The National Women's Rights Convention was
an annual series of meetings that increased
the visibility of the early women's rights
movement in the United States.
First held in 1850 in Worcester, Massachusetts,
the National Women's Rights Convention combined
both male and female leadership, and attracted
a wide base of support including temperance
advocates and abolitionists.
Speeches were given on the subjects of equal
wages, expanded education and career opportunities,
women's property rights, marriage reform and
temperance.
Chief among the concerns discussed at the
convention was the passage of laws that would
give suffrage to women.
== Background ==
=== 
Seneca Falls Convention ===
In 1840, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady
Stanton traveled with their husbands to London
for the first World Anti-Slavery Convention,
but they were not allowed to participate because
they were women.
Mott and Stanton became friends there and
agreed to organize a convention to further
the cause of women's rights.
It wasn't until the summer of 1848 that Mott,
Stanton, and three other women organized the
Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's
rights convention.
It was attended by some 300 people over two
days, including about 40 men.
The resolution on the subject of votes for
women caused dissension until Frederick Douglass
took the platform with a passionate speech
in favor of having a suffrage statement within
the proposed Declaration of Sentiments.
One hundred of the attendees subsequently
signed the Declaration.
=== Other early women's rights conventions
===
Signers of the Declaration hoped for "a series
of Conventions, embracing every part of the
country" to follow their own meeting.
Because of the fame and drawing power of Lucretia
Mott, who wouldn't be visiting the Upstate
New York area for much longer, some of the
participants at Seneca Falls organized another
regional meeting two weeks later, the Rochester
Women's Rights Convention of 1848, featuring
many of the same speakers.
The first women's rights convention to be
organized on a statewide basis was the Ohio
Women's Convention at Salem in 1850.
=== Planning ===
In April 1850, Ohio women held a convention
to begin petitioning their constitutional
convention for women's equal legal and political
rights.
Lucy Stone, who had agitated for women's rights
while a student at Ohio's Oberlin College
and begun lecturing on women's rights after
graduating in 1847, wrote to the Ohio organizers
pledging Massachusetts to follow their lead.At
the end of the New England Anti-Slavery Convention
on May 30, 1850, an announcement was made
that a meeting would be held to consider whether
to hold a woman's rights convention.
That evening, Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis
presided over a large meeting in Boston's
Melodeon Hall, while Lucy Stone served as
secretary.
Stone, Henry C. Wright, William Lloyd Garrison,
and Samuel Brooke spoke of the need for such
a convention.
Garrison, whose name had headed the first
woman suffrage petition sent to the Massachusetts
legislature the previous year, said, "I conceive
that the first thing to be done by the women
of this country is to demand their political
enfranchisement.
Among the 'self-evident truths' announced
in the Declaration of Independence is this
– 'All government derives its just power
from the consent of the governed.'"
The meeting decided to call a convention and
set Worcester, Massachusetts, as the place
and October 16 and 17, 1850, as the date.
It appointed Davis, Stone, Abby Kelley Foster,
Harriot Kezia Hunt, Eliza J. Kenney, Dora
Taft, and Eliza H. Taft a committee of arrangements,
with Davis and Stone as the committee of correspondence.Davis
and Stone asked William Elder, a retired Philadelphia
physician, to draw up the convention call
while they set about securing signatures to
it and lining up speakers.
"We need all the women who are accustomed
to speak in public – every stick of timber
that is sound," Stone wrote to Antoinette
Brown, a fellow Oberlin student who was preparing
for the ministry.
On Davis's list to contact was Elizabeth Cady
Stanton, who sent her regrets along with a
letter of support and a speech to be read
in her name.
Stanton wished to stay at home because she
would be in the late stages of pregnancy.After
completing her part of the correspondence,
Stone went to Illinois to visit a brother.
Within days of her arrival, he died of cholera
and Stone was left to settle his affairs and
accompany his pregnant widow back east.
Fearing she might not be able to return for
three months, she wrote to Davis asking her
to take charge of issuing the call.
The call began appearing in September, with
the convention date pushed back one week and
Stone's name heading the list of eighty-nine
signatories: thirty-three from Massachusetts,
ten from Rhode Island, seventeen from New
York, eighteen from Pennsylvania, one from
Maryland, and nine from Ohio.
While the call began circulating, Stone lay
near death in a roadside inn.
