authority]
instead however of opening their eyes they further suppose that despite the cooling as
Much fire remained inside the ball as heat up the Rocky crust into Mountain chains
Whilst the waters went on channeling [and] leveling so as to make all the river and ocean beds
Then the Rivers would carry down to lakes and seas matter containing animal and vegetable remains to form sediment
Which we must suppose hardened after millions of years into rocks, especially the stratified ones
The unstrap I'd rock being supposed due to the original fire
All these atheistic suppositions are expressed in words of Greek origin
So as to amaze the gaping simpleton
[rocks] immediately above the unstrap I'd are called metamorphic
Next in ascending order are the paleozoic or primary the Mesozoic or secondary?
the [Kano] zoic including the tertiary and quarternary
The Guesses about fossils make up paleontology
now let it be observed that not one of these sub positions is even probable who ever saw gas changed into granite or a
Fiery vapor in the water or a River channel its own bed
Is there within the memory of mankind one considerable Mountain more or less on the Earth notwithstanding volcanic eruptions and earthquakes?
One considerable county more or less or what continent has materially changed its shape
What do fossils prove the following is a confession from [Scourge] [latest] Geology?
page 101
Quote so imperfect is the record of the Earth's history as told in these rocks
That we can never hope to fill up completely all the gaps in the chain of life
The testimony of the Rocks has been well compared to a history of which only a few imperfect volumes remain to us
The missing portions of which we can only fill up by Conjecture, but botanist
But would despair of restoring the vegetation of wood and fields from the dry leaves that autumn Scatters
Yet from less than this the geologist has to form all his ideas of past flores
Can we wonder then the imperfection of the Geological world?
Indeed it is confessed that the age of a fossil is not determined [by] the degree [of] its petrification
but by the age of the rock in which it is embedded and the age of the rock by its position among the strata of
Men in these last days become so silly that with old bones and stones and foot marks
They may be led to deny the very [God] that made them
But was not this folly foretold ages ago by the inspired Hebrew prophets
each layer of Rocks is supposed by a geologist [who] have occupied an indefinite number of millions of years in
The age of the Earth is still more a mystery to them
Professor Thompson who is [a] scientific dictator has however?
announced that the solidification of the Earth could not have taken less than 20 million years and not more than 400 million years and
So that the date of the world's beginning is somewhere between these two numbers
Some time ago geologists proved from Scientific Data to their own entire satisfaction and out of their dupes
That the Earth is a ball of liquid fire with a thin crust of rock
So that at a depth of 25 miles the rocks must melt and at 150 they would go off in Vapour
Dr.. Dicks Natural History Page 12
But professor thompson has found out that those sub positions
do not square [with] the supposition of gravitation and
Accordingly he supposes rather that the mass of the Earth cannot be much less rigid than a global steel of the same size would be
Get there there must be some quantity of the fiery liquid left in the interior enough at least to cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
What [concurring] the Imaginary globe of the astronomer needs?
you
some geologists such as jukes are not certain whether the earth was a Molten mass at first and
Whether granite is of igneous or aqueous origin?
Formerly rocks were classified as primary transition Secondary tertiary reason
But now by a new arrangement [the] transition area rocks are denied any place in the series
[jukes] says that he holds views with regard to the Devonian period Which differ from those taken?
By most geologists and that the question is hardly at settled page 203
Also regarding the stratified rocks he observes
That at one [time] it was thought [that] there was some essential distinction in the nature of these rocks in their mode of formation
It is now known or thought that the primary rocks when first formed were exactly like the corresponding secondary and tertiary
That at one time it was thought there was some essential distinction
[that] there was some essential distinction in the nature of these rocks and their mode of formation
It is now known that the primary rocks when first formed were exactly like the corresponding secondary and tertiary
page 202
Indeed is there anything certain about geology except that it is disguised atheism, denying. God the creator
Geologists professed to prove extinct species of course they can produce large bones to show that at one time
There were large elephants and lizards, but [are] big dogs. Not dogs as really as little ones
is it a fact according to moses there were human Giants before the flood and
That since the lower animals have degenerated in size and age as well as men need not surprise this 19th century of crime and infidelity
But the trick of comparative anatomy is to claim with an old bone the power of reproducing the sketch of the entire animal?
though Formerly unknown
it's a monkey I'd been unknown to Darwin and the
scientists would they have been able by seeing one hand only to tell that that beast has four hands if
Zoologist think the serpents once had wings or feet let them read genesis
3:14 on thy Belly shalt thou go
Let scientists, [err] concluding that any kind of animal has become extinct consider the words of jukes on
Quote as all the truth about anything whatever is absolutely unattainable by us
It would only lead us astray if we required it from Geology for reason as if we had attained at page 202
but recently the existence of the gorilla became known
What of the leviathan [the] [Swift] serpent the crooked serpent the dragon that [is] in the sea?
