 
INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL WORK

(SYLLABUS AND STUDY MATERIALS)

PROJECT MSW

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK

PSG COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE, COIMBATORE

(2012 – 2014 BATCH)

COMPILED BY: T.M.SURESH

CONTENTS COMPILED BY: G.SANTHOSH, THIVYA VILASHINI AND ALL MSW STUDENTS OF SOCIAL WORK DEPARTMENT, PSG COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE

ONE CLICK AWAY FROM YOUR NEEDED MATERIALS

Syllabus

Unit 1

Defnition Of Social Work

Principles

Process Of Social Worker

Role Of Social Worker

Social Work In Relation To Social Welfare

Social Work As A Profession

Social Work With Individuals

Social Work With Families

Social Work With Groups

Social Work With Communities

Social Workers In Administration

Social Workers In Policy Practice

Social Workers In Research

Social Work In Relation To Other Professions

Social Work Values

Code & Ethics

By National Association Of Social Worker's (NASW)

Values Of Social Worker's

UNIT 2

Historical Development

In India

Contribution Of Religious Reform Movements In India

Contributions Of Ancient Indian Kings To Social Welfare

Contributions Of Ancient Indian Kings To Social Welfare

Professionalization Of Social Work Education

UNIT 3

Methods Of Social Work

Social Case Work

types Of Group

Community Organization

Social Research

Social Welfare Administration

Social Action

UNIT 4

Social Work In Industrial Setting

Social Work In Hospital Settings

Social Work In Correctional Setting

Social Work Through Ngos

UNIT 5

Importance Of Field Work In Social Work Education

Inter-Relationship Between Social Work Education And Field Work

SOURCES

MORE SOURCES IN SCRIBD

CONTACT

SYLLABUS

Unit – I SOCIAL WORK

Concept – definition of social work – principles and process of social work. Role of social workers – the concept of social services and welfare in relation to social work – social work as a profession – social work values – code and ethics.

Unit – II HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Historical background of social work U.S.A & India – contribution of religious and reform movements for social change and social welfare. Social work – social work education in India – professionalization of social work education.

Unit – III METHODS OF SOCIAL WORK

A brief understanding of methods of social work – social case work – social group work – community organization – social work research – social action – social welfare administration.

Unit – IV FIELDS OF SOCIAL WORK

Social work practice in industry – hospitals – correctional settings – social settings – social work through non - governmental organizations.

Unit – V RECENT TRENDS

Field work and its importance to social work education – transactional analysis for social work practice – the concept of integrated social work approach – the problems and prospects of the profession – the future of social work.

Unit – I SOCIAL WORK

Concept – definition of social work – principles and process of social work. Role of social workers – the concept of social services and welfare in relation to social work – social work as a profession – social work values – code and ethics.

DEFNITION OF SOCIAL WORK:

Social work may be defined as an art, a science, and a profession that helps people to solve personal, group, and community problem and attain satisfying personal, group, and community relationships through social work practice.

PRINCIPLES:

  * A problem exists everywhere

  * Every person is unique and environment has an effect on the person

  * Any situation can be changed

  * Trained social worker

  * It is professional

  * Social work is possible to some extent only with community cooperation.

A fundamental, well-settled accepted tenets. A basic truth or undisputed doctrine; a given proposition that is clear and does not need to be proved. It is basically a hypothesis, an assumption so adequately tested by observation / experience / experiment may be used as a guide for action, or as a means of understanding. Konapka (1958), Clarke (1947), Cohen (1958), Friedlander (1958), Perlman (1976) Piccard (1988), Morales & Sheafor (1998) explained about Social Work Principles.

1. Principle of Acceptance. Acceptance originate from Greek word "agape" which means "love which descends to misery, ugliness and guilt in order to elevate. The love is critical and is able to transform what it loves. This love (acceptance is not charity) is not charity which is an escape from the demands of critical love acceptance penetrates to the inner selves of others and affirms their humanity

2. Principle of Individualization Social Workers by their training develop a generalized understanding of people, their problems and their environment. If one applies this to all it may lead to bias, prejudice, labeling, stereotyping and ignoring the beauty of diversity and uniqueness. This principle emphasis that client (group / Community) have a right "to be individuals and be treated not as a human being but as this human being with personal differences...and this transformed into "start where the client / group /community is"

3. Principle of Purposeful Expression of Feeling / Principle of Meaningful Relationship / Principle of Controlled Emotional Involvement... Principle of Empathy

3. Purposeful Expression of Feeling Social workers have to go beyond the content of just the facts to uncover feelings that underlie these facts. By listening attentively, asking relevant questions and demonstrating tolerance and non judgmentalism social workers encourage clients to share their feelings...to relieve pressure or tension. A cathartic or cleansing experience that enable clients to put their situation in perspective.

Empathy Putting oneself into the psychological frame of reference of another, so that the other person's feeling, thinking, and acting are understood and to some extent predictable. A desirable trust-building characteristic of a helping profession. It is embodied in the sincere statement, "I understand how you feel." Empathy is different from sympathy in that to be empathetic one understands how the person feels rather than actually experiencing those feelings, as in sympathy.

How we call a person with little or no empathy? Anyone with a high level of the trait of narcissism (an inflated self-esteem, a sense of superiority and a feeling of entitlement) generally has little empathy or sympathy for others.

Controlled Emotional Involvement Controlled emotional involvement is in no sense a "hardening" process. It is rather a mellowing process which serves to steady and temper our emotional responses. Over identification with clients impedes objectivity and neutrality.

Meaningful Relationship Meaningful relationship begins by demonstrating the interests in client.

4. Principle of Non Judgmental Attitude Non judge mentalism presumes acceptance. Nonjudgmental social work excludes assigning guilt or innocence, or degree of client responsibility for causation of the problems or needs but it does include making evaluative judgments about the attitudes and standards or actions of the client. Non judge mentalism signifies social workers' non blaming attitudes and behaviors...not judging clients as good or bad, or worthy or unworthy.

5. Principle of Objectivity It is closely related to non-judge mentalism

6. Principle of Self Determination Positively it means having freedom to make mistakes as well as to act wisely. Negatively not being coerced or manipulated. Self-determination acknowledges that sound growth emanates from within.

7. Principle of Confidentiality Confidential means private or secret; something treated with trust, resulting in a feeling of security that information will not be disclosed to other parties. An example is the confidentiality of conversations and records between attorney and client.

8. Principle of Accountability

9. Principle of Access to Resources

PROCESS OF SOCIAL WORKER:

  * Intake

  * Study

  * Social Diagnosis (analyzing a problem)

  * Treatment

  * Support

  * Clarification

  * Insight (Root cause of a problem)

  * Identification (Finding an actual problem maker)

  * Resources utilization

  * Evaluation (To check our progress whether we are going in a correct way)

  * Environmental modification

  * Rehabitation (to help the person to come to a normal life after treatment)

ROLE OF SOCIAL WORKER:

Often students get confused between the services of the aforementioned professions and those of "counselors." Counseling can be done by psychic- trysts, psychologists, and social workers, as well as guidance counselors and clergy. Counseling is a broader category than the previously discussed disciplines. Many people get jobs as counselors, yet the required education, experience, and licensing varies considerably among these positions. Some require no licensing and only minimal education. And, as discussed, psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers providing counseling services require many years of education and experience. Some counselors deal with mental health, while other counselors help people with their educational and career concerns. For example, mental health counselors help individuals with problems such as suicide, stress, and drug and alcohol addictions. Rehabilitation counselors, in contrast, help individuals with vocational needs affected by disabilities. These disabilities may be physical, mental, or social. Counselors work not only with individuals but often with the families of those individuals. In any case, counseling positions normally require one to two years of graduate study, a master's degree in a specific discipline, and supervised counseling experience. As previously discussed, requirements for licensing and certification vary depending upon specialty and state. A major requirement in many social work jobs, therefore, is collaboration with a number of professionals from various disciplines, perspectives, and educational experiences. This collaboration, often in the form of partnerships, coalitions, or interdisciplinary teams, is becoming more and more important. Recent conservative social welfare policy, as well as the demands of managed care, has resulted in fewer resources for agencies in the social welfare system. This often results in limited services, more short- term interventions, and more narrow eligibility requirements for services. In an effort to provide comprehensive care, health and human service agencies are forced to collaborate in helping to solve individual and social problems. This collaboration can result in increased resources and expertise, thereby helping social workers and other professionals better address the multidimensional problems of individuals, families, and communities. Collaboration also requires better integrated services, which avoids service duplication and service gaps. Consequently, many funders of health and human services today require community agencies to collaborate to receive grants for service provision.

That service to others is more important than self-interest, the dominant value of the market economy. A second core value is social justice. Much of what social workers do involves social and economic justice. Social workers promote social change with and on behalf of vulnerable populations—groups such as women, racial and ethnic minorities, children, and people with disabilities. To accomplish this, social workers strive to develop more just policies, programs, and services for these groups in need. (Note: By "racial and ethnic minorities," we mean groups that, based on their race or ethnicity, are rendered subordinate to society's more dominant groups. More information on this topic will be provided in Chapter 5.) They also emphasize "human rights" such as freedom, privacy, safety, education, health care, and decent standards of living. The aforementioned groups often suffer from social problems, including poverty, discrimination, unemployment, and oppression. Often these are groups that are either too young or too old to participate in the market or, because of race or gender, have been discriminated against in their efforts to participate in the market economy. Social workers, therefore, work to promote more just and humane policies as well as programs to address these issues. Another core value in social work is the dignity and worth of each per- son. All social workers must respect the inherent dignity and worth of every individual. This is a prerequisite for developing effective helping relationships with individuals, families, and groups. In the process, social workers need to understand the unique cultures and backgrounds of the people with whom they work. This requires an openness and sensitivity to the unique experiences of every individual. It also involves the promotion of self-determination for each individual. A fourth core value of social work is the importance of human relation- ships. One reason for this is that social workers use human relationships to promote change in individuals, families, groups, and communities. Social workers also understand that helping people to develop healthy human relationships is a means to a high-quality life and happiness for all people. Healthy human relationships are a prerequisite for meeting the needs of love and belonging and for developing healthy families. Integrity is a fifth basic value in social work. Professional social workers must act with integrity at all times. In so doing, social workers develop the trust of clients and coworkers. Social workers also work to promote ethical policies and practices in the organizations in which they are employed. Furthermore, integrity is an important factor for social workers if they are to have the credibility needed to promote social justice. A final core value of the social work profession is competence. Social workers must practice within the areas of their competence and must continually work to develop and enhance their professional expertise. What is more, social workers should look for opportunities to contribute to the profession's knowledge base through education, scientific inquiry, and evaluation of programs and their individual practice.

Social Work in Relation to Social Welfare

The profession of social work has developed within the context of the United States' social welfare system. Pioneering social workers could be found in 19th-century institutions such as settlement houses and charity organization societies. Today, the social welfare system, by definition, refers to our nation's system of programs, benefits, and services that help people meet those social, economic, educational, and health needs that are fundamental to the maintenance of society. These programs and services, primarily located in the public and private nonprofit sectors of U.S. society, include Social Security, unemployment insurance, and workers ' compensation, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, food stamps, public housing, Medicare, and Medicaid. Our social welfare system also includes Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) support groups, Mothers against Drunk Driving, the YMCA, the Girl Scouts of America, and Habitat for Humanity, the American Red Cross, the Salvation Army, United Way, local faith-based services, and other voluntary associations in the private nonprofit sector.

A more detailed discussion of social welfare in relation to social work will be provided in Chapter 3. But for now, the reader should remember that social welfare is a broader concept than social work. Most social workers are employed in the U.S. social welfare system. Social work is a profession; social welfare is a "system" that employs many professions. That is, professionals from many other fields also practice within the social welfare system, including people from fields such as public administration, law, nursing, sociology, psychology, and medicine. Social workers frequently collaborate with these other professionals when assisting clients. In any case, students interested in social work have a wide variety of jobs from which to choose.

Social work as a profession:

The term profession thus refers to an occupation, vocation or high-status career, usually involving prolonged academic training, formal qualifications and membership of a professional or regulatory body. Professions involve the application of specialized knowledge of a subject, field, or science to fee-paying clientele. It is axiomatic that "professional activity involves systematic knowledge and proficiency. "Professions are usually regulated by professional bodies that may set examinations of competence, act as a licensing authority for practitioners, and enforce adherence to an ethical code of practice. Contents

1 .Examples of the professions

2 Formation of a profession

3. Regulations

4. Autonomy

5. Status and prestige

6. Power

7. History

8. Gender inequality

9. racial inequality

10. Characteristics of a profession

Social workers involved in casework with individuals work in a wide variety of practice settings, including social service agencies, hospitals, outpatient clinics, state and local child protective services, and private practices. Social workers practicing casework with individuals include clinicians in an inpatient psychiatric facility, case managers in a residential shelter for homeless youth, social workers working with dialysis patients in a hospital, and adult protective service workers. Case management is similar to casework. Case management is defined as a service done by "an individual or team of professionals who organize, coordinate, and sustain a network of formal and informal supports in order to optimize the functioning and well-being of people with multiple needs."11 Because of their multiple needs, these people typically need several types of supports. It is the job of the case manager or member of an interdisciplinary case management team to link their client with all needed services and supports to which the client is entitled. In other words, case managers plan, seek, and monitor needed services from one or more agencies on behalf of a client. In so doing, the case manager may play several roles, including that of a broker, mediator, or advocate. Case management makes it easier for an individual client to locate services in a social service system that is often complex and fragmented. Consequently, case managers require a detailed knowledge of the full range of services at the com- munity level as well as a working knowledge of state and national services. Be that as it may, some social work students may be primarily interested in working with families in the future. For these students, the profession of social work holds many opportunities!

