Liberal Christianity, also known as liberal
theology, covers diverse philosophically and
biblically informed religious movements and
ideas within Christianity from the late 18th
century onward.
Liberal does not refer to Progressive Christianity
or to a political philosophy but to the philosophical
and religious thought that developed as a
consequence of the Enlightenment.
Liberal Christianity, broadly speaking, is
a method of biblical hermeneutics, an undogmatic
method of understanding God through the use
of scripture by applying the same modern hermeneutics
used to understand any ancient writings.
Liberal Christianity did not originate as
a belief structure, and as such was not dependent
upon any Church dogma or creedal statements.
Unlike conservative varieties of Christianity,
or Orthodox Christianity, liberalism began
with no unified set of propositional beliefs.
Instead, "liberalism" from the start embraced
the methodologies of Enlightenment science
as the basis for interpreting the Bible, life,
faith and theology.
The word liberal in liberal Christianity originally
denoted a characteristic willingness to interpret
scripture according to modern philosophic
perspectives and modern scientific assumptions,
while attempting to achieve the Enlightenment
ideal of objective point of view, without
preconceived notions of the authority of scripture
or the correctness of Church dogma.
Importance was laid upon "scientific" interpretations
of the text, and even ethics.
It has been argued that the supposition that
modern science had an ethical core was undermined
by events such as WWI and WWII, where the
most scientifically advanced civilizations
devastated one another and carried out massive
war crimes.
Inerrancy played no role in the beginnings
of liberalism, as inerrancy as a doctrine
did not emerge until much later, in the writings
of Bernard B. Warfield, Charles Hodge and
his son Alexander A. Hodge, and others, most
notably in the 1880s in response to "liberal"
and "modernist" attacks on the authority of
Scripture.
Eventually, liberalism abandoned objectivity
as a goal, as modern philosophy came to be
dominated by philosophic perspectivism and
moral relativism.
Liberal Christians may hold certain beliefs
in common with Catholic Christianity, Orthodox
Christianity, or even Christian fundamentalism.
Liberal Christian exegesis
The theology of liberal Christianity was prominent
in the Biblical criticism of the 19th and
20th centuries.
The style of Scriptural hermeneutics within
liberal theology is often characterized as
non-propositional.
This means that the Bible is not considered
a collection of factual statements, but instead
an anthology that documents the human authors'
beliefs and feelings about God at the time
of its writing—within a historical or cultural
context.
Thus, liberal Christian theologians do not
claim to discover truth propositions but rather
create religious models and concepts that
reflect the class, gender, social, and political
contexts from which they emerge.
Liberal Christianity looks upon the Bible
as a collection of narratives that explain,
epitomize, or symbolize the essence and significance
of Christian understanding.
Thus, most liberal Christians do not regard
the Bible as inerrant, but believe Scripture
to be "inspired" in the same way a poem is
said to be "inspired" and passed down by humans.
Liberal Christianity was still hard to separate
from political liberalism in the last third
of the 19th century.
Thus, an Irish bishop was sent to Quebec by
papal authority in the 1870s to sort the two
out.
Several curés had threatened to withhold
the sacraments from parishioners who cast
votes for Liberals and others had preached
that to vote for Liberal candidates was a
mortal sin.
In the 19th century, self-identified liberal
Christians sought to elevate Jesus' humane
teachings as a standard for a world civilization
freed from cultic traditions and traces of
"pagan" belief in the supernatural.
As a result, liberal Christians placed less
emphasis on miraculous events associated with
the life of Jesus than on his teachings.
The effort to remove "superstitious" elements
from Christian faith dates to intellectually
reforming Renaissance Christians such as Erasmus
in the late 15th and early-to-mid 16th centuries,
and, later, the natural-religion view of the
Deists, which disavowed any revealed religion
or interaction between the Creator and the
creation, in the 17–18th centuries.
The debate over whether a belief in miracles
was mere superstition or essential to accepting
the divinity of Christ constituted a crisis
within the 19th-century church, for which
theological compromises were sought.
Attempts to account for miracles through scientific
or rational explanation were mocked even at
the turn of the 19th–20th century.
A belief in the authenticity of miracles was
one of five tests established in 1910 by the
Presbyterian Church to distinguish true believers
from false professors of faith such as "educated,
'liberal' Christians."
Liberal Christian theologians also turned
increasingly away from historical understandings
of the Bible and Christianity.
The German-trained critic, and one of the
founders of the biblical archaeology movement,
William Foxwell Albright of Johns Hopkins
University, began life as a radical historical
critic of the Bible, but his work in biblical
archaeology in the Holy Land in the 1920s
and 1930s convinced him that "these things
really happened."