Having decided not to tarry in the disease-ridden
Wabash Valley, she had begun a stage coach
trek back across Indiana with her sister-in-law,
and within days contracted typhoid fever that
kept her bed-ridden for three weeks.
She arrived back in Massachusetts in October,
just two weeks before the convention.
== 1850 in Worcester ==
The first National Women's Right's Convention
met in Brinley Hall in Worcester, Massachusetts,
on October 23–24, 1850.
Some 900 people showed up for the first session,
men forming the majority, with several newspapers
reporting over a thousand attendees by the
afternoon of the first day, and more turned
away outside.
Delegates came from eleven states, including
one delegate from California – a state only
a few weeks old.
The meeting was called to order by Sarah H.
Earle, a leader in Worcester's antislavery
organizations.
Paulina Wright Davis was chosen to preside
and in her opening address called for "the
emancipation of a class, the redemption of
half the world, and a conforming re-organization
of all social, political, and industrial interests
and institutions".The first resolution from
the business committee defined the movement's
objective: "to secure for [woman] political,
legal, and social equality with man, until
her proper sphere is determined by what alone
should determine it, her powers and capacities,
strengthened and refined by an education in
accordance with her nature".
Another set of resolutions put forth women's
claim for equal civil and political rights
and demanded that the word "male" be stricken
from every state constitution.
Others addressed specific issues of property
rights, access to education, and employment
opportunities, while others defined the movement
as an effort to secure the "natural and civil
rights" of all women, including women held
in slavery.The convention considered how best
to organize to promote their goals.
Mindful of many members' opposition to organized
societies, Wendell Phillips said there was
no need for a formal association or founding
document: annual conventions and a standing
committee to arrange them was organization
enough, and resolutions adopted at the conventions
could serve as a declaration of principles.
Reflecting its egalitarian principles, the
business committee appointed a Central Committee
of nine women and nine men.
It also appointed committees on Education,
Industrial Avocations, Civil and Political
Functions, and Social Relations to gather
and publish information useful for guiding
public opinion toward establishing "Woman's
co-equal sovereignty with Man".Convention
speakers included William Lloyd Garrison,
William Henry Channing, Wendell Phillips,
Harriot Kezia Hunt, Ernestine Rose, Antoinette
Brown, Sojourner Truth, Stephen Symonds Foster,
Abby Kelley Foster, Abby H. Price, Lucretia
Mott, and Frederick Douglass.
Stone served on the business committee and
did not speak until the final evening.
As an appointee to the committee on Civil
and Political Functions, she urged the assemblage
to petition their state legislatures for the
right of suffrage, the right of married women
to hold property, and as many other specific
rights as they felt practical to seek in their
respective states.
Then she gave a brief speech, saying, "We
want to be something more than the appendages
of Society; we want that Woman should be the
coequal and help-meet of Man in all the interest
and perils and enjoyments of human life.
We want that she should attain to the development
of her nature and womanhood; we want that
when she dies, it may not be written on her
gravestone that she was the "relict" of somebody."Susan
B. Anthony, who was not at the convention,
later said it was reading this speech that
converted her to the cause of women's rights.Stone
paid to have the proceedings of the convention
printed as booklets; she would repeat this
practice after each of the next six annual
conventions.
The booklets were sold at her lectures and
at subsequent conventions as Woman's Rights
Tracts.The report of the convention in the
New York Tribune for Europe inspired women
in Sheffield, England, to draw up a petition
for woman suffrage and present it to the House
of Lords and Harriet Taylor to write The Enfranchisement
of Women.
Harriet Martineau wrote a letter to Davis
in August 1851 to thank her for sending a
copy of the proceedings: "I hope you are aware
of the interest excited in this country by
that Convention, the strongest proof of which
is the appearance of an article on the subject
in the Westminster Review ... I am not without
hope that this article will materially strengthen
your hands, and I am sure it can not but cheer
your hearts."
== 1851 in Worcester ==
A second national convention was held October
15–16, 1851, again in Brinley Hall, with
Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis presiding.
Harriet Kezia Hunt and Antoinette Brown gave
speeches, while a letter from Elizabeth Cady
Stanton was read.
Lucretia Mott served as an officer of the
meeting.