Social workers practice their profession in many different types of settings. Many work in the public sector. Many also work in the private nonprofit sector, while other social workers work in the private for-profit sector. Public sector jobs include those in federal, state, county, and local government agencies. Typical jobs in government settings include child protection, adoption, adult protection, veterans' services, public schools, and the correctional sys- tem. Private nonprofit jobs include those in health and human services such as the Boys and Girls Clubs, Meals on Wheels, the YMCA, the YWCA, the Red Cross, Big Brothers/Big Sisters, substance abuse prevention services, family counseling agencies, parent education and support services, and various advocacy organizations. The private for-profit sector is better known as the "business sector." Social workers find jobs in businesses in employee assistance programs, community relations, public affairs, corporate charitable contribution programs, and volunteer management programs. Social workers also work independently in private practice. In this case, social workers set up a proprietary practice that may involve consultation, research, educational workshops, and other non-clinical services. Many other social workers in private practice set up clinically oriented practices, usually providing mental health services. In any case, social workers in private practice need to be licensed, certified, or registered in accordance with state laws.

Social Work with Individuals

Depending upon the setting, many social workers provide services primarily to individual people. Social workers focused on work with individuals might provide case management, psychotherapy, and/or advocacy—usually all three. Social work with individuals has historically been referred to as "casework" or "social casework." Casework, by definition, involves the use of social work knowledge, values, and skills in face-to-face relationships to resolve or reduce difficulties "arising out of disequilibrium between people and their environment."10 This process involves helping people adjust to their environment, as well as intervening to change factors in the individual's environment. Casework with individuals includes helping people with concrete practical problems, with environmental deficits and pressures, and with interpersonal and intrapersonal difficulties.

Social Work with Families

Social work with families became a distinct field in social work practice beginning in the 1960s. Social workers who work with families help family members improve their patterns of interaction to better meet the needs of all family members.13 In other words, social workers aim to help families with behavioral, emotional, and interactional problems. The process is usually viewed as one of problem solving within a system's context—the system in this case being the family. At times, families develop dysfunctional coalitions and alliances within the family system. Social workers, sometimes employed in agencies as "family therapists," help families to change problematic family structures, leading not only to positive transformation of the family, but positive change in each of the family members as well. Social workers who work with families draw from a number of different theories about how families work and how families change. In doing so, social workers may use a number of techniques and play a number of roles. Some may focus on specific relationships, such as that between a between a parent and child, or may extend their work to include a range of extended family. Sometimes they videotape family members interacting during the therapeutic session. Sometimes one-way mirrors are used so that family interactional pat- terns can be observed by other family members. In addition, role-playing may be used where family members are asked to reenact prior conflicts. Sometimes a therapist acts as a model of more functional behavior when dealing with conflict. This may include ways to communicate more effectively. At other times, social workers doing family therapy perform the educator role in an effort to better inform family members regarding strategies for improved family relationships. Furthermore, social workers working with families frequently attempt to link these families to community resources in an effort to provide additional or long-term support to the family. This may entail referring families to parenting programs, support groups, 12-step groups such as AA and Al-Anon, affordable housing, transportation services, or anger management classes. Such referrals may result from the social worker collaborating with other professionals—psychologists, nurses, and so on—in an inter disciplinary team.14 While some social work students may want to work with families, other students may be interested in working with a wider variety of groups. They see themselves in some aspect of "group work."

Social Work with Groups

Although group work as an intervention method in social work can be traced back to the settlement houses and mutual aid societies of the late 1800s in America, it became recognized as a distinct professional intervention method within social work in the 1930s. Group work or social group work as a social work intervention method is defined as an intervention that utilizes group process, based in large part on social systems theory, to promote positive change among group members. This process is typically goal-directed around common interests of group members. These interests may include common emotional problems, educational needs, skill development, or recreational opportunities.15 Consider the following examples. When working with individuals, social workers use groups to provide support to people who are coping with a common issue, such as the loss of a loved one or the diagnosis of a disease. At times, groups are used to educate clients around such issues as parenting or substance abuse prevention. Sometimes the groups are therapy groups that help group members with rehabilitation of a serious personal problem such as depression or violent anger. Many groups run by social workers incorporate both educational and behavior change components, such as groups designed to help individuals with diabetes improve their diet, teenagers avoid pregnancy and STDs, or college students reduce their stress level. These groups are often referred to as "psycho educational" groups. Sometimes groups are used to address functional deficits, as with adolescents needing social and problem-solving skills. At other times, social workers use groups in a purely developmental sense, such as recreation groups, arts and crafts groups, reading groups, consciousness- raising groups, team-building groups, staff development groups, or other types of empowerment groups.

Social Work with Communities

Social workers who work with communities are often called "community organizers." In this instance, the client is the community and the intervention process is called "community organization." Community organization is defined by its use of planned collective action to address the needs of people from the same geographic area or with some other common interests. The intervention typically involves community needs assessment and the development of community leaders, action strategies, and required resources to address unmet needs. To illustrate, the community need may be less crime, better schools, cleaner streets, or improved recreational facilities. Sometimes the need is greater economic opportunity, in which case social workers may get involved in planning for economic development within the community. In any case, social workers working as community organizers facilitate collective action in an effort to promote positive community change. Social workers working to better community well-being perform a variety of tasks. They could help to establish a neighborhood organization. They may organize a meeting to discuss problems with neighborhood youth. They might help community residents establish a buyers club to purchase low-cost heating oil. Further, social workers may assist communities in planning and conducting neighborhood fairs and festivals that celebrate national holidays or the ethnic heritage of community members. Social workers in the community organization role might also help residents raise funds from local businesses to build better playgrounds for neigh- boyhood children. Some may organize peaceful demonstrations for improved city services to the neighborhood. Whatever the case, the goal of communityorganization is greater well-being for the residents of the community. Working to better meet the needs of communities is great for some, but other social workers enjoy running organizations. Consequently, they seek administrative positions.

Social Workers in Administration

Many career paths lead social workers into administration. Frequently, these are social workers who concentrated on the more macro aspects of the profession while in school. Often administrative social workers find employment in private nonprofit agencies as Chief Executive Officers (CEOs), executive directors, or program directors. Many also find work in government agencies as heads of various government divisions, program directors, or even commissioners of entire departments. Social workers at the top levels of management are responsible for many administrative tasks. For example, they ensure their agency conducts regular strategic planning, which often involves community needs assessment. They oversee program development, which includes program design, fundraising, and program evaluation. Social administrators are responsible for staff development, including hiring, evaluation, and termination. Social administrators are also involved in policy advocacy and community education as well as interagency collaboration. Administrators of private nonprofit agencies assist with board development for their organizations. This typically includes working with existing board members to recruit and train new board members. Social workers in nonprofit management, given the importance of volunteers in nonprofit organizations, must also take responsibility for recruiting, developing, and managing volunteers. In addition, nonprofit administrators spend a great deal of their time in fund-raising. Funds are raised in many ways. Vehicles for fund-raising include grant writing, grass-roots events such as walkathons and road races, annual campaigns to solicit individual donations, planned giving involving bequests, and capital campaigns to raise money for the development of new facilities. Social workers who go into administrative practice often enjoy developing and administering new programs to meet emerging community needs. Given their macro perspective, they like working with larger systems. And they enjoy collaboration, coordination, and leadership. But if you have a macro perspective, yet don't want administrative responsibilities, maybe social welfare policy development would be a better match for you.

Social Workers in Policy Practice

Social welfare policy defines the context in which social services are developed and delivered. Many social workers, particularly those who concentrated in macro practice as students, find employment in policy practice.17 Policy practice in social work, by definition, involves the formulation, enactment, implementation, and assessment of social welfare policies. While some social workers in policy practice hold elected offices, social workers more often find jobs as policy planners or policy analysts. Some work for elected officials or in government agencies at the national, state, or local levels, while many others work in private nonprofit agencies, especially large nonprofit agencies at the national and state levels, agencies such as the Children's Defense fund, the Child Welfare League of America, or United Way of America. Social workers' firsthand knowledge of the needs of various client populations is highly valued by policymakers in national, state, and local government. Social workers engaged in policy work carry out a variety of specific tasks. They help to define social problems, analyze the values underlying such problem definitions, set policy goals and objectives in relation to the problems, outline policy options for achieving these goals and objectives, consider various criteria for evaluating policy options, and ultimately, decide on final policy proposals to advocate and implement. Social workers involved with policy development sometimes are only involved in the research and analysis that goes into developing proposals, while at other times they make direct recommendations as to which policy options they consider best. This is because social workers' knowledge of how health and human services are produced, distributed, and consumed is critical to the policy development process.18 For this and other reasons, social workers in policy practice enjoy the opportunity to develop and influence policies that affect many people. If policy practice as well as case work, group work, and community organization are not for you, social work offers employment in still another area: research.

Social Workers in Research

Social workers engage in research for several reasons. They identify research- based interventions to achieve client goals. They also use research to evaluate program outcomes and practice effectiveness. For example, social welfare policies typically result in social welfare programs and services that then need to be evaluated as one step in determining the success or failure of the original legislation. Social workers in administration are typically responsible for seeing that program evaluations are done, and social workers frequently conduct these evaluations of programs and services. What is more, some social workers earn a Ph.D. and gain employment at universities in teaching and research. These social work educators utilize their practice experience to inform their research—and ultimately, their students! Okay, so we have established that social workers do many things. But what, you may wonder, makes social work different from psychology and sociology and other fields? We address this question in the following section.

Social Work in Relation to Other Professions

Social work is a profession within the social welfare system. As such, social workers apply scientific knowledge and technical skills to assist their clients. More specifically, social work is a professional activity focused on helping individuals, groups, organizations, and communities enhance or restore their capacity for social functioning. Social workers also strive to create societal conditions conducive to these goals. In so doing, social work requires knowledge of human development and behavior, societal institutions, and the interaction between individuals and larger institutional systems. In other words, social work focuses on three things: the person, the system, and the relation- ship between the person and the system.20 often when individuals have problems, these are the result of dysfunctional transactions between the person and his or her environment. Social workers are trained to focus on these transactions. In carrying out their interventions, social workers apply various theories. Foremost among them are systems theory and ecological theory (to be discussed in more detail in Chapter 2). Systems theory suggests that no problem can be fully understood by breaking it down into component parts. The relationship among the various parts of the whole system is as important as each part individually. Most systems seek a balance in an effort to maintain and preserve the system, whether that system is a family, a group, or a community. Problems arise when systems experience an imbalance due to any number of factors. Similarly, the ecological perspective, or "ecosystems perspective," stresses that human beings develop and adapt to transactions with all elements in their environmental systems. Based in part on these theories, social work intervention emphasizes a focus on the person in his or her environment.21 because social workers work in the social welfare system, they collaborate with professionals from other disciplines. These professional disciplines tend to have slightly different perspectives regarding people and their environments. These related disciplines include sociology, psychology, and psychiatry. Sociology is the study of the origins, organizations, institutions, and development of human society. When going about their work, sociologists, who typically have five to seven years of graduate study, attempt to explain the ways in which human societies influence individual functioning within those societies. In addition, sociologists attempt to understand the differences among various human societies. Therefore, sociologists seek to understand, for example, the effect of living in a market economy on individual behavior, the effect of democratic institutions on individual behavior, the influence of racist institutions on individual functioning, and the effect of urbanization on human development. A psychologist, in contrast, studies human behavior and mental process- es in an effort to understand human behavior for individual functioning. That is, psychology is the study of mental processes and behavior. Because psychologists study mind and behavior, professionals in this discipline are interested in the function of the brain, child development, and, in general, "what makes people tick." Psychologists often specialize in certain areas, including clinical psychology, counseling, developmental psychology, or social psychology. Each of these specializations examines a different aspect of human behavior. Psychologists who specialize in clinical psychology often work in hospitals, clinics, and private practice. They often use inter- viewing techniques, diagnostic tests, and psychotherapy in their practice. Psychologists with a master's degree are able to administer and interpret tests, counsel patients, and conduct research. A Ph.D. in psychology typically requires five to seven years of graduate study and two years of professional experience for certification or licensure. Licensure requirements vary from state to state. Psychiatry is the study of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illness. In other words, psychiatrists specialize in the problem of mental illness. In so doing, psychiatrists work in private practice, in courtrooms, and in specialized medical settings such as coronary and intensive care units. In addition, they often serve as consultants to other agencies. Psychiatrists are medical doctors, requiring five to seven additional years of psychiatric training and experience. As a result, they are qualified to use the full range of medical techniques related to mental illness. Such techniques include medication, shock, and surgery, as well as counseling and behavior modification. Psychiatrists generally use a medical model, which views the individual's problem as a disease or sickness that needs to be cured. Utilizing the medical model, psychiatrists typically examine symptoms in an effort to make a diagnosis. Once the diagnosis is made, psychiatrists prescribe the treatment with the highest likelihood of curing the disease or sickness. In contrast to the social worker's dual perspective of the "person-in-environment," in psychiatry, the individual's problem is considered to be inside the individual. In other words, in contrast to examining the person's environment for factors contributing to the problem, psychiatrists tend to focus on other possible contributing factors, including genetic endowment, metabolic disorders, unconscious defense mechanisms, childhood traumatic experiences, or infectious disease. Psychiatrists believe that the individual's mind has been negatively affected by one or more of these factors. Psychiatrists, being medical doctors, view people seeking their services as patients and provide "treatment" of the patient's problem. Often students get confused between the services of the aforementioned professions and those of "counselors." Counseling can be done by psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers, as well as guidance counselors and clergy. Counseling is a broader category than the previously discussed disciplines. Many people get jobs as counselors, yet the required education, experience, and licensing varies considerably among these positions. Some require no licensing and only minimal education. And, as discussed, psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers providing counseling services require many years of education and experience. Some counselors deal with mental health, while other counselors help people with their educational and career concerns. For example, mental health counselors help individuals with problems such as suicide, stress, and drug and alcohol addictions. Rehabilitation counselors, in contrast, help individuals with vocational needs affected by disabilities. These disabilities may be physical, mental, or social. Counselors work not only with individuals but often with the families of those individuals. In any case, counseling positions normally require one to two years of graduate study, a master's degree in a specific discipline, and supervised counseling experience. As previously discussed, requirements for licensing and certification vary depending upon specialty and state. A major requirement in many social work jobs, therefore, is collaboration with a number of professionals from various disciplines, perspectives, and educational experiences. This collaboration, often in the form of partnerships, coalitions, or interdisciplinary teams, is becoming more and more important. Recent conservative social welfare policy, as well as the demands of managed care, has resulted in fewer resources for agencies in the social welfare system. This often results in limited services, more short- term interventions, and more narrow eligibility requirements for services. In an effort to provide comprehensive care, health and human service agencies are forced to collaborate in helping to solve individual and social problems. This collaboration can result in increased resources and expertise, thereby helping social workers and other professionals better address the multidimensional problems of individuals, families, and communities. Collaboration also requires better integrated services, which avoids service duplication and service gaps. Consequently, many funders of health and human services today require community agencies to collaborate to receive grants for service provision.

