One of the things I love about astronomy is
how it’s rapidly changing and evolving over
time. Every day there are new discoveries,
and advancements in theories that take us
incrementally forward in our understanding
of the Universe.
One of the best examples of this is dark matter;
mysterious and invisible but a significant
part of the Universe and accounting for the
vast majority of mass out there.
It was first theorized almost 100 years ago
when astronomers surveyed the total mass of
distant galaxy clusters and found that the
visible mass we can see must be just a fraction
of the total material in the clusters. When
you add up the stars and gas, galaxies move
and rotate in ways that indicate there’s
a huge halo of invisible matter surrounding
it.
Some of the best evidence came from Vera Rubin
and Kent Ford in the 60s and 70s, when they
measured the rotational velocity of edge-on
spiral galaxies. They estimated that there
must be about 6 times as much dark matter
as regular matter.
Dark matter became a serious mystery in astronomy,
and many observers and theorists have spent
the last half century trying to work out what
it is.
And dark matter hasn’t given up its secrets
easily. Originally, astronomers thought it
might not actually be invisible mass, but
a misunderstanding of how gravity works at
the largest scales.
But over the last few decades, techniques
have been developed, using the gravity of
dark matter itself to measure how it bends
light from more distant objects. Astronomers
don’t know what dark matter is, but they’re
able to use it as a telescope. Now that’s
impressive.
They’ve found amazing features in the dark
matter web out there, vast walls and filaments
defining the largest scale structures in the
Universe. Clusters where dark matter and its
gas have been separated from each other.
Remember, we are at the cutting edge of this
mystery, and you’re watching it unfold in
real time. 25 years from now, I’m sure we’ll
look back at our quaint attempts to understand
dark matter.
One of the most interesting questions I have
right now is: could there be dark matter galaxies?
Completely invisible to our eyes, but able
to interact through gravity?
Of course, in times like this, I like to bring
in a ringer. Someone who has dedicated their
life to the study of these questions.
And today, I’ve got with my Sarah Pearson,
a graduate student in astronomy at Columbia
University and the host of “Space with Sarah”.
Sarah studies the formation and interactions
of dwarf galaxies surrounding the Milky Way
to understand how galaxies built up at the
earliest times in the Universe and form the
large galaxies we see at present day.
Sarah, welcome to the Guide to Space:
Sarah: Hi Fraser, thanks.
Fraser: Can you talk a little bit about how
astronomers map out the distribution of dark
matter in the Universe?
Sarah: Yes, definitely. So that is a hard
question, as you just explained, we don’t
see the dark matter. But one assumption about
the Universe we live in is that the light
matter or baryonic matter. For example, what
you, me and stars consist of, and also galaxies,
kind of trace out where the dark matter is
located.
So one assumption is that the light matter
follows the dark matter. In that way we can
actually map out to huge distances, kind of
how galaxies and clusters of galaxies are
located in our Universe. And we imagine that
the dark matter structure is somewhat similar.
And also recently, very large scale structure
simulations of our own Universe have addressed
this by kind of starting out with an almost
uniform distribution of dark matter in the
very early Universe. And what they see is
when they let the Universe evolve in time,
for example, when the Universe is expanding,
you kind of have these dark matter clumps
forming into galaxies in all these filaments
that you discussed.
You can kind of trace out the location of
dark matter by understanding the expansion
of space versus gravity that creates the galaxies
that we see.
Fraser: And I know in the observations that
you see these different distributions of matter
and dark matter, it’s not the perfect 1:6
radio that I just mentioned before. You actually
see clumping of dark matter that’s sometimes
separated from regular matter. So can you
actually have whole galaxies that are entirely
made of dark matter?
Sarah: Yes, that’s one of the topics I’m
super excited about. I work on some of these
dark matter only galaxies, and the way you
can think about it is that the dark matter
is almost uniformly distributed in the early
Universe. But some of it is slightly denser
than other parts, which collapses down into
galaxies. And a lot of those galaxies will
actually be a lot smaller than the Milky Way.
And because they’re so small, they have
a hard time actually holding onto the matter
within them.