ISaiah
27 is it not chiefly the fossilized bones of the sea serpent that?
Geologists are exhibiting as the remains of extinct species of a vast size
the wonder the present existence of the Leviathan is so Eagerly Denied s
laying in his modern science and modern thought page 27 informs us that
quote
the total thickness of known Strata is about a hundred Thirty thousand feet or
25 miles of this about 30,000 feet [belonged] to the laurentian which is the oldest known stratified deposit?
eighteen Thousand to the cambrian and
TWenty-Two Thousand to the silurian
These formed together. What is known as the primary or
paleozoic epoch
Mr.. Lang is very careful to omit the names of those who [know] strata for a depth of 25 miles
Can it be that he [has] been down there himself if so?
We may expect to have further revelations as to the contents of the bowels of the Earth
But no he cannot have been there before [he] tells us a little further on page 37
quote at this rate of increase water would boil at a depth of [10,000] feet and
Iron and all other metals would be melted before we reached
100,000 feet
We are thus satisfied that the gifted author was not actually there
Or he would have been melted in company with iron and all other metals
This is a relief and enables us to at once and forever dispose of his wild theories as baseless assumptions
In a certain case before the magistrate the culprit hardly liked to say that the witness against him was telling a lie
So he mildly said that the witness was handling the truth very carelessly
When Mr.. Lang has the impertinence to tell us what lies below the surface of the earth for a depth of 25 miles
We are bound to say that he handles the truth in a careless and most reprehensible Manner
With the usUal unqualified manner for [which] scientists have become famous
Mr.. Lane goes on to say quote
Reasoning from these facts assuming the rate of change in the forms of life to have been the same formerly
Lyle has arrived at the conclusion that Geology requires a period of not less than
200 million of years to account for the phenomena, which it discloses
[to] reason from
Facts, and then to assume something which in its very essence is utterly incapable of proof is bad enough
but
[to] miss call fictions facts and then to add on to them whatever
Assumption is necessary to maintain the result in keeping with the theory with which the start was made
Is so atrocious that we are again forced to the conclusion [that]?
geologists are lost in the fog of their own creation and cannot find their way through the millions of ages of their own imagination to
Anything having the remotest bit of truth in [it]?
Once more and I have done with Mr.. Lang and his geology
He informs us in the work already referred to that quote
The law of Gravity which is the [foundation] of most of what we call the natural laws of geological action?
has certainly prevailed as
Will be shown [later]
Through the enormous periods of geological time and far beyond this we can discern [it] operating in those
astronomical changes by which Cosmic matter has been condensed [into] nebulae
Nebulae into suns throwing off planets and planet throwing off satellites as they cooled and contracted
the laws of Geological action being based on a myth
the laws of Gravitation
Geology itself may be thrown off into space without any ill effects being felt anywhere
Geology and astronomy [as] a present taught by the school men are nothing more than fables
Here what the future of February 1892 says quote
astronomers are very fond of boasting of the wonderful exactness of their science and that it is based on the principles of
Incontrovertible Mathematics and of ridiculing astrology as a pseudoscience
the exactness belongs to practical and not too theoretical astronomy
for example when the writer learned the principles [of] astronomy at school
He was taught the sun was exactly 95 millions of miles from the Earth
Nowadays astronomers say that this was an error and that the sun is [only] 92 millions of miles distant
Newton made the Sun's distance to be 28 Millions of Miles Kepler made it 12 millions
[Martin] 81 Million Admire 104 Millions, Dr.
Woodhouse [who's] professor of astronomy at Cambridge about 50 years ago was so candid as to admit the weakness of the Newtonian speculations?