Social work Values

Now that you have a better idea of what social workers do in their field, let's take a closer look at the profession's ideological foundation. The profession of social work is based upon a set of core values. These values are service, social justice, the dignity and worth of the person, the importance of human relation- ships, integrity, and competence.26 In terms of service, the primary goal of social work is to help people in need and to address social problems. This is the reason that many people choose to become social workers. Social workers believe that service to others is more important than self-interest, the dominant value of the market economy. A second core value is social justice. Much of what social workers do involves social and economic justice. Social workers promote social change with and on behalf of vulnerable populations—groups such as women, racial and ethnic minorities, children, and people with disabilities. To accomplish this, social workers strive to develop more just policies, programs, and services for these groups in need. (Note: By "racial and ethnic minorities," we mean groups that, based on their race or ethnicity, are rendered subordinate to society's more dominant groups. More information on this topic will be provided in Chapter 5.) They also emphasize "human rights" such as freedom, privacy, safety, education, health care, and decent standards of living. The aforementioned groups often suffer from social problems, including poverty, discrimination, unemployment, and oppression. Often these are groups that are either too young or too old to participate in the market or, because of race or gender, have been discriminated against in their efforts to participate in the market economy. Social workers, therefore, work to promote more just and humane policies as well as programs to address these issues. Another core value in social work is the dignity and worth of each per- son. All social workers must respect the inherent dignity and worth of every individual. This is a prerequisite for developing effective helping relationships with individuals, families, and groups. In the process, social workers need to understand the unique cultures and backgrounds of the people with whom they work. This requires an openness and sensitivity to the unique experiences of every individual. It also involves the promotion of self-determination for each individual. A fourth core value of social work is the importance of human relation- ships. One reason for this is that social workers use human relationships to promote change in individuals, families, groups, and communities. Social workers also understand that helping people to develop healthy human relationships is a means to a high-quality life and happiness for all people. Healthy human relationships are a prerequisite for meeting the needs of love and belonging and for developing healthy families. Integrity is a fifth basic value in social work. Professional social workers must act with integrity at all times. In so doing, social workers develop the trust of clients and coworkers. Social workers also work to promote ethical policies and practices in the organizations in which they are employed. Furthermore, integrity is an important factor for social workers if they are to have the credibility needed to promote social justice. A final core value of the social work profession is competence.Social workers must practice within the areas of their competence and must continually work to develop and enhance their professional expertise. What is more, social workers should look for opportunities to contribute to the profession's knowledge base through education, scientific inquiry, and evaluation of programs and their individual practice.

CODE & ETHICS:

Values relate to what people consider desirable, while "ethics" relates more directly to what people consider right or wrong.27 That is, ethics pertain to values in action. When considering the profession of social work, ethics are important because they relate to expectations associated with professionalconduct. Ethics are so important in social work that the profession has a "code of ethics." This code of ethics spells out social workers' ethical responsibilities to clients, to colleagues, to the social work profession, and to society at large, among other things. They are, in essence, guidelines for professional conduct. Ethics become a challenge for social workers when the professional social worker has a choice between two options, both seemingly ethical, but only one can be chosen. In such a case, which course of action is more ethical and how does one determine this? In other cases, a social worker may have ethical responsibilities to two different parties, say a parent and child, but can only meet his or her responsibility to one party at a time.28 Social workers also confront ethical dilemmas involving confidentiality. They are not supposed to share certain personal information conveyed to them by clients; however, some circumstances may require social workers to do just that in order to protect other people from harm or to protect clients from harming themselves. Examples include suicidal clients and violent spouses. Other ethical dilemmas faced by social workers involve paternalism. Social workers believe in self-determination for clients; however, there are certain circumstances in which social workers may ethically have to direct client behavior in order to keep a client safe. An example would be a mentally ill homeless person who desires to sleep outside during a New England winter instead of using a nearby community shelter. Another illustration would be a social worker who works with children and youth, a population that is not fully mature and therefore does not always exercise mature judgment involving decisions on issues such as sexual relations, alcohol use, and other risk-taking behavior. Social workers in policy and administrative jobs deal with ethical dilemmas that concern the allocation of scarce resources. How do social workers make ethical choices to fund one program instead of another program? In an environment of scarce resources, social administrators and policymakers must make these decisions frequently. Again, the question is, what is the most ethical option when choosing among several good options? Furthermore, social workers must make ethical decisions involving their professional colleagues. When should a social worker report a colleague who divulges personal client information to others? At what point should a professional social worker report a colleague who makes a sexual comment? When should a social worker report a colleague suspected of drug abuse? Social workers face these and other ethical dilemmas all too frequently. It is the task of professional social work education to assist students in acquiring specific knowledge about social work values and ethics and applying these values and ethics in the field. This includes an awareness of the student's personal values and how they may conflict with the values of the social work profession. It also requires teachers to stimulate awareness of ethical issues on the part of students and help them develop analytical skills to deal with these issues. What is more, by the time students graduate with a social work degree, they should have a sense of moral obligation and personal responsibility concerning the values and ethics of the profession.29 As previously stated, the NASW Code of Ethics provides social work students and professionals with values, principles, and standards to guide their professional conduct. Specifically, the NASW Code of Ethics serves six purposes. First, it identifies the core values of the profession. Second, the code summarizes the broad ethical principles related to social work values and provides ethicalstandards to guide social work practice. Third, the code offers social workers a set of considerations for use in ethical dilemmas. Fourth, it provides ethical standards by which the general public can hold the profession of social work accountable. A fifth purpose, particularly important for students, is that the code helps to socialize practitioners who are new to the field in terms of the profession's mission, values, ethical principles, and ethical standards. And finally, the code of ethics provides the profession with criteria for judging whether or not practicing social workers have been unethical in their conduct.30 More specifically, the aforementioned values and associated ethical principles provided by the NASW Code of Ethics to guide social work practice are quoted as follows:31

Value: Service Ethical Principle: Social workers primary goal is to help people in need and to address social problems. Social workers elevate service to others above self-interest. Social workers draw on their knowledge, values, and skills to help people in need and to address social problems. Social workers are encouraged to volunteer some portion of their professional skills with no expectation of significant financial return (pro bono service).

Value: Social Justice Ethical Principle: Social workers challenge social injustice. Social workers pursue social change, particularly with and on behalf of vulnerable and oppressed individuals and groups of people. Social workers' social change efforts are focused primarily on issues of poverty, unemployment, discrimination, and other forms of social injustice. These activities seek to promote sensitivity to and knowledge about oppression and cultural and ethnic diversity. Social workers strive to ensure access to needed information, services, and resources; equality of opportunity; and meaningful participation in decision making for all people.

Value: Dignity and Worth of the Person Ethical Principle: Social workers respect the inherent dignity and worth of the person. Social workers treat each person in a caring and respectful fashion, mindful of individual differences and cultural and ethnic diversity. Social workers promote clients' socially responsible self-determination. Social workers seek to enhance clients' capacity and opportunity to change and to address their own needs. Social workers are cognizant of their dual responsibility to clients and to the broader society. They seek to resolve conflicts between clients' interests and the broader society's interests in a socially responsible manner consistent with the values, ethical principles, and ethical standards of the profession.

Value: Importance of Human Relationships Ethical Principle: Social workers recognize the central importance of human relationships. Social workers understand that relationships between and among people are an important vehicle for change. Social workers engage people as partners in the helping process. Social workers seek to strengthen relationships among people in a purposeful effort to promote, restore,maintain, and enhance the well-being of individuals, families, social groups, organizations, and communities.

Value: Integrity Ethical Principle: Social workers behave in a trustworthy manner. Social workers are continually aware of the profession's mission, values, ethical principles, and ethical standards and practice in a manner consistent with them. Social workers act honestly and responsibly and promote ethical practices on the part of the organizations with which they are affiliated.

Value: Competence Ethical Principle: Social workers practice within their areas of competence and develop and enhance their professional expertise. Social workers continually strive to increase their professional knowledge and skills and to apply them in practice. Social workers should aspire to contribute to the knowledge base of the profession.

Given these values and ethics, social workers feel that it is important to consistently improve their competence in working with people from various backgrounds and experiences. This involves a special competence in relation to diversity and individual dignity.

The study of how people ought to act in order to be moral. A moral code that guides the conduct of a group of professionals (such as medical doctors).The branch of philosophy that defines what is right for the individual and for society and establishes the nature of obligations, or duties, that people owe themselves and one another. The word ethics is derived from the Greek word ethos, which means "character," and from the Latin word mores, which means "customs." In modern society, it defines how individuals, business professionals, and corporations choose to interact with one another.

Values are the implicit and explicit ideas about what people consider good, ethics relates to what people consider correct or right. Ethics generates standards that direct one's conduct. Social work ethics are behavioral expectations or preferences that are associated with social work responsibility

BY NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SOCIAL WORKER'S (NASW).

  1. The social worker's conduct and comportment as a social worker.

  1. PROPRIETY:

The social worker should maintain high standards

Of personal conduct in the capacity or identity of social worker.

  1. COMPETENCE AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT:

The social worker should strive to become and remain proficient in professional practice and the performance of professional functions.

  1. SERVICE:

The social worker should regard as primary the service obligation of the social work profession.

D. INTEGRITY:

The social worker should act in accordance with the highest standards of professional integrity.

E. SCHOLORSHIP AND RESEARCH:

The social workers engaged in study and research should be guided by the convention of scholarly inquiry.

  1. The social worker's Ethical responsibilities to clients:

F. PRIVACY OF CLIENT'S INTERESTS:

The social worker's primary responsibility is

to clients.

G. RIGHTS AND PRE ROGATIVES OF CLIENTS:

The social worker should make every effort

to foster maximum self-determination on the part of the clients.

H. CONFIDENTILATY AND PRIVACY:

The social worker should respect the privacy of clients and hold in confidence all information obtained in the course of professional service.

  1. FEES:

When setting fees, the social worker should ensure that they are fair, reasonable, considerate, and commensurate with the service performed and with due regard for the client's ability to pay.

  1. The social worker's Ethical responsibility to colleagues:

J. RESPECT, FAIRNESS, COURTECY:

The social worker's should treat

Colleagues with respect, fairness, courtesy, and good faith.

K. DEALING WITH COLLEASUE'S CLIENTS:

The social worker has the responsibility to relate to the client of the colleagues with full professional consideration.

  1. The social worker's Ethical responsibility to Employers and Employing organization:

L. COMMITMENTS TO EMPLOYING ORGANIZATION:

The social worker should adhere to

Commitments made to the employing organizations.

  1. The social worker's Ethical responsibility to the social work profession:

M. MAINTAINING THE INTEGRITY OF THE PROFESSION:

The social worker should uphold and

Advance the values, ethics, knowledge and mission of the profession.

N. COMMUNITY SERVICE:

The social worker should assist the profession in making social services available to the great public.

O. DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGE:

The social worker should take responsibility for identifying, developing, and fully utilizing knowledge for professional practice.

  1. The social worker's Ethical responsibility to society:

P. PROMOTING THE GENERAL WELFARE:

The social worker should promote the general welfare of the society.

VALUES OF SOCIAL WORKER'S

Besides social work profession's commitment during the formation of profession – commitment to quality of life, social justice, human dignity and worth – inclusion of values sets like equality, social justice, freeing of life style, rightful access to social resources and liberation of self-powers are also evident.

Herbert Bisno has classified values/philosophy as followed:

  * VALUES/PHILOSOPHY RELATING TO INDIVIDUALS:

  * The social work believes that human

Suffering is undesirable and should be prevented or at least alleviated whenever possible.

  * Human behavior is the result of interaction

Between the biological organism and its environment.

  * Family relationship is of primary importance

In the early development of the individual.

  * Though humans are moral being at birth,

They tend to act irrationally also.

