We’ve explored a fraction of the ocean,
most of the Earth, and parts of our Solar
System.
But, do you ever wonder what everything around
us is made up of?
You might be surprised that the most abundant
elements in the universe are limited on Earth.
What happens below the Earth’s crust is
inaccessible to us, but not for our lack of
trying.
In 1970, we tried to dig a hole that would
go below the crust.
That was the Kola Borehole located in Northwest
Russia.
The project lasted 20 years without much success.
At 40,230 feet, drillers encountered high
temperatures, reaching 356° F and had to
stop.
The hole was just 9 inches in diameter, and
it’s considered to be the deepest hole in
the world – in terms of true vertical depth.
According to the National Academy of Science,
the earth’s core consists of about 89% iron,
6% nickel, 4% sulfur and less than 1% trace
elements.
– Which means, we have no idea what they
are.
But we do know what’s in the Earth’s crust.
There are 94 elements that occur naturally
on Earth.
To find the rarest, let’s start with a few
of the most abundant.
Oxygen would be #1 on that list.
Apart from its presence in the atmosphere
as a gas, it’s also present in rocks.
Now don’t go sniffing them, because that’s
just weird.
It’s there as an oxide.
Ahh, I know what you are wondering, so here
it goes.
Oxide is a chemical compound that has at least
one oxygen atom and one other element.
These guys are very common in the Earth’s
crust, and they have a solid state.
The 3rd most plentiful element is Aluminum
Oxide.
The most natural form of this is corundum.
Beautiful gems like sapphires and rubies are
forms of corundum.
But they owe their unique colors to trace
impurities.
For example, sapphires get their shades from
iron and titanium, while rubies get their
burgundy color from the presence of chromium,
and with the helping hand of lasers.
The 10th most abundant element in our list
is Hydrogen.
It’s the simplest element in the Universe
and it goes all the way back to the Big Bang.
That was 15 Billion years ago when the universe
was extremely dense and hot.
As it slowly cooled down, the conditions got
better for the building blocks of matter to
begin forming.
These were electrons and quarks.
At first, they were sort of floating around
as plasma.
Then it got cooler and the quarks concentrated
into nucleons.
To understand this, think of how steam condenses
to liquid droplets as the vapor gets cold.
That allowed some protons and neutrons to
fuse into the helium nuclei.
It took around 380,000 years for atoms to
be formed.
At one point, the universe was only hydrogen.
Today, it’s the most common element in the
universe, occupying 73% of it.
The second one is Helium, which takes up 25%,
and the other 2% are trace elements.
Hydrogen on Earth, however, is very low if
we compare it to the universe.
It used to be a lot more when the Earth was
formed, but as a lighter gas, it started floating
up into space.
The 17th most abundant element is carbon,
which is also the second most common element
in our bodies, holding 18% of its mass.
In fact, it would be impossible for life to
exist without carbon.
But in the Earth’s crust, it dips below
zero, occupying only 0.02%.
In the 21st place we have Chromium.
It’s naturally found in soils, water, rocks,
and even dust.
Since its basically all over the ground, you
can find it in plants, the foods that we eat,
animals and drinks.
It doesn’t have a taste, smell or color.
Zinc holds the 24th place.
Small traces of Zinc are found in the ocean
water and the air.
Our bodies even use zinc to help with our
sense of taste and smell.
10 places down you’ll find Nitrogen.
This guy makes up 78.1% of the air we breathe,
yet it’s quite rarer in the earth’s crust
– occupying only 0.0019%.
For the gardeners out there – here’s something
interesting.
Plants get nitrogen from the soil, which is
an essential nutrient that helps them grow
and creates their food through photosynthesis.
But some veggies get their nitrogen from the
air we breathe instead of the soil, like beans
and peas.
At #47 we have hafnium.
This little element is never alone.
It’s always found as a solid object with
another compound called zirconium.
But hafnium is twice as dense as its companion.
