
Korean: 
우리는 이미 DNA의 분자구조에 대해
많은 공부를 했습니다.
여기 앞에 있는 것은
이중나선구조를 띠고 있는 두 가닥의 DNA입니다.
그리고 여기 이것이 DNA라는 것을 보여주는 표시들이 있습니다.
특히, 여기 탄소골격에 있는
오탄당을 볼 수 있습니다.
그럼 탄소에 한 번 번호를 매겨 봅시다.
1프라임, 2프라임, 3프라임, 4프라임, 5프라임.
여기 보면 2프라임 탄소에는 산소가
결합되어 있지 않다는 것이 보입니다.
여기에 하이드록시기가 결합되어 있지 않기 때문에,
이것이 리보오스가 아니라는 것을 알 수 있습니다.
이것은 디옥시리보오스이고, 여기 있는 것도 디옥시리보오스입니다.
이 두개도 마찬가지로 디옥시리보오스이고,
이 사실들이 이것이 두 가닥의 DNA,
디옥시리보오스산이라는 것을 알려줍니다.
이것 좀 적겠습니다.
이 부분의 사슬은,
디옥시리보오스가 인산기와 질소성 염기에
결합되어 있는 것으로부터 나옵니다.

Dutch: 
We hebben al veel aandacht besteed
aan de moleculaire structuur van DNA.
Recht onder onze neus hebben we twee
strengen DNA die een dubbele helix vormen.
We kunnen de kenmerken zien dat dit DNA is.
In het bijzonder zien we de vijf-koolstof suiker
in het skelet.
We zien, als we de koolstof nummeren,
dit is 1', 2', 3', 4', 5'.
We zien op het 2'-koolstof
geen zuurstof eraan verbonden.
We hebben geen hydroxylgroep eraan verbonden.
En daarom weten we dat dit geen ribose is.
Dit is desoxyribose. Dit hier is desoxyribose.
En deze twee zijn ook desoxyribose,
dat verteld on dat we twee strengen
DNA hebben, desoxyribonucleïnezuur.
Ik schrijf het op.
Dit deel van de keten,
komt van een desoxyribose verbonden
aan fosfaatgroepen en een stikstofbase.

English: 
- [Voiceover] We've already payed a lot of attention
to the molecular structure of DNA.
In fact right depicted in front of us, we have two strands
of DNA forming a double helix,
and we can look at the telltale signs that this is DNA.
In particular, we can look at the five-carbon sugar
on it's backbone.
We see, and let's actually number the carbons.
This is 1', 2', 3', 4', 5'.
We can see on the 2' carbon
we don't have an oxygen attached to it.
We don't have a hydroxyl group attached to it,
and because of that, we know that this is not ribose.
This is deoxyribose. This right over here is deoxyribose.
And these two are also deoxyribose,
so that tells us that we have two strands
of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid.
So let me write this down.
This part of the chain,
this is derived from a deoxyribose being attached
to phosphate groups and a nitrogenous base.

Bulgarian: 
Вече обърнахме много внимание на
молекулярната структура на ДНК.
Всъщност пред нас имa две ДНК вериги,
образуващи двойна спирала,
можем да видим отличителните белези на ДНК.
По-специално - пет-въглеродна захар
в гръбнака на молекулата.
Нека номерираме въглеродните атоми.
Това е 1', 2', 3', 4', 5'.
Можем да видим, че при въглероден атом 2'
няма кислород.
Няма хидроксилна група, свързана с него,
затова знаем, че това не е рибоза.
Това е дезоксирибоза. Това тук е дезоксирибоза.
Тук също имаме дезоксирибоза,
което ни казва, че имаме две вериги ДНК
дезоксирибонуклеинова киселина.
Ще го запиша.
Тази част от веригата е,
получена чрез свързване на дезоксирибоза
с фосфатни групи и азотна база.