  * Inherent dignity and worth of human being,

inherent and inalienable right of human being to choose and achieve his own dignity.

  * VALUES/PHILOSOPHY RELATING TO PROBLEM:

  * There is serious political, social, and

economic maladjustment in every culture.

  * Evolutionary type of reform is both possible

and desirable.

  * Social worker believes in possibility of the

intelligent direction of social change and hence there is a need for social planning.

  * Appreciating the multi dimensionality of the

problem and its multiple consequences.

  * VALUES/PHILOSOPHY RELATING TO RELATIONSHIP:

  * Social work reject the doctrine of laissez

faire and survival of fittest.

  * The rich and the powerful are not

necessarily "fit", while the poor/weak are not necessarily unfit.

  * In social work "socialized individuals" are

preferred to "rugged individualism".

  * A major responsibility for the members

resets with the community.

  * Accepting the clients / situation as it is and

working at a pace convenient for them.

  * VALUES/PHILOSOPHY RELATING TO SOCIAL AGENCY:

  * Social work agencies are basically resources to solve human problems.

  * VALUES/PHILOSOPHY RELATING TO SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE:

  * Social work has functionally dualistic

Approach. It attempts to solve individual problems and at the same time simultaneously attempt to modify the social and institutional framework in required direction.

  * Social work service should be provided by

Professionally trained workers in both public and private agencies.

  * Social work accepts democracy as the

Fundamental ordering of the society.

  * Knowledge, skill, ethical standards etc.

Unit – II HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Historical background of social work U.S.A & India – contribution of religious and reform movements for social change and social welfare. Social work – social work education in India – professionalization of social work education.

UNIT – II HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT:

History of social work started from USA and UK in 1200.

1531 – HERRY VIII – identification of beggars.

Beggars were banned in public and give a separate place for them.

Able body homes were formed and people were give jobs.

1601 – Elizabeth.

USA – 1776 war of independence – church – main agency for social services.

1800 – 1900 – Adam smith theory.

1900 onwards – committee – William committee.

Profession of social work started to flourish in Europe with starting of charity organization/association.

1898 – New York school of Philanthropy.

1917 – NY school of social work.

1929 – Economic depression – Federal emergency relief act – need of trained social worker.

1935 – Social security act.(in USA)

1939 – PG first introduced in American school of social work. USA National council on social work education started .

1960 – Anti-poverty – Martin Ruther King USA National council on social work education was started.

IN INDIA:

Started from joint family system in rural areas.

Annie Besant, Raja Ram Mohan Roy given enlightment about social work.

Mumbai – NGO – American Marathi mission.

Clifford Marshal – 1925 – started his work in slums – founder of Nagpada neighborhood house

Approach Tata group 1936 – Sir Doraliji Tata School of social science – 1944 – changed to Tata institution of social science.

1947 – School of social work started in Gujarat and Varanasi.

Gujarat Vidhyapeed, Khesi Vidhyapeed.

1948 – Delhi school of social work.

1950 – Baroda school of social work.

1960 – Madras school of social work.

1962 – Psg school of social work.

1970 – Madurai school of social work.

1980 – Bishop college Trichi. Screed hearts college in Tirupatur

CONTRIBUTION OF RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS IN INDIA

Though social work is not practiced in its present form, serving the people and helping the needy has been considered almost a moral duty to everyone. In this regard several prescriptions are also laid down for the individuals to follow. Traditionally social work in India is more person based and not institution based. Religion philosophical foundation of social work in India is better understood to the following three major titles. 1. Social welfare during Vedic Period 2. Hinduism and the philosophy of social welfare. 3. Buddhism and the philosophy of social welfare. 4. Jainism and the philosophy of Social Welfare

1. Social welfare during Vedic Period the Vedas are the scriptures derived from the Vedic period (c. 1500-700 BC)

Communitarian (a social order in which individuals are bound together by common values that foster close communal bonds. A model of political organization that stresses ties of affection, kinship, and a sense of common purpose and tradition, as opposed to the meager morality of contractual ties entered into between a loose conglomeration of individuals) republics existed during the early Vedic period. In communitarian social order the whole business of helping people in need was everybody's business mainly handles in a collective way. Thus everybody was client and agent both a different occasions and for different purposes. In early days of Indian civilization both social life and social welfare were almost inseparable

2. Hinduism and the philosophy of social welfare. According to Hindu philosophy human beings should revere, respect and love all, because, God, the supreme being pervades all and immanent in all things and beings. The goal of life is to realize the self, which is nothing but GOD, for this one needs to rise into higher spheres of thinking, feeling and acting and help others to achieve the same. The rules and regulation prescribed to achieve self-realization are known as Manushya Dharmas. It iselaborated as yamas (actions to be avoided) and niyamas (actions to be followed) these virtues are enriched by the additional virtues of Dana, Daya and Kshanthi Dana: it is understood as charity in the form of alms giving to the deserving. Daya means compassion to all Kshanthi patience and forgiveness. The popular Hindu saying expresses Janata Seva is Janardana Seva. The service of man is the service of God. Janata Seva means helping the people. Serving his fellow human beings is an instrument to realize self – God or Janardana. The reward for Janata Seva is the enlargement of the self.

At later days, Mary Richmond, a social work pioneer, while explaining the underlying philosophy of social work, mentioned about wider self. The concept of wider self-match the Hindu concept of larger or greater self.

3. Buddhism and the philosophy of social welfare. By the performance of acts of punna (punyam) and the avoidance of acts (pavam) of papa one contributes to social welfare while gradually transforming oneself in such a way that noble qualities of mind conducive to produce the maturity and insight that bring full liberation of the mind could sooner or later be attained. Until such time as one attains the final liberation, acts of punna protect a person from falling into unhappy rebirths and furnishes one with all the desirable material conditions of living. Buddhism provides a great incentive to believers by emphasizing the effects of punna_deeds to engage in acts of social welfare. The concept of punna is connected with the doctrines of kamma and rebirth. These doctrines appeal to the concern of everyone with one's own interest and have the effect of preventing people who have faith in them to avoid engaging in any conduct that is productive of suffering to others and encouraging them to do positive good to others which is productive of beneficial effects to themselves.

It is to be noted that the Buddhist notion of social welfare is wider than a purely mundane notion in such a way that it includes an awareness of the material needs that are necessary for the promotion of social welfare. The welfare of people can be promoted only when all their needs are adequately fulfilled. Humanist psychologists have pointed out that human beings have a hierarchy of needs. Xv They do not attain their real humanity unless certain higher and uniquely human needs are also satisfied. Buddhism can fully agree with that view, for Buddhism recognizes the necessity to attend to the basic material needs of man not as an end in itself, but as a means to an end which is much higher than that. The greatest happiness that a human being can attain by becoming entirely free from the corruptions of mind is considered in Buddhism as the highest in the hierarchy of human needs.

4. Jainism and the philosophy of social welfare. Jains believe that all living beings possess a soul, and therefore great care and awareness is required in going about one's business in the world. Jainism is a religion in which all life is considered worthy of respect and it emphasizes this equality of all life, advocating the protection of even the smallest creatures. This goes as far as the life of a fly. A major characteristic of Jain belief is the emphasis on the consequences of not only physical but also mental behaviors.

5. Islam is the name of a religion founded by Muhammad in ancient Arabia in the 7th century. People who follow Islam are called Muslims. They believe in only one God, That God is called Allah, which is the Arabic phrase for "the (only) God". Islam has more followers than Roman Catholicism with 1.3 billion followers which makes it the world's largest religion dating today. It is also the fastest growing religion in the world.

The Five Pillars of Islam There are five things that Muslims should do. They are called "The Five Pillars of Islam". 1. Faith: The Testimony (al-Shaada in Arabic) is the Muslim belief that there is no god but Allah Himself, and that Muhammad is His messenger. 2. Prayer: Muslims pray five times at special times of the day. 3. Charity: Muslims who have money must give alms (Zakah or Zakat in Arabic) to help poor Muslims in the local community. 4. Fasting: Muslims fast during Ramadan, They do not eat or drink from sunrise till sunset for one lunar month. 5. Hajj (Pilgrimage): Muslims in general who can afford or who have made the Hajj must buy an animal according to the Islamic criteria to sacrifice and cook as food or give away to the poor, if they have the money for it.

6. Christianity Christianity is a faith based on the believed life and teaching of Jesus. Christians believe by faith that all who sin (disobey God) even once wouldn't go to heaven, even if they did good things, so God gave His own Son, Jesus, to die, so that Christians can "substitute" Jesus' sinless life for themselves. Christians believe that no matter how many sins or how much evil a person has done, they will still go to heaven by taking Jesus as a substitute for his/her own sin. It is a unique religion in the sense that the believer's good or bad deeds do not determine their eternal salvation. Rather, it is the sinless life of Jesus and the sacrificial death of Jesus that is the way to heaven. Thus, Jesus is their "Savior" and they are "saved" by Him, and not because of anything they did on their own.

Charity -Showing love for people the word "Charity" gets its roots form the Latin word "caritas", meaning love. In 1 Peter 4:8a (King James Version), Peter writes; "And above all things have fervent "charity" among yourselves." Simply put, this verse says that a Christian is to have complete love to each other. And in Mark 12:31b (King James Version) Jesus, when asked what was the greatest commandment, replied that first is to love the Lord, "And the second is like, namely this, Thou shalt "love" thy neighbor as thyself. There is none other commandment greater than these." So in Jesus' own words, it is vital to the Christian belief, that a Christian, have Charity (or love), to each other.

Contributions of Ancient Indian Kings to Social Welfare

Ashoka, the Great As the third emperor of the Mauryan dynasty, Ashoka was born in the year 304 B.C. His greatest achievements were spreading Buddhism throughout his empire and beyond. He set up an ideal government for his people and conquered many lands, expanding his kingdom. H. G. Wells wrote of Ashoka: In the history of the world there have been thousands of kings and emperors who called themselves 'their highnesses,' 'their majesties,' and 'their exalted majesties' and so on. They shone for a brief moment, and as quickly disappeared. But Ashoka shines and shines brightly like a bright star, even unto this day.

Kanishka Kanishka was a king of the Kushan Empire in Central Asia, ruling an empire extending to large parts of India in the 2nd century of the Common Era, famous for his military, political, and spiritual achievements. His main capital was at Peshawar (Purushpura) in northwestern Pakistan, with regional capitals at the location of the modern city of Taxila in Pakistan, Begram in Afghanistan and Mathura in India.

GuptaChandra Gupta Ghatotkacha (c. 280–319) AD, had a son named Chandra Gupta. In a breakthrough deal, Chandra Gupta was married to a Lichchhavi—the main power in Magadha. With a dowry of the kingdom of Magadha (capital Pataliputra) i, conquering much of maghadaѕ, Prayaga and Saketa. He established a realm stretching from the Ganga River (Ganges River) to Prayaga (modern-day Allahabad) by 321.

Sultanate The Delhi Sultanate refers to the many Muslim dynasties that ruled in India from 1206 to 1526. Several Turkic and Pashtun ("Afghan") dynasties ruled from Delhi: the Mamluk dynasty (1206-90), the Khilji dynasty (1290-1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1413), the Sayyid dynasty (1414-51), and the Lodhi dynasty (1451-1526). In 1526 the Delhi Sultanate was absorbed by the emerging Mughal Empire.

Deccan sultanates The Deccan sultanates were five Muslim-ruled late medieval kingdoms–-Bijapur, Golkonda, Ahmadnagar, Bidar, and Berar of south- central India. The Deccan sultanates were located on the Deccan Plateau, between the Krishna River and the Vindhya Range. These kingdoms became independent during the breakup of the Bahmani Sultanate. In 1490, Ahmadnagar declared independence, followed by Bijapur and Berar in the same year. Golkonda became independent in 1518 and Bidar in 1528. In 1510, Bijapur repulsed an invasion by the Portuguese against the city of Goa, but lost it later that year.

Mughal Rule India in the 16th century had numerous unpopular rulers, both Muslim and Hindu, with an absence of common bodies of laws or institutions. External developments also played a role in the rise of the Mughal Empire. The circumnavigation of Africa by the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama in 1498 allowed Europeans to challenge Arab control of the trading routes between Europe and Asia. In Central Asia and Afghanistan, shifts in power pushed Babur of Ferghana (in present-day Uzbekistan) southward, first to Kabul and then to India. The Mughal Empire lasted for more than three centuries. The Mughal Empire was one of the largest centralized states in pre modern history and was the precursor to the British Indian Empire.

Professionalization of social work education

Professional training in social work in India was initiated by Dr. Clifford Manshardt, an American protestant missionary. He came to India in 1925 through the American Marathi mission, a Protestant Christian organization. This organization worked in slum communities of Bombay and founded the Nagapada Neighborhood House in 1926, headed by Dr.Clifford Manshardt as its first Director. The agency was similar to Settlement House in its objective and activities. It was located in an area, which had many social problems including poverty, gambling and prostitution. Such problems were the result of the fast changing social structure, which had weakened the family bond and community togetherness. Manshardt mooted the idea of developing a school of social work to meet the need for trained manpower to work in Indian conditions. With financing from the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust, the first school founded in 1936 was known as Sir Dorabji Graduate School of Social Work later renamed as Tata Institute of Social Sciences in 1944.