Once the two separate, it can be used as a
nuclear reactor control rod.
Speaking of nuclear reactors.
The most interesting one is uranium, two places
down.
Scientists believe that the sun was born from
the ashes of a supernova.
They base that on evidence of complex heavy
metals such as uranium, which gets mined to
fuel nuclear power plants.
The sun doesn’t have enough heat to create
any elements heavier than iron.
So, uranium can only be created in a huge
cosmic explosion.
For example, when a star has burned up all
of its fuel and the core collapses.
Iodine is the 61st element on the list.
It’s the heaviest of the stable halogens
and it has a dark purply color.
It was first discovered in 1811, but was given
a name 2 years later.
Since it was a violet shade, its name translates
to that color in Greek.
There’s more Iodine in the ocean than in
the Earth’s crust.
Seaweed is loaded with it.
On Earth, it’s merely found underground
near natural gas and oil reserves.
Now, we’ve reached the 72nd which is Helium!
This guy is quite impressive.
It’s abundant in space, but unfortunately
it doesn’t really enjoy the atmosphere on
Earth.
But get this: the sun is made of helium and
hydrogen atoms, and that’s what gives it
fuel.
There’s so much pressure in the sun that
the hydrogen atoms collide with each other
to form helium atoms.
That’s called the fusion process.
The rest of it is given off as energy.
600 million tons of hydrogen are fused into
595 million tons of helium.
So, the question is, why can’t we find it
on Earth?
Well, it sort of leaks out of the atmosphere
since it’s so light.
Which is why helium balloons rush to reach
the sky when you let go of them.
Helium is also the first noble gas, which
means that it doesn’t react with other elements
to form compounds.
The party goers will love this one.
In 73rd place we have neon.
The name means “new”.
It was discovered in 1898.
The air holds more of it than the Earth’s
crust because it has very high vapor pressure
in low temperatures.
When you’re out and about at night you can
see it in advertising and club signs.
It glows an orangy/red color when it’s placed
in a glass tube.
But it’s not that simple.
In order to activate that bright luminosity,
you need high voltage electricity.
We’re getting closer folks.
At #74, we have platinum.
It’s mostly found in copper and nickel ores
in South Africa.
This guy is so rare that only a few hundred
tons are produced every year.
And it has many uses too, like electrical
contacts, equipment, and costly jewelry.
Speaking of expensive shiny things, gold is
right after platinum, and you can tell it’s
pretty rare by its hefty price tag.
You probably already know how it’s used,
but you may not have known that it’s edible!
Or that earthquakes can turn water into the
precious metal.
The most astonishing thing about it, though,
is that it can be found inside our bodies!
And now it’s time for the rarest element
on Earth: Astatine, with the most stable isotope,
has an 8-hour half-life.
The rest of them go on for less than a second
to a few minutes.
I’m guessing that’s how it got its name
which translates to “unstable”.
Scientists can’t even study it in bulk because
its properties disappear as soon as they appear
– it just vaporizes from the production
of heat during decay.
Chemists were on the hunt for this missing
element for decades.
They believe that it has a shiny black metallic
color.
Here’s how it came about.
In 1869, a Russian chemist named Dmitri Mendeleev
created an extended version of the periodic
table and found some room for our missing
element.
It belonged to the Halogen group.
Until they found it, they gave it the name
Eka-iodine, since it belonged to the same
family with Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, and
Iodine.
Scientists all over the world were going back
and forth to discover the element and gave
it various names until the University of California
stepped in and managed to reproduce it.
In 1940, researchers artificially recreated
astatine by bombarding the isotope bismuth-209
with alpha particles inside a particle accelerator.
Astatine 209 and 211 can only be created in
small quantities.
Astatine 211 is used in nuclear medicine to
treat certain things.
It’s estimated that there’s less than
1 gram of astatine in the whole earth and
that it comes from the decaying of uranium
and thorium.
Now our chances of coming across it are less
than 1 in a trillion, and even then, we won’t
know.
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