Dutch: 
Dus desoxyribose.
Wat zouden we moeten doen als we
in plaats van dit te zien
als twee strengen DNA in een dubbele helix formatie,
hoe zouden we de linker streng,
al we in plaats daarvan ons willen voorstellen
dat de linker streng messenger RNA is
dat aangemaakt wordt tijdens transcriptie
van een enkele streng DNA hier aan de rechterkant?
Om dit te veranderen in RNA,
moeten we op het 2'-koolstof de desoxyribose
veranderen in ribose. We moeten dus
hier een hydroxylgroep toevoegen.
Dus ik voeg hier een hydroxylgroep toe,
ik doe de waterstof in het wit.
Dus ik voeg een hydroxylgroep daar toe,
en dat doe ik bij alle suikers
op de linker streng
als ik een enkele streng RNA wil.
RNA is enkelstrengs.

Bulgarian: 
Дезоксирибоза.
Какво трябва да направим, ако искаме
вместо
двете вериги от двойната спирала на ДНК --
как трябва да редактираме лявата верига,
ако искаме да я представим
като верига на информационна РНК,
генерирана по време на транскрипция
от единичната ДНК верига отдясно?
За да я превърнем в РНК, или за да изглежда като РНК,
при въглероден атом 2' трябва да превърнем дезоксирибозата
в рибоза.
Затова ще добавим хидроксилна група ето тук.
Мога да добавя хидроксилна група тук,
всъщност ще оцветя водородните атоми в бяло.
Ще добавим една хидроксилна група тук,
ще го направя за всички захари
в гръбнака на лявата верига,
ако искам това да е единична верига РНК.
РНК често е едноверижна.

English: 
So deoxyribose.
So, what would we have to do if we wanted,
instead of viewing this
as two strands of DNA in a double helix formation,
how would we have to edit the left hand strand,
if instead we wanted to imagine
that the left hand strand is a messenger RNA
being generated during transcription
with a single strand of DNA here on the right?
Well, to turn this into RNA, or to make it look like RNA,
on the 2' carbon, well, we want to turn the deoxyribose
into just ribose, so we would want to add
a hydroxyl group right over here.
So I add a hydroxyl group over there,
actually do the hydrogens in white.
So add one hydroxyl group there,
and I want to do on all the sugars
on the left strand's backbone
if I want this to be a single strand of RNA,
and RNA tends to be single stranded.

English: 
So oxygen, and then a hydrogen.
So adding this hydroxyl group instead of
just having another hydrogen,
this tells us that this sugar is no long deoxyribose.
This is ribose.
So we now have ribose in our backbone,
which is a telltale sign that
at least now we have the backbone of RNA, ribonucleic acid,
versus DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid.
Now, you might think we're done, but we're not quite done,
because the nitrogenous bases on RNA are slightly different
than the nitrogenous bases on DNA.
On DNA, your nitrogenous bases are
Adenine, Guanine.
Adenine and Guanine are the two ringed nitrogenous bases.
Right over here, this is Adenine.
This is Guanine.

Dutch: 
Dus zuurstof en dan waterstof.
Dus het toevoegen van deze hydroxyl groep in plaats van
alleen maar een andere waterstof,
vertelt ons dat deze suiker niet langer meer desoxyribose is.
Dit is ribose.
Dus nu hebben we ribose in ons skelet,
wat een teken is
dat we tenminste het skelet hebben van RNA, ribonucleïnezuur,
versus DNA, desoxyribonucleïnezuur.
Nu denk je dat we klaar zijn, maar nee,
want de stikstofbasen van RNA zijn iets verschillend
dan de stikstofbasen van DNA.
Bij DNA zijn je stikstofbasen
adenine, guanine.
Adenine en guanine zijn de stikstofbasen met twee ringen.
Dit hier is adenine.
Dit is guanine.

