
Chinese: 
何苦开心 译制出品
川普效应 比昂介绍 #1 弗洛伊德与比昂团体心理学 参考《蝇王》
何苦开心 译制出品
Don Carveth 教授 2017 年 7 月
听打 翻译  Jo. Q
Don Carveth 教授 2017 年 7 月
校对  小河
关于威尔弗雷德·比昂思想的四堂讲座 第一讲
今天我将会讨论团体心理学
首先回顾弗洛伊德关于团体心理学的理论
以阐述出版于 1921 年的《团体体心理学与自我分析》
然后转向比昂的工作《团体经验》
那么我们先从弗洛伊德开始
首先，我们应注意出版日期 1921 年
这是在希特勒出版《我的奋斗》之后仅仅四年
《我的奋斗》（英文）

English: 
何苦开心 译制出品
听打 翻译  Jo. Q
校对  小河
First of four lectures on the thought of Wilfred Bion
and today I’m going to begin by talking about group psychology
First reviewing Freud’s theory of group psychology
as set forth in group psychology and the analysis of the ego published in 1921
and then later today turning to Bion’s work published in experiences in groups
So turning to Freud
First of all let’s note that year of publication 1921
it’s only four years later that Hitler publishes Mein Kampf
My struggle, my struggle

Chinese: 
阅读弗洛伊德的团体心理学
我常常感到我几乎可以听到纳粹在街道横行的声音
因为他们在弗洛伊德 1921 年出版之后几年就开始这样做了
非常有趣的是，在希特勒的《我的奋斗》之中
他宣扬了他所称的领袖原则（德文）
正是这种领袖原则将他变为
整个政党誓死效忠的唯一一人
领袖原则
在 1929 - 1930 年的大萧条中德国当然受到了严重打击
三年之后 1933 年

English: 
Reading Freud’s group psychology
I’ve always felt I could almost hear the Nazis marching in the streets
as they began to do a few years after Freud’s publication in 1921
it’s interesting that in Hitler’s book Mein Kampf
he celebrates what he calls the Fuehrer Princip in Germany in German
that’s the leader principle which established Hitler
as the one and only person to whom party members owed loyalty unto death
the Fuhrer principle the leader principle
Germany had been hard-hit of course by the depression 1929 1930
and three years later in 1933

Chinese: 
希特勒当选为德国总理
我们都知道在那之后发生了什么
那么这里弗洛伊德进行关于团体心理学的写作
我们将会在其中看到
领袖原则对于弗洛伊德非常重要
与此同时
领袖原则在希特勒处也是一个核心概念
弗洛伊德首先做了关于团体心理学的文献回顾
看看这一领域的其他重要贡献
首先是加布里埃尔·塔尔德生于 1843 年卒于 1904
以及他出版于 1890 年的著作《模仿的定律》
接着是古斯塔夫·勒庞生于 1871 年卒于 1931 年
他出版于 1895 年的著作《乌合之众：大众心理研究》

English: 
Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany
and we know what follows from that
So here Freud is writing about group psychology
in which as we’re going to see
the leader principle is very central for Freud
and at the same time,
the leader principle is absolutely the central for Hitler
Freud begins by reviewing the work on group psychology
by other major contributors to the field
First of all Gabrielle Tarde born in 1843 died in 1904
and his book is called the Laws of Imitation published in 1890
then Gustav Le Bon born 1871 died 1931
His book is the Crowd a Study in Social Psychology published in 1895

Chinese: 
接着是威廉·麦独孤生于 1871 年卒于 1938 年
就在弗洛伊德去世之前的一年
他的著作是出版于 1920 年的《团体心理》
在弗洛伊德出版《团体心理学》之前的一年
最后是西格蒙德·弗洛伊德自己生于 1856 年卒于 1939 年
他的著作是出版于 1921 年的《团体心理学与自我分析》
那么现在一个主题贯穿了以上这些著作
退行
个体在团体之中的行为表现与他们单独存在时不同
以上所有作者认为
尽管有时个体可能在团体之中表现比作为个体更为优异
有时团体将会鼓励个体表现更好
但是更经常地他们将会遭遇退行

English: 
then William McDougall born 1871 died in 1938
one year before Freud’s death
his book is the Group Mind published in 1920
the year before Freud publishes Group Psychology
and finally Sigmund Freud himself born in 1856 died 1939
His book is Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego published in 1921
Now there’s a common theme linking all of these books
Regression, regression
Individuals act differently in groups than they do in isolation
all of these authors argue
While occasionally in groups they act better than they would as individuals
sometimes the group inspires people to act better
but more often they regress

English: 
unconscious motives emerge says Freud
the group produces quotes
a sentiment of invincible power and omnipotence and
this enables individuals to act out impulses that they would ordinarily restrain
in the group individual responsibility disappears
repressions are thrown off says Freud
conscience disappears by conscience he means super-ego
he uses super-ego and conscience interchangeably
I myself make an important distinction between the two
but super-ego our conscience for Freud disappears often in the group
this does not surprise Freud
because he thinks
that very few people really have a developed internalized super-ego anyhow
most people don’t have much of a super-ego