Since then, Social work education in India has spawned seven decades during which it has attracted a large number of youth to pursue a formal degree in Social Work, develop human service values and work for the betterment of society. The journey has not been without its fair share of bumps and jerks, but challenging and exciting, nevertheless. The problems these trained social workers confront are common in Indian subcontinent. In order to ensure excellence in education, training and practice of professional social work, we need very active professional associations. Though India has fairly a long history of social work education as compared to other South Asian countries, professional associations were formed much later in order to play huge proactive roles. Our existing associations are yet to get permanent affiliation or membership in International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW). As professionals we have a responsibility for making professional organizations vibrant. In past, we had several associations such as

Labor Welfare Officers" Association, Probation Officers" Association, Association of Alumni of Schools of Social Work in India, etc. There are few regional level associations as well, such as, Bombay Association of Trained Social Workers (BATSW), Maharashtra Association of Social Work Educators (MATSWE), Karnataka Association of Professional Social Workers (KAPSW), Professional Social Workers Forum, Chennai (PSWFC), etc. The ambit of their activities rarely reaches beyond local level meetings, seminars and they do not have much say or authority at the national level. The professional bodies of social workers that function at the national level are mainly three, namely, ASSWI, ISPSW and NAPSWI. Associations of Schools of Social Work in India (ASSWI) ASSWI was established in 1959 at Baroda. It is a professional organization engaged in the promotion of standards of social work education in the country. It has represented the profession by taking up social issues and concerns related to social work education at the national level since the early sixties. This association is functioning through its elected executive committee. Most of the members of ASSWI are from Schools of Social Work/Departments of Social Work which were established during the second half of the 20th century.

The Indian Society of Professional Social Work (ISPSW) The Indian Society of Professional Social Work (ISPSW) is the oldest association of professional social workers in India. It has been geared towards the goal of Empowering Society for Social Development. The Society was formerly known as Indian Society of Psychiatric Social Work. It was established in the year 1970 by Dr. R.K.Upadhyaya and his staff of the Dept. of Psychiatric Social Work, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi. The present name of the Society was considered in the year 1988, because of an increased representation of the trainers, practitioners and researchers of all specialization of Social Work. The association primarily focuses on uniting the professional social workers to debate, discuss and develop conceptual frameworks and feasible indigenous interventions of social work for practice in India. In order to facilitate this purpose, the Society has conducted many annual Conferences seminars and symposia on various social issues, all over India. Many of the life members of this Society are representing various reputed National and International organizations, Universities and other agencies all over the World. The Society regularly identifies and felicitates esteemed personalities from the Social Work and its related fields.

National Association of Professional Social Workers in India (NAPSWI) NAPSWI is a non profit, non- political, national level organization dedicated to the promotion of standard and status of social work profession in India. The association received legal status as a society under the Society Registration Act XXI of 1860 on 9th September 2005. This national association comprises social work institutions, schools and departments, educators, practitioners as well as students from every state in the country. Senior citizens are also provided membership. NAPSWI intends to fulfill the twin purpose of promoting the social work profession across the country with the aim of improving the quality of services in the social welfare and social development sectors on one hand and to protect interests of social work professionals on the other hand. NAPSWI aims to advance excellence in education, training and practice of professional social work through - Education, Research, Training, Networking, Advocacy and Resource Development. Objectives of NAPSWI are as follows:

 Increase awareness about social work profession at various levels;  Promote the highest professional standards and ethics in the practice of professional social work;  Advance the knowledge and practice base of social work interventions that enhance quality of life and standard of living of persons, their family and environment;  Faster communication and support among professional social workers;

Promote social change, empowerment and liberation of people to enhance their well being adhering to the principles of human rights and social justice; Promote research, action and other forms of continuing education for knowledge up- gradation of members; and Advocate for programs and policies to meet the needs of social work fraternity and its various clientele groups.

With the launching of social work program by dint of Open and Distance Learning in India through IGNOU, a new chapter has been opened for professional social workers in the Indian sub-continent since 2004.This initiative of IGNOU has taken social work education to the door steps of the un- reached in far flung areas i.e. from Kashmir to Campbell Bay in Andaman and Nicobar Islands and all the states in the North-East. There is flexible admission procedures adopted by IGNOU: anyone having the required entry qualification can pursue social work education at Bachelors, Masters and Doctoral level without restrictions on age, place of residence and occupational status. The Annual National Seminar being organized by IGNOU in collaboration with NAPSWI is a meeting place for professional social work educators, practitioners and students from any state and union territory in the country. This annual event is gaining momentum with the support of ASSWI, several universities and international organizations.

Unit – III METHODS OF SOCIAL WORK

A brief understanding of methods of social work – social case work – social group work – community organization – social work research – social action – social welfare administration.

METHODS OF SOCIAL WORK

Social Work methods are purely professional knowledge, not barrowed from any other disciplines. It is also called social work practice. These methods and application differentiate social work and many others social sciences that base mere on theoretical knowledge. For instance, sociology, psychology, anthropology and philosophy all lack specific methods like social work although having well advanced theory.

  1. Primary method: are that systematic and planned way of performing an activity, which is fundamental to Social Work. These are just like roots of social work, which give birth to other branches.

  2. Secondary method: these are secondary because it facilitates the primary methods. There are also the derivatives of primary methods.

Primary method:

  1. Social Case Work

  2. Social Group Work

  3. Social Organization and development

Secondary method:

  1. Social Research

  2. Social Action

  3. Social Welfare Administration

Social Case Work:

Social Case Work, a primary method of social work, is concerned with the adjustment and development of individual towards more satisfying human relations. Better family life, improved schools, better housing, more hospitals and medical care facilities, protected economic conditions and better relations between religious groups help the individual in his adjustment and development. But his adjustment and development depend on the use of these resources by him. Sometimes due to certain factors, internal or external, he fails to avail existing facilities. In such situations, social caseworker helps him. Thus, social casework is one to one relationship, which works in helping the individual for his adjustment and development.

Every individual reacts differently to his social, economic and physical environments and as such problems of one individual are different from those of another. The practice of casework is a humanistic attempt for helping people who have difficulty in coping with the problems of daily living. It is one of the direct methods of social work which uses the case-by-case approach for dealing with individuals or families as regards their problems of social functioning. Case work, aims at individualized services in the field of social work in order to help the client to adjust with the environments.

Origin of Case work by working with the poor Social Workers radically realized that forces within the individual and forces external to him contributed for human suffering. Though casework as a mode of helping people on the basis of a person-to-person relationship was present in every society from ancient times, the professional method of casework originated in U.S.A. in the second decade of this century. One of the earliest organised efforts in U.S.A. to help the poor was the establishment of the American Charity Organization Society (1) in 1877 on the pattern of the Charity Organization of London, which was started seven years earlier. One of the aims of the society was to find out ways and means of helping the poor and needy and thus to organise individualised services geared to this purpose. The society used volunteers, who were called friendly visitors, to visit the homes of the poor for purposes of assessing their need, for rendering material assistance and for giving them guidance and advice. The friendly visitors were subsequently supplemented by 'paid agents'. These paid helpers gradually developed, systematic procedures in performing their tasks. They collected data about the needy individuals and families, and helped them after assessing their need. They also maintained records in which they kept all the information including personal data, as well as the type of help rendered. It was out of the practice of these early workers that caseworkdeveloped gradually to a professional method in subsequent years. Their collective experience of knowing the poor families and their problems and the concurrent studies of poverty by social scientists broadened the understanding of human behaviour. There was the growing recognition that there were forces within the individual and forces external to him which influenced his behaviour and the nature of his existence in society. In course of time the terms 'paid agents' and 'the poor' were supplanted by caseworkers and clients respectively in the terminology of the help giving organisation and the office of the organisation came to be known as the agency.

Definitions of Social Case Work

Mary Richmond (1915) "Social Case Work may be defined as the Art of doing different things with different people, co-operating with them to achieve some of their own & society"s betterment."

Jarrett (1919) Social case work is "the art of bringing an individual who is in a condition of social disorder into the best possible relation with all parts of his environment".

Taft (1920) Social case work means "social treatment of a maladjusted individual involving an attempt to understand his personality, behaviour and social relationships and to assist him in working out better social and personal adjustment".

Lee (1923) Social case work is the art of changing human attitudes"

Hollis (1954)  "Social Case work is a method employed by social worker to help individuals find solution to problems of social adjustment which they are unable to handle in satisfactory way by their own efforts."

Objectives of Social Case Work

1. To make good rapport with the common people.

2. To find-out, understand & solve the internal problems of an individual.

3. To strengthen ones ego power.

4. To prevent problem.

5. To develop internal resources.

Nature & Characteristics of Case Work

1. Relationship arise out of shared & emotionally charged situation.

2. Relationship contains elements of acceptance, expectation, support & stimulation.

3. Client & case worker are interdependent.

4. Case work relationship may have several therapeutic values.

5. Improvement of condition.

6. More adjustment within the society.

7. Development of personality.

8. Capacity building.

9. Relationship needs outside help.

10. Case worker too has relationship reactions and part of and part of one's professional skills in their management.

BASIC COMPONENTS OF CASE WORK:

  * Person

  * Problem

  * Place

  * Process

PRINCIPLES OF CASE WORK:

  * Principles of individualization.

  * Principles of powerful expression of feeling.

  * Principles of controlled emotional involvement.

  * Principles of acceptance.

  * Principles of non-judgmental attitude.

  * Principles of confidentiality.

  * Principles of determination.

  * Principles of developing and utilizing resource.

SOCIAL GROUP WORK

Human being is a social animal; they can't live without the social interaction, and community life. Social interaction is one of the indirect ways learning by doing. A child learns with in his own group and also takes knowledge from the groups that are child focused or any others. The social groups working for the children play important role in individual child life. Group first assesses the ability and weakness of a child and then relates him /her accordingly to other groups within the child reach in a school, community or an institution. The establishment of satisfying group life outside the family is pre- requisite for effective social living, which every individual must accomplish though out his life. To some children it comes naturally for others it may have to be developed and foster. So group addresses those who need care for the development of social habit that further help them in social development. Mutual give and take policy enables the members of the child group and assistance from the outside group to evolved mutually satisfying social relationship among themselves. An early childhood good experience being with family or assisted by the groups developed positive attitude of the children that goes along with his/her life. So group intervention aim is to give a constructive and satisfying group experience to children and individuals. The children are likely to adopt constructive and good behaviors and approaches also in other sphere of life.  
Social casework is not the whole of social work. All human beings do not live alone. They grow up in families, tribes; communities' etc. group life is basic for every human being.  
Another important area of social work is social group work, which deals with the individuals as a member of the group. Some definitions of social group work are:

  1. Social group work is that method of social work, which helps individuals in the improvement of their social functioning and the achievement of desirable social goals.

  2. Social group work is the method which helps the individuals to enhance the social functioning through purposeful group experience and cope more effectively with their problems.

  3. According to H. B. Trecker, group work is "A process and a method through which individual groups in social agency setting are helped by a worker to relate themselves to other people and to experience growth opportunities in accordance with their needs and capacities".

Social group worker does not concentrate on individual alone. It helps in educational development and cultural growth of the members of the groups. The worker is interested in helping the individuals through guided group interaction.

Principles of Social Group Work:

The group worker must understand the basic principles of social group work and must be guided by them in his professional practice. Principles are guiding statements that have come from experience or research. Their generalizations are based upon what has been observed good practice with groups in different situations.  
The purpose of these principles is to guide the group worker who needs knowledge of the individuals and groups' behavior and social conditions as well as the ability to work efficiently with the group of people.  
H. B Trecker in his masterpiece "Social Group Work – Principles and Practice", has given the following principles of social group work:

Principle of planned group formation: The group is the basic unit through which individuals are helped to grow physically, socially, culturally and psychologically. The first task of the group worker is to form a group. The group workers should be aware about the needs and resources of the group and also their potentialities limitations and the cultural values of the areas.

Principle of helping or enabling function: The function of the group worker is helping or enabling function. So, he should solve his problems on self-help basis. The objective should be according to the wishes and capabilities and help them for the solution of their problems within their own resources through self-help basis.

Principle of purposeful relationship: Group work method requires the worker to form purposeful relationship with group members, which means that they should focus on the needs of the people, which are expressed by the members. We can achieve such relationship through self-knowledge and self-disciplined.

Principle of organization: The organization of the group should be flexible, should be adjustable in various situations. It should change with the needs of the group and according to the change situations for the smooth function of the group.  
Principle of self-decision or planning: The group must be helped to make its own decision, its own planning and programmes and the members should take the responsibility according to their ability.

Principle of programme acceptance: the members of the group according to their capabilities, educational level, needs, experience and socio-economic level should accept Programme of the group. These programmes should progress in relation to the developing capacity of the group.

Principle of people: Without acceptance this programme by the people it cannot give the good results. The social group worker should convince the people to accept this programme, which is aimed at the solution of their felt needs. They people should accept the advice to solve their mutual respect and love increases the good relationships, which helps in understanding of social group worker and group and for the solution of the problems and for the development of the programmer.

Principle of best utilization of resources: The group and community resources should be utilized in relation to the group and individual needs for the benefits of the group as a whole.

Principle of individualization: The individual should be convinced in a way that he should feel to contribute to the group welfare. However the individual and the group should feel for the development and new changes in the community.

Principle of evaluation: The continuous evaluation of the group work process and the progress is essential. The group worker should evaluate the progress in accordance with the prescribed standard. In Pakistan, social group work method is used in community centers, hospitals, and educational and other institutions. The principles of social group work can successfully apply not only in the limited fields but also in the larger fields of social welfare and even in working with other political, social and religious group.

Social group in the ordinary sense means that any collection of more than one individual, but sociologically it is a collection of individuals interacting with each other under a recognized structure. A social group is always motivated by some common goals and interests, characterized by some rules and regulations (formal and informal), which regulates the behavior of its members.