Bulgarian: 
Кислород, а след това и водород.
Добавянето на хидроксилна група вместо
водород,
ни казва, че тази захар вече не е дезоксирибоза.
Това е рибоза.
Вече имаме рибоза в гръбнака,
което е отличителен знак, че
имаме гръбнака на РНК, рибонуклеинова киселина,
вместо този на ДНК, дезоксирибонуклеинова киселина.
Може да си мислиш, че сме готови, но не напълно,
защото азотните бази на РНК са малко по-различни от
тези на ДНК.
При ДНК азотните бази са
аденин, гуанин --
Аденин и гуанин са азотни бази с два пръстена.
Ето тук, това е аденин.
Това е гуанин.

Bulgarian: 
В ДНК също има и цитозин.
Ще направя всяка база в различен цвят.
Цитозин и тимин.
Това тук е цитозин,
а това е тимин.
Цитозин и тимин са азотни бази с по един пръстен.
Наричаме ги пиримидинови бази.
Аденин и гуанин се наричат пуринови бази.
Това беше малък преговор.
В РНК също имаме аденин,
както и гуанин.
Имаме цитозин,
но вместо тимин, имаме негов много близък роднина -
урацил.
На рисунката
тази азотна база -- Не забравяй, когато започнахме видеото,
това беше двойноверижна ДНК,
тази азотна база тук е тимин,
тя образува водородни връзки с аденина тук.

English: 
And you also have Cytosine
I'm gonna do these all in different colors.
Cytosine and Thymine.
And this right over is Cytosine,
and this is Thymine,
Cytosine and Thymine are single ringed nitrogenous bases.
We called them pyrimidines.
Adenine and Guanine, we call them purines.
This is a little bit of a review.
In RNA, you still have Adenine.
You still have Guanine.
You still have Cytosine,
but instead of Thymine, you have a very close relative,
and that is Uracil.
So the way that this is drawn right now,
this nitrogenous base, remember when we started this video,
it was double stranded DNA,
this nitrogenous base right over here is Thymine,
and it forms hydrogen bonds with Adenine right over here.

Dutch: 
En je hebt ook cytosine.
 
Cytosine en thymine.
En dit hier is cytosine,
en dit is thymine,
cytosine en thymine zijn stikstofbasen met enkele ringen.
We noemen ze pyrimidines.
Adenine en guanine noemen we purines.
Dit is een beetje een terugblik.
In RNA heb je nog steeds adenine.
Je hebt nog guanine.
Je hebt nog cytosine,
maar in plaats van thymine heb je zijn broertje,
en dat is uracil.
De manier waarop dit is getekend,
deze stikstofbase, denk terug aan het begin van deze video,
dat was dubbelstrengs DNA,
deze stikstofbase hier is thymine,
en het vorm waterstofbruggen met adenine.

English: 
If I want to turn it to Uracil,
I just have to get rid of this methyl group right over here,
so if I just do this and replace it with a Hydrogen,
that is just implicitly bonded there,
well, now I'm dealing with Uracil.
So you see that Uracil and Thymine are very close molecules
or very similar nitrogenous bases,
and that's why they can play a very similar role.
And it's still the case, what Uracil pairs with,
it pairs with Adenine, the same thing Thymine pairs with.
And everything else is, of course, still the same.
An interesting question is why Uracil? Why not Thymine?
Or you can say why Thymine? Why not Uracil?
And based on what I've read, it actually turns out
that Uracil is a little bit more error prone.
It might be able to bond with other things.

Dutch: 
Als ik het in uracil wil veranderen,
dan moet ik van deze methylgroep af zien te komen.
Als ik dat vervang door een waterstof,
dat hier impliciet gebonden is,
nou, nu hebben we te maken met uracil.
Je ziet dat uracil en thymine erg op elkaar lijkende moleculen zijn,
erg lijkende stikstofbasen,
en daarom kunnen ze een erg lijkende rol spelen.
Het is nog steeds het geval dat uracil een paar vormt
met adenine, hetzelfde ding als waar thymine een paar mee vormt.
Al het andere is natuurlijk nog steeds hetzelfde.
Een interessante vraag is, "Waarom uracil? Waarom niet thymine?"
Of je kan zeggen, "Waarom thymine? Waarom niet uracil?"
En gebaseerd op wat ik gelezen heb blijkt,
dat uracil een beetje foutgevoeliger is.
Het is in staat om met andere dingen te binden.

