
Chinese: 
大家好
这次要分析的是我们早已习以为常、但又不甚了了的一个话题
让我们来了解一下比赛策略吧
在有F1的比赛周末，你会听到这样的内容：
“我们计划在这一站使用一停策略”
或者“常规策略是两停，但有的车队可能会尝试一停”
在一站比赛中的最优策略到底是由哪些因素决定的呢？
而各车队又如何做出计算呢？
在这部视频中，我将讨论组成一套有效比赛策略的基本因素
让我们把它尽量简化，来展示清楚它的运作方式吧
让我们先假想一场10圈的比赛
我要画一个条形图，用每个条形的长度表示一圈的时间
先看一下使用不同配方轮胎的的进站策略
比如说在某场比赛，你有可以坚持5到6圈的软胎
而每圈时间在80秒
而超软胎可以坚持3到4圈，并刷出75秒的圈速

English: 
Hello everyone.
Let’s go for something a little less controversial
this week. Race Strategy.
During an F1 race weekend, you’ll hear things
like “we’re expecting one stop strategies
at this track” or “two stop strategies
are the norm, but some teams might try and
go for the one-stop”. What factors determine
what makes for the best strategy at a given
track and how do teams go about calculating
this?
In this video I’m going to go over the basic
variables that build towards an effective
race strategy.
Let’s simplify this right down to make it
easier to see how everything works. Let’s
imagine a ten lap race. I’m going to draw
a bar chart, with the length of each bar representing
a laptime.
Let’s start by looking at different pit
strategies with different compound tyres.
Let’s say you’ve got the Soft tyre that
lasts for 5-6 laps and gives lap times of

English: 
80 seconds and the SuperSoft tyre which lasts
for 3-4 laps and gives lap times of 75 seconds.
A pitstop will cost you 25 seconds.
For the moment we’re ignoring all other
variables and rules. For now, we keep it simple.
One strategy could be running the soft tyres
for 5 laps, pitting and then running the soft
tyres for another 5 laps.
Another strategy could be running the SuperSofts
for 4 laps, pitting, running them for another
3 laps, pitting, then running a third set
of SuperSofts until the end.
Which is the best strategy?
Well, we can work this out by adding up all
the laptimes, plus the pitstops.
The one-stop, soft tyre strategy is 80 second
x 10 laps, plus 25 seconds for the pitstop.
That’s equal to 825 seconds.
The two-stop, SuperSoft strategy is 75 seconds

Chinese: 
也就是每圈快5秒
无论用什么轮胎，一次进站都会损失25秒
现在我们先忽略所有其它的变量以及规则
我们先从最简单的开始
好，那一种策略可能是先用软胎跑5圈，进站，
然后用软胎再跑5圈
另一种策略可能是先用超软胎跑4圈
进站，用同一种轮胎再跑3圈
再进站，最后用第三套超软胎跑到比赛结束
哪套策略更好呢？
我们可以这样判断，把所有的单圈时间以及进站时间加起来
另外这是我在整部视频中唯一一次做数学题（笑）
所以不用担心
一停软胎策略这边
一圈80秒，总共10圈
再加上一次进站的25秒
那一共就是整场比赛825秒
两停超软胎策略这边，75秒乘以10圈

Chinese: 
加上两次25秒的进站
总共加起来就是800秒
所以在这个高度简化的模型中，两停策略较快，快25秒
现在我们再增加一点难度
我们还需要在模型里加入的一样东西是轮胎的磨损特性
它可以表示轮胎的抓地能力在比赛各圈逐渐损耗的程度
我将在另一部视频中介绍轮胎的性能逐渐损耗的方式以及原因
但简单地讲，我们会假设轮胎最新的时候速度最快
而后随着每一圈过去逐渐变慢
轮胎磨损的程度取决于一些因素
比如说它由何种配方/化合物制成[软硬]、赛道路面状况、温度
以及高速弯的数量等等
但基本上我们可以画一条这样的曲线
来表示整场比赛中轮胎磨损对圈速的影响
前期较短的单圈时间会随着赛程发展逐渐拉长