Woodhouse wrote
However perfect our theory and however simply and satisfactorily the Newtonian
Hypothesis may seem to us to account for all the celestial phenomena yet
We are here compelled to admit the astounding truth that if our premises be disputed and our facts challenged
The whole range of astronomy does not contain the proofs of its own accuracy
the Horizon
According to tables of Curvature compiled to suits the mathematical factors and tentative formulas employed in the imaginary geodetic operations
Which have from time to time been conducted and observatories?
the
Horizon of an observer is distant or near according to the greatness or otherwise of his elevation above the surface of the supposed globe?
if he stands 24 feet above sea level he is said to be in the center of a circle which bounds his vision the
radius of which in any Direction on a clear day is 6 miles [a]
Local gentleman tells me that he has watched a boat race in New Zealand
Seeing the boats all the way out and home the distance being 9 miles from where he was standing on the Beach, I?
Have seen the hull of a steamer
with the naked eye at an elevation of not more than 24 feet at a distance of 12 miles and
In taking observations along the South African coast that sometimes had an Horizon of at least 20 miles
at an elevation of 20 feet only
the distance of the Horizon or vanishing point where the sky appears to touch the earth and [sea] is determined largely by the weather and
When that is clear by the power of our vision?
This is proved by the fact that the telescope will increase the distance of the horizon very greatly
and
Bring objects into view which are entirely beyond the range of vision of the unaided eye
But as no telescope can pierce a segment of water the legitimate conclusion
We are forced to arrive at is that the surface of water is level and that therefore the shape of the world cannot be?
Globular and on such a flat or level surface the greater the elevation of the observer
The Longer will is range of Vision [beat] and thus the farther he can see on the term level
Advocates of the globular form of the world often fall back on the meaning of the term level
Affirming that a level surface means an even surface and not a horizontal or flat one
that is to say that a convex surface if free from
Irregularities is even or level in Metals Standard dictionary 1892
Edition page 409 the following is the definition of level quote?
horizontal even slack on the same line of [plane] this shows [that] level is the same as
horizontal or flat it could not possibly apply to a convex surface in the
cruise of the Falcon by ef night the Following occurs on Page [two] of volume two quote
There are no curves on the way the rails being carried in one perfectly straight line across the level planes
Level here means flat or horizontal as the [plains] in South America are known to be for thousands of square miles
Robinson's new navigation and surveying page 25 says
Quote the spirit level which is usually on the underside of the surveyors transit instrument is
Used to determine a horizontal line a horizontal line is at right Angles to a vertical it is a level line
The Following is from the same work page 33 quote to adjust a theodolite
Measure very carefully the distance between two stations and set the instrument halfway between them
Now bring the level near to one of the [station's]
Level it carefully [insight] the Rod
note the number on the Rod say six feet and have the Rod man go to the other station and
Place his Target on the Rod just six feet
When the telescope is turned upon it the horizontal spider line
Ought to just coincide with the target and will if the instrument is level or in perfect adjustment from the foregoing
It is very clear [that] the level means horizontal and cannot mean convex
Gf chambers in his story of the solar system Pages 84 and 85 quotes, sir
H, holland as seen the [eclipse] moon with the sun above the Horizon. I quote the following from Mr.
Chambers quote this spectacle requires however a combination [of] circumstances
rarely Occurring a
Perfectly clear Eastern and Western Horizon
And an entirely level intervening surface such as that of the sea or [the] African desert unquote in
A lunar eclipse such as described the sun is distant from the moon half a circle or 180 degrees
both luminaries being 90 degrees from the Observer
So that on a convex surface. It would be impossible to see both bodies at the same time
But quite possible from a level or horizontal surface which actually was the case
To see about [6000] miles to the sun on [the] one side and about [6000] miles to the moon on the other side
One would require to be projected 4,000 miles into space
Above the Horizon of [the] globe in order to overcome the convexity in the distance
Thus level we are again assured
Means horizontal or flat or on the same line of [plain] as the dictionary informs us in
the Voyage of A naturalist by Charles Darwin page
328 the Following is stated quote I was reminded of the pampas of Buenos aires by seeing the diSc of the rising sun?
Intersected by an Horizon level as that of the ocean unquote
The surface here referred to with a flat one in such are called Lanos or level Fields in South America
level therefore signifies flat or horizontal
lighthouses
The distance at which lights can be seen at sea entirely disposes of the idea that [we] are living on a huge ball
From attrAct the Bible verses Science by JC
A caster hull, I extract the following quote a lighthouse on the isle of wight
180 feet High St.