Bulgarian: 
Ако искам да го превърна в урацил,
просто трябва да махнем тази метилова група,
така че ще го направя и ще я заменя с водород.
Подразбира се, че тук има водород.
Сега имаме урацил.
Виждаме, че урацил и тимин са много близки молекули
или много сходни азотни бази,
затова могат да изпълняват сходни функции.
Урацил се свързва с
аденин също като тимин.
Всичко останало, разбира се, остава същото.
Интересен въпрос е - защо урацил? Защо не тимин?
Или защо тимин? Защо не урацил?
Въз основа на това, което съм чел, се оказва,
че урацилът създава повече предпоставки за грешки.
Той може да се свързва с различни неща.

English: 
When you're coating, it's a little less stable than Thymine.
So Uracil makes the RNA molecule,
or actually makes the machinery of information transfer,
it makes it less stable.
It's a less stable way to transfer information.
Based on what I've read, in evolutionary history,
RNA molecules, most people believe, predate DNA molecules.
So in the early stages, you had a lot of change,
and so Uracil molecules were just fine,
and there was a lot of errors and whatever else.
But then information needed to be a little more persistent
and a little less error prone, well then,
Thymine helped stabilize things.
There's also the view, "why has Uracil stuck around?"
Well, RNA molecules, they have all of these roles in cells.
Messenger RNA molecules are taking information
from the DNA and getting it transcribed
or getting it translated at the ribosome.
But they shouldn't hang out forever.

Bulgarian: 
Малко по-нестабилен е от тимина.
Т.е. урацилът прави РНК молекулата
или машината за обмен на информация,
по-малко стабилна.
Това е по-нестабилен начин за трансфер на информация.
В еволюционната история
се смята, че РНК предхожда ДНК.
В ранните еволюционни етапи е имало много промени,
тогава урацилът е бил подходящ,
имало е много грешки при преноса на информация и т.н.
Но след това е станало необходимо  информация да бъде малко по-устойчива,
и да има по-малко предпоставки за грешки при преноса ѝ.
Тогава тиминът помогнал за стабилизиране на нещата.
Има и такъв въпрос, "Защо урацилът се е запазил?"
РНК молекулите имат много различни роли в клетката.
Информационната РНК взима информация
от ДНК и я транскрибира,
за да бъде транслирана с помощта на рибозомите.
Но иРНК не трябва да остава завинаги прикрепена към рибозомите.

Dutch: 
Het is iets minder stabiel dan thymine.
Dus uracil maakt het RNA molecuul,
of eigenlijk de machinerie van informatie overdracht,
minder stabiel.
Het is een minder stabiele manier om informatie over te brengen.
Wat ik erover heb gelezen, in evolutionaire geschiedenis,
komen RNA moleculen eerder voor dan DNA moleculen.
Dus in de vroege periodes had je veel verandering,
en uracil moleculen waren prima geschikt,
ook al waren er veel foutjes.
Maar dan moest de informatie een beetje meer blijvend worden
en minder gevoelig voor fouten.
En thymine hielp om te stabiliseren.
Dan is er meteen de vraag, "waarom is er nog steeds uracil?"
Nou, RNA moleculen hebben allerlei rollen in de cellen.
Messenger RNA moleculen nemen informatie
van het DNA via transcriptie
or laten het getransleerd worden bij het ribosoom.
Maar ze moeten niet voor eeuwig blijven rondhangen.