Wendell Phillips made a speech which was so
persuasive that it would be sold as a tract
until 1920:
Throw open the doors of Congress; throw open
those court-houses; throw wide open the doors
of your colleges, and give to the sisters
of the De Staëls and the Martineaus the same
opportunity for culture that men have, and
let the results prove what their capacity
and intellect really are.
When woman has enjoyed for as many centuries
as we have the aid of books, the discipline
of life, and the stimulus of fame, it will
be time to begin the discussion of these questions:
'What is the intellect of woman?
Is it equal to that of man?'
Elizabeth Oakes Smith, journalist, author,
and member of New York's literary circle,
attended the 1850 convention, and in 1851
was asked to take the platform.
Afterward, she defended the Convention and
its leaders in articles she wrote for the
New York Tribune.Abby Kelley Foster gave testimony
to the persecution she had suffered as a woman:
"My life has been my speech.
For fourteen years I have advocated this cause
by my daily life.
Bloody feet, sisters, have worn smooth the
path by which you have come hither."
Abby H. Price spoke about prostitution, as
she had the year before, arguing that too
many women fell to prostitution because they
did not have the job opportunities or education
that men had.A letter was read from two imprisoned
French feminists, Pauline Roland and Jeanne
Deroin, saying "Your courageous declaration
of Woman's Rights has resounded even to our
prison, and has filled our souls with inexpressible
joy."Ernestine Rose gave a speech about loss
of identity in marriage that Davis later characterized
as "unsurpassed".
Rose said of woman that "At marriage she loses
her entire identity, and her being is said
to have become merged in her husband.
Has nature thus merged it?
Has she ceased to exist and feel pleasure
and pain?
When she violates the laws of her being, does
her husband pay the penalty?
When she breaks the moral law does he suffer
the punishment?
When he satisfies his wants, is it enough
to satisfy her nature?
... What an inconsistency that from the moment
she enters the compact in which she assumes
the high responsibility of wife and mother,
she ceases legally to exist and becomes a
purely submissive being.
Blind submission in women is considered a
virtue, while submission to wrong is itself
wrong, and resistance to wrong is virtue alike
in women as in man."
== 1852 in Syracuse ==
For the third convention, the city hall in
Syracuse, New York was selected as the site.
Because Syracuse was nearer to Seneca Falls
(two days' travel by horse, several hours'
journey by rail), more of the original signers
of the Declaration of Sentiments were able
to attend than the previous two conventions
in Massachusetts.
Lucretia Mott was named president; at one
point she felt it necessary to silence a minister
who offended the assembly by using biblical
references to keep women subordinate to men.
A letter from Elizabeth Cady Stanton was read
and its resolutions voted on.
At sessions taking place September 8–10,
1852, Susan B. Anthony and Matilda Joslyn
Gage made their first public speeches on women's
rights.
Ernestine Rose spoke denouncing duties without
rights, saying "as a woman has to pay taxes
to maintain government, she has a right to
participate in the formation and administration
of it."
Antoinette Brown called for more women to
become ministers, claiming that the Bible
did not forbid it.
Ernestine Rose stood up in response, saying
that the Bible should not be used as the authority
for settling a dispute, especially as it contained
much contradiction regarding women.
Elizabeth Oakes Smith called for women to
have their own journal so that they could
become independent of the male-owned press,
saying "We should have a literature of our
own, a printing press and a publishing house,
and tract writers and distributors, as well
as lectures and conventions; and yet I say
this to a race of beggars, for women have
no pecuniary resources."
Antoinette Brown lectured about how masculine
law can never fully represent womankind.
Lucy Stone wore a trousered dress often referred
to as "bloomers", a more practical style she
had picked up during the summer after meeting
Amelia Bloomer.
She spoke to say "The woman who first departs
from the routine in which society allows her
to move must suffer.
Let us bravely bear ridicule and persecution
for the sake of the good that will result,
and when the world sees that we can accomplish
what we undertake, it will acknowledge our
right."
The Syracuse Weekly Chronicle was impressed
less by her costume than by her electrifying
address, printing "Well, whether we like it
or not, little woman, God made you an ORATOR!"Reverend
Lydia Ann Jenkins of Geneva, New York spoke
at the convention and asked, "Is there any
law to prevent women voting in this State?
The Constitution says 'white male citizens'
may vote, but does not say that white female
citizens may not."
