 increase the number of illegal
immigrants in America.
 What?
How could it possibly?
 Here, I'll show you.
  Just building a wall would
  be practically impossible.
  This is where it would be.
 (dog squeals)
 It would have to stretch over
2,000 miles of rough terrain...
  cutting through mountains,
   rivers, villages
   and even people's homes.
   And all that destruction
   is monstrously expensive.
Just building the wall
  would cost between
 $15 and $25 billion.
(woman gasps)
It would easily be one
  of the single most
  expensive pieces of
infrastructure
  in American history costing
   as much as 20 Hoover Dams
or NASA's entire annual budget.
 (man)
 That's one small step for man,
 one giant wall for no reason.
Not to mention
 the astronomical cost
  of staffing
   and maintaining the wall,
   which taxpayers like you
   and your children
 will be stuck paying forever.
I paid for the wall.
  My father's father
  paid for the wall.
  And one day you
  will pay for the wall.
 Because this is Wall World.
Even just faking
the wall for our show
was prohibitively expensive.
Looks like our CGI
budget ran out.
  Okay, yes,
  it may be expensive
but that doesn't change the fact
that once we build it,
 it will work.
Not like you think.
Increasing security
at the border
will never stop illegal
immigration.
   Why not?
  No one's getting passed me.
 Yes, they are because
  it's estimated that
  between 27% and 40% of all
  undocumented immigrants
in America
came here on planes.
(plane passing)
I forgot about planes.
 These immigrants didn't
 sneak over the border.
   They came here legally
   through passport control,
then just overstayed
their visas.
And guess what?
A border wall's
not gonna stop 'em
because, reminder...
  You fools!
   You forgot about planes!
We always forget about planes!
 Even by your estimate
  of visa overstays,
 the wall would still
stop about half
of America's 11 million
  illegal immigrants.
No, it wouldn't.
'Cause of a little something
called circular flow.
Here, I'll show you.
  (dog yelps)
For decades, immigration
to the U.S. was a circular flow.
  People would come,
work for a bit
  and then after they were done,
  go home to their families.
Meet Douglas Massey.
 Thanks, Adam.
  My arms were getting pretty
   tired waiting for my cue.
 He's a professor at Princeton
   and a pioneering
   researcher on this topic.
 When the Reagan, Bush
  and Clinton administrations
 drastically increased border
enforcement in response
  to public opinion,
they stopped that circular flow.
Not by keeping people out,
 but by keeping people in.
   (Douglas)
  As it got harder and harder
 to go back and forth,
people crossing
  the border decided
   they were much better off
   just staying in the U.S.
  If I go back to Mexico now,
 he won't let me back
  in the U.S.
I guess I'll just stay here...
  in Tucson.
   Ironically, this increase
 in border enforcement
 caused the number of
undocumented immigrants
  living in the United States
 to skyrocket by 248%.
It's counterintuitive,
but building a wall
wouldn't stop people
from coming in.
It would actually stop them
from going back.
  In fact, the whole idea of
building a border wall
 is misguided.
 The Mexican economy is doing
 quite well right now
 and population growth
 has slowed way down.
 So, there's not much
 pressure to emigrate.
 The number of illegal
   border crossings
is actually at an all-time low.
If you're a professor,
then why are you in the desert?
I'm not, I'm a mirage.
   (gasping)
 Hey!
 Look, umanity
discovered vast deposits
 of fuel buried deep
 within the earth.
   We learned to extract it,
   burn it for energy,
  and release it
   into the air,
and about 150 years ago,
   we rebuilt our entire
   civilization
  around that energy source.
We burn it to travel,
we burn it to eat,
we burn it to live.
Fossil fuels brought about
one of the greatest increases
in standard of living
in human history.
We could never go back.
But by burning
this incredible fuel source,
we are also inexorably
heating the earth.
2015 was the hottest year
since we started
keeping records in 1880.
And thanks to rising
 ocean temperatures,
average sea levels
have already risen
about eight inches.
And we're in
for a lot worse.
This is Dale Jamieson.
He's a professor of
Environmental Studies at NYU.
   Wayne, we've already done so
   much damage to the atmosphere
  that we'll be lucky
  if we can hold the warming
  to two degrees
  Celsius.
  Two degrees?
Well, that's just the difference
between a jacket and a slightly
lighter jacket.
