When you're poor, it can be hard to go grab
a cheeseburger, or buy the newest video game,
but that's not the worst part.
The tough part is that even if you get rich,
the effects of poverty stick with you.
As of 2011, the World Bank estimates 17 percent
of people lived at or below a dollar twenty
five a day -- that's just over a billion people.
In 1981 it was closer to 2 billion, so we’re
making progress[1]!
In 2013, the official poverty rate in the
U.S. was 14.5 percent -- totalling around
45.3 million poor people in the wealthiest
country in the world[2].
Governments worldwide are fighting poverty
in a number of ways, and not just because
it's the right thing to do, science says poverty
actually HARMS you.
A 2013 study published in Science[3], explored
how poverty impairs overall cognitive function.
They looked at farmers both pre and post harvest
of a cash crop of sugar cane.
After the harvest of the cane, nutrition wasn't
immediately improved, but the influx of cash
gave the farmers financial security.
That security gave their cognitive performance
a boost!
Post-harvest farmers were able to make better
decisions than pre-harvest farmers did[4].
Poverty is a combination of stressors which,
as a whole, are not fully understood by science.
The findings in Science suggest stress alone
doesn't explain all of poverty's effects on
humankind, and that being in poverty keeps
the brain from processing information properly.
But how those effects manifest seems to vary.
For example, a study released last month in
Nature Neuroscience[5] found a link between
physical brain development and poverty level.
In a study of the brain images of nearly 11-hundred
children, adolescents and young adults from
around the US, researchers found significant
differences in the brains of children in the
lowest income bracket; even when controlling
for ethnic background; in comparison to those
in a high bracket.
Families who lived on less than 25,000 dollars
a year had as much as 6 percent less surface
area in their brain in areas like language
and decision-making than families who made
more than 150,000 dollars a year.
Poverty's effects on the brain causes excess
stress on children, both psychological and
physiological!
Poor children can suffer from substandard
housing, homelessness, inadequate child care,
under-resourced schooling, and of course inadequate
nutrition.
All of these can then cause stress leading
to anxiety, depression and low-self esteem,
as well as a tendency toward violence[6].
In a study of 44 African American infant girls,
brains of those from poorer families were
smaller than those of wealthier families!
Even at only one month old, the effects of
poverty can be seen on the physical structures
of the human brain.
Extreme poverty is a real hardship, affecting
people even after they've risen above the
poverty line.
Familial stressors like "family disruption,
financial stress and maternal poor health[7]"
can cause obesity in children; which isn't
easy to overcome.
Plus, anxiety, low self-esteem and differing
brain structures all require future attention
from healthcare, which could be avoided by
raising children and families out of poverty.
In families with a low socioeconomic status,
shifts of even a few thousand dollars of extra
family income was visible in the brain structures!
Governments around the world are working hard
to find solutions.
In the U.S. our poverty solutions involve
giving tax breaks, food stamps, and social
security programs to poorer individuals -- though
many politicians scoff at these ideas, the
poverty rate has declined.
One recent study conducted in Kenya showed
that when poor people are given money, they
spend it on education, healthcare and housing
improvements, all of which decrease the poverty
stress on them and their children[8].
Not to say the problem is solved, by any means,
research is ongoing, but this episode of DNews
is just one part of the story.
For the full picture you watch TestTube to
learn if policies, like food stamps, actually
work to raise people out 
of poverty.