The next year, Jenkins was chosen member of
the committee tasked with framing the issue
of suffrage before the New York Legislature.A
motion was made to form a national organization
for women, but after animated discussion,
no consensus was reached.
Elizabeth Smith Miller suggested the women
form organizations at the state level, but
even this milder suggestion met with opposition.
Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis said "I hate
organizations ... they cramp me."
Lucretia Mott concurred, saying "the seeds
of dissolution be less likely to be sown."
Angelina Grimké Weld, Thomas M'Clintock and
Wendell Phillips agreed, with Phillips saying
"you will develop divisions among yourselves."
No national organization was to form until
after the Civil War.
== 1853 in Cleveland ==
At Melodean Hall in Cleveland, Ohio, on October
6–8, 1853, William Lloyd Garrison spoke
to say "...the Declaration of Independence
as put forth at Seneca Falls. ... was measuring
the people of this country by their own standard.
It was taking their own words and applying
their own principles to women, as they have
been applied to men."
Earlier in the year, a regional Women's Rights
Convention in New York City had been interrupted
by unruly men in the audience, with most of
the speakers being unheard over shouts and
hisses.
Organizers of the fourth national convention
were concerned that a repetition of that mob
scene not take place.
In Cleveland, objections were raised regarding
Bible interpretations, and orderly discussion
proceeded.Frances Dana Barker Gage served
as president for the 1,500 participants.
Lucretia Mott, Amy Post, and Martha Coffin
Wright served as officers; James Mott served
on the business committee, and Lucretia Mott
called the meeting to order.In a letter read
aloud, William Henry Channing suggested that
the convention issue its own Declaration of
Women's Rights and petitions to state legislatures
seeking woman suffrage, equal inheritance
rights, equal guardianship laws, divorce for
wives of alcoholics, tax exemptions for women
until given the right to vote, and right to
trial before a jury of female peers.
Lucretia Mott moved the adoption of the Seneca
Falls Declaration of Sentiments, which was
read to the convention, debated, then referred
to a committee to draft a new declaration.
Antoinette Brown, William Lloyd Garrison,
Lucretia Mott, Ernestine Rose and Lucy Stone
worked to shape a new declaration, and the
result was read at the end of the meeting,
but was never adopted.The Plain Dealer printed
an extensive account of the convention, opining
of Ernestine Rose that she "is the master-spirit
of the Convention.
She is described as a Polish lady of great
beauty, being known in this country as an
earnest advocate of human liberty."
After commenting on the bloomer costume worn
by Lucy Stone, The Plain Dealer continued:
"Miss Stone must be set down as a lady of
no common abilities, and of uncommon energy
in the pursuit of a cherished idea.
She is a marked favorite in the Conventions."
== 1854 in Philadelphia ==
At Sansom Street Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
over three days October 18–20, 1854, Ernestine
Rose was chosen president in spite of her
atheism.
Susan B. Anthony supported her, saying "every
religion – or none – should have an equal
right on the platform".
Rose spoke out to the gathering, saying "Our
claims are based on that great and immutable
truth, the rights of all humanity.
For is woman not included in that phrase,
'all men are created ... equal'?.
... Tell us, ye men of the nation ... whether
woman is not included in that great Declaration
of Independence?"
She continued "I will no more promise how
we shall use our rights than man has promised
before he obtained them, how he would use
them."Susan B. Anthony spoke to urge attendees
to petition their state legislatures for laws
giving women equal rights.
A committee was formed to publish tracts and
to place articles in national newspapers.
Once again, the convention could not agree
on a motion to create a national organization,
resolving instead to continue work at the
local level with coordination provided by
a committee chaired by Paulina Kellogg Wright
Davis.Henry Grew took the speaker's platform
to condemn women who demanded equal rights.
He described examples from the Bible which
assigned to women a subordinate role.
Lucretia Mott flared up and debated him, saying
that he was selectively using the Bible to
put upon women a sense of order that originated
in man's mind.
She said "The pulpit has been prostituted,
the Bible has been ill-used ... Instead of
taking the truths of the Bible in corroboration
of the right, the practice has been to turn
over its pages to find examples and authority
for the wrong."
Mott cited Bible passages that proved Grew
wrong.
William Lloyd Garrison stood up to halt the
debate, saying that nearly everyone present
agreed that all were equal in the eyes of
God.