Not to the earth,
it isn't.
 Just two degrees of warming
 could cause huge draughts,
   massive wildfires,
   the loss of many species,
  the collapse of
  our agricultural productivity,
   and the rising sea levels
   could make our coastal cities
   uninhabitable.
And remember,
two degrees of warming
is the best we can
realistically hope for.
 The question isn't,
will warming happen?
The question is,
how bad will it be?
   That's terrible.
 Isn't there something
   I can do?
  The sad truth is
  that we've already put
  so much carbon dioxide
  in the atmosphere
that we're more
than halfway towards
   that two-degree
   centigrade limit.
And right now, companies
and countries already own
enough fossil fuel
in reserves
to meet that limit
five times over.
   Five times over?
To keep it in the ground,
they'd have to give up
trillions of dollars
and we'd have to change
our entire way of life.
   And what happens
if we burn it?
 What happens
  to our planet then?
I don't know, but it won't be
our planet anymore.
 What happens
  to our planetible.?
What could be
the downside?
Oh, there are a ton.
 For starters, how 'bout
the fact that this place
 rips off folks
 like you every day.
Whatever.
I know the hospital
is expensive,
but it is worth it
if I get the best treatment.
   No, it isn't.
   American health care
   is not the best in the world.
But despite that, we spend more
per person annually
 on health care than any
 other developed nation.
  And a big part
  of the reason for that
  is that American hospitals
  overcharge patients massively.
(music playing,
cheering and applause)
This neck brace
 is worth $20.
   But the hospital
 charged him... $154.
  This I.V. bag cost
   less than a buck.
  But she was
 charged $137.
 These are real prices, folks.
Hold up.
Wildly inflated
  health care costs?
   This sounds like the work
 of politicians to me.
Was it Obamacare?
Trump Aid,
McConnell Med?
What did you do?!
   I'm not a politician.
   I'm just a boring
   white guy.
 Why does this
 keep happening?
  Sorry, Rachel,
  but this time,
 it's not
 the politicians' fault.
   The problem starts
   with something called
 the "Chargemaster."
  The Chargemaster is a secret
  document full of insane prices
that hospitals use to charge
us whatever they want.
Let's go on a trip through
the history of medical billing.
Well, I'd rather not.
(Adam)
 A hundred years ago, hospital
  pricing was pretty simple.
We take the cost
of providing care
and add a little on top
to make a profit.
One amputation
costs us five bucks.
So we'll charge you 6.50.
 But after the rise
 of insurance companies,
hospital billing got
complicated, in part because
 these gigantic corporations
demanded gigantic discounts.
   We send you thousands
  of patients every day.
 So, we want... half off
 all your prices.
We can't afford that.
 So, to please these powerful
 insurance companies,
  hospitals cooked up a plan.
I've got it.
We'll make up a really,
high fake price,
and then give you
a discount off that.
   Hey, as long as I get to tell
   my boss we got it cheaper.
  (laughter)
  (laughter)
(Adam)
  And in less than a century,
health care prices went from
reasonable to nonsensical.
  Let's make one Tylenol $37.
Three stitches, $2200.
 Ooh, here's a pitch.
What if we made
   rectal exams 69--
 Nah, that's too silly
 even for me.
  ♪♪
 These crazily
inflated prices
  are kept in the hospital's
 Chargemaster.
(coughs)
It's actually a computer file.
But the book is more dramatic.
$7 for a single alcohol swab?
That's ridiculous.
   And true.
Well, I only
pay my premium.
If they wanna rip off my
insurance company with their
fake prices, what do I care?
 If you ever lose insurance,
 you'll care.
   Because here's
   the really evil part.
 If you don't
 have insurance,
you actually get charged
these fake prices.
   (studio audience
   cheering and applauding)
   Let's see,
   heart X-rays.
 That'll be $33,000.
I can't afford that.
  No problem, we'll just
  garnish your wages.
Oh, bogus.
Wait, they actually
charge people without insurance
fake prices?
   Yeah.
That is terrible.
Well, thankfully,
I have insurance,
so the Chargemaster
doesn't affect me.
  Unfortunately,
  it does.
Even if you're insured,
  you can get billed
  Chargemaster prices
   if you go out-of-network.
  And anything can be
out-of-network.