We think that when star formation turned on
in these galaxies, you might actually blow
out a lot of the gas that might create more
stars, but you won’t blow out the dark matter.
That means you could end up with these small
tiny galaxies that only have dark matter.
They might have some gas, but they’re very
hard for us astronomers to find.
Fraser: Well, if they are dark matter, and
the dark matter is invisible, how do we find
them?
Sarah: Oh, great question. So for example,
around our own galaxy Milky Way, it’s hypothesized
in our current paradigm of cosmology and the
way we think about the Universe, there should
actually be thousands of dark matter clumps,
these dark matter galaxies, kind of orbiting
our own galaxy.
Some of these might be destroyed when they
pass through the huge Milky Way disk, that’s
one way of destroying them. The smaller ones
might be destroyed just by the tides as they
orbit around the galaxy. However, we imagine
that some of them might survive. Actually
they can plough through what we call stellar
streams, which are formed when a real galaxy
falls into our own Milky Way and tidally stretched
out. You should be able to see these density
signatures in the stellar stream, and that
might indicate what type of dark matter halo
that ploughed through them.
Fraser: You hinted at a way that they could
form. You’ve got these stars as they’re
early forming and blasting themselves apart
and the clump of dark matter can’t hold
onto them, so that part is gone. Is that the
main way these might form, are there other
ways you can get these dark galaxies?
Sarah: A different hypothesis is if you have
an AGN, an active galactic nuclei within a
galaxy from a black hole, you could actually
that way blow out a lot of the gas from a
galaxy as well. But it’s still not really
clear to us astronomers what type of galaxies
and if small galaxies would have these active
galactic nuclei.
So the best theory right now is that some
of them might have attracted a lot of gas
initially because they didn’t have a lot
of gravity to pull in the gas. But also, because
this gas is completely lost. Also from stars
exploding, actually, not just from stars turning
on initially.
Fraser: And I know that astronomers and physicists
are trying to search for dark matter in the
Large Hadron Collider, and try to see if they
can understand the underlying particle. Does
the search that you’re working on give us
any sense of that underlying nature of dark
matter?
Sarah: Yeah, also a great question, because
for example if dark matter is cold. The cold
dark matter paradigm is very popular right
now. Which states that dark matter might be
a very massive weakly interacting particle.
When we’re saying warm or cold dark matter,
we’re also referring to how fast it’s
moving. And depending on what kind of particle
dark matter is, that kind of sets the structure
for of the early Universe.
So we can start to count, if we have cold
dark matter, we would expect to see a certain
amount of these cold dark galaxies, where
that amount would be different, if we had
warm dark matter.
Fraser: That’s really cool, so the observations
that you do give the physicists a better idea
of what they should be looking for in their
particle accelerators, and the two sides can
work together. That’s really great.
Okay Sarah, place your bets. What do you think
is the most likely candidate for dark matter?
Sarah: I still think this is a hard question,
and I’m not sure if the particle physicists
yet think we’re helping them. We’re still
approaching things from different sides, but
we’ll see.
I still think it’s going to be one of those
weakly interactive massive particles that
we just haven’t detected yet.
Fraser: Thank you so much for joining me on
the Guide to Space Sarah, I really appreciate
you explaining these dark matter galaxies
to us.
Well there you have it. Dark matter is strange,
strange stuff. We still don’t know what
it is, but we can see how it moves, interacts
with matter through its gravity. And we can
see how it can form entire galaxies of just
dark matter.
A big thanks to Sarah Pearson. If you haven’t
already, go and check out her YouTube channel:
Space with Sarah. She’s covering big topics,
like wondering when the Sun will shut off,
how big the Universe is, and how galaxies
can collide in an expanding Universe.
I’d love to hear your ideas and concerns
about dark matter. Any ideas for new shows?
Let me know your thoughts in the comments.
In our next episode, that Fusion episode I
mentioned that was coming up. Apologies in
advance, I’ve got a collection of awesome
collaborations coming up, which is going to
play havoc with my release schedule.
If you’re still interested in dark matter,
here’s an episode we did all about the evidence
we have for dark matter. We don’t know what
it is, but we’re sure it exists.