== 1855 in Cincinnati ==
At Smith & Nixon's Hall in Cincinnati, Ohio
on October 17–18, 1855, Martha Coffin Wright
presided over the standing room only crowd.
Wright, a younger sister of Lucretia Mott
and a founding member of the first Seneca
Falls Convention, contrasted the large hall
packed with supporters to the much smaller
gathering in 1848, called "in timidity and
doubt of our own strength, our own capacity,
our own powers".Antoinette Brown, Ernestine
Rose, Josephine Sophia White Griffing and
Frances Dana Barker Gage spoke to the crowd,
listing for them the achievements and progress
made thus far.
Lucy Stone spoke for the right of each person
to establish for themselves which sphere,
domestic or public, they should be active
in.
A heckler interrupted the proceedings, calling
female speakers "a few disappointed women".
Stone responded with a retort that became
widely quoted, saying that yes, she was indeed
a "disappointed woman".
"...In education, in marriage, in religion,
in everything, disappointment is the lot of
woman.
It shall be the business of my life to deepen
this disappointment in every woman's heart
until she bows down to it no longer."
== 1856 in New York ==
At the Broadway Tabernacle in New York City
on November 25–26, 1856, Lucy Stone served
as president, and recounted for the crowd
the recent progress in women's property rights
laws passing in nine states, as well as a
limited ability for widows in Kentucky to
vote for school board members.
She noted with satisfaction that the new Republican
Party was interested in female participation
during the 1856 elections.
Lucretia Mott encouraged the assembly to use
their new rights, saying, "Believe me, sisters,
the time is come for you to avail yourselves
of all the avenues that are opened to you."A
letter was read aloud from Antoinette Brown
Blackwell: "Would it not be wholly appropriate,
then, for this National Convention to demand
the right of suffrage for her from the Legislature
of each State in the Nation?
We can not petition the General Government
on this point.
Allow me, therefore, respectfully to suggest
the propriety of appointing a committee, which
shall be instructed to prepare a memorial
adapted to the circumstances of each legislative
body; and demanding of each, in the name of
this Convention, the elective franchise for
woman."
A motion was passed approving of the suggestion,
and Wendell Phillips recommended that women
in each state be contacted and encouraged
to take the memorial petition to their respective
legislative bodies.
== 1858 in New York ==
For the eighth and subsequent national conventions,
the meetings were changed from various dates
in autumn to a more consistent mid-May schedule.
1857 was skipped – the next meeting was
held in 1858.
At Mozart Hall in New York City on May 13–14,
1858, Susan B. Anthony held the post of president.
William Lloyd Garrison spoke, saying "Those
who have inaugurated this movement are worthy
to be ranked with the army of martyrs ... in
the days of old.
Blessings on them!
They should triumph, and every opposition
be removed, that peace and love, justice and
liberty, might prevail throughout the world."
Garrison proposed not only that women should
serve as elected officials, but that the number
of female legislators should equal that of
male.Frederick Douglass took the stage to
speak after repeated calls from the audience.
Lucy Stone, Reverend Antoinette Brown Blackwell
(now married to Samuel Charles Blackwell),
Reverend Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Lucretia
Mott were among those that spoke.
Stephen Pearl Andrews startled the assemblage
by advocating free love and unconventional
approaches to marriage.
He hinted at birth control by insisting that
women should have the right to put a limit
on "the cares and sufferings of maternity".
Eliza Farnham presented her view that women
were superior to men, a concept that was hotly
debated.
The convention, marred by interruption and
rowdyism, "adjourned amid great confusion".
== 1859 in New York ==
Held again at Mozart Hall in New York City
on May 12, 1859, the ninth national convention
opened with Lucretia Mott presiding.
Caroline Wells Healey Dall read out the resolutions
including one intended to be sent to every
state legislature, urging that body to "secure
to women all those rights and privileges and
immunities which in equity belong to every
citizen of a republic".Another unruly crowd
made it difficult to hear the speeches of
Antoinette Brown Blackwell, Caroline Dall,
Lucretia Mott and Ernestine Rose.
Wendell Phillips stood to speak and "held
that mocking crowd in the hollow of his hand".
== 1860 in New York ==
At the Cooper Union in New York City on May
10–11, 1860, the tenth national convention
of 600–800 attendees was presided over by
Martha Coffin Wright.