Chinese: 
弗洛伊德解释说是潜意识动机出现
团体会产生一种
引用：无所不能的力量与权威之感
这使得个体会表现出他们平时压抑的冲动
在团体之中个体责任消失
压抑被抛在一遍，弗洛伊德说
良知消失，这里的“良知”意指超我
他在超我与良知两词的使用上不做任何区别
而我则认为二者区别重大
但是良知，也就是弗洛伊德所说的超我在团体之中经常消失
这并不会令他感到惊奇
因为他相信
很少有人发展出了内在的超我
多数人并不具有大量超我

Chinese: 
如果他们确认这并不是出于内部标准
这是由于他所称的社会焦虑
也就是害怕被抓的恐惧
被惩罚的恐惧
这是绝大多数人遵守规矩的原因
并不是内部道德超我
所以在团体鼓励的情况下
在团体允许匿名的情况下
潜意识冲动通常不再受到压抑
弗洛伊德回顾其他理论家的著作
勒庞提出传染以及暗示催眠
团体成员进入了一种与催眠非常类似的特殊状态
但是弗洛伊德进一步追问，谁是催眠者

English: 
Freud thought if they confirm it’s not due to internalized standards
it’s because of what he calls social anxiety
namely it’s the fear of being caught
it’s the fear of being punished
that’s what keeps most people in line
not an internalized moral super-ego
so with group encouragement
and with the anonymity that the group affords
unconscious impulses are often unrestrained
Freud is reviewing the contributions of these other theorists
Le Bon points to contagion or suggestibility hypnosis
group members come to be in a special state very like hypnosis
but then Freud asks who is the Hypnotizer

English: 
and of course for Freud the answer is the Fuhrer the leader
Freud agrees with Le Bon’s description of this regression that happens in groups
there is a lowering of intellectual ability
people become impulsive
the group is intense but it has no perseverance
there is this sense of omnipotence
the group is credulous ready to believe anything open to influence
there is no critical faculty critical thinking disappears
group members think in images
in in Lacanian terms we would say the imaginary rather than the symbolic prevails
there is no doubt there is no uncertainty
in groups people go to extremes

Chinese: 
当然，对于弗洛伊德来说，答案是领袖
弗洛伊德同意勒庞对于团体之中存在的退行的描述
普遍存在一种智性减退
人们变得异常冲动
团体具有张力，但并不具有恒心
一种全能感
团体是轻信的，对于一切表示欢迎，愿意受到影响
缺乏批判性的能力，批判性思维已经灭亡
团体成员以图像作为思考媒介
用拉康术语来说，想象界而非象征界占据主要地位
没有怀疑，没有不确定
在团体之中，人们走向极端

Chinese: 
没有中立地带
用克莱因的术语来说，这是偏执分裂位
分裂占据主导地位，全好全坏，非黑即白
为了能够对于团体施加影响，你必须夸张，重复
你必须涂上最为强硬的颜色
团体是不容异己的
团体尊重力量，但很难受到仁慈影响
在它看来仁慈更像是一种软弱
团体期待畏惧一个领袖，并且由他统治
团体之中百无禁忌
那残忍，血腥的破坏性冲动升起
虽然我们也见过有时团体能够提出道德标准
并且达成一些壮举

English: 
there’s no middle ground
in Kleinian terms this is the paranoid-schizoid position
we’re splitting for dominates all good all bad black and white
in order to influence the group one must exaggerate repeat
one must paint in the most forcible colors
the group is intolerant
it respects force it’s only slightly influenced by kindness
it tends to see kindness as weakness
the group wants to fear and be ruled by a master
in the group inhibitions fall away
and the cruel and the brutal destructive impulses rise
as we’ve seen sometimes the group can raise moral standards
and achieve great things

Chinese: 
通过自我放弃以及将自己无私地献给团体
但是智性一直在被降低
如果偶然地，道德标准可被提高
智性则一直在被降低
而且道德标准是否被提高
取决于看问题的视角
有时团体将会
纵容自我放弃，以及将自己无私地献给团体
但是团体本身也许投入大规模的杀戮
所以这是不是一种道德标准的提高
完全取决于你怎么看待这个问题
弗洛伊德确信团体心理是原始的，婴儿化的
矛盾随处可见
这是弗洛伊德所谓的原始思维过程
区别于逻辑高级思维过程

English: 
through self-abnegation and unselfish devotion to the group
but intellectual ability is always lowered
if occasionally moral standards can be raised
intellectual ability is always lowered
and whether moral standards are raised or not
depends on the point of view in which you look at this
sometimes the group will
produce self-abnegation and unselfish devotion to the group
but the group might be engaged in mass killing
so whether that’s a raising of moral standards or not
depends definitely on your point of view
Freud argues that the group mind then is primitive and infantile
contradictions can exist side by side
this is Freud’s primary process thinking
as distinct from logical secondary process thinking

