Okay so...
welcome to this course!
Thank you all for coming!
I know that you have a choice of
lectures and I know that for most of you this
is an elective. So thank you very
much for selecting this elective.
This is the course on cyber
physical fundamentals and my name is
Peter Marwedel and I'm obviously
with Technische Universitaet...
or TU Dortmund...
and I'm with the computer science
department there.
I'd like to make sure that all of you
will
stay throughout the course until
the very end and hopefully also pass
the finals.
So therefore I'd like to make sure that
you're motivated enough to stay until the
end of the course. It doesn't mean that
the course will be very difficult but
nevertheless i think it's a
good idea to make sure that that you're
motivated.
So how can I motivate you to 
attend all the lectures of this
course?
Well, I would like to motivate you by
referring to forecasts. According to many
forecasts, the future of information
technology
is characterized by an integration
of information processing into
enclosing products such as cars,
such as planes and trains.
We also see information processing going
on in robotics, in factory automation,
and that means we're going to see
an integration of information
processing
into a kind of physical
environment or also some other types of
enclosing systems.
This trend
has led to the introduction of a
certain number of, I would say,
buzzwords
that have been cited very
frequently in different types
of media.
So, for example, people have talked about
the "disappearing computer".
This doesn't mean that there will be
be computers anymore. It just means
that these computers will not be visible.
Also, people talk about ubiquitous
computing which more precisely should be
called ubiquituos information.
That means
people are expecting any information to
be available everywhere, wherever
people go
they would like that information to be
available
Also. another buzzword is the
term "pervasive computing".
Pervasive computing refers to the fact
that computing
will affect our day-to-day life and I
think most of you have seen this already
we have seen the impact
of electronic media even on
politics. We have seen an influence on
the governments in certain
countries as a result
from pervasive computing.
Also,
having computing available around
us means that our environment becomes,
in one way or the other, "smart".
This might be, for example a help to
handicapped people or this might be
a help to elderly people.
So, in this way we are trying to
achieve an ambient intelligence that
means intelligence will be around us.
We are also expecting that in the future
there will be less and less
emphasis on PC's and PC's will not be
the dominating devices anymore
and therefore people talk about the post
PC era.
That doesn't mean that we would not have
any PC's in the future it just means
that there are many other devices, like
smartphones, like
computers and robots, etc.
Very recently
another term has been introduced
this is the term cyber physical systems
This more recent term stresses the
fact that information processing is more
closely integrated into physical
environments like cars and 
trains
and also in the case of robots it's
pretty obvious that we have an
integration of information
processing into the physical environment.
From my point of view there are two
basic technologies that are needed for
making this transition happen
one technology
is embedded system technology and the
other technology is communication
technology.
Now, communication technologies would be a
subject by itself and I'm not going into
communication technologies. That would be
a separate course.
In my course I'm talking about 
embedded system 
technologies as they are needed
for the design of cyber physical system.
Now in order to extend your
motivation and in order to really make
sure that you stay throughout the
course
I'm also referring to a national
research council report that was
published in the US
which is entitled "Embedded Everywhere".
According to that report, information
technology is on the verge of another
revolution.
Networked systems of embedded computers
have the potential to change radically
the way
people interact with their environment
by linking together a range of devices and
sensors that will allow information to be
connected, shared,
and processed in unprecedented ways.
The use of these more computers
throughout society could well dwarf
previous milestones in the information
revolution.
So that means if we will take into
account the changes that we are
expecting
we will possibly get the
impression that the changes that
happened so far with respect to office
automation for example
will look rather small.
Of course this 
citation is referring to small
devices
so the citation is a little stronger
relating to small devices such as
smartphones, such as devices that are
communicating via base stations,
but this citation is
also referring to sensors and to
actuators which are not shown on the
slide.
So the emphasis on this slide is a
little bit more towards these
smaller devices
and sometimes there is a question 
are these smaller devices also within
the scope of this course?
The flavor on the two slides, the flavor
of the examples on these two slides is a
little different.
In this case we are referring to
information processing
that really is integrated into the
physical environment,
whereas on this slide 
we are more referring to small devices
such as mobile phones
where the interface to the physical
environment is not that evident
and it's a little bit a matter of
taste to what extent we are also
including these devices.
We will include them in general 
because many of the techniques that we're
needing for cyber physical systems
also apply
for devices such as smart phones.
For example, in both cases
we have to care about the energy
consumption.
Now using this citation we can try
to anticipate the future, so we
can try to predict what the future will
be like.
So in a sense we are trying to look
into the glass ball and to see
what would the future be like for
computing.
Well, we can try to phrase the future in
a very provocative way
we can try to
phrase our impression of the future
in an easy to remember way and
this is the way in which
we could do it.
We could say the future is
embedded, embedded is the future.
we believe that in the future we are
going to see
many embedded devices and that it's 
really useful to look at embedded
systems.
Now this obviously means that 
embedded systems are very important
and since much of our course
will deal with embedded systems
it makes a lot of sense to try to
define the term embedded system.
Now what's actually an embedded system?
Well obviously there is the word
"bed" in the term.
So we might be talking about beds
but since I'm from the computer science
department we will obviously
talk about computers.