English: 
You actually want them to be somewhat unstable.
So it's an interesting question to think about.
Why do we have Uracil instead of Thymine,
or why do we have Thymine instead of Uracil?
But this is one of the telltale signs of,
that we are now dealing with an RNA molecule.
So now what we have on the left hand side,
Now, all of this business,
actually let me do this in a different color.
all of this business, this strand right over here,
we can now, the way it's drawn,
we can now consider this an RNA molecule,
and if we assume that this is happening during transcription
where a single strand of DNA would want
to replicate it's information,
then this over here would be mRNA, messenger RNA,
and so what's going on here?
Well, let's think about it.
The messenger RNA, the way it's oriented,
if we go, we have phosphate group,
then we go to 5' carbon, 4', 3', then phosphate group,

Bulgarian: 
Искаме да бъде малко нестабилна.
Така че това е интересен въпрос за размисъл.
Защо имаме урацил вместо тимин
или защо имаме тимин вместо урацил?
Урацилът е един от най-ясните знаци,
че имаме молекула РНК.
Така че това, което имаме отляво,
всичко това,
нека го направим в различен цвят,
всичко това, тази верига тук,
както е нарисувана,
може да се разглежда като РНК.
Ако приемем, че това се е случило по време на транскрипция,
когато едната верига на ДНК иска
да копира информация си,
тогава това тук ще бъде иРНК, информационна РНК.
Да помислим какво става тук?
 
Да разгледаме ориентацията на информационната РНК,
имаме фосфатна група,
след това 5 'въглерод, 4', 3' и фосфатна група,

Dutch: 
Je wil dat ze wat instabiel zijn.
Dus het is een interessante vraag:
"Waarom hebben we uracil in plaats van thymine",
of "Waarom hebben we thymine in plaats van uracil?"
Maar dit is een van de tekenen
dat we te maken hebben met een RNA molecuul.
Dus wat we nu hebben aan de linkerkant,
 
 
al deze dingen, deze streng hier,
 
we kunnen dit beschouwen als een RNA molecuul,
en als we aannemen dat dit gebeurt tijdens transcriptie
waar een enkele streng DNA
zijn informatie wil repliceren,
dan is dit hier mRNA, messenger RNA,
en wat gebeurt er hier?
 
Het messenger RNA, zoals het georiënteerd is,
dan hebben we een fosfaatgroep,
dan gaan we naar 5'-koolstof, 4', 3', dan  fosfaatgroep,

English: 
then 5', 4', 3', then phosphate group,
so this is oriented 5' on top, 3' on the bottom,
while these DNA molecules are oriented the other way.
This is a 5' carbon. This is a 3' carbon,
so we have phosphate, 3', 5', phosphate,
so we have 3' is on top, and 5' is on the bottom.
So if we wanted to think about what's happening,
maybe using the symbols for the nitrogenous bases,
we could say, all right we have our mRNA molecule here,
and this is it's 5' end, and this is it's 3' end,
and then the top nitrogenous base over here, this is Uracil.
And then the second one over here, this is Cytosine.
This is Cytosine.
This is Cytosine over here, and this is being transcribed

Bulgarian: 
после 5', 4', 3 ' и фосфатна група,
Веригата е ориентирана от 5' (горе) към  3' (долу),
а тези ДНК молекули са ориентирани в обратната посока.
Това е въглероден атом 5'. Това е въглероден атом 3',
така че имаме фосфат, 3 ', 5', фосфат,
имаме 3' горе и 5' долу.
 
С помощта на означенията на азотните бази,
виждаме, че имаме иРНК,
това е нейният 5 'край, а това е 3' краят,
горната азотна база тук е урацил.
А втората е цитозин.
Това е цитозин.
Това е цитозин тук и това се транскрибира

Dutch: 
dan 5', 4', 3', dan fosfaatgroep,
dus dit is georiënteerd met 5' boven en 3' onder,
terwijl deze DNA moleculen de andere kant op georiënteerd zijn.
Dit is een 5'-koolstof. Dit is een 3'-koolstof,
dus we hebben fosfaat, 3', 5', fosfaat,
en we hebben 3' boven en 5' onder.
Als we bedenken wat er gebeurt,
met gebruik van symbolen voor de stikstofbasen,
dan zeggen we, oke, we hebben hier ons mRNA molecuul,
en dit is de 5' kant en dit is de 3' kant,
en de bovenste stikstofbase is uracil,
de tweede is dan cytosine.
Dit is cytosine
En het wordt getranscribeerd