Chinese: 
日常生活的理性思维
在原始过程之中是不存在的
原始形态的思维接管
人们开始相信话语以及公式的魔法准则
这是来自弗洛伊德的一句引用
最后，团体没有追逐真理的渴望
他们需要幻觉，并且无法离开幻觉生活
他们即刻给了不实优先于真实的权利
他们受到不实的影响几乎和真实的影响一样多
至于真实
他们具有一种明显的倾向，不去区分以下二者
真理或者谎言
现实检验（的活动）消减，而让位于如意算盘的幻想
对于某些人来说，如今想起这些是令人不寒而栗的

English: 
the rational thinking of everyday life
that disappears the primary process
this primitive form of thinking takes over
people believe in the magical power of words and formulas
and here’s a quotation from Freud
and finally groups have never thirsted after truth
they demand illusions and cannot do without them
they instantly give what is unreal precedence over what is real
they are almost as strongly influenced by what is untrue
as by what is true
they have an evident tendency not to distinguish between the two
truth and untruth
reality testing declines in favor of wish-fulfilling fantasy
that has a chilling ring today in what some people

Chinese: 
川普当选之后呼吁一个后真相时代
理所当然，这一引自弗洛伊德的内容指向这个现象
我们能够清晰地在当下看到
他们将不实置于真实之前
他们受到不实的影响几乎与受到真实的影响一样多
他们具有一种强烈的倾向不去区分两者
对于勒庞来说，团体是服从的牧群
他们将自己置于首领之下
首领具有一个强烈的信念，亦即他可以唤醒团体信念
这一信念与领导者一样具有特权
这也就是伟大的德国社会学家马克思·韦伯所说的魅力

English: 
since the election of Donald Trump are calling a post-truth era
certainly, this quotation from Freud points to phenomena
that we see vividly around us these days
they give what is unreal precedence over what is real
they’re almost as strongly influenced by what is untrue is by what is true
they have an evident tendency not to distinguish between the two
according to La Bon the group is an obedient herd
they placed themselves under its chief
he must have a strong faith in an idea to awaken the group’s faith
both the idea and the leader must have prestige
this of course is what great German sociologist Max Weber called charisma

Chinese: 
魅力型权威将会极大地投入到他的想法与信念中
你可以说，弗洛伊德并没有实际说过这句话，
但就其术语来说，你可以说
团体退行意味着
本我与超我的力量大过了自我
本我与超我的力量大过了自我
要记得本我与超我紧密联系
超我由本我的攻击性所供给，并且更多施加于自身
有时也会从自身移置到他人身上
移置到替罪羊身上
但是弗洛伊德理论之中的本我与超我
在弗洛伊德自己的理论之中，而非后弗洛伊德理论
我的意思是后弗洛伊德理论
多少在一定程度上洗白了超我这个概念
而令其与道德良知混淆

English: 
the charismatic leader who is intensely invested in his idea in his faith
one could say that Freud doesn’t exactly say this
but in Freudian terms one could say
that the group regression means
the strengthening of both the id and the super-ego over the ego
the strengthening of both the id and the super-ego over the ego
remember id and super-ego are closely lied
the super-ego is fueled by id aggression turned largely on the self
and sometimes displaced away from the self onto others
onto the scapegoat
but id and super-ego in Freudian theory
in Freud’s own theory not so much post-Freudian theory
I mean the post-Freudian theory
kind of whitewashed the super-ego to a considerable extent
and got it very much confused with a moral conscience

English: 
and might be but is not at all a moral conscience
what it is is hate
turned either on the self or on other people scapegoats
so one could say that that the group regression
means the strengthening of both id and super-ego
at the same timea weakening of the ego
the critical thinking faculty disappears
impulsiveness and cruel moralism intensify
both sadistic and masochistic impulses emerge
masochistic submission to a leader
sadistic impulses to attacked to attack the other
the scapegoating process
okay at this point in Chapter three
Freud shifts gear a bit and he adopts William MacDougall’s insight

Chinese: 
超我可不是什么道德良知
它是一种仇恨
无论是针对自己或者别人（替罪羊）
所以你可以说团体退行
意味着对于本我与超我的强化
与此同时，自我渐弱
批判思维的能力消失
冲动以及残酷道德主义增强
虐待与受虐冲动出现
受虐以便服从领袖
虐待以便攻击他人
代罪羔羊进程
那么，在第三章之中，
弗洛伊德转换话题，他引用了威廉·麦独孤的观察

English: 
that all of this regression applies only to the unstructured
not to the structured group
so let’s compare and contrast the two
the unstructured group is short-lived
it’s a crowd
it has no organization
it’s emotional impulsive violent fickle suggestible
it’s like an unruly child
so our example of the unstructured group could be a lynch mob
a lynch mob they rise up
they have no patience for law and order
they don’t want to wait for a trial
they feel they know who’s guilty
they break into the jail
otherwise decent people the guy who usually runs the hardware store
he brings a rope