So maybe we will be talking about
combinations of computers and beds. So
maybe this could be an embedded system,
or maybe this could be considered an
embedded system as well,
or maybe this could be considered an
embedded systems as well.
Well, these may all be embedded
systems
but the slide frankly has been designed
to get your attention.
These are not the types of embedded
systems that I will be talking
about.
So, what will I be talking about, then? 
Well, we can try to define the term
embedded systems and it's also important
to define the term cyber physical
system.
For embedded systems there is one
definition which I used in the first
edition of my textbook.
According to that definition, embedded
systems are information processing
systems
that are embedded into a larger product.
So, we are referring to a situation
like the one that we see in a car
where we have information processing
in an enclosing product.
More recently, Edward Lee of
UC Berkeley
wrote the following: He said
"Embedded software is software integrated
with physical processes, the technical
problem is managing time and concurrency
in computational systems".
So, obviously,
there is more emphasis on the link to
physics and on the link to time
and I think that's a very 
important 
strengthening of the link
to these terms.
Strictly speaking this definition is
just a definition of embedded software
but you can easily turn this into a
definition of embedded systems
by just exchanging the word
software by the term system and then you
would come up with
a definition of embedded
systems.
Now, more recently, Edward Lee
strengthened the linked to a physics
even further
by introducing a new term, and this
is the new term "cyber physical system".
Edward defines cyber physical
systems as integrations of computation
with physical processes.
Now, some people are confused. Is this
actually something new? Is this
the same as embedded systems,
is this something completely different?
From my point of view,
a working
distinction between these two terms as
the one that you see down here.
We could argue that a cyber physical
system is the entire system
comprising the embedded system which is
the information processing part
and the physical environment. So that is 
a working
distinction between these terms, so
we can partition the physical systems
into the embedded system part and
the physical environment.
Now, I'd like to strengthen your
motivation even further by trying to
convince you that
this ubiquitous information
technology,
this ubiqitous computing technology,
is really based on embedded
systems and communication technology.
So, on one hand we have all
the basic techniques that you find
for the construction of embedded systems.
That means we need to talk about
dependability, we need to talk about real
time,
we need to talk about A/D converters,
sensors, actuators, feature
extraction and recognition, possibly
controlled assistance and robotics,
and on the other hand there is
communication technology where we are using
various kinds of networking.
We might consider distributed
applications and we have different
communication protocols
and different communication medi
that we are using
for this communication
and quality of service is of course
very important.
So that means for designing these very
nice
ubiquitous computing systems that
most of you will be using in the
form of smartphones
we need fundamental technologies
from these two areas.
I'd like to strengthen your motivation
even further
by also looking at the economic aspect
of cyber physical and embedded system.
There are many statistics according to
which you'll have huge growth rates and
huge market shares
for these types of systems.
So, for example, it has been computed
that about half of the Americans
by now own smartphones,
and that is a very steep rise from the
situation that we had two or three
years ago.
That means there has been a growth rate
for these types of products by
two digit percentages.
Also, there are other areas that are
more linked to the physical environment.
These smartphones are less so linked to the
physical environment.
Remote health monitoring
is really linked to the physical
environment and there, these was a
prediction according to which the
total volume for sales in that area
was expected to triple between the year
2006 and the year 2011.
Again, this is a growth rate where many
other industry sectors would be
jealous of.
Due to do the large economic impact,
this area was also funded by the
7th European Framework. There have
been many European projects in this
context
and hopefully that will be also some
funding in the eighth
framework.
Due to the importance of this area
for the industry, industry has 
created a joint private
public partnership with 
the European commission and 
created the so-called Artemis joint
undertaking.
Using this as a framework, industry
tries to have some pre-competitive
developments and some pre-
competitive research
projects that aim at
providing some fundamental technologies
for the design of these systems.
The US has also recognized that this
area is very important and therefore
there's currently a lot of emphasis on
cyber physical systems in the US.
And the same is also true for other
continents. We know that there is a huge
effort, for example, by Taiwanese
universities
to establish joint education there
and similar efforts exist in
China and in Singapore.
So again, we see that there is
really a good reason to look at
this technical area.
Extending your motivation a little further
I would like to refer
to a citation which is already
more than ten years old.
In 1995, journalist Mary
Ryan wrote
that embedded chips form the
backbone of the electronics-driven world in
which we live.
They are part of almost everything
that runs on electricity. So, almost
everything that somehow
uses electrical voltages and
and currents
is an embedded system.
Also it's important to look at
this area because embedded and cyber
physical systems are the foundation
for the post-PC era
so if you're looking at the post-PC
era you should actually stay in this
course.
Also I think it's very important to stay
in this course because cyber physical
and embedded systems are hardly
discussed in other courses,
there are not that many courses in 
that area.
I also think that these types of systems
are very important for a technical
university,
because these are really technical
systems.
And, also I think that these systems are
important for many industries in Europe,
in Germany in particular,
and also another continents like in the
US and in Asia,
so therefore I think you should actually
try to 
succeed in the finals.
And finally I'd like to mention that
this course sets 
the context for
specialized courses so therefore I
think you should really stay
until the very end.
So, are there any questions at this time?
So, this concludes my attempt to
provide you with enough motivation to
stay in the course.