A recent legislative victory in New York was
praised, one which gave women joint custody
of their children and sole use of their personal
property and wages.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Antoinette Brown
Blackwell moved to add a resolution calling
for legislation on marriage reform; they wanted
laws that would give women the right to separate
from or divorce a husband who had demonstrated
drunkenness, insanity, desertion or cruelty.
Wendell Phillips argued against the resolution,
fracturing the executive committee on the
matter.
Susan B. Anthony also supported the measure,
but it was defeated by vote after a heated
debate.Horace Greeley wrote in the Tribune
that there were "One Thousand Persons Present,
seven-eighths of them Women, and a fair Proportion
Young and Good-looking".
Greeley, a foe of marriage reform, continued
against Stanton's proposed resolution with
a jab at "easy Divorce", writing that the
word 'Woman' should be replaced in the convention's
title with "Wives Discontented".
== Civil War and beyond ==
The coming of the American Civil War ended
the annual National Women's Rights Convention
and focused women's activism on the issue
of emancipation for slaves.
The New York state legislature repealed in
1862 much of the gain women had made in 1860.
Susan B. Anthony was "sick at heart" but could
not convince women activists to hold another
convention focusing solely on women's rights.In
1863, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, recently moved
to New York City, joined with Susan B. Anthony
to send a call out, via the woman's central
committee chaired by Paulina Kellogg Wright
Davis, to all the "Loyal Women of the Nation"
to meet again in convention in May.
Forming the Woman's National Loyal League
were Stanton, Anthony, Martha Coffin Wright,
Amy Post, Antoinette Brown Blackwell, Ernestine
Rose, Angelina Grimké Weld, and Lucy Stone,
among others.
They organized the First Woman's National
Loyal League Convention at the Church of the
Puritans in New York City on May 14, 1863,
and worked to gain 400,000 signatures by 1864
to petition the United States Congress to
pass the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery.
=== 1866 in New York ===
On May 10, 1866, the Eleventh National Women's
Rights Convention was held at Church of the
Puritans, Union Square.
Called by Stanton and Anthony and sponsored
by the National Woman Suffrage Association,
the meeting included Ernestine L. Rose, Wendell
Phillips, Reverend John T. Sargent, Reverend
Octavius Brooks Frothingham, Frances D. Gage,
Elizabeth Brown Blackwell, Theodore Tilton,
Lucretia Mott, Martha C. Wright, Stephen Symonds
Foster and Abbey Kelley Foster, Margaret Winchester
and Parker Pillsbury, and was presided over
by Stanton.A stirring speech against racial
discrimination was given by African-American
activist Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, in
which she said "You white women speak here
of rights.
I speak of wrongs.
I, as a colored woman, have had in this country
an education which has made me feel as if
I were in the situation of Ishmael, my hand
against every man, and every man's hand against
me."A few weeks later, on May 31, 1866, the
first meeting of the American Equal Rights
Association was held in Boston.
=== 1869 in Washington, D.C.
===
An event that was reported as "The twelfth
regular National Convention of Women's Rights"
was held on January 19, 1869.
Prominent speakers included Lucretia Mott,
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony,
Senator Samuel Clarke Pomeroy, Parker Pillsbury,
John Willis Menard and Doctor Sarah H. Hathaway.
Doctor Mary Edwards Walker and a "Mrs. Harman"
were seen in "male attire" actively passing
back and forth between the audience and the
stage.Stanton spoke heatedly with a prepared
speech against those who had established "an
aristocracy of sex on this continent".
"If serfdom, peasantry, and slavery have shattered
kingdoms, deluged continents with blood, scattered
republics like dust before the wind, and rent
our own Union asunder, what kind of a government,
think you, American statesmen, you can build,
with the mothers of the race crouching at
your feet ... ?" Other speeches were off-the-cuff,
and little record is known of them.
== See also ==
"Ain't I a Woman?"
speech by Sojourner Truth, delivered in 1851
at the Ohio Women's Rights Convention in Akron,
Ohio
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Reproductive rights – issues regarding "reproductive
freedom"
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
Vindication of the Rights of Women
Women's right to know
Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality
Subjection of women
League of Women Voters
In Defense of Women
Parental leave
Feminism
History of feminism
First-wave feminism
List of suffragists and suffragettes
Timeline of women's suffrage
Timeline of women's rights (other than voting)
Women's suffrage in the United States
Women's suffrage organizations