Chinese: 
所有的退行仅仅适用于非结构化的团体
而不是结构化的团体
那么我们来做一下对比
非结构化的团体是暂时的
它只是人群
并没有组织
它是情绪化的、冲动的、激烈的、变化无常的、易受影响的
这就像是一个不守规矩的孩子
所以我们非结构化团体的例子可以是实施私刑的暴徒
暴徒兴起
他们对于律法与规矩没有耐心
他们不愿意等待审判
他们感觉自己知道谁是有罪的
他们闯进监狱
原本正派的人，（比如）那个开五金店的
他带来绳索

Chinese: 
另一个人拿来梯子
他们找到一棵树，绞刑就在那里发生
之后每个人都回家
这是一个没有任何组织的暂时的情绪冲动的团体
将之与那些结构化的团体相比
那些结构化的团体持续更长时间
有时是相当长的一段时期
它是有组织和架构的
它具有连续性
它对于自己的本质与构成是有概念的
对于自己的不同功能也是有概念的
它给人们指派不同角色
你是总统你是财务长你是秘书
它有一个功能系统

English: 
someone else brings a ladder
they find a tree and a hanging occurs
and then everybody goes home
so this is a very short-lived emotional impulsive group without any ongoing organization
compare this to the structured group
the structured group endures over a greater period of time
sometimes very long periods of times
it’s organized it’s institutionalized
it has continuity
it has an idea of its own nature and its own composition
it has an idea of its different functions
it assigns people to different roles
you be president you be treasurer you be secretary
so it has a system of functions

Chinese: 
它有传统和习俗
有时这些传统和习俗还会被以手册的形式记录下来
它与其他团体互动
好了这些团体组织与结构特别对弗洛伊德来说
作为结构的一部分，弗洛伊德强调领导者的作用
一个领导者可以防止退行
对于弗洛伊德来说结构与领导
保持了现实导向的次级思维过程能够发生
结构和组合维持了我们马上就会看到的
比昂所谓的工作团体
其简称是 W
它维系了工作团体不会退行成为

English: 
and it has traditions it has customs
and sometimes its traditions and customs are written down in a handbook of some kind
it interacts with other groups
okay the structure and the organization of the group especially for Freud
as part of the structure Freud emphasizes the role of the leader
having a leader a Fuehrer prevents regression
structure and leadership for Freud
keeps secondary process reality orientation in place
structure and organization maintain what as we will see shortly
Bion calls the work group
W for short the work group
and it prevents the work group from regressing into

English: 
what he calls basic assumption groups
if we want to put this into the language of Melanie Klein
the structure group operates in D in the depressive position
whereas the unstructured group regresses to- PS - the paranoid-schizoid position
Bion’s work group W operates in the depressive position
while his basic assumption groups are operating in the paranoid-schizoid position
structured group secondary process thinking
unstructured group primary process thinking
structured group has guided more by what Freud calls the ego
whereas the unstructured group is dominated by id on the one hand
and super-ego on the other

Chinese: 
他所称的基本假设团体
如果我们想要将之翻译为梅兰妮·克莱因的语言
结构化的团体处于 D 抑郁位
而非结构化的团体则退行到 PS 偏执分裂位
比昂的工作团体 W 处在抑郁位
而他的基本假设团体处在偏执分裂位
结构化的团体次级思维过程
非结构化的团体初级思维过程
结构化的团体更多由弗洛伊德所谓的自我引导
而非结构化的团体由本我
和超我主导

Chinese: 
让我们对于结构化与非结构化做个对比
我们用暴民之间的区别做个解释
譬如（前文所说的）动用私刑的暴徒 和北美所讲的黑手党“暴民”之间的区别
黑手党“暴民”是有组织的犯罪
他们有结构，领导者，角色，规则，仪式
他们有结构，领导者，角色，规则，仪式
黑手党“暴民”
与那些临时的高度情绪化的非理性的暴民截然不同
好的
弗洛伊德确实强调领袖的作用
在他所选择的两个结构化的团体的例子之中也是如此
分别是教会与军队

English: 
let’s make this contrast between the structured and the unstructured
let’s use the illustration of the difference between mobs
like that lynch mob and what at least in North America is known as the Mob*
‘the Mob’ is organized crime
there are structures leaders roles rules rituals
there are structures leaders roles rules rituals
‘the mob’ quite distinct from
these temporary highly emotional and pretty irrational groups called mobs  
okay um
Freud really emphasizes the role of the leader
and it’s very significant then that his choice of two examples of structured groups are
on the one hand the church and on the other the army

English: 
both have a leader Christ on the one handand the commander-in-chief on the other
both of these structured groups are high in authority
and on rather authoritarian leadership
Freud thinks
other students of group psychology have underestimated the role of the leader
I think in compensation he overestimates the role of the leader
because Freud has no sense of groups that are structured not by a leader
but by democratically established constitutions, charters of rights and responsibilities
democratically established rules and roles and so on

Chinese: 
领袖则分别是基督与指挥官
两个结构化的团体都是高度权威的
并且将之集中于领袖权威之上
弗洛伊德认为
团体心理学的其他研究者低估了领袖的作用
我则认为他亦高估了领袖的作用
因为弗洛伊德对于并非由领袖组织成的团体没有概念
这些结构化的团体可能是通过宪法， 权利与责任的章程而民主建立
民主地构建规则和角色，等等