 The hospital you go to,
the equipment used to treat you.
   Even the doctors you see.
   Arrow specialist.
Out-of-network,
I am very expensive.
Hospitals make
a ton of money
 overcharging
   out-of-network patients.
 It's a real cash cow
and we all get milked.
   (cow mooing)
  Worse, every hospital
  has its own Chargemaster.
  A treatment that costs
   7,000 at one hospital
  could cost a hundred grand
  down the road.
 And you can't comparison shop
  when you're dying.
Which hospital
do you want?
271
00:10:33,032 --> 00:10:33,000
Money Bags Medical
or St. Vincent's
Discount Sick House?
Money Bags it is.
   Plus, since your insurance
   company faces inflated costs,
That can trickle down to you in
the form of... higher premiums.
  Oh, surprisingly painless.
  Wait till
  you get the bill.
 (cow mooing)
How do they Listen, Drew Carey,
get away all you adults
always tell us
the same thing--
Weed's gonna kill us,
it's a gateway drug.
Lying isn't funny.
   Oh, no, for most people,
 weed is essentially harmless.
   Whoa-kay,
   no way, Jose.
 Look, I know this stuff
   is a little
   overboard, but...
 you can't tell kids
 weed isn't bad!
Of course I can.
It's true.
And we've known it
for decades.
 Counting deaths from
 the substance alone,
 alcohol kills
 88,000 people a year.
Tobacco kills 480,000.
  And marijuana kills
  absolutely no one.
   (buzzer)
 Uh, according to curriculum,
 marijuana can get you hooked
 on harder substances.
 It's a gateway drug.
Yeah, educators have been
saying that for years,
but it's not true.
Most people
who try marijuana
  don't even continue
  smoking marijuana.
This dude knows
what's up.
   Now, that doesn't mean
   that it's perfectly safe.
Dude, I thought
you were cool.
  Oh, I wish!
  If you're under 25,
 smoking weed can lead
  to memory problems
   and poor
cognitive functioning.
But if you're an adult,
and your brain
   has finished developing,
   it's really your choice.
  Adam, wrong way.
  Also, not in a school.
Sorry, I usually
only smoke at parties,
and I'm rarely
invited to them.
   Yeah, wonder why.
 The truth is,
 if you know the risks
 and you use it in moderation,
 weed is no big deal.
And, in fact, humans have been
using it for millennia.
Humans started growing cannabis
   as a crop
 over 8,000 years ago.
This crop will feed our family
  for a year,
 and this crop
 will make movies way funnier.
   (Adam)
   In 440 BCE,
   Herodotus wrote about
the ancient tradition
of cannabis steam baths.
   Fellow citizens,
 as a wise man
once told me, VapeLife!
  (laughing)
 And in America,
 for many years
 marijuana was available
 in over-the-counter
 medications.
Step right up and try
 Professor Horkorium's
Rejuvenating Tincture!
Now with the Arab hashish.
   For most
   of America's history,
  weed was legal.
  No one cared about it.
All right,
so what changed?
I mean, there must be
some reason we banned it.
Oh, there is.
And it's real weird.
  Enter Harry Anslinger,
  commissioner of
  the Federal Bureau
  of Narcotics
 and a staunch
 prohibitionist.
   Our funding has been cut!
 They'll shut me down
if I don't find
  a new chemical to demonize.
  Let's see, what are people
 scared of for no good reason?
A-ha!
Mexicans!
And Mexicans
smoke marijuana!
That's it!
Hey, racist mob...
 (all)
 Hmm?
   Marijuana makes Mexicans
thirst for white blood.
   Spread the word!
(mob shouting)
 Anslinger used
 that racism to fuel
   a propaganda campaign
   against the drug,
   testifying before
   Congress...
 Marijuana is
   an addictive drug
which produces
 in its users
insanity, criminality,
  and death!
   (Adam)
   Soon, the "Marijuana
   causes violence" meme
 was everywhere, from
 newspapers to movies...
Just a young boy.
Under the influence of the drug,
  he killed his entire family
 with an axe.
 ...to subtle
 political cartoons.
 (man)
   Nazi propaganda.
What does that
even mean?
Why would he just say
the words, "Nazi propaganda"?
  Honestly, no idea.
  But, it worked.