Ogburn defines it: The group in a statement "We feelings". We feelings mean that the members of the group develop basic responses for each other.  
The following are some of the essential characteristics, which distinguish a group from a non-group:

  1. Collection of individuals

  2. Psychological interaction.

  3. Common goals and interaction.

  4. Group norms.

Types of group:

There are two types of groups:  
1. Primary and 2. Secondary

1. Primary Group:

It is a small group in which a small number of persons come in to direct contact with one another. They meet face to face for mutual help, companionship and discussion of common questions. They live in the presence and thought of one another. The characteristics can be achieved in the following ways:

  1. Face to face interaction among the members.

  2. Mutual aid among themselves

  3. Realization of common problems among the group members.

The primary group is the primary in the sense that the members within the group are emotionally, attitudes, ideas and habits of individual develop with this group and these things depend upon:

  1. Frequency of interaction among themselves.

  2. The duration of interaction among the members.

  3. Intensity of social context.

  4. Common object of interaction among the members.

Characteristics of Primary Group:

Intimate feelings and close relationship. In a primary group, we directly cooperate with our fellows and our relations with them are more personal.  
A group may be called primary because it has exerted an influence in the early life of a man that is before other groups could influence him. Family in this sense is a primary group because its influence over the child at the earliest. In a primary group, men do the same thing together with the cooperation of each other. Their relations are face to face to achieve their common interest. All the members participate in this process and they share common experience and have a common aim. These may be a division of Labour in primary groups.  
Thus in a primary group:

  1. There is physical closeness among members.

  2. The members have common aims.

  3. The relations of the members are an end in them.

  4. The relations of the members are spontaneous.

  5. Members have personal relations.

  6. There is continuity in the relations of the members.

Secondary Group:

Secondary group is one, which is large in size; city, political party and labor union etc. Here the human contacts are undefined and superficial. They have direct influence over the others. They know personally only few members and their function. Here cooperation with his fellow work is indirect. According to Paul Landis "Secondary groups are those that are relatively casual and impersonal in their relationship. Relationship in them is usually complicated rather than mutually helpful".

Difference between Primary and Secondary group:

The following are the main points of difference between primary and secondary group:

Size: Primary group is small in size as well as in area. The membership is limited to small number and usually confined to a defined area. It is not spread over the wide world. In a secondary group, the membership and area is large. The membership is scattered in different parts of the world.

Types of structure: Every secondary group is regulated on formal rules. A formal authority is set up with designated powers and clear-cut division of labor in which function of each other is specified in relation to the function of all the rest fellows. Primary group is based on informal structure. The members participate in the same process. There is spontaneous adjustment in the working of the group. There is no formal and detail. The structure is simple in the primary group.

Kind of co-operation: In a primary group, the members directly cooperate with each other, participating in the same process. They sit together, discuss together, play together and decide together. In a secondary group, the cooperation with the fellow members is indirect. The members cooperate only to achieve the group's objectives. It is not the process that binds them together but the object to whose attainment, they unite. They do not work together but one work for the other.

Relationship: In the primary group, the relationships of the members are direct and personal. They meet face to face and develop direct contacts. In the secondary group, the relationships are not direct and personal because they do not live in same place and thought of one another. They just work with each other and see each other.

Community organization

Social work in community setting is to organize, mobilize and help the communities to identify their own needs with resources in the community to address those needs accurately, and motivate community members to realize their aspirations. The social worker role is empathetic, to felt himself as a community member and realize on the same way as each member of the community feel the problem. Then he tries to teach the community with skill and knowledge of community development. This makes the community empowered to help themselves and become self-reliant. Sympathetic approach on other hand on the part of the social worker will leads to dependency. As in sympathy the helper mostly extend all sort of help without the community involvement. Each community having problem is also full of resources. No one can resolve the community problem and to address it as accurately as the community can do. There is a common proverb, "That the village rabbit can be caught easily by the village dog", as the dog of the village better knows the ways to her home, her eating, playing timing. Social worker just enables the community to work in an organized way.

Concept and Approaches of community work- Directive and non-directive approaches

A community is broadly defined as any group of people, within a specified physical, geographical boundary, that comes together for a common purpose or goal. A community can be a rural village, a displacement camp, and a group of children living on the street together or a neighborhood in an urban city. In communities, the leaders of the community can include: traditional leaders, religious leaders, elders, clan chief, women leaders, youth leaders and traditional healers and others. The people can elect the leaders or self-selected due to force or for a specific role or job. These leaders are usually responsible for maintaining law and order and for resolving the problems of their people. Importantly, leaders along with parents are the Duty Bearers of the community's children and have the responsibility for their care and protection

Concept of participation, empowerment, leadership, power dynamics, conflict and its management, social mobilization, and gender/ non-discrimination issues in community and other types [of discrimination]

DEFINITION

Community development is the process of planning and developing social services in order to meet the health and welfare needs of a community.

Richard W. Pastern defines it as:

"An organized body of knowledge which deals comprehensively with the community and with all of the various functions of the community life as integrated parts of the whole."

Gangrade, K. D. 1971 defined community organisation as a:

"The process by which the efforts of people themselves are united with government authorities to improve the economic, social and cultural conditions of communities to integrate these communities into the life of nation and to enable them to contribute fully to national progress."

Principles of community organization:

  * Acceptance of community: The community organizer should accept the community and should act in a way that the community should accept him and if he has some problem, he should study that and contact the local leaders in this regards and then approach the community to the interest for the welfare of people in the community.

  * Understanding of felt needs and resources: The community worker should know the felt needs of the people and their resources and they should start work according to those felt needs. They should also explore available resources, which are available outside the community.

  * Individualization: Community worker should always try to identify problems faced by some individuals and group and should repair special plans and programmers for them to make them participate with other groups or individual of the community. By this we mean that individual's attention is also necessary for the community workers.

  * Self-determination: Community worker should provide full freedom to the local community to determine their needs and problems and resources act their own and should also give plans for their solution. He should encourage them in the planning for solution of these problems and should not impose his own views on them.

  * Freedom within limits: The social worker should guide the community and make them free in giving the ideas of all about the solution of the problems but in decisions should not close the limits to violate the interest of the group but the decision should be in the common interest of the community.

  * Empathy, not sympathy: Community worker's attitude as also his approach towards work with the community should be non-judgmental. Whenever any decision is to be taken, it should be based on objective facts concerning community life and values cherished by the community, not by the worker.

  * Flexibility: The community worker should involve various members of the community in different matters and also delicate authority to them. The community workers should also be flexible to give rise to new leadership according to change situation.

  * Progress programme experience: All the programmes in the community should be evolutionary and not revolutionary. All the programmes chalked out by the community and should take in to consideration the local needs and problems with the involvement of people in the community.

  * People's participation: The community worker should involve in the identification of all issues, problems, needs and resources and also development plans for this area. This participation should be from the first stage till final decision is taken.

  * Good or meaningful relationship: The community worker should establish good relationship in the community. He should need all the groups and sub-groups of the community and should understand their problems. This would enable him to involve the community as long as he feels. They had developed capacity to lead as he deals at with their own felt needs and problems.

  * Mobilization: The community organizer should mobilize its all resources whether internal or external to avoid duplication of efforts. He should utilize these resources. He should also explore the talents and ability of different groups in the community. It is very necessary for the development of community.

  * Evaluation: The community worker should evaluate his work and people participation. He should also find out the various drawbacks and the groups between the various programmes of the community development. The purpose of the evaluation is to readjust you according to the change situation.

SOCIAL RESEARCH

Definitions:

According to P. K Young:

"Social research is the systematic method of discovering new facts, their sequence; inter relationships, casual explanations and social laws which govern them."

According to Webster:

"A studious enquiry usually critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation having for its aim the revision of accepted conclusions in the light of newly accepted facts."

According to CORDESCO:

"Research is systematic search for relevant information in a specific topic".

According to LUNDBERG:

"A method sufficiently objective and systematic to make possible classification, generalization and verification of the data observed."

Importance of Social work Research:

In the social research, we collect empirical data of facts through research. It is an organized effort to acquire new knowledge about various aspects of society and social issues. Its scope includes various methods of treatment, rehabilitation, identification of social needs and problems and knowledge about community resources.

Social planning would be ineffective without proper research, which enables the planners to access the needs of the community. It also helps them to refine social work techniques and methods used for solving social problems.

For the development of an area or even for personality development, it is necessary to get information and then on the basis of this information's, we plan for the future. Social work is a problem solving method, so before getting into process to its solution, we must obtain important information regarding the issue that when, where, why, and how the problem started and to solve it. All these information can be collected through a process, which is called social work research.

  * It increases our knowledge about various issues especially on the basis on which we are doing social research.

  * Their conclusions based on research are more authentic or reliable.

  * It can be applied in all fields of human life because every field of human life needs some facts to meet every day problem and research provides factual data.

  * Research gives us clear picture of a social problem because in order to solve any social problem, we need to have a clear picture of the e.g. what is the nature of the problem, how it emerges, how it is effecting the people, how many people have being influenced and how can we solve it.

  * Research is important for planning and evaluating certain programmes e.g. if you want to start social welfare programmes, you must collect relevant data from the people in order to find out their views about this programme. And if the attitude of the people towards this programme is positive then it should be introduced.

  * Social research enables social worker to make their programme more effective, useful and should help them to refine social work techniques and methods used for solving social problems.

  * Social research develops and discovers new facts and also verifies the old facts.

  * Research is helpful in the public relations programmes because in public relations, we know their problems, requirements, needs, priorities and their tastes.

  * Through research, we can evaluate our programmes and know the cause of its success and failure.

  * Through social research, we help the administration for streaming their priorities, (in the light of information's we get through research) liking fixing of pay scale, cost of living, allowances and priorities of the locality etc.

  * Research Process

Like other social sciences, certain steps are required in the field of social work research too for conducting research on scientific lines. These steps are as follows:  
**Selection of subject:** On the basis of experience and available information, the research formulates the problem under study. It may be either a specific aspect or includes the total aspects of the problem. The problem selected should be relevant to the branch of social work where the researcher is going to study.  
**Formulation of hypothesis:** After selecting the problem, the researcher gathers certain ideas about the problem. This process is known as hypothesis. According to George Lundberg: "The hypothesis is tentative justification the validity of which remains to be tested." In its most elementary stage the hypothesis may be guess, imaginative ideas that becomes the basis for investigation.  
**Construction of a research design:** For social work research, it is necessary to prepare a research design. The research design enables the worker to carry on his work systematically. The research should be formulated carefully and once the design has been prepared, it is easy to test the hypothesis, analyze data and take other steps.  
**Survey of literature related to the problem:** Mere selection of problem is not sufficient. For proper understanding of the problem the worker has to survey the literature related to that problem.  
**Investigation and study of material related to the problem:** No study is completed in self. There are various matters and topics related to the problem. For proper study it is necessary to investigate and study the material related to the problem. This investigation and study is helpful in taking the future steps.  
**Collection of data:** After preparing the research design, the process of data collection is started. For this purpose, first step is the collection of data or facts pertaining to the problem.  
**Tabulation of collected data:** Mere collection of data is not sufficient for research. For proper study of the problem, it is necessary that data should be systematically tabulated and classified. This step helps the worker to proceed in the right direction.  
**Analysis and interpretation of data:** Once data has been tabulated and classified, the worker proceeds to analyze and interpret it. On the basis of tabulation, the worker is able to categorize the data according to its characteristics. This makes the analysis and interpretation of data easy.  
**Verification of the problem and hypothesis:** After analysis and interpretation of data, the researcher verifies the problem and the hypothesis. Without verification, it is not possible to arrive at any correct result.  
**Generalization:** Once hypothesis has been proved to be correct as a result of verification, certain general principles can be laid down. These general principles are based on the results of the analysis and verification of the data scientifically tabulated and classified.

Types of social research:

Pure Research: To know or understand for the satisfaction of knowing or understanding the facts of our environment, their relationships or their implications without any application in view is called Pure Research. Pure Research is designed without reference to practical research. Pure research helps us in developing general principles and theoretical knowledge offers solutions to many practical problems.

Applied or action research: Applied research is action oriented and social workers are concerned with them. Science is a problem solving process. The science, which is capable of solving problem, is called Applied Research. In applied research, we design certain studies and then find out certain facts. It aims at developmental work i.e. the utilization of the intellectual knowledge towards economic or social ends.

Tools of research

Schedule

Questionnaire

Interview and visits

Records

Preparation of report

Survey:

Survey is mostly conducted to collect the facts from the field about an issue or a problem. Before survey a sample has been taken from the population as no one can reach every individual. Stakeholders in the communities are identified for interview. Special questioners are design to conduct different survey. Those are filled from the individuals and groups. The data collected during the survey is compiled for the final report.

Survey has many good characteristics. It gives in depth knowledge of the issue and problems. It is mostly conducted with consultation of the community people who are more aware of the issue as compared to the out- sider. The finding of the survey is based for future planning of any project. The project success and failure are also depending on the accuracy of the survey. If the real stakeholders were contacted and the questioner was designed according to the needs of the project, the data will be more accurate and useful. Other wise the result will be opposite

Interviews:

Interview are very useful for gaining information on the perceptions and beliefs of people; their ideas for change and their opinions on what motivates, demotivates, frustrates, and encourages them; and the organizational norms and culture. However, there are strong potentials for bias in the hands of those who are untrained, careless, or very normative, and not all interview information may be accurate.