English: 
Freud has very little sense of democratically structured groups
his overall model is a master/slave model
 and this is quite consistent with  his patriarchal authoritarian and hierarchical conception
basically this is a dominance-submission model
and this of course is the way
he organized the International Psychoanalytical Association
along these patriarchal authoritarian and hierarchical lines
as we know
he organized a secret committee for the preservation of the faith and so on
a very interesting article was published by the American analyst Arnold Richards
in 2016 in Contemporary Psychoanalysis Volume 52 Number One

Chinese: 
弗洛伊德对于民主化结构化的组织没有什么概念
他的总体模型是奴隶主 - 奴隶模型
这也与他的父权权威念相互吻合
基本上这就是一种统治与服从的模型
理所当然
这也是他管理国际精神分析协会 (IPA) 的方式
遵从父权权威的与等级的路线
正如我们所知的那样
他组成了一个秘密委员会以保存信念 诸如此类
美国分析师阿诺德·理查茨发表了一篇非常有趣的文章
2016 年在《当代精神分析》第 52 辑 第 1 期

Chinese: 
叫做《美国精神分析之中的左翼和极左翼》
事实证明
纽约精神分析协会和美国精神分析协会的一些关键领导者
在二战之前
曾经是美国共产党人
他们是马克思列宁主义者
我对马克思主义没有任何意见不过列宁主义的确是一个问题
我是说……他们都是共产党员
当然随着麦卡锡主义的兴起
我的意思是他们可能更早就与这个政党分离了
很可能他们之中的一些人 在希德勒斯大林协议时就已经与政党分离
之后他们将之作为过往的一个秘密

English: 
called the Left and the Far Left in American Psychoanalysis
turns out that some of the key leaders
of the New York Psychoanalytic Institute  and the American Psychoanalytic Association
had been before the Second World War
had been card-carrying members of the Communist Party of the USA
that is they were Marxist Leninists
I’ve got nothing against their Marxism it’s their Leninism that’s the problem
I’m talking about Jacob Barlow Charles Brenner Ralph Greenesin’  all card-carrying members of the CPUSA
of course with the rise of McCarthyism and so on
I mean they probably broke with the party much earlier
maybe probably some of them broke with the party  at the time of the Hitler Stalin pact
and then they put this behind them and pretty much kept it a secret

Chinese: 
但对我来说这解释了他们为什么 在弗洛伊德建立的组织之中如此舒适
因为列宁，就像弗洛伊德那样
建立了一个遵循高度中央集权与父权路线的组织
同样也有秘密委员会
我的意思是列宁主义是知识分子的先锋政党
他们通常秘密地统治着组织
弗洛伊德的秘密委员会本质上和它是类似的
所以这些人在 IPA 感到宾至如归并不奇怪
为IPA如同他们曾经习惯的列宁式组织的镜像一样
好了 我不打算再过这本书的剩下章节

English: 
but to me this explains why they felt so comfortable  in the organization established by Freud
because Lenin like Freud
established organizations along  highly hierarchical authoritarian and patriarchal lines
with secret committees
I mean Leninism is about a vanguard party of intellectuals
who ruled the organization often quite secretly
Freud’s secret committee is essentially the same kind of idea
and so no wonder Brenner  Barlow Grinsons and these guys felt at home in the IPA
it mirrored the kind of Leninist organization they were used to
okay I’m not going to go through the whole rest of this book

English: 
suffice it to say that there are many other good ideas in group psychology
for example Freud’s distinction between in-group and out-group psychology
in any group people who have to be together
will develop elements of ambivalence and outright hostility towards one another
and the building hostility within the group can potentially explode the group
destroy the group
one way that the group can prevent this from happening
is channeling the hostility towards an outgroup
that is to scapegoat an outgroup
sometimes the hostility within the group
that would otherwise chair the group apart
that would otherwise chair the group apart
is channeled outwards into other nations
I mean America was in trouble at the end of the Cold War

Chinese: 
这样说就够了： 本书之中包含了许多其他关于团体心理学的有趣见解
比如弗洛伊德对于内团体与外团体心理学的区别
在任何一个人们必须彼此依靠的团体之中
将会发展出矛盾元素以及彼此之间的公然敌意
这种团体之内的敌意可能导致团体解散
可能会摧毁团体
团体防止这一后果发生的方式之一
就是将这种敌意引导至一个外团体
这就是使这个外团体成为替罪羔羊
有时这种团体之内的敌意
那种可能会将团体拆散的力量
那种可能会将团体拆散的力量
被疏导向外，面对其他国家
我的意思是美国在冷战结束之后有些麻烦

Chinese: 
我是说俄国不再作为一个敌人存在
但是他们很快为自己找到了新的敌人：伊斯兰原教旨主义
有时团体并不会将这种攻击冲突完全抛出到外团体去
而是转向其内部的亚团体
内部的某个亚团体将会成为替罪羔羊
犹太人，黑人，诸如此类
当然这对精英来说也非常有用
因为如果这 1% 的精英
能够促成剩下 99% 的人的分裂
所有这些潜在异己之间的斗争将会降低