Although Albright described himself forthrightly
as "a Christian humanist" his defense of the
authenticity of the historical traditions
of the Old Testament, especially surrounding
the Conquest of Canaan in Joshua, led later
liberal scholars to denounce him as a "crypto-Fundamentalist",
so hostile had liberal theology become toward
the very idea that biblical accounts of history
might be accurate.
Albright left behind a legacy, however, of
informed, critical historical scholarship,
advanced by a cadre of well-trained and well-placed
teachers and scholars in both the United States
and Israel.
These scholars rejected the anti-historical
tack liberal theology had taken.
Indeed, contemporary liberal Christians continue
to abnegate historical interpretations of
the Bible.
Many prefer to read Jesus' miracles as metaphorical
narratives for understanding the power of
God.
Not all theologians with liberal inclinations
reject the possibility of miracles, but many
reject the polemicism that denial or affirmation
entails.
Liberal Christian theology predates the theology
of inerrancy, which was first advanced in
1881 by two conservative Presbyterian theologians,
Benjamin B. Warfield and Archibald Alexander
Hodge.
From the beginning, then, inerrancy played
no role in liberal Christian theology.
Rather, liberal Christian theologians were
adamant about rejecting orthodox Christian
teaching on subjects such as the Virgin Birth,
the Resurrection, and the authority of Scripture
in favor of a secular-scientific world view.
In this sense, many "liberal" theologians
were confused with "critical biblical scholarship"
which arose in Germany in the late eighteenth
century with scholars such as J.G.
Eichorn of Goettingen.
Yet the German tradition of critical historiography
was hardly liberal in all quarters, and many
of its leading lights were actually monarchists
The liberal claim of following historical-critical
scholarship has gradually broken down, since
liberals classically identified critical scholars
such as Martin Noth and Lothar Perlitt as
"liberal" when these scholars were quite conservative
theologically.
An overarching analysis shows that liberal
Christianity did align itself during the late
19th century with the "Progressive Movement"
in Western culture and politics.
Objectively then, liberal Christianity identified
the Left wing of Western culture as the locus
of God's revelation in history, following
the doctrine of "progressive revelation",
and to no little degree that of process philosophy.
Moreover, the failure of modern science to
provide universal ethical norms outside the
Bible for people to follow led to a crisis
of moral authority within liberal Christianity,
and one that has yet to be resolved.
Influence in the United States
Liberal Christianity was most influential
with mainline Protestant churches in the early
20th century, when proponents believed the
changes it would bring would be the future
of the Christian church.
Its greatest and most influential manifestation
was the Christian Social Gospel, which involved
a de facto "baptism of Christianity into Marxist
doctrine."
Thus, the Social Gospel's most influential
spokesman, the American Baptist Walther Rauschenbusch,
identified four institutionalized spiritual
evils in American culture: these were individualism,
capitalism, nationalism and militarism.
In accordance with Socialist doctrine, these
were to be replaced with, respectively, collectivism,
socialism, internationalism and pacifism.
Other subsequent theological movements within
the Protestant mainline included political
liberation theology, philosophical forms of
postmodern Christianity, and such diverse
theological influences as Christian existentialism
and even conservative movements such as neo-evangelicalism,
neo-orthodoxy, and paleo-orthodoxy.
Dean M. Kelley, a liberal sociologist, was
commissioned in the early 1970s to study the
problem, and he identified the reason for
the decline of the liberal churches: their
excessive politicization of the Gospel, and
especially their direct identification of
the Gospel with Left-Democrat political causes.
The 1990s and 2000s saw a resurgence of non-doctrinal,
theological work on biblical exegesis and
theology, exemplified by figures such as Marcus
Borg, John Dominic Crossan, John Shelby Spong,
Karen Armstrong and Scotty McLennan.
Their appeal, like that of the earlier modernism,
was primarily found in the numerically declining
mainline Protestant denominations.
Liberal Christianity in America has experienced
a decline in membership of 70%—from 40%
of the American Christian population to 12%—between
1930 and 2010.
Conversely, the evangelical denominations
have grown greatly in size, and the Catholic
Church has seen more modest gains.
Theologians and authors
Protestant
Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher, often
called the "father of liberal theology," he
claimed that religious experience was introspective,
and that the most true understanding of God
consisted of "a sense of absolute dependence".
Charles Augustus Briggs, early advocate of
higher criticism of the Bible.
Henry Ward Beecher, American preacher who
left behind the Calvinist orthodoxy of his
famous father, the Reverend Lyman Beecher,
to instead preach the Social Gospel of liberal
Christianity.