English: 
x 10 laps, plus 2 x 25 second pit stops. That’s
equal to 800 seconds.
In this very simplified model, the two stop
strategy is fastest. Now, we build on this.
One thing we need to add into our model is
the Tyre Wear Profile. This describes how
the grip level of the tyre drops off with
every lap. I’ll go into more detail on how
and why tyre performance degrades in another
video but in basic terms, the tyre will be
at its fastest when fresh and get slower and
slower with every lap. The way in which the
tyre wears will depend on things such as the
compound, the track and the temperature but
we can essentially draw a curve like this
to describe how the tyre wear affects the
lap times over time. Faster lap times up front,
lengthening over time.
We can see the ‘cliff’, here – when
the laptimes start to plummet rapidly. Drivers
will want to pit before this point – in
our little model there, the cliff hits around

Chinese: 
这里我们可以看到平常被称为“悬崖点”（the cliff）的东西
它指的是因为轮胎过度磨损，圈速开始迅速减慢的时刻
车手们都需要在轮胎达到这个地步之前进站
如果我们考虑到轮胎磨损特性，刚才的一停策略会发生一些变化
现在我们就可以在条形图中看到刚才的弧线了
很容易看到在比赛过程中轮胎磨损会导致多少时间上的损失
而通过策略找到应对方法也是至关重要的
我们刚才看到的这个模型策略其实在真实的F1里是不被允许的
正如我们所知，一场比赛里每名车手都必须在三种轮胎中选用两种不同配方的轮胎
你如何从可用的轮胎配方中做出选择
用若干个[两次进站之间的]赛段组合出一场比赛
就会决定你最终的结果
那让我们把模型再延申一点，现在让我们给它设成20圈，这样更容易观察赛段
举例来讲，一个保守的策略可能是以超软胎发车……

English: 
5/6 laps in and the tyre starts to lose all
grip before degrading completely. When we
say the tyre ‘lasts’ around 5 laps, we’re
talking about how many laps it can continue
to deliver reasonable lap times.
Here’s how the one-stop strategy changes
if we factor in the tyre wear profile
It’s easy to see how much time can be lost
due to tyre wear over the course of a race
and dealing with this is vitally important.
Now, this model strategy isn’t allowed in
real F1. As we know – in modern F1, each
driver has to use two different compounds
of tyre (out of a choice of three) during
a race. How you use the available compounds
by assembling a race out of a number of ‘stints’
can make all the difference to your result.
Let’s extend the model to give them twenty
laps now. This will make the stints easier
to see.
Now, an example of a ‘conservative’ strategy
might be: start on the supersoft tyre (it’s

English: 
almost always best to use the grippiest tyre
for the start to get off the line well and
get in the fight for early positions). Let’s
say the SuperSoft has 6 good laps in it. After
6 laps you might then take a pit stop and
run the medium tyres all the way to the end
of the race. The mediums aren’t amazingly
fast but they are consistent and will take
you to the end, meaning you don’t have to
take another pitstop.
Alternatively, you might take an ‘aggressive’
alternative strategy: start with the SuperSofts
for 6 laps as before, but then switch to the
soft tyre. The soft is faster than the medium
but won’t make it to the end of the race.
You plan to take a second pitstop and switch
back to the SuperSofts for a final sprint
to the finish. You will be on a faster compound
of tyre than the conservative strategy for
14 laps (that’s 70% of the race!) BUT you
have to take an extra 25 second hit for that
2nd pitstop.
We might find that the aggressive strategy
is actually SLOWER than the BUT you might

Chinese: 
用抓地力最好的轮胎发车几乎永远不会错
因为这有助于良好起步，并在早期争取较好的领先位置
比如说超软胎可以完好地坚持6圈
跑完6圈后你可能会进站，然后用中性胎一路跑到比赛结束
中性胎也许没法风驰电掣，但它非常稳定
而且它能让你用到比赛结束，意味着你无需二次进站
与此同时，你也可以采用一套更激进的策略
你还是用超软胎发车先跑6圈
但之后你换到软胎
软胎要比中性胎快
但它无法坚持到比赛结束，所以你计划第二次进站
这次换回超软，狂奔到终点
在这套策略中，你有14圈都在用比保守策略更快的轮胎配方
那可是整场比赛的70%
但你需要为第二次进站多花25秒
所以你可能会发现，激进的策略其实比保守策略还慢
但是你可能还是会选它，因为