English: 
from this DNA molecule on the right hand side,
so this is DNA, and this DNA has an antiparallel orientation
It's parallel, but it's kinda flipped over.
The sugars are pointed in a different direction,
so this is going from the 3' end.
This is the 5' end.
And we see that the Uracil is hydrogen bonded to Adenine.
That is Adenine
And I'll draw dotted lines to show the hydrogen bonds.
And that the Cytosine is hydrogen bonded to Guanine.
So this right over here, that is Guanine.
Actually I'll do the hydrogen bonds in white.
Actually there's multiple hydrogen bonds going on here,
but just to be clear, this is mRNA,
and on the right, we have DNA.
This could be happening during transcription.

Dutch: 
van dit DNA molecuul aan de rechterkant,
want DNA heeft een antiparallele oriëntatie.
Het is parallel, maar dan omgedraaid.
De suikers wijzen in een verschillende richting,
dus dit loopt vanaf de 3'-kant.
Dit is de 5'-kant.
Uracil is met een waterstofbrug gebonden aan adenine.
Dat is adenine.
Ik teken stippellijntjes om de waterstofbruggen te laten zien.
En dat is cytosine verbonden met een waterstofbrug aan guanine.
Dus dit hier, dat is guanine.
 
Eigenlijk zijn er meerdere waterstofbruggen hier,
maar om duidelijk te zijn, dit is mRNA,
aan de rechterkant hebben we DNA.
Dit kan gebeuren tijdens transcriptie.

Bulgarian: 
от ДНК молекулата отдясно,
така че това е ДНК и тази ДНК има антипаралелна ориентация.
Тя е паралелна, но обърната наопаки.
Захарите сочат в противоположна посока,
така че това е 3' краят.
Това е 5' краят.
Виждаме, че урацилът е свързан с аденин чрез водородна връзка.
Това е аденин.
Ще нарисувам пунктирани линии, за да означа водородните връзки.
Цитозинът е свързан чрез водородни връзки с гуанин.
Това тук е гуанин.
Ще направя водородните връзки в бяло.
Има няколко водородни връзки тук,
но за да бъде ясно, това е иРНК,
а отдясно имаме ДНК.
Това може да се случи по време на транскрипция.

English: 
Now, what are the types of RNAs out there?
We've talked about this in other videos.
Well, you have messenger RNA, which has an important role
in taking information from DNA
and getting it eventually translated
with the help of tRNAs in ribosomes,
and though I've just mentioned another type of RNA,
and that's transfer RNA, so transfer RNA, tRNA.
And in the overview video on transcription and translation,
we talk about how tRNA does this,
but it has amino acids attached on one end,
and then it has anticodons on the other end
that essentially pair with codons on the mRNA,
and, then, thus allows it to construct proteins.
And actually, this right over here is a visualization

Bulgarian: 
Какви видове РНК има?
Говорили сме за това и в други клипове.
Имаме информационна РНК, която има важна роля
при копиране на информация от ДНК,
за да бъде транслирана
с помощта на тРНК в рибозомите.
Току-що споменах друг вид РНК,
транспортна РНК - тРНК.
В общото видео за транскрипция и транслация,
говорим за функциите на тРНК,
тя свързва аминокиселини, в единия си край
и има антикодони в другия край.
Антикодоните се свързват с кодони на иРНК,
по този начин могат да се изградят протеини.
Това тук е визуализация

Dutch: 
Welke soorten RNA hebben we?
We hebben het er al over gehad in andere videos.
We hebben messenger RNA, dat een belangrijke rol heeft
in informatie van DNA af te nemen
en het uiteindelijk te laten transleren
met behulp van tRNA in ribosomen,
en daar heb ik net een ander soort RNA genoemd,
en dat is transfer RNA, afgekort tRNA.
In de overzichtsvideo over transcriptie en translatie,
hebben we al behandeld hoe tRNA dit doet,
het heeft aminozuren aan een kant aan zich verbonden,
en het heeft de anticodons aan de andere kant
dat een paar gaat vormen met de codons in mRNA,
en het mogelijk maakt om proteïnen te construeren.
En dit is een visualisatie

