Hello there.  Hi. I'm Jake and if you know one thing about me it's
probably, well, that I love the end of the world.
I've made a lot of videos about it on Vsauce 3 like
Could You Be The Last Of Us?  Could You Survive A Fallout?  What If The World Ended?
And then one recently about what if everyone were taken over by parasites?
So this episode is all about different types of disasters that can occur.
And I'm going to give you safe ways to simulate them but just in case you find yourself in a real life one
Well there's disasterpreparer.com/websites.
And that could help.  It's a website full of more websites that show you what you could do in case of an emergency.
It's a DONG, something you could do online now guys.
On the Habitable Planet you can learn through
lessons and their corresponding simulations.
I did the Disease Lab which helps you visualize
and understand how pandemics like the Spanish
Influenza of 1918 occur and affect populations.
It infected around 500 million people worldwide
and killed an estimated 50 to 100 million.
That’s anywhere from 3 to 5% of the global
population at the time which was thought to
be around 1.8 or 1.9 billion. If we go further
back in time to The Black Death, well that killed an estimated 450 million people during the 14th century.
Of course this simulation can’t possibly
show the kind of devastation and grief caused
by a massive pandemic like one of those but it does give you an idea of just how quickly diseases
can spread. Pick through four diseases…well,
made up diseases based on real ones. Like
Kold with a K or the Neasles instead of measles.
Not only does it imitate the name but it even
shares the measles 90% transmission rate and
the fact that it’s typically contagious
4 days before a rash appears and 4 days after. You can also choose the degree
of population mixing which is when migrants
of different origins come in contact with
one another. If you run the simulation it
will automatically go for 100 days. But there’s
value in going step by step because you can
see the spread of illness at work and calculate
it yourself to see if it fits what’s typical
for that disease. For example, each contagious
dot has eight neighbors.  Divide the number of newly red neighbors by 8
to see that it's pretty close to that
90% transmission rate. If you keep going some
dots disappear completely and these are the
ones that have died.
Of course some disasters would occur with
or without the presence of humans, like hurricanes.
On create-a-cane your job is to set the ideal
conditions for its formation. If you wanna
be a pro before you even get into it you can
read up on them first with this page. There
are pretty cool facts like how the term hurricane
only refers to the large storms that form
over the Atlantic or eastern Pacific. In fact
they all have different names depending on
where they are from so it could be a typhoon,
cyclone, severe tropical cyclone or severe
cyclonic storm. Whichever one it is, it still requires the same conditions to form. The first is
that there has to be warm ocean water that’s
at least 80 degrees Fahrenheit and about 165
feet below the surface.  This contributes
to warm moist air forming above the surface.
Since warm air rises it leaves the surface
and creates an area with fewer air molecules
per unit. This lower density causes a low
pressure zone which just means there is less
force distributed over the area. The surrounding
air has a higher pressure and pushes in to
the low-pressure zone. This new air warms and rises and the surrounding air
swirls in to take its place. These colliding
air pressures are what cause those strong
winds. And then there are other factors of
course such as wind direction and wind strength
and distance from the equator at formation.
But I don’t wanna ruin the experience for
you. So you should definitely check this out yourself and explore on your
own. If you do need some help, there are question marks
that can give you some guidance. Speaking of strong
winds you can also
Experience the formation of a tornado. Unlike
hurricanes, tornadoes form over land and their
winds get much faster. On this simulation
you are guided through the ingredients for
a perfect tornado, the storm formation, and
at the end you can watch the funnel form.
Many funnel clouds do not actually touch the
ground and cannot be defined as tornadoes.
It’s definitely cool to see because they’re
not always visible at this stage in real life.
And also you probably don’t want to get
that close to one. A category 5 hurricane,
the strongest it can get rarely goes above
195 mph but tornadoes have gotten up to about
300 mph. However, hurricanes can cause more
widespread damage due to their size and duration.
They are measured by the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane
Scale and Tornadoes by the F-scale. Both categorize
the storms based on their wind speed. Since
tornadoes are so strong they would probably
destroy any measuring device, their wind speed
is actually just an estimate based on the
amount of damage inflicted.
Now disasters like this can obviously affect the
population and sometimes it’s hard to Imagine
The Population of Tomorrow. This website predicts age
distribution as well as population size depending
on a variety of factors. They will change
based on the geographical zone selected. For
example, population growth in the United States
is negative since it actually has a sub-replacement
fertility rate of only 1.89 children born per
woman. This is the rate that needs to be sustained
for each new generation to be less populous
than the subsequent one. But let's change it to
Egypt where the average number of children
born per woman is 3.16 and the growth is pretty
fast. During that Flu pandemic in 1918, average life expectancy in the United
States dropped 12 years. So let’s say that
happened in 2018. Decrease it by 12 and watch
how the population slows down. This is probably
intuitive since the death rate is slowing
while the birth rate has been kept constant.
But it’s still interesting to watch how
that might have looked 100 years ago.
Population growth can get complex with all these factors but predictions can be
made using complex mathematics. To figure
out the rate of change of population you can
use something called differential equations.
These can also be applied to predict things
like chemical reactions and economic trends.
But what are differential equations?
Well, Brilliant.org has a whole course on
them with quizzes and it is awesome. Let’s go through one
of the questions.
Here is an example of a differential equation.
A solution is a function y(x) whose derivative
is 6xy. We’ll see in the next chapter how
to find such functions. For now, we can whether
a function is a solution by differentiating
and seeing whether the equation is satisfied.
Which of the following is a solution to this
equation? y=e^3x². CORRECT.
Brilliant was nice enough to sponsor this episode and their site is incredible
It allows you to test your knowledge in subjects like math and science
and it really aligns with Vsauce's mission perfectly so if you want
to continue expanding your knowledge sign
up with the link at the top of the description
for 20% off an annual subscription. But, only the first 36 of you will get it so I would recommend going and clicking that link.
Alright I'm gonna go make this entire studio disaster proof...uhh...and as always, thanks for watching.
uhhhh okay.