Catherine's has recently been fitted with an electric light of such penetrating power
7 million candles that can be seen 42 miles at
that distance according to Modern science the vessel would be
996 feet Below the Horizon
Extract from a letter written by a passenger on board the iBeria orient Lyon RMS. Quote at noon on Thursday
27th of September we were
169 miles from Port sayid by the Ship's log our rate of steaming was
324 Miles in 24 hours at 12 p.m.
We were alongside the lighthouse at port so I eat it having become visible at 7:30 when it was about 58 miles away
It is an ordinary tower about as high as the tower at Spring head 60 feet lit by electricity
unquote according to Modern science the vessel would be
[2,182] feet below the Horizon
extract from Manx Sun July 24th
1894 quote the weather of Late has been very fine
It was a splendid sight on Sunday evening to see the land in [err] in Cumberland
So clear that houses could be seen with the naked eye and the smoke from Whitehaven and other towns could be seen very distinctly
[Ramsay] Bay appeared as if it was enclosed by the surrounding land from Blackcomb to the point of air
[Welney] Light being seen distinctly distance Forty-Five miles end quote in
February
1894 a discussion on the [subject] of the shape of the world was carried on in the Columns of the cape Argus [cape] [town]
By the writer on the one side and three antagonists on the other
From the evidence of the addition the [paper] in a footnote to the first letter of ancient mariner
That [dassin] island light that had been seen from the Beach road at sea point. It was shown that water is level
This light is
155 feet Above Sea level at its focal plane and
According to the published report of the inspector of Public works for 1893 had been seen from the bridge of a mail steamer
More than 40 miles away
this ancient mariner did not believe and asked if anything had gone wrong with the shape of the Earth here about
One of his supporters and a letter to the paper after the editor had stated that the light had been seen from the Beach Road
at Sea Point 33 miles away
Stated that by climbing a hill so many feet the light might be seen
Thus will ignorant prejudiced flan itself in the face of truth
If the Earth were a globe it is evident that [gasps] [an] island life could not be seen from a steamers Bridge 40 miles away
Nor from an elevation of 20 feet at a distance of 33 miles
in the former case
allowing 40 feet for altitude of observer the light would be
871 feet Below the Horizon and in the Latter
551 feet Below at the close of the Controversy I challenged ancient mariner
To test the case by an appeal to an experiment on the waters of Table Bay
And I'm still waiting an acceptance of that challenge I
Am now credibly informed that the bluff light may to learn a towel has been seen at tea from a distance of 30 miles
This light is 282 feet above sea level and should according to the globe. Theory have been
298 feet Below the Horizon
allowing 20 feet for the height of the observer
Another and an unconscious witness to the fact of the horizontality of water is Mr.. Smith of cape point as the following shows a
light from Afar to the Editor [of] the cape times
Quote sir at nine o'clock this evening
the danger point light was distinctly visible to the naked eye from the homestead of cape point about
150 feet Above Sea level this being the first occasion since the erection of the danger point lighthouse on
Which the flashes of light have been noticed by myself?
The light must be most powerful to be seen from a distance of over 50 miles on a clear night I
Timed half a minute interval between each three quick flashes
[kay] Point August 22nd
1894 I am an etcetera [ae] smith in a letter from the engineer of Public works stated [Capetown] Second February?
1898 [I] am informed that quote the focal plane of point danger lighthouses elevated
150 feet above High water level
according to this therefore if the world be a globe the light should have been
1666 Feet Below, Mr.. Smith's Line of sight
in answers of second May
1896 the Following appears quote the steeple or stump as it is locally called of the Parish church of St.
bottles at Boston on the
Southeast coast of Lincolnshire near the wash has long been utilized as a lighthouse
The Tower is 290 feet in height and resembles that of antwerp cathedral
being crowned by a beautiful octagonal lantern
This tower being invisible 40 miles distance serves as a lighthouse to guide
Mariners when entering what are called the Boston and Lynn deep?