Dutch: 
van een tRNA molecuul.
Dus vaak als we aan DNA denken,
dan denken we, oke, mRNA of RNA is een intermediair
om uiteindelijk te kunnen transleren in proteïnen,
en dat is vaak het geval, maar soms,
wil je ook het RNA zelf.
Het RNA speelt een rol in de cel
verder dan alleen vervoer van informatie,
en dit hier met tRNA is daar een voorbeeld van.
Je ziet dat het een interessante vorm heeft,
waar het aminozuur zich verbindt in ruwweg dit gebied,
en dan zie je het anticodon
in de rechter benedenhoek,
verschillende tRNA moleculen zullen zich hechten
aan verschillende aminozuren,
en ze hebben hier verschillende anticodons.
Dus dit is een ander gebruik van RNA,
nog een ander is ribosomaal RNA,
en ze spelen een structurele rol in ribosomen,
en dat is waar translatie gebeurt.
En dan heb je ook nog spul als microRNA,

Bulgarian: 
на молекулата на тРНК.
Често, когато мислим за ДНК,
си казваме, добре, иРНК или РНК е посредник
благодарение, на който информацията от ДНК се превежда във вид на протеини.
Но понякога
искаме самата РНК.
Самата РНК играе роля в клетката
отвъд просто предаване на информация
и един пример е тРНК.
Можеш да видиш, че има интересна конфигурация,
в която аминокиселината се свързва приблизително в тази област,
а антикодоните са
в долния десен ъгъл.
Различните тРНК молекули ще се свържат с
различни аминокиселини
и ще имат различни антикодони.
Това е друга функция на РНК.
Има и рибозомна РНК,
тя играе структурна роля в рибозомите,
където се осъществява транслация.
Съществува и микроРНК,

English: 
of a tRNA molecule.
So a lot of times when we think about DNA,
we think about, okay, mRNA or RNA is an intermediary
to be able to eventually translate it into proteins,
and that is often the case, but sometimes,
you also just want the RNA itself.
The RNA itself plays a role in the cell
beyond just transmitting information,
and that's an example here with tRNA.
And you can see it's an interesting configuration,
where the amino acid will attach roughly in that area,
and then you see the anticodon
right down here in the bottom right,
and different tRNA molecules will attach
to different amino acids,
and they'll have different anticodons here.
So this is another use for RNA,
and then others include ribosomal RNA,
and they actually play a structural role in ribosomes,
which is where translation occurs.
And you also have things called microRNA,

Bulgarian: 
това са къси вериги РНК,
който могат да се използват за регулиране на превода
на други РНК молекули.
ДНК получава много внимание,
но РНК е много, много, много важна,
много хора вярват, че РНК се е появила първа
и има вероятност първият живот
или псевдо-животът някога да се е състоял от, самовъзпроизвеждащи се молекули РНК.
Възможно е и ДНК да е еволюирала от РНК,
но РНК се е запазила, тъй като все още е много полезна.

Dutch: 
dat zijn korte RNA ketens,
die worden gebruikt om de translatie te reguleren
van andere RNA moleculen.
Dus DNA krijgt veel aandacht,
maar RNA is echt heel, heel belangrijk.
Veel mensen denken dat RNA eerst kwam,
en het is mogelijk dat het eerste leven
of pseudo-leven bestond uit alleen zelfreplicerende RNA moleculen.
En dat DNA uiteindelijk is ontwikkeld uit RNA,
maar RNA bleef rondhangen omdat het erg bruikbaar is.

English: 
which are short chains of RNA,
which could be used to regulate the translation
of other RNA molecules.
So DNA gets a lot of the attention,
but RNA is really, really, really important,
and a lot of people believe that RNA came first,
and there's potential that the first life
or pseudo-life ever was just self-replicating RNA molecules,
and that DNA eventually evolved from RNA,
but RNA stuck around, because it's still very useful.