   In 1937, Congress
   banned marijuana
  and later,
  with Anslinger's help,
 they passed
 the first
   mandatory minimum
   sentencing laws
   which made it so that
   your first time
  getting caught
  with this
  could put you away
  from two to ten years.
Mm, thank you,
that's what I thought.
(Adam)
And the true irony is,
  the government knew
Anslinger's claims were false.
  Scientists proved marijuana
 wasn't connected to violence
   or insanity in the '40s.
 And in 1973,
a bipartisan commission
   recommended Nixon
   decriminalize it.
But, Nixon being
Nixon...
  Mr. President,
  literally everyone agrees,
  marijuana is safe.
 Out! Get out!
  I have zero chill!
   The war on drugs
  begins now!
  I don't understand.
If he knew it was safe,
   why would he be so tough
on it?
   Well,
   why don't you ask
Nixon's aide,
John Ehrlichman.
 He said, in 1994...
  We knew we couldn't
make it illegal
 to be either
   against the war or black,
   but by getting the public
   to associate the hippies
with marijuana
   and blacks with heroin...
   Did we know we were lying
   about the drugs?
That's a real quote?
   Yeah.
That's a real quote.
Nixon started
the war on drugs
 to bully his political
 enemies and minorities.
His own aide
admitted it.
   I can't believe I've been
  teaching this to children.
   At lea   has devastas
  on prisoners' mental health.
   (Kendra's voice)
 In solitary, you're kept alone
   for 23 hours a day
   in a room the size
  of a king-size bed.
   Well, that doesn't sound
so bad.
  Me and Murph share
   a queen.
 Wait, where are those voices
 coming from?
   Oh, no, oh, gosh.
  I'm seeing things.
   It's an archaic and cruel
  form of punishment
  that started in the 1800s.
Eh, something to watch,
   I guess.
Solitary confinement
was conceived by Quakers,
who thought prisoners
would use the time
to reflect
and study the Bible.
 You know, I've been meaning
 to read this.
 But even they decided
   it was too cruel to use.
   The Supreme Court
at the time declared...
  "Prisoners subject
to solitary confinement
  became violently insane;
  others committed suicide."
  Ugh. We gotta stop
  doing this.
  Stop, stop!
(Adam)
We did stop.
Solitary confinement
fell out of use
in the U.S.
for a century,
but a few decades ago,
we brought it back,
and it's been destroying
minds ever since.
   Destroying minds?
  I mean, that sounds
 a little hyperbolic.
 Yeah, maybe.
What do I know?
   I'm just a hallucination.
Hello?
Adam?
Is anyone here?
(Adam's voice)
   Humans are social animals,
  and a prolonged lack
   of social contact
   can cause serious
  and permanent brain damage.
 People held in solitary
 hallucinate,
   fall into depression,
and lose the ability
to keep track
of how much time
has passed.
How long
have I been in here?
  Oh, I'm really
  losing it.
 Psst! Emily,
  you okay in there?
Kendra!
Oh, thank God!
Why am I even here?
I thought solitary was
for the worst of the worst.
Nope,
solitary confinement
   is routinely used
   in our prison system.
It's basically given
to anyone
   the guards don't want
   to deal with.
The mentally ill.
 LGBT.
 I wouldn't
 eat dinner.
 (all)
   We had it coming!
   Man, if I'm gonna
  hallucinate
 a Tony award-winning musical,
  why couldn't it be
  "Hamilton"?
Solitary confinement
is given
to between 80,000
to 100,000 people a year.
  There are actually
  entire prisons
 made up of nothing
 but solitary cells.
   They're called
   supermax prisons.
  Enormous complexes
  full of people held
  in tiny cages like animals,
  slowly being driven insane.
  (Kendra)
  They may be criminals,
  but they don't
   deserve this.
Ooh, it's okay, heh.
 (gasps)
 Ah, wait.
 Is that formula?
 No, tell me
 you're breastfeeding.
  Oh, um, well, I tried.
   But he kind of was having
   a hard time latching
   at the hospital,
  and the nurse says it was okay
  that I supplement, so...
Um, formula is toxic.
You have to breastfeed.
Ugh, no way.
   I hate when people
   breastfeed in public.
   Do that at home,
   nobody wants to see that.
Um, excuse me?
It's totally natural,
women have been doing it
 Tell them which one
 is right.
Oh, oh, no way am I
getting in the middle of this.
