You may think you know exactly what race you
are, but how would you prove it if somebody
disagreed with you?
The fact is, even though race drives a lot
of social and political outcomes, race isn't
real.
One of the first people to attempt to categorize
humans according to race was a german scientist
in around 1776.
He came up with 5 different groups according
to physical appearance and geographic origin
of their ancestors.
American's of European descent eagerly bought
into this type of thinking around the same
time.
Some historians have said the idea that there
are different races helped them resolve the
contradiction between a natural right to freedom
and the fact of slavery.
If whites were their own distinct category,
then they could feel a lot better about denying
freedom to people who they labeled black and
decided were fundamentally different.
But as political priorities change, definitions
of race in America adjust right along with
them.
For example, if were of Mexican birth or ancestry
in the United States in 1929, you were considered
white.
Then, the 1930 census changed that to non-white
to limit immigration.
Later, when the US needed to increase its
labor force during World War II, these people
were switched back to white.
And what it took to be "black" once varied
so widely throughout the country, from one
quarter, to one sixteenth, to the infamous
"One drop" of African ancestry, that people
could actually change races just by crossing
state lines.
Then, suddenly, in 2000, the government decided
that Americans could be more than one race
and added a multi-racial category to the census.
This has left many Americans scratching their
heads when it comes to selecting who they
are.
As many as 6.2% of census respondents selected
"Some other race" in the 2010 survey.
The idea that someone might look one way,
and identify another way, or that they might
be really hard to place in a racial category,
is not new.
This is why there was a public debate about
whether MSNBC's Karen Finney could say she
was black, or how we can't even agree on the
racial label assigned to the President of
the United States.
Of course many people feel their racial identity
is very clear and very permanent, but the
fact that some people have changed theres,
and that nobody can really argue with them,
shows how shaky the very idea of race is.
This is all because there isn't a race chromosome
in our DNA that people can point to.
It simply doesn't exist.
When the medical community links race to health
outcomes, it's really just using race as a
substitute for other factors, such as where
your ancestors came from, or the experiences
of people who may have been put in the same
racial group as you.
Dorothy Roberts explains that sickle-cell
anemia is a prime example of this.
The disease is linked to areas with high rates
of malaria, which includes some parts of Europe
and Asia in addition to Africa.
It's not actually about race at all.
This of course does not mean that the concept
of race isn't hugely important in our lives.
The racial categories to which we're assigned
can determine real life experiences, they
can drive political outcomes, and they can
even make the difference between life and
death.
But understanding that racial categories are
made up can give us an important perspective
on where racism came from in the first place.