English: 
I mean the Russian enemy was no longer there
but they quickly found another enemy Islamic fundamentalism
sometimes the group instead of  inflicting the aggression on groups outside entirely
will turn to subgroups within
a subgroup within will be scapegoated
the Jews black people whatever
of cause, this is also very useful to the elites
because if the elites if the 1%
can form divisions within the 99%
all of this infighting among the potential opposition will undermine their capacity

Chinese: 
他们形成一个对抗统治阶级的整体的能力
所以这就是分裂与斗争的策略
这是内团体与外团体心理学的一个变形
同时，在团体心理学中
弗洛伊德对于客体关系理论做出了一个重要贡献
许多人认为客体关系理论是由后弗洛伊德理论家建立的
并不是这样的
弗洛伊德是第一个自我心理学家
同时也是第一个客体关系理论家
这在 1917 年出版的《哀悼与抑郁》展现最为明显
弗洛伊德在这里首次使用了内射的概念
外部世界的一个客体被内射进入内在世界
并且经常遭到认同
这些内射与认同的主题

English: 
to form a united front against the ruling class
so this is the strategy of divide and conquer
which is a variant of in-group out-group psychology
also in group psychology
Freud makes an important contribution to object relations theory
a lot of people think that object relations theory was founded by post Freudians
not true
Freud is the first ego psychologist
and he's also the first object relations theorist
this becomes most evident probably in 1917 and Mourning in Melancholia
where Freud begins to use the concepts of introjection
an object from the external world is interjected taken into the internal world
and often identified with
and these themes of introjection and identification

English: 
are expanded upon in this volume as well
and Freud distinguishes between introjection into the ego on the one hand
and introjection of an object into the super-ego
this is an important distinction
when say the leader is interjected into the ego
this results in an identification
the group member now identifies with the leader as to other group members
and through this common identification with the leader
there’s a an identification with each other
and this holds the group together to some degree
but when there is introjection into the super-ego
we have a much more dangerous process

Chinese: 
在这一卷之中也又一次得到了扩展
弗洛伊德区分了内射进入自我
以及将一个客体内射进入超我之间的不同
这是一个重要的区别
当我们说一个领袖被内射进入自我
这会导致认同
团体成员现在会认同领袖，就和其他团体成员一样
基于这种对于领袖的共通认同
成员之间同样建立起来了一种认同
这会在某种程度上维系团体
但如果是内射进入超我
那么就会产生一个更加危险的进程

English: 
the leader is introjected into the super-ego
it’s as if now the leader comes to replace the super-ego
the leader colonizes the super-ego
I put the leader in the place of my super-ego
the leader takes over my super-ego function
I surrender my super-ego to the leader
I’m no longer a morally self-regulating person
regulating myself through my own super-ego operations
I’ve surrendered self regulation to the leader
I simply obey
as Freud points out so does the hypnotized subject

Chinese: 
领袖被内射进入超我
仿佛现在领袖替代了超我
领袖成为了超我的殖民者
我把领袖放入了我的超我的位置
领袖接管了我的超我功能
我放弃了自己的超我交给领袖
我不再是一个在道德上能够自我调节的人
不再使用我自己的超我的运转来进行调整
我把自我调节拱手让给领袖
而我只是简单地服从
就像弗洛伊德指出的那样 催眠主体也是如此

English: 
and sometimes we see this in relations of love
where the lover surrenders his self-regulating functions to the beloved
all of this work on interjection of the leader into the super-ego
prefigures the work of Stanley Milgram
who after the second war asked really the question
why did so many people submit to Hitler
and he designs those famous experiments on obedience
in which a student thinks that
a fellow student in the next room is answering arithmetic questions
and getting them wrong
and when he gets them wrong
he has to get him the shock
and he has to increase the intensity of the shocks
because he keeps getting the wrong answers

Chinese: 
有时我们也能够在爱情关系之中看到类似现象
恋爱之中的人将他的自我调控功能让步给他的爱人
所有这些关于将领袖内射进入超我的工作
启发了斯坦利·米尔格拉姆
他在二战结束之后真正去问了这样一个问题
为什么如此之多的人要服从希特勒
他设计了著名的权威服从实验
在其中学生被告知
另一个房间之中的学生正在回答算术问题
并且回答错误
当那个学生回答错误的时候
他必须给予那个学生电击
而且不断增加电击的强度
因为那个学生不停地回答错误

Chinese: 
穿着白大褂的科学家告诉实施电击的人这关乎科学利益
你必须继续
另一个房间的学生开始尖叫
但是你必须继续 接着尖叫声停止
但他仍然接着提升电击强度
只有一小部分人足够强大
具有足够的超我
或者我会说是足够的良知
他们声明拒绝继续
绝大多数人继续操作直到实验终止
这是一个能够解释的图像实验
它说明了当我们放弃超我功能给到领袖的时候会发生什么
好的 阅读这些关于团体退行的作品有两种方式