I heard formula
has autism in it.
(woman)
  That's it!
(both)
   Hi, Miss Murphy.
 Hey, Patti.
 How many kids
   do you knuckYou, you're gonnm
where and when she can
feed her baby?
  Get a life!
   Breastfeeding is normal,
  natural, and great.
Preach, sister.
  And you, how dare you judge
   how a mom feeds her kid.
 Formula isn't
just healthy and safe,
   it's a literal lifesaver.
Emily, let me show you.
 Okay.
Knowledge from
a primary source.
(squeals)
 Before formula,
   the only way
   to feed your baby
  was to breastfeed.
  And forget about
  getting anything else done
   because breastfeeding
  takes 35 hours a week.
 What? That's like
 a full-time job.
 And the worst thing is,
 if you couldn't breastfeed,
 there weren't any other
 good options.
(Irish accent)
 My teat's all tapped.
Looks like bread soaked in water
  for you little spud.
This is a real thing
people did.
Babies grew up
malnourished or died
if their moms
couldn't breastfeed.
 Oh, that's horrible.
  Then, in 1865,
 this friggin'
 Albert Einstein
named Justus von Liebig,
  invented baby formula.
Ma'am, your babe shall
no longer dine on duck food.
Instead, he will dine...
on science.
   Formula allowed women
   to leave the house
  or join the workforce.
 But most importantly,
 it saved babies' lives.
   Look out, world,
 here we come!
e.
Okay, but isn't formula
just a bunch of chemicals?
   Well, yeah, Emily, it is,
because literally everything
is a bunch of chemicals.
  Breast milk
  is also chemicals.
 The question is
 whether those chemicals
   are nutritionally
   different.
   And the answer is no.
Meet professor
and lactation expert
Courtney Jung.
  Hi, Emily.
 Hi!
Patti's right.
   Formula is a safe
  and nutritionally complete
  alternative to breast milk.
  For things like IQ,
  asthma, allergies, eczema,
   once you account
   for income and education,
 there's almost no difference
 between breastfeeding
 and formula feeding.
The evidence that breastfeeding
  makes a difference
 is just inconclusive.
Oh, yeah.
I formula-fed Murph.
I breastfed
his brother Durph,
and they're both idiots.
 (Murph)
Aw, Mom!
Durph just threw
a bocce ball at me!
   Hey, dude, look hesae
  and nutritious alternative
   to breastfeeding.
  If you want or need
  to feed your baby formula,
do it with confidence.
 Wow. Thank you.
Thanks,
Professor Jung.
   No, wait!
 (can clangs)
What about places
where they don't have
access to clean water?
   Good question, hairball.
   Mixing contaminated water
 with formula can be harmful.
  But if you use clean water
and sterilized bottles,
it's a completely safe
and nutritious option.
  Oh.
Not so fast.
I read mommy blogs,
like, for fun.
And they say that breastfeeding
actually makes your baby
love you more because
it releases a bonding chemical
called oxytocin.
  Oh, oh, can I
 take this one?
   Go ahead.
 Oxytocin is a hormone
  that gets released
  when you do things
  like hug or cuddle.
  That's why the media loves
to call it "the love hormone."
  ♪♪
 But that same hormone
   is also released
when you do things like
   fire a gun or watch porn.
   (gunshot)
That's because hormones
   are complim 2008,
there is no convincing support
   for a connection between
breastfeeding and the quality of
 the mother-infant relationship.
Hmph!
 Breastfeeding is a great way
to bond with your baby.
  But it's not the only one.
And the fact is
   not all women can do it.
 15% of moms can't breastfeed,
  not to mention the parents
 who foster and adopt.
   So, the next time someone
tries to guilt trip you
   or any other parent about
   how they feed their baby,
   you tell them
   they can eat my feet.
  Thanks, Patti.
   you tell them
Christopher Columbus,et.t
the heroic explorer
who discovered America
and proved the Earth
was round.
  Actually, Columbus was
  an incompetent buffoon
who never even
set foot in America.
 (deflating)
Hush, hush.
We all know
Columbus wasn't perfect.
   That's an understatement.
  The real story of Columbus
  is even worse
 and weirder
 than you think.
   All aboard the Magic Van!
 (horn honks)
First of all, Columbus
couldn't have discovered
that the Earth was round
 because in his time, it was
 already common knowledge.