Interviews are one of the most valuable sources of information about an individual, family, community and an organization; their usefulness far exceeds their cost in most cases. However, the quality of the interviewer and data coder is essential to the accuracy of the information.

Types of Interviews

Interviews let you tap into a wealth of ideas, while immersing yourself in the organizational culture. They can bring up many thoughts and perspectives, which surveys miss, and can completely turn around the interviewer's ideas about a community an organization, its culture, and its people.

The basic differences between types of interviews are the amount of structure and the number of people involved. "Focus groups" are essentially group interviews, for example. The dynamics and methods are different but the goals are identical.

Structured interviews In structured interviews, which tend to be the most common in organizational work, the interviewer has a list of questions to make sure certain topics are covered. The person being interviewed, however, can cover whatever ground they like. (Usually, there are questions specifically designed to let the person choose their own topics). The advantage of structured interviews is that they allow the exploration of specific topics, while allowing people to tell the interviewer what they think is important. Common questions ask what is going well and what is going poorly; what motivates people; how they like their job, their peers, and their supervisor; the goals of their organization; the obstacles to performance and success; and what it takes to get ahead. One question we usually ask is what people would to if they had complete power to change any and all parts of the organization -- the "kind for a day" question.

Most questions have "probes" -- follow-up questions that bring out more information. Even when there are no formal probes, the interviewer usually asks people to elaborate further, and should make sure the person is completely done with one topic before moving to another. Some people need more prompting than others.

While when an interview can be handled by phone, more information is usually given in person.

Unstructured interviews

Sometimes, the interviewer wants to let a person have complete control over the content of the interview. One or two questions may be used to start off, but from then on, the only questions are probes, where the interviewer asks for more elaboration.

Fixed-response interviews

These are basically surveys without pencil or paper. They were used extensively in social science research during the 1950s and 1960s, and may help in exploring sensitive subjects where response rates are low or where people tend to respond different in person versus on paper.

Social welfare administration

Every profession needs some skills and techniques to achieve certain goals. In the field of social welfare, we need effective services, e.g. the diagnostic, prevention and curative or rehabilitation.  
For the readjustment of destitute person and all handicapped persons, various social welfare agencies render services for this purpose.

Task of Administration:

The task of administration is to implement the agency programme effectively and sincerely. Social welfare administration can be called a process of transforming social policies and objective into social action.

Administration is a group progress:

Basically the administration is essentially a group process and revolves round the people who are implementing the programme at different levels which means that this is the process of working with groups of people. The knowledge and skills of the people working in the agency, their qualities and capabilities, and their approach and attitude will determine the quality of the programme they are able to put through. The success of the agency programme is clear indication of the success of agency administration.

Major aspects of Administration:

  1. Organizations and structure: It includes the head of administration and other staff members.

  2. Policy making and planning: It includes the various procedures and programmes for getting the goals in a better way.

  3. Programme Development: It includes the use of various methods and techniques to achieve these goals.

  4. Function of the Executive boards: It shows the responsibilities of the individuals and every member in given some responsibilities and functions for which he is responsible.

  5. Coordination: It is needed for the smooth functioning of an organization and for the checking of duplication and overlapping etc.

  6. Supervision: It is the duty of the good administrative to supervise all the activities going on under his administration, for this purpose he can nominate certain comities also.

  7. Proper Budgeting: The good administrator has the quality of maintenance of the resources and the good budgeting. They have to look into available resources and expected expenditure of the programme and prepare the budget.

  8. Maintenance of Proper record: In good administration, proper record keeping is given very much importance because it is very much needed for the smooth running of the programme. We know the present situation as well as the past situation and the plan for the future.

Importance:

  1. social welfare administration is a process of transforming social policies and objective in to social action. For this purpose effective services are needed to achieve the goal.

  2. In the field of social welfare administration these ends include rendering of effective services in the shape of diagnostic, curative or rehabilitative and preventive measures, for the uplifts of the maladjustment, physically handicapped and destitute persons of the society.

  3. Every social welfare agencies have their own objectives and services. Presently in Pakistan, there are about twenty thousand such types of NGOs providing services to the needy persons.

  4. The importance of social welfare administration has increased in welfare organizations. The following are some of the points which further show the importance of social welfare administration:

  5. As social welfare has taken the form of organization actively for the solution of various social problems and in this connection the types of services provided by them are so complex that these agencies need coordination with other agencies also.

  6. The success of programmes can only be ensured through good administration of social welfare agencies, which run on some sound and scientific lines.

  7. As these programmes are very much complete in their nature so they need qualified and trained social workers to manage the affairs of agencies.

  8. Social welfare administration having some knowledge regarding the principle of social worker's sympathetic attitude towards the people and their experience in dealing with the person's problems. For this purpose social worker is found a best administrator to achieve his goals.

  9. Through social welfare administration, we easily gather the facts which identify the problems.

  10. Through good administration, we can ensure the proper utilization of funds by a social welfare agency because the funds are utilized through effective methods with proper maintenance of accounts.

  11. The good administration always evaluates its programme for judging the effectiveness of the programmes. Keeping in view, the changing needs of the society through evaluation of the programme. We can see the effecting of the techniques and skill applied in welfare programme and tries to further improve it.

Social action

The term social action refers to organized and legally permitted activities designed to mobilize public opinion, legislation and public administration in favor of objectives believed to be socially desirable.

Methods of Social Action:

  * The following are some of the means, which make social action possible.

  * Research and collection of data

  * Planning solution, and arousing public opinion

  * Meeting key persons, groups and agencies

  * Public meetings

  * Social education

  * Propaganda

  * Discussion

  * Enlisting public support

  * Coordinating the work of different groups and agencies

  * Presentation of the proposal to those in authority

  * Use of press if possible and meeting members of legislature

  * Social legislation

  * Enforcement of legislation

  * Case work

Process of social action (Steps in social research)

**First stage is of developing awareness** among people of the problems and conditions, which limit social function as also of their causes. The tactics employed at this stage are of research and education. A social actionist, in order to find out facts relating to social reality so that sound conclusions may be arrived at, undertakes scientific social survey and research. After the knowledge of basic social issues confronting the life of people become available, it is disseminated to people in order to make them aware of these issues and problems. It is this stage that social actionists make use of various media, methods and techniques of communication to create awareness in the most effective manner.  
**Development of suitable organization** with clear-cut roles and responsibilities is the second stage in the process of social action. It is at this stage that efforts are made by the social actionist to mobiles as also to develop leadership enjoying the trust and confidence of the people. Cooperation and representation are the main techniques employed by the social actionist at this stage that tries to establish contacts with different sections make his best efforts to enlist their cooperation and involves them in the organization, which is created for effecting the desired changes.  
**After the establishment of necessary organization** comes the stage of formulation and projecting the goals and the strategies that are to be used for their effective attainment. In order to formulate goals, which should reflect the felt, needs of people, free and frank discussion with representatives of different sections in the organization is arranged and finally making suitable adjustments arrives at consensus.  
**The last stage in the social process** is of actual action in which the joint action incorporating fullest possible cooperation of all concerned is mobilized in order to attain the stipulated goals.

UNIT- IV FIELD OF SOCIAL WORK:

Social work practice widely used in almost all fields starting from industries, hospitals, corruptional settings, social settings etc,

Social work is a profession for those with a strong desire to help improve people's lives. Social workers help people function the best way they can in their environment, deal with their relationships, and solve personal and professional problems. Social workers practice in a variety of settings. Hospitals and psychiatric facilities they provide or arrange for a range of support services. In mental health, community centers, and private practice they provide counseling services on marriage, family, and adoption matters, and they help people through personal or community emergencies, such as dealing with loss or grief or arranging for disaster assistance. Industrial social work is one of the area in which the social worker extend their skill and expertness in helping personnel managers in the industry directly and organizational development indirectly, by intervening the employee management.

SOCIAL WORK IN INDUSTRIAL SETTING:

Industrial organization forms a secondary setting for the proactive of professional social work. It is different from other secondary welfare setting due to its primary orientation to production and profit rather than to the welfare needs of the workers. There is a growing recognition of the fact that the human personality is influenced by and influences the organization. Hence it is necessary to have a basic understanding of organizational structure of the industry in relation to its communication pattern and its system of authority. The workers and the problems can be better perceived against the holistic background of his work place, his work family, and his community. The industrial social worker whose work covers an intangible output can work with conviction and commitment in a profit oriented setting only if his/her functions are balanced with the primary interest of the organization. A clear understanding of the social workers role responsibilities and status in relation to the concerned department of great relevance. Although it was felt earlier that a personnel or welfare programmes need not have any connection with the economic potentials of the industry. It is increasingly felt that "A well formulate Social Work Practice," is as much as economic proposition as production or sales programme. It helps to improve the attitude of employees towards their job. As in the ultimate analysis it is the attitude of employees, which control the quality of production, quantity of the production and the productivity. Improvement in the attitude improves productivity and there by increases profit.

Role of Industrial Social Worker

It is essential to understand the areas of responsibilities associated with each functionary, so as to gain a clear perspective of role and status of the industrial social worker. The development of the industrial social work in India is recent. It is primarily voluntary and is influenced by the emphasis placed by the government on certain programmes in organized sector.

The place of social worker in an industrial organization is within the administrative preview of Personnel or Human Resource Management department. Occasionally is under the direct control of the line managers. The workers are occasionally involved in the decision making in the development of the welfare services. However, since he/she is enjoys autonomy in their day-to-day functioning, they are in a position to build a purposeful relationship with the operative employees. This will enable them to relate freely to the social worker with trust and confidence.

Professional Social Work Ethics

It is at this point that the issue of professional social work ethics assumes importance, both for the social worker and the employing organization.

1. The social worker should be outside the chain of command of the management, even though officially she may have to operate from the personnel or administrative department.

2. The worker should not have any responsibility involving his functionary, directly controlling the work life of the employee in so far as it affects the production process.

3. The worker should maintain the professional confidentiality. This does not mean that the worker should not share the workers problem with staff at other levels and management.

His work necessarily demands contact with different levels of management in the industry for effective discharge of his functions.

It is equally important for the workers to note that 'the strategic role of social worker in industry stem from his intimate contact with the rank and file workers as well as the access he has to in decision making channel and the upper echelons of the power structure in industry... but he should be very cautious of the dangers involved in his multiple identification with people in a variety of status of roles and in having his skills used manipulatively.

This is particularly true of his role in enhancing positive communication between workers and managers. This is highly complex, due to the growing importance of the trade unions, which now has great influence on the management. It is primarily delegated to the Personnel Officer and rather than to the Labor welfare Officer, or the social worker. It is the personnel officer who has to act as spokes men of the workers and advice the management on the action to be taken on their problem. He also have to strive to maintain a neutral stand to hold the balance between the management and employees and the situation which can arise possible conflicts between the trade unions and the management objectives. Here the positive and the neutral stand of the industrial social worker can be of great value to the personnel officer.

The responsibility of the social worker fall mainly in the category of non-statutory services such as:

1. Family individual and group, counselling and home visit in relation to adjustment of the work orientation, personality and other problems at preventive level.

2. Active participation in corporate social responsibility activities and community development initiatives of the industry.

3. Employee management and effective intervention of labour management problems.

4. Industrial counselling.

5. Case work interventions.

6. Health and educational help, which would involve referral to other agencies.

7. Coordination of welfare services with other welfare agencies.

8. Workers education.

9. Family planning and Family life education.

10. Workers recreation management.

Although personnel officer welfare officer and the industrial social worker are all concerned with the human relation aspect in the industry, a comparison of their rights and duties reveal that the former are organization oriented and the social worker is essentially employee oriented. He/she can effectively sustain her working relation with other specialist for implementing the social welfare policy.

Qualities of Industrial Social worker

The knowledge and personality traits deemed essential in a social worker in the industry are:

* Maturity

* Warm and genuine interest in people adjustability

* Good communication skills in dealing with people at different levels

* Resourcefulness

* Sound physical health

* Effective intervention skills

* Knowledge of industrial psychology

* Knowledge of labor laws

* Expertness in corporate-community interaction

* Expertness in industrial counselling

The industrial social worker with his basic knowledge of human dynamics and her skill in working with individuals at different levels will be a great asset in individualization service. The industrial social worker has to project his or her role as helper/moderator/facilitator rather than management appointed person. An ongoing coordination between training in social work institutions and industries is necessary and useful for effective feedback. Industrial social work should emerge as an accepted professional filed in India that will enable Human Resource Managers and Personnel Managers in the effective employee management and organizational development.

Social Work in Hospital settings

Social workers play a critical role in hospital settings by helping patients and families address the impact of illness and treatment. Tremendous stress often stems from hospitalizations that are sudden and, at times, related to catastrophic illness or injury. Stressors such as decreased personal control, information overload, change in functional ability and reduced financial resources, can lead to a range of emotional responses such as, anxiety, anger, and depression. Social workers, as part of the health care team, provide assessment and appropriate interventions to aid the patient in achieving optimum recovery/rehabilitation and quality of life. This includes maximizing the benefit the patient and family receive from their medical treatments and transitioning to risk-reduced, timely discharge. Social workers often have specific expertise in areas such as general medicine, emergency work, pediatrics, geriatrics, oncology, neurology, psychiatry, and palliative and end-of-life care.

The scope of practice of social workers entails "the assessment, diagnosis, treatment and evaluation of individual, interpersonal and societal problems to assist individuals, families, groups, communities and organizations to achieve optimum psychosocial and social functioning". The goal of social work practice is to restore, maintain and enhance social functioning by mobilizing strengths, supporting coping capacities, modifying dysfunctional patterns of relating and acting, linking people to necessary resources, alleviating environmental stressors and providing psychosocial education related to wellness and subjective well- being.