According to globular principles this light should be hidden below the Horizon for nearly 800 feet
From music and Morals by Hr. Hollis, I extracted the following
Quote the antwerp spire is 403 feet high from the foot of [the] tower
Strasbourg measures
468 feet from the level of the sea, but less than 403 feet from the level of the plane
By the clear morning light from the steeple at notre Dom at Antwerp the panoramas can hardly be surpassed
126 Steeples may be counted Far and near Facing Northward the scheldt
Winds away until it loses itself in a white line which is none other than the North sea
by the aid of a telescope ships can be distinguished out on the horizon and the captains declare they can see the lofty spire at
150 miles distance
Middleburg at 75 miles
pleasing 65 miles
Are also visible from the sepal looking Towards Holland we can distinguish breda and walla do each about?
54 miles off the
Above spire would be out of sight a mile below the Horizon [at] a distance of 150 miles
And as no telescope can piece a segment of water
the conclusion is that water is level the
[Earth] review of July
1894 Says
The captain of the ss
Milo referring to the question as to how far a powerful light can be seen says
The other day when off skagen the rays from Hanselman Lighthouse were distinctly visible though the light was fully
72 Miles away
Mr.. B. Wrote and asked how the light could be seen unless the lighthouse was
[3500] feet Above Sea level this is the official reply II received quote
Editorial Department titbits December 21st 1892
The paragraph you referred to was sent to me by the captain of the ss. Milo, and he vouched for its accuracy
Under these circumstances, I cannot enter into a discussion as to the possibility of his being able to see it or not
Ps. Mr. Be allowed that the reported [observation] was made from a Masthead
100 feet above Sea level in
the Argos annual for 1894 the stated on Pages 207 and 271
The natal Learned natal [blast] light 292 feet above water level has been seen at a distance of 30 miles
According to globe measurements. It should have been about 300 feet below the line of sight
The natal Mercury of 18th july 1898 States the Cape Agulhas Lighthouse is to be reconstructed
To allow the introduction of a flashlight a lighthouse erected two miles from fish River has been completed
The Tower is 33 feet high and 238 feet above sea level and [the] flashlight is visible for over 50 miles
this light would be
1400 feet Below an Observers line-of-sight at an elevation of 28 feet if the world was a globe
the following is extracted from Scraps of
27 August 1898 quote I have recently received the following letter
Which I confess frogs me
Just about as much as the writer of it complains of being [flogged] sir in your issue number
[772] You give an account of the Lighthouse at New York
Liberty enlightening the world
you say the light can be seen 60 miles away at sea, and I think you must be mistaken [a]
Textbook I have by me on surveying and leveling gives 8 inches per mile
actually seven point nine six two inches as
The Correction to be made for Curvature of the Earth's surface in setting out canals
Railways Etc
Varying inversely with the square of the distance plus 60 by 60 by eight divided by 12 equals
2,400 feet and
making allowance for the light being
326 feet above Sea level [it] should be two thousand and seventy four feet
below the Horizon at sixty Miles
Now one either your figures are wrong or to the weight of the [statue] is [flatten] the earth for sixty miles
[Roundabout] or
Three surveyors do not allow eight inches for Curvature
and let their canals and Railways stick out over the side of [yours] like gigantic fishing rods, [I]
Confess. I am and a fog can you enlighten me in your facts and fancies Column yours truly foggy end
Quote. I won't attempt to analyze [froggies] fogging calculations, but he is certainly very wrong
Any navigator will tell you that the Horizon is visible at about [fifteen] miles from the hurricane deck of a steamer?
At [twenty] from the Bridge deck and a proportionately greater distance from the Masset
but beyond this you have to remember the added penetration given to lighthouse lights by means of
refraction and reflection
End quote a light can only be seen on the surface of a globe
At a distance the square [of] which multiplied by 8 inches nearly is equal to a type
this applies no matter how powerful the light may be
because no light can pierce the water nor can the natural eye with or without a
Telescope Glass do so
But so someone there is no allowance made for refraction in any of the foregoing calculations
That is quite true, but constitutes no valid objection in the light of the following extract from the encyclopedia
Britannica article
[levelling] quote we suppose the visual rays to be a straight line
whereas on account of the unequal densities of the Air at at different distances from the Earth the rays of light are
incubated by refraction
[the] effect of this is to lessen the difference between the true and apparent levels
But in such an extremely variable and uncertain Manner
that if any constant or fixed allowance is made for it in formula or tables it will often lead to a greater error than
What it was intended to obviate?