Globes for sale.
Perfectly ordinary globes
for sale.
 Whoa.
What?
Then why did it take
until 1492
 for anyone to sail
 the ocean blue?
   Simple, back then they didn't
   know the Americas existed.
   So navigators thought
   there was no way
a ship could make it all
the way from Europe to Asia.
 So Columbus set sail
 because he was brave.
 Nope, he set sail
 because he was a doofus
   who was terrible at math.
 Instead of trusting
 the experts,
  Columbus believed the Earth
  was thousands of miles smaller
   than it actually was.
  Fools, all of them!
My math says the Earth
 is teeny tiny
and shaped like a pear.
And at the top,
  it has a succulent nipple.
He actually believed that?
 Yes, I actually believe this.
I can sail from Europe to India
 in a matter of days.
That's extremely wrong.
  It took years for Columbus
  to convince the king and queen
   his plan didn't suck.
But competition in the spice
trade was getting intense.
   So Ferdinand and Isabella
   were desperate to find
   a new way
   to get their fix.
The Earth is tiny
and also a pear.
Give me money, please.
 This man is an idiot.
   (sniffing)
   I don't care.
 Fine, give this moron
   the bare minimum,
  90 dumb men
 and three dumb ships.
If you die, who cares?
Right, and that's when
Columbus showed them all
 and became a hero.
But--
   You know what happens
   to mouthy students?
They get extra credit?
   I turn them into iguanas.
 Say hi, Edward.
  (straining)
   Kill me.
(gulps)
 Now, children,
 that's the Nina, the Pinta,
and the Santa Maria,
   the ships Columbus sailed
   to discover America.
I'm really sorry,
Ms. Dazzle,
but Columbus never
set foot in America.
Of all the modern-day countries
Columbus made it to,
 like Cuba, Haiti,
 and the Dominican Republic,
   none of them were
   in the United States.
Okay, fine.
Then, uh, Columbus
discovered Haiti
and the Dominican Republic.
   Sure, he did.
If you don't count the
quarter-million Taino people
   that lived there already.
 Uh, occupied.
 Someone lives here.
Right, I know this part.
He thought he made it
to India.
Aha, this is India
and these people are Indians.
I will be rich
in spices and gold.
(laughs)
What a silly mistake.
 Yes, if by "silly,"
 you mean brutal,
and by "a mistake,"
you mean one of several.
  The Taino treated Columbus
  and his crew
with the utmost hospitality.
   Hug?
(groans)
We need reinforcements!
Columbus repaid their kindness
  by returning with 17 ships
  and 1,200 men
   so he could enslave the Taino
   and steal their gold.
 There was only one problem,
 they didn't have any.
You, gold.
Now!
 Oh, I want to help,
 but what is gold?
(Adam)
   This infuriated Columbus.
   And soon, he and his crew
   began to slaughter them.
  (people screaming)
  This is very inappropriate
for me to see.
(Adam)
 Columbus's regime was
 so senselessly brutal
that by 1542, the Taino
   population on the island
  had fallen to 200.
 (groans)
I can't believe it.
I had no clue that Columbus
was this cruel.
But after this, he must've gone
on to do great things, hmm?
Nope, this was literally
all he did.
  He didn't discover America
 and he didn't prove
the Earth was round.
  He just bounced around
  the Caribbean,
 slaughtered a bunch
 of innocent people,
and died thinking
he had made it to India.
 Hashtag, no regrets.
   (groans)
  Holy crow.
Then why do we learn
about this guy in school?
 Oh, great question.
  For centuries, Columbus
  was a historical footnote.
But that changed in 1828
 when Washington Irving,
   the author of
   "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"
   and other tall tales,
wrote the first English-language
biography of Columbus.
   "Columbus was
   a murderous failure"?
   That ain't gonna sell copies.
Let's say he was a brave genius
who proved the Earth was round
 and discovered America.
Hmm, seems believable.
   And Irving's myth
  caught on bil hasd
to control and criminalize
people of color.
(cash register cha-ching)
(Adam)
In the early years
of our country,
many colonies
and states had laws
barring Native Americans
and free black people
from buying or owning guns.
(alarm sounding)
What?
But I have a receipt.
(Adam)
And racist fears
of black people
have continued to inform
our gun control laws.