Chinese: 
A. 你认为你的车手和赛车维护轮胎的能力要远高于对手
B. 你预计比赛会遭到某种干扰
比如安全车出动，我们稍后也会进一步讨论这个问题
现在既然已经加入过轮胎磨损的简单模型了，现在我们来考虑燃油
当前没有赛中加油
赛车在发车前加好油，比赛中油量则不断下降
这使得赛车在赛程中不断变轻，而圈速就会逐渐变快
因为赛车拖动自身重量跑所需的能量越来越少
同时这还使得赛车对轮胎的磨损逐渐减轻
为了简明起见
我们暂且假定赛车用掉燃油时速度变快的程度是规律的
再次用上分析轮胎损耗时的方法
我们可以划出一条曲线来表示这对圈速的影响
现在赛车可以允许装载的最大油量是105公斤
但如果整场比赛都用最高性能去跑
需要的油可能会接近200公斤
不仅如此，燃油的重量对比赛速度有巨大的拖累
所以策略师们甚至可能都不想把赛车油箱完全装满

English: 
still use it IF
a) You think your driver and car are much
better at managing the tyres than the competition
b) You expect some disruption to the race,
like a Safety Car. More on this in a bit.
Now we’ve added a simple model for tyre
wear, let’s consider fuel.
There’s no refuelling. The cars are filled
up at the start and over the race the fuel
drops, which makes the car get lighter over
the race which improves overall laptime (the
car has to expend less energy pulling its
own weight around) and makes the cars easier
on tyre wear (we didn’t factor this in before
but this could mean that SuperSofts last only
10 laps in the first stint, but could last
13 laps in the final stint). For simplicity’s
sake in our model, let’s just say the car
gets faster as it uses up fuel in a fairly
predictable way.
BUT, because there is a maximum amount of
fuel the car can use over the course of the
race, the car may not be able to actually
run at full pelt for every lap of the race.
The car is allowed to use 105 kg of fuel but
running at maximum performance for the whole
race may require closer to 200 kg! Not only
that, but fuel weight is SO detrimental to
racing speed that strategists might not even

Chinese: 
这意味着整场比赛中总会有管理油耗的需求
比赛策略师们每到一个赛场都会抱有一些预期
发车阶段和进站前后会是引擎火力全开的最佳时段
从而以极快的圈速击败对手
如果想了解如何利用进站时机获得优势
可以去看看有关提前进站战术（undercut）的视频
然后就是可能出动的一两次安全车了
安全车和虚拟安全车期间比赛会放缓
不仅放缓，所有人还需要保持一样的节奏
引擎的燃油消耗会大幅减小，而且轮胎的摩擦和损耗会降低，因为赛车根本不需要使劲跑
这意味着在安全车身后跑的圈数越多，在比赛剩下的时间里赛车就可以跑得越凶猛
它们可以用较软的轮胎坚持更多圈，它们可以把高功率引擎模式开更久
如果安全车时间出现在此处，这几圈就相当于被抵消掉了，也就是说……
记住我是在高度简化地讨论它

English: 
want to fill the car to the brim. This means
some fuel management is needed through the
race.
The SuperSoft may do those 75 second laps
at full beans but can maybe only do 78 - 80
second laps when conserving fuel and energy.
Managing when to use which engine mode will
often depend on what’s happening in the
race, but race strategist will arrive with
certain expectations: middle parts of each
stint will probably be fuel conservation times,
whereas the start of the race and the laps
around the pit stop phases will be the prime
time to go maximum on the power. See the UNDERCUT
video for how this may work to a driver’s
advantage.
And then there might be a Safety Car or two,
just to throw a spanner into the works.
Safety Car and VSC periods are run slow: the
engine will use much less fuel and the tyres
will take much less wear and tear.
This means that the more laps that are run
behind the safety car, the harder the cars
can run in the remaining laps of the race.
They can take the softer tyres longer. They
can run in higher engine modes for longer.
If the SC period occurs here this neutralises
these laps which – and bear in mind, I’m