For though the refraction may add a mean compensate for about one seventh of the curvature of the Earth
if sometimes exceeds one-fifth and at other times does not amount to
115
We have therefore
Made no allowance for refraction in the foregoing formula
We are fairly entitled to conclude therefore from the reliable Data furnished as to how far lights that C can be seen
That the world is again an extended plane and not the globe of astronomical
speculation
the midnight Sun
Em Paul [b]. Do shy you?
Published a Few years ago a work entitled the land of the midnight sun of which the following are extracts
The sun at midnight is always north of the observer on account of the position of the Earth
It seems to travel around in a circle
Requiring 24 hours for its completion it being noon when it reaches the greatest elevation
in midnight at the lowest
Its ascent and descent are so imperceptible at the pole in the variation so slight that
It sinks south very slowly and its disappearance below the Horizon is almost immediately followed by its reappearance
We have here spoken as if the observer were on a level with the [Horizon]
But should he climb a mountain [the] sun of course will appear higher and should he instead of traveling 15 miles north?
[crime] about 220 feet above the sea level each day. He would see it in the same as if he had gone north
Consequently if he stood at the Arctic circle at that elevation and had an unobstructed view of the Horizon
He would see the sun one [day] sooner hence tourists from Haparanda Prefer going to [Abbas] axa a hill
680 feet Above the Sea from Which
you
From which though eight or [10] miles south of the arctic [circle] they can see the midnight sun for three days
as
The voyage drew to a close and we approached the upper end of the gulf of Bothnia
The Twilight had disappeared and between the settling and rising of the sun hardly one hour elapsed
Haparanda is 65 degrees 51 minutes, North Latitude and 41 miles south of the Arctic circle
it is 1 degree in 18 minutes farther North than Arc Angle Ski or
Archangel and in the same latitude as the most northern part of Iceland the sun rises on the 21st of June at
12:01 a.m., and sets at 11:37 p.m.
From the 22nd to the 25th of June the traveler may enjoy the sight of the midnight sun from [avice] axa a hill
680 feet High and about 45 miles distant on
The other side of the stream and should he be a few days later by driving North on the High Road
He may still have the opportunity of seeing it
If the Earth be a globe at midnight the I would have to penetrate thousands of miles of land and water
even at 65 degrees North Latitude in order to see the sun at midnight that
[the] sun can be seen for days together in the far north during the Northern Summer
Proves that there is something [very] seriously wrong with the globular hypothesis
besides this
How is it that the midnight sun [is] never seen in the [south] during the Southern Summer cooke penetrated as far as South 71 degrees?
[Weddell] in 1893 reached as far as 74 degrees and sir James C ross in 1841 and 1842
reached the 78th parallel
But but I am not aware that any of these
Navigators have left it on record that the sun was seen at midnight in the south
Captain [Woodside] of the American [Barkin] [Tyne] Echo a cape town on 26 June 1898
reports that he had been a good deal in the
reports that he had been a good deal in the great Southern ocean and often went in latitude 62 degrees south
He has had a kind of daylight all night, but not sufficient to read by but the midnight sun was never seen
Since writing the foregoing I have received from the secretary of the Royal Belgian geographical society [a] paper entitled
Expedition antarctic [belch] in this paper. It is stated by lieutenant. De Guerre Lash the commander of the expedition that on
17th made the Sunset and was not seen above our Horizon again until 21st july
This was during the severe as part of the winter at Latitude 71 degrees 36 minutes south
On Pages 9 and 10 of the same pamphlet it is stated that the ship quitted her winter quarters on the 14th February
She had thus been a winter and a summer in the ice of that latitude
during the winter the extraordinary phenomena of total darkness caused by the total disappearance of the sun for two months is duly recorded and
Had the sun been seen at midnight in the summer
It is only natural and reasonable that such another extraordinary phenomenon should have been chronicled
But there is not one word in the pamphlet about the matter
We conclude therefore that there is no midnight sun in the south
the midnight sun can be seen in the [north] during the summer at 66 degrees of latitude and
If [there] [be] the same extraordinary phenomenon in the south it must have been seen at the latitude the [Bélgica] reach much sooner and longer
Than it is in the North at Latitude 66
motions of deer in
the story of the Heavens by Saurabh all the following accounts of the motions of the Earth Globe are given page 3
it became certain that whatever were the shape of the earth it was at all events something to catch from all other bodies and
poised without visible support in space
you