In 1960s California,
the Black Panthers
resisted police violence
in Oakland
by patrolling the city
with guns.
We have a right to protect
our communities
against police officers
abusing their power.
Defending yourself
against a tyrannical government,
I'm all about that.
Well, state lawmakers
responded
by passing a bill
that banned open carry.
The bill applied
to all Californians
but it was meant to blatantly
target the Black Panthers.
And that bill was signed
by then California governor
and NRA member,
Ronald Reagan.
I'm just not comfortable with
certain people carrying guns.
(chuckles)
For, uh... reasons.
Oh...
Eva.
Oh!
Babe, I'm so sorry.
I had no idea gun control
used to be so racist.
Is that what
you told her?
Well, I wasn't done.
So, not my responsibility
to teach white people
they own
racist ass history.
All right, white Urkel,
I'll take it from here.
Please do.
And thanks
for the compliment.
Sarah, even today a lot of
gun control laws
really end up being
about controlling black people.
In the mid-2000s,
the Bureau of Alcohol,
Tobacco, and Firearms
performed 10 years of stings
to combat gun crime.
A full analysis
found that
91% of people arrested
were people of color.
And we're not just talking
about the red states.
For years, New York City
had an official policy
to stop black and brown
people on the street
just to see if they might
have guns or drugs.
Stop!
(police siren whoops)
Sir, you're
in a public place
and you look...
you know, dangerous.
What? Oh.
Sir?
Records show that these stops
almost never found guns.
Between '04 and 2012,
4.4 million people
were stopped,
but only 1.5% of them
had weapons.
Men in my family
have gotten jaywalking tickets
from the NYPD after
they didn't find anything
in the stop and frisk.
They weren't
stopping criminals,
they were just
stopping black people.
Eva, I'm sorry.
I had no idea.
You've never talked about it.
 It's not her responsibility
 to talk about it,
 it's our responsibility
 as a country.
This is James Forman, Jr.,
Pulitzer Prize winner
and author of the book
"Locking Up Our Own."
 There's a connection between
 the overly punitive
 gun sentencing laws
 that were passed in the 1970s,
 1980s, and 1990s
 and the current crisis
 of mass incarceration.
 Instead of national
 gun control laws
 that could stop
 the flood of available guns,
 we have local laws that
 penalize possession.
 And those laws are mostly
 passed in cities.
 So, the result
 is that guns are everywhere,
 violence is rampant,
 and the only people
 who go to prison
 for possessing guns
 are poor people of color in
 our nation's cities.
Black people face the highest
rates of deaths by guns.
But instead of protecting
the families and neighborhoods
who face the most
gun violence,
our current gun laws just
double down on destroying them.
 And that's why we shouldn't
 talk about new gun penalties
 without first talking about
 how we transform
 our criminal legal system.
 All right, Adam, I got to get
 to my Thanksgiving dinner.
Well, I think
we all learned
a valuable lesson
about gun control.
No, Dan.
There's something you
need to realize too.
Gun rights don't protect
black people either.
Take the stand
your ground law
the NRA pushed legislators
to pass in Florida.
It says use of deadly force
is justified to defend yourself
in your home or car
even if you can run away.
But in practice,
not everyone gets to use it.
Marissa Alexander
was sentenced
to 20 years in prison
just for firing
a warning shot
to defend herself against
her abusive husband.
Stand your ground
didn't help her.
Or look at what happened
to Philando Castile.
During a routine
traffic pullover,
he informed the police officer
that he had his gun on him.
And the cop shot and killed him
in front of his girlfriend
and her
four-year-old daughter.
But I drive
with my weapon every day.
That's not
against the law.
Okay, so imagine
I'm a police officer
pulling you over
and you're Philando Castile.
Do you have your license
and insurance?
Yes, officer,
I do have to tell you
I do have a firearm on me.
Okay, don't reach
for it then.
I'm... I'm--
Don't pull it out.
I'm not pulling it out.
He's not pulling it out.
Don't pull it out.
Bang!
That is the exact moment
Philando Castile was shot.
He did everything that
responsible gun owners
are supposed to do.
And the NRA didn't
come to his defense.
For all their talk about
protecting gun rights,
they sure are quiet when
black people are gunned down
for exercising them.
So, Dan,
I'm frustrated