Core Social Work Skills Include the Ability to:

  * Assess the bio psychosocial and ethno cultural needs of the patient, family and support system.

  * Assess community and other large system factors impacting on patient health and treatment.

  * Provide psychosocial interventions that facilitate patient and family adaptation and well-being.

  * Facilitate family and team communication.

  * Advocate for required services and navigate complex social systems.

  * Provide crisis intervention and mediate conflict.

  * Locate and negotiate potential resources.

  * Educate patients and families on effective ways to mobilize existing resources.

  * Develop and implement appropriate discharge plans/complete long-term care placement forms.

Social Workers Provide -

Social workers in health care commonly provide individual, couple, group and family counselling, crisis intervention, patient/family education, resource referral and advocacy, in inpatient and outpatient settings. Because social workers can provide both psychosocial care and other services to the patient and family, duplication of services is reduced. A mutually developed care plan for each patient/family is based on skillful psychosocial assessment. Consultation with medical and allied health professionals is implicit in developing and implementing treatment plans. Social work services can include all or some of the following: Psychosocial Assessment: screen for high-risk; determine need/eligibility for services; identify strengths/coping capacities; assess informal network of support. Counselling/Psychotherapy: assess role of emotional and social/cultural factors on health status and behavior and provide appropriate intervention; enhance coping capacities related to feelings of loss, grief and role changes; assess and intervene related to mental health concerns such as anxiety, depression, anger management.

Patient/Family Education: educate patients and families to facilitate understanding of hospital processes; increase understanding of illness/disability on relationships; and facilitate life transitions when health conditions require a modified lifestyle. Resource Counselling and Discharge Planning: identify and address barriers to discharge; locate resources; identify options and available supports; facilitate referrals and applications to government/community agencies; advocate for access to resources; coordinate referrals and/or placement plans; assist patient and family to emotionally prepare for transitions; prevent readmissions for non-medical reasons. Supportive Care to Outpatients: assist outpatients to identify and receive appropriate resources and supports, thus enabling increased compliance with treatment and preventing crisis or unnecessary hospital admission. Consultation: provide expertise/serve as a resource to interdisciplinary teams.

Social work in correctional settings

Social Work seeks to enhance the social functioning of individuals, singly and in groups, by activities focused upon their social relationships, which constitute the interaction between man and his environment. The activities can be grouped into three functions: restoration of impaired capacity, provision of individual and social resources and prevention of social dysfunction." Hence, social work is a discipline, which takes preventive and remedial action on problems in several areas of society. It helps families in economic or emotional difficulty. It works in medical, and school situations. It seeks to correct the causes underlying delinquency and crime. The three functions of social work, restoration of impaired capacity, provision of individual and social resources and prevention of social dysfunction, are intertwined and interdependent.

Restoration can be curative or rehabilitative. Its curative aspects are to eliminate factors, which have caused breakdown of functioning, and its rehabilitative aspects are toorganize and rebuild inter-factional patterns. Provision of resources can be developmental and educational. The developmental aspects are designed to further the effectiveness of existing social resources or to bring to full use the personal abilities for more effective social interaction. The educational aspect is structured to make familiar the public with specific conditions and needs for now or with changing social resources.

Prevention of social dysfunction involves early discovery, control, and elimination of conditions and situations, such as delinquency and crime, which potentially couldhamper effective social functioning. The two main divisions of prevention of social dysfunction are prevention of problems in the area of interaction between individuals and groups and secondly the prevention of social ills.

The underlying assumptions of social work in corrections settingsc) assumptive knowledge (or "Practice wisdom") that requires transformation into hypothetical and then into tested knowledge. The correctional social worker uses all three types of knowledge, and carries a professional responsibility for knowing, at any time, which type of knowledge he is using and what degree of scientific certainty is attached to it.

6) The knowledge needed for social work practice is determined by its goals and functions and the problems it seeks to solve and, hence, they are applicable in the administration of correction.

7) The internalization of professional knowledge and values is a vital characteristic of the professional social worker, since he is himself the instrument of professional help and he helps the offender to change his behavior.

8) Professional skill is expressed in the activities of the social worker. It constitutes his artistic creation, resulting from three internal processes: first, conscious selection of knowledge pertinent to the professional task at hand in order to help the offender, second, fusion of this knowledge with social work and correctional values; and third, the expression of this synthesis in professionally relevant activity to administer correction and to modify offending behavior. Are:

1) Social Work, like all other professions, has problem solving functions and hence, it can help offenders in their treatment and rehabilitation.

2) Social Work practice is an art with a scientific and value foundation and, hence, correctional work is professional in nature.

3) Social Work as a profession came into being and continued to develop because it meets human needs and aspirations recognized by society. Hence, it assumes some of the socialization and control functions of society and helps the offenders to reshape their behavior.

4) Social Work practice takes its values from those held by the society of which it is a part. However, its values are not necessarily or altogether those universally or predominantly held or practiced in society and hence, it emphasizes in treatment and rehabilitation of the offender.

5) The scientific base of social work consists of three types of knowledge:

a) Tested knowledge,

b) Hypothetical knowledge that requires transformation into tested knowledge, andc) assumptive knowledge (or "Practice wisdom") that requires transformation into hypothetical and then into tested knowledge. The correctional social worker uses all three types of knowledge, and carries a professional responsibility for knowing, at any time, which type of knowledge he is using and what degree of scientific certainty is attached to it.

6) The knowledge needed for social work practice is determined by its goals and functions and the problems it seeks to solve and, hence, they are applicable in the administration of correction.

7) The internalization of professional knowledge and values is a vital characteristic of the professional social worker, since he is himself the instrument of professional help and he helps the offender to change his behavior.

8) Professional skill is expressed in the activities of the social worker. It constitutes his artistic creation, resulting from three internal processes: first, conscious selection of knowledge pertinent to the professional task at hand in order to help the offender, second, fusion of this knowledge with social work and correctional values; and third, the expression of this synthesis in professionally relevant activity to administer correction and to modify offending behavior.

These assumptions constitute commitments for the social worker. It also means that the functions assigned to social work by society represent a two-fold responsibility. The first is to determine the professional activities through which it seeks to reach its socially approved goals and modify them as necessary in the light of changing social needs. The second is to exercisediscipline and control over practice that would keep its professional accountability. A problem developed in the area of social interaction, whether raised as a problem by the individual or by a group in the community, calls for the professional services of the social worker.

In correction, Social Work not only helps individuals, groups and community to solve problems, but also assists them to prevent offending behavior and enrich daily living. So, the main focus of the social worker is upon helping people to prevent and control crime. The social worker usually works with clients on a conscious level, helping them to face realities and solve problems in preventing and controlling offending behaviors.

In correction, Social Work is an art because it requires great skills to understand delinquent and criminal behavior. It is a science because of its problem-solving method and its attempt to be objective in determining delinquent and criminal activities and in developing principles and operational concepts to deal with delinquency and crime. It is a profession because it encompasses the attributes of a profession in dealing with offending behavior.

Values of Social Work in Correction

Social work values are basically the values of democratic societies, which are mainly the worth of the individual, the inherent dignity of the human person, society's responsibility for contributing to the common good, etc. For the National Association of Social Workers, the following six values are listed basic to the practice of social work:

1) The individual is the primary concern of this society.

2) There is interdependence between individuals in this society.

3) They have social responsibility towards one another.

4) There are human needs common to each person, yet each person is essentially unique and different from others.

5) An essential attribute of a democratic society is the realization of the full potential of each individual and the assumption of his social responsibility through active participation in society.

6) Society has a responsibility to provide ways in which obstacles to this self-realization can be overcome or prevented.

Correctional Settings and Task of Social Workers

To deal with officially identified delinquents and criminals, every democratic society has created a system of correctional agencies. These agencies have been given the task of administering the penalties assigned to delinquents and criminals. These agencies are expected to protect the community during the offender's period of supervised status by controlling his behavior. Furthermore, they are expected to help the offender, so that he can return to normal status, better able to be a constructive member of the community.

Probation and Parole are the two main agencies in the correctional system. Different kinds of correctional institutions are as follows:

  * Prisons

  * Borstal Schools

  * Schools for Juvenile Delinquents

  * Remand/Observation Homes

  * Beggar Homes

  * Reception Centers, Protective Homes

  * State Homes, Probation Hostels

The nature of the penalties, which these agencies administer, is essentially that of a handicapped personal and social status. This period of down-graded status is spent under supervision either in an institution or inthe community under the guidance of a correctional social worker.

Social work through NGOs

Social work and non-governmental organizations — also known as NGOs — are concepts which are often linked, and yet the two represent fundamentally different ideas. The key difference between social work and NGOs is that social work is a field of study and practice, whereas NGOs are a type of organization. NGOs can often carry out social work, but not all NGOs are involved in social work and a great deal of social work is done by organizations which are not NGOs.

"NGOs are bodies which are neither government agencies nor businesses. The term can refer to a wide variety of different types of organization, but it often describes charitable or advocacy groups such as Amnesty International or the International Red Cross. The term most commonly applies to international organizations, although this usage varies; there is no universal definition of an NGO. NGOs address a wide variety of issues, including economic and technological development, disaster relief, animal welfare and other global problems.

Like "NGO," "social work" is a term which covers a wide range of activities. Broadly speaking, social work refers to programs intended to improve the welfare and living conditions of members of society, particularly low-income or otherwise marginalized communities. Social work can involve education, counseling, political advocacy, career development and any other activity which aims to improve the life of an individual or community.

As we have seen, NGOs are often involved in charitable or advocacy work, both of which play a role in social work. In this respect, then, there is a clear link between social work and NGOs. Some NGOs are involved in activities that are closely related to social work.

The link between social work and NGOs, although close, is not consistent. Governments are one of the major providers of social work, with government-employed social workers attempting to address issues such as child abuse, poverty and other issues. Since many social workers are employed by the government, it is clear that not all social work is performed by NGOs.

Just as not all social work is performed by NGOs, not all NGOs perform social work. Although the relationship between social work and NGOs is close, some NGOs perform other functions. For example, the World Wide Fund for Nature is a well-known and influential NGO which addresses environmental issues, particularly the question of endangered species. Since it is working for the well-being of the environment, and only indirectly for the welfare of human communities, this NGO is not involved in social work

.

Unit – V RECENT TRENDS

Field work and its importance to social work education – transactional analysis for social work practice – the concept of integrated social work approach – the problems and prospects of the profession – the future of social work.

Importance of Field Work in Social Work Education

Field work is important that students should be helped to develop the attitude of mind ideas them to make connections between study & relief...it is needed vital that this should be done if students are to become professional practitioners in the field rather than goods nature & amateurs of techniques applying narrow skills by rule of thumbs method. (Robert, 1995)

Field practicum is a dynamic course that challenges students to apply social work knowledge, skills & values within an organizational context. It is a vital dimension of students graduate & post graduate social work education.

In "Field Work manual" M.A. Momin has mentioned the following importance of field work practice:

  * Through the field work, the students can learn how to apply social work methods in the situation of given individuals, groups or communities problems.

  * They are exposed to agency practice in which they are in systematically, preplanned approach to solve problem process such as study, diagnosis & treatment.

  * The students achieve self-awareness & discipline to use them as a helper & as agent of change in an individual & group situation.

  * The students develop facility in the use of organizational structure. They come to know foster & use relationship within a structure & gain insight regarding his/her network of relationship in the organization.

  * It helps the students to apply the students to apply the theory & principle of social work into actual practice.

  * The students acquire social work knowledge & are given an opportunity to try variety of social work methods, skills & technique.

  * The students become familiar with administrative procedure & process. They learn how to run an office, what kind of routine needs to be established, how to facilitate administrative arrangement, relevant to the discharge of the responsibilities of their own assignment.

  * The students have an opportunity to learn the organizational framework of services. They understand structure & policy & how to facilitate such policy through practice. They become familiar with difference institutional styles & tempos of agencies associated with various field practices.

  * The students acquire significant substance substitute knowledge in the specified field of practice characterized by the agency. They become acquire with causes of the problem & with social welfare programs, agency structure, laws, & policies, related to its solution.

  * The students acquire knowledge regarding community structure and process. They know the kinds of formal & group & force that a community. They should have to ability to utilize community resources in support of social welfare.

Inter-relationship between Social Work Education and Field Work

Modern social work education has two dimensions: theoretical and practical. A social worker gains knowledge about society, social problems, property, social structure, social values, human behavior, social work process when practical training enable them to use this knowledge acquired knowledge in this field for real life purposes. Thus practical training is required for social worker to solve social problems of human beings/society for modern social work.

Taking notice of this requirement higher education has been provided with practical training course in its syllabus about social work, through which students can apply theoretical knowledge for solution of problems. Social and Economic Council of United Nations has recognized social work as a profession in 1951 and formulated the following decisions. Social Work is a profession based on trained male and female and who are obtained theoretical and practical knowledge in social work degree from established and recognized educational institutions is mandatory to fulfill by them.

Social Work is a practical education, which is learned through theoretical study of society and social work. This is because 'public good' can be affected only by applying theoretical knowledge in real life in a scientific way. And practical training helps apprentices to be full-hedged social workers by making arrangements of applying theoretical knowledge in practical life. And these together make social work education and practical training inter-dependent upon each other.

MORE SOURCES IN SCRIBD AS PDF AND WORD DOCUMENT ( LINK)

Theories in Social Work

Introduction to Professional Social Work

Ethics And Values

Introduction To Social Work

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