English: 
over-simplifying this – effectively chops
these laps out of the race. We should almost
ALMOST ignore these laps altogether, meaning
we subtract these missing laps off the END
of the race.
So in this example, the SC comes out on lap
12 for three laps. At the time, teams were
expecting 8 more laps of racing, but now they
only have 5 more laps of racing. The car on
the conservative strategy can switch things
up, take a free pitstop and match the pace
of the aggressive SuperSoft strategy.
Now, you can’t predict a Safety Car or a
VSC but you can make an educated guess. Some
tracks have a high change of a SC (Monaco
and Singapore for example) so you might create
some strategies that allow you the flexibility
to change things up and switch strategy given
the opportunity, or you might go aggressive
with the fuel if you believe you’ll be able
to save some while under the SC.
We’ve covered some of the basic variables
that go into building some race strategies
but there are other factors that will need
considering along the way.
WEATHER - The weather: variations in temperature
and the probability of rain might affect your

Chinese: 
也就是相当于这几圈被从比赛中拿掉了
在这个例子中，安全车在第12圈出动并延续了3圈
起初各车队都预期还要跑8圈的比赛，但现在他们只需要跑5圈比赛了
采用保守策略的赛车现在就可以改变策略
拿一次免费的进站，然后在剩下的比赛中做出跟激进的超软策略相同的圈速
一个人是无法预测安全车或者虚拟安全车的出现的
但你可以作出合理的推测，有的赛道比如摩纳哥和新加坡出现安全车的可能性很大
所以你准备这场比赛时就需要采用一些策略，从而保持灵活，能够适时做出改变
或者你可以在燃油上激进一些，只要你相信你能在安全车时间节省出一些燃油就行
我们已经涉猎了构成比赛策略的一些基本的因素
还存在其它一些在决定过程中需要考虑的因素，我在这里快速提一下
一、天气

Chinese: 
温度的变化和降雨的可能性会影响你对轮胎配方的选择
如果你预期会在赛程过半时降雨，那你就不应该使用我们讲解过的保守策略
然后为换中性胎跑到比赛结束作准备，因为你知道不能用这些轮胎跑到最后
你将需要换胎，估计会是半雨胎
如果在这条赛道上难以超车，你可能会选择避开激进策略
因为激进策略一般都包含一些超车工作
如果你多进一次站，然后落在其它赛车身后
你将不得不超过他们才能发挥你的速度优势
甚至有可能你自己并没犯错，但还是挡在了一台极慢的赛车身后
当你知道会遭遇车流时，你可能需要改变策略
从而避免你与身边其它赛车的同步进站
这样你从维修区出来时就不会还卡在一样的地方了
还有，车队可能经常需要设计策略来同时考虑到旗下的两名车手
要确保他们都得到公平的待遇，也避免他们在赛道上干扰到彼此
或者利用二号车手辅助一号车手，帮他攫取桂冠

English: 
compound choices.
TOUGH TRACKS - If the track is difficult to
overtake on, you might choose not to go aggressive
as aggressive strategies normally require
some overtaking (you take an extra pit stop,
which puts you behind other cars. You’ll
need to overtake these cars to exploit your
lap time potential)
ROAD BLOCKS - You may even get stuck behind
an unexpectedly slower car through no fault
of your own. Jarno Trulli used to be know
for qualifying well and not being able to
maintain a good pace during the race, resulting
in the infamous “Trulli train” where a
queue of faster cars would get stuck behind
him. In cases where traffic comes into play,
you might choose a strategy that puts your
car out of sync with drivers that might end
up as potential literal road blocks to your
success.
TEAM STRATEGY - Also, a team will often concoct
strategies that take into account BOTH of
their drivers: to make sure they are both
fairly treated, to keep them out of the way
of each other or to allow the number 2 driver
to assist the number one driver in their quest

Chinese: 
这只是一个简单的初步介绍，讲解制定策略的方法
这些都是非常基础的模型，并不能和他们在赛场里用的真家伙相比
但在本质上，你永远都在模拟圈速的变化
叠加这些时间，并试图制定出一套策略
来在最短的时间内完成这一圈又一圈的比赛
它其实可简单了，对吗？
对吗？
如果你喜欢这部视频，请考虑在Patreon上赞助我
点点滴滴都将有助于我持续不断地推出新的视频

English: 
for title glory.
I hope this has provided some insight into
the way that strategies are put together.
As the very essence of a race strategy is
always modelling how lap times will unfold,
adding those laps together and finding the
shortest way to the end of the race. Simple,
really, right?
Right?