Adolf von Harnack,, German theologian and
church historian, promoted the Social Gospel;
wrote a seminal work of historical theology
called Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte.
Charles Fillmore, Christian mystic influenced
by Emerson; co-founder, with his wife, Myrtle
Fillmore, of the Unity Church.
Walter Rauschenbusch American Baptist, author
of "A Theology for the Social Gospel", which
gave the movement its definitive theological
definition.
Harry Emerson Fosdick, a Northern Baptist,
founding pastor of New York's Riverside Church
in 1922.
Rudolf Bultmann, German biblical scholar,
liberal Christian theologian until 1924.
Bultmann was more of an existentialist than
a "liberal", as his defense of Jesus' healings
in his "History of Synoptic Tradition" makes
clear.
Paul Tillich, seminal figure in liberal Christianity;
synthesized liberal Protestant theology with
existentialist philosophy, but later came
to be counted among the "neo-orthodox".
Leslie Weatherhead, English preacher and author
of The Will of God and The Christian Agnostic
James Pike, Episcopal Bishop, Diocese of California
1958-66.
Died a spiritualist, trying to communicate
with Jesus through necromancy.
Lloyd Geering, New Zealand liberal theologian.
Paul Moore, Jr., 13th Episcopal Bishop, New
York Diocese
John A.T. Robinson, Anglican Bishop of Woolwich,
author of Honest to God; later in life returned
to orthodoxy, and dedicated himself to demonstrating
very early authorship of the New Testament
writings, publishing his findings in Redating
the New Testament.
John Hick British philosopher of religion
and liberal theologian, noted for his rejection
of the Incarnation and advocacy of latitudinarianism
and religious pluralism or non-exclusivism,
as explained in his influential work, The
Myth of God Incarnate.
William Sloane Coffin, Senior Minister at
the Riverside Church in New York City, and
President of SANE/Freeze.
Christopher Morse Professor Emeritus of Systematic
Theology, Union Theological Seminary, noted
for his theology of faithful disbelief.
John Shelby Spong, Episcopalian bishop and
very prolific author of books such as A New
Christianity for a New World, in which he
wrote of his rejection of historical religious
and Christian beliefs such as Theism, the
afterlife, miracles, and the Resurrection.
Richard Holloway, Bishop of Edinburgh 1986-2000.
Rubem Alves, Brazilian, ex-Presbyterian, former
minister, retired professor from UNICAMP,
seminal figure in the liberation theology
movement.
Matthew Fox, former Roman Catholic priest
of the Order of Preachers; currently an American
Episcopalian priest and theologian, noted
for his synthesis of liberal Christian theology
with New Age concepts in his ideas of "creation
spirituality", "original blessing", and seminal
work on the "Cosmic Christ"; founder of Creation
Spirituality.
Marcus Borg American Biblical scholar, prolific
author, fellow of the Jesus Seminar.
Michael Dowd Religious Naturalist theologian,
evidential evangelist, and promoter of Big
History and the Epic of Evolution.
Douglas Ottati, Presbyterian theologian and
author, former professor at Union-PSCE, current
professor at Davidson College.
Roman Catholic
Thomas Berry, American Passionist priest,
cultural historian, geologian, and cosmologist.
Hans Küng, Swiss theologian.
Had his license to teach Catholic theology
revoked in 1979 because of his vocal rejection
of the doctrine of the infallibility of the
Pope, but remains a priest in good standing.
John Dominic Crossan, ex-Catholic and former
priest, New Testament scholar, co-founder
of the critical liberal Jesus Seminar.
Joan Chittister, Benedictine lecturer and
social psychologist.
Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza German feminist
theologian and Professor at Harvard Divinity
School
Leonardo Boff, Brazilian, ex-Franciscan and
former priest, seminal author of the liberation
theology movement, condemned by the Church;
his works were condemned in 1985, and almost
again condemned in 1992, which led him to
leave the Franciscan order and the priestly
ministry.
Other
William Ellery Channing, Unitarian liberal
theologian in the United States, who rejected
the Trinity and the strength of scriptural
authority, in favor of purely rationalistic
"natural religion".
Scotty McLennan Unitarian Universalist minister,
Stanford University professor and author.
See also
References
External links
The Progressive Christian Alliance
Progressive Christian Network Britain
Project for a Free Christianity
Liberalism By M. James Sawyer , Th.M., Ph.D.
Christianity and Liberalism by J. Gresham
Machen
The Christian Left -- An Open Fellowship of
Progressive Christians
The Liberal Christians Network