English: 
and the scientist in the white coat tells him this is in the interest of science
you must go on
and the guy in the next room starts screaming
but you must go on and then having screamed he falls silent
but he must still turn up the electricity
and a tiny minority of people were strong enough
and had super egos enough
or conscience enough I would say
to say I refuse to carry on
the vast majority carried on right to the end
so this is a graphic experimental illustration of
what can happen when we surrender the super-ego function to a leader
okay there are two ways of reading all of this work about regression in groups

Chinese: 
我认为第一种阅读方式更加常见
人们把弗洛伊德看作是
一个关于威胁到了民主的团体之中压抑力量的警告
他们将他的著作看作是对希特勒的兴起及其对大众吸引的预见
换言之 他们阅读弗洛伊德的方式
与我们合理地阅读埃里希·弗洛姆的方式类似
后者在 1943 年出版了《逃避自由》
弗洛姆写道大众如何做足了逃避自由的准备
不是进入共产极权主义就是进入纳粹极权主义
因为自由个体的个人责任是如此之大的负担

English: 
I think the first way of reading it is the more common
people read Freud
as warning against the regressive forces in groups that threaten democracy
they see his book as anticipating the rise of Hitler and Hitler’s appeal to the masses
in other words, they read Freud very like
I think we could legitimately read Erich Fromm
who in 1943 published Escape from Freedom
Fromm was writing about how the masses are ready to escape from freedom
either into communist totalitarianism or into Nazi totalitarianism
because freedom individual self-responsibility is such a burden

English: 
people are very ready to escape from this by submitting to a leader
now for Fromm, this is clearly a warning
Fromm was a Democrat
and he wanted to preserve democracy against the totalitarian threats
from both the left and the right he was a Marxist but not a Leninist
he was a Democratic Marxist
and was very interested in democracy
and so a lot of people assume that that’s how we should understand Freud
this is how Freud is commonly understood
but I I feel this reading is inaccurate
so I’m going to quote now from a chapter of my forthcoming book

Chinese: 
人们完全准备好投靠一个领袖以逃避（沉重的个体责任）
那么对于弗洛姆来说 这显然是一种警告
弗洛姆是一个民主人士
他希望保护民主不受极权威胁
无论左右 他是一个马克思主义者 但不是列宁主义者
他是一个民主马克思主义者
对于民主非常有兴趣
所以许多人假定这也是我们应当理解弗洛伊德的方式
这是弗洛伊德通常被解读的方式
但我认为这种解读是不准确的
所以我会引用一段出自我即将出版的新书之中的章节的段落

Chinese: 
书名是《精神分析思维论文批评》
它将于 2018 年由罗德里奇出版
引用
现今对于自由主义思想的精神分析师来说
一个风潮是冒进地促成这样一个如意幻觉
因为他对于免费出诊的支持
唐托在 2005 年撰写了弗洛伊德对于穷人免费出诊的支持
并且由于弗洛伊德从某种程度上支持
收入再分配 这是基于他在童年时期的贫困经历
所以弗洛伊德如果不是社会民主人士的话  那他也至少是一个自由主义者
理查德在这篇文章中试图论证弗洛伊德是一个社会民主人士
然而 任何对于学术的客观性抱有兴趣的人
都将会不得不去注意到一些相反的事实

English: 
titled Psychoanalytic Thinking Essays in Critique
it will be brought out by Rutledge sometime in 2018
quotes
today it is the fashion among liberal-minded psychoanalysts
to advance the wishful illusion
due to his support for free clinics
Donto 2005 writes about Freud’s support of free clinics for the poor
and due to his support Freud’s support for some degree
of income redistribution grounded in his own experience of poverty as a child
that Freud therefore was at the very least a liberal  if not a Social Democrat
Richards in that article tries to make the case that Freud is a social democrat
anyone interested in scholarly objectivity however
will be forced to take note of such contrary facts

Chinese: 
正如弗洛伊德在将他的一本著作呈给墨索里尼时写道：
贝尼托·墨索里尼
来自一个老人的带着敬意的问候
他意识到您作为统治者是一个文化英雄
这当然是在墨索里尼针对犹太人之前
这件事造成了他的态度的转变
但是一度弗洛伊德对于这个领导者抱有极大的崇拜 并且将之视为文化英雄
而其强调团体的危险退行与非理性倾向
弗洛伊德的团体心理学就像勒庞和其他人的工作那样
这些对暴民心理学的研究贡献是资产阶级思想家们
害怕群众的力量能进行革命

English: 
as the inscription Freud wrote in presenting one of his books to Mussolini quotes
Benito Mussolini
with the respectful greetings of an old man
who recognizes in the ruler the cultural hero unquote
this was of course before Mussolini turned on the Jews
what changed his attitude
but at one point Freud had great admiration for the leader as a cultural hero
in its stress upon the dangerously regressive and irrational proclivities of groups
Freud’s group psychology like the works of Le Bon Tarde and others
contributes to the literature on mob psychology  produced by bourgeois thinkers
fearful of the power of the masses to make revolution

Chinese: 
正如他们在1789年所做的那样， 法国革命召回了巴士底狱的风暴
又如 1917 年俄国革命
资产阶级思想家对暴民心理学持怀疑态度
因为暴民有办法推翻他们
基于他在其团体心理学中集中强调了对于强势领导的需要
惟其如此才能防止退行
他遗忘了这类
由民主地制度化的有权利与义务章程而组成的组织
基于他将无产阶级视为懒惰 愚蠢以及纵欲的轻蔑评价
基于他对于美国的看法 包括将其民主视为
“一个错误 一个巨大的错误”
这是欧内斯特·琼斯 1955 年在第 67 页报告的内容

English: 
as they had in 1789 the French Revolution recalled the storming of the Bastille
and again in 1917 the Russian Revolution
bourgeois thinkers were suspicious of mob psychology
because mobs had a way of overthrowing them
given the central emphasis in his group psychology  on the need for strong leadership
to prevent regression
his obliviousness to groups organized
instead by democratically instituted charters of rights and responsibilities
given his disparaging remarks about the proletariat as lazy stupid and oversexed
given his view of America including its democracy as
quotes a mistake a gigantic mistake
that’s reported by Ernest Jones 1955 page 67

Chinese: 
现今我们可能会倾向于同意他
美国是一个错误 一个巨大的错误
但我想要论辩它是一个也许将会失败的伟大实验
基于他的组织 IPA
基于权威的上下级别以及秘密委员会
效忠于信念的保留以及其他
鉴于所有这一切
弗洛伊德对于墨索里尼的尊重姿态便可以理解
他将超我视为法律与规则的源头
以及对抗野蛮的堡垒
这种看法形成了弗洛伊德日益保守的社会政治理念
这种看法可能也影响了他的一些读者
比如亨利·基辛格

English: 
we might be inclined to agree with him in these days
that America is a mistake a gigantic mistake
but I would argue that it was a glorious experiment that seems to be failing
given his organization of the IPA
along authoritarian top-down lines with secret committees
dedicated to the preservation of the faith and so on
in the light of all of this
Freud’s gesture of respect towards Mussolini the great leader  becomes intelligible
his view of the super-ego is the source of law and order
and a bulwark against barbarism
formed a central element of Freud’s increasingly reactionary  socio-political vision
a perspective that may well have inclined some of his readers
such as Henry Kissinger

English: 
to view Western or more accurately American power as the super-ego
defending civilization against the unruly primitive id forces  threatening from the east
one writer who really got this was Franz Alexander
a psychoanalyst trained in Germany moved to America
established the Chicago Institute of Psychoanalysis
he wrote an introduction to the edition in 1960 of Freud’s group psychology
and in this book, Alexander argued that
while in neurosis the super-ego operates like a primitive absolute ruler Fuhrer

Chinese: 
将西方国家 或者更为精确地说美国权力看作超我
对抗从东方来的不守规则的原始本我力量并且以此捍卫文明
一个真正提到这个观点的作者是弗兰茨·亚历山大
一个搬至美国的曾在德国受训的精神分析师
他建立了芝加哥精神分析学院
他为弗洛伊德 1960 年版的《团体心理学》写了序言
在这本书中亚历山大认为
尽管在神经症水平超我像是一个原始的绝对统治者一般行动

Chinese: 
在成熟的人中超我并不能够再与自我进行区分
自我则会民主统治
他在实质上认为
弗洛伊德描绘的作为愚蠢独裁的超我
在健康人群之中 在成熟人群之中 心理成熟的人们
超我并不能够真正与自我区分开来
而自我则是以理性与民主进行统治
我个人更倾向于说在成熟的人身上超我
是由我所讲的良知而不是自我进行解构与替代
但这是我曾在其他时间、地点做出的论断
对于亚历山大来说  弗洛伊德的理论可以应用于暴民心理学与非结构化的团体
但是对于结构化的团体来说却并不适用
结构并不一定由弗洛伊德强调的领袖来进行规范

English: 
in maturity the super-ego can no longer be differentiated from the ego
which governs democratically
essentially he’s arguing that
the super-ego Freud described as a moronic authoritarian super-ego
in healthy people in mature people psychologically mature people
the super-ego is really not that distinguishable from the ego
that is it rules rationally and democratically
I personally prefer to say that in maturity the super-ego
is deconstructed and replaced but by what I call the conscience not the ego
but that’s an argument that I have made in other places and other times
for Alexander  Freud’s theory may apply to mob psychology to unstructured groups
but not to groups that are organized and
organized not necessarily by the leader as emphasized by Freud

Chinese: 
就像他举出的中央集权的教会与军队的例子之中那样
而是也可以由民主规则所进行规范
由独立自治个体组成的组织
这些个体如果成熟的话 他们将会对于领袖具有非常不同的态度
成熟的人不会向领袖屈从而是加以怀疑
不会屈从而是像鹰一样审慎观察
时刻准备将其逐出办公场所
等待他们贪污腐败
做好准备摆脱他们
他们甚至可能建立一种以制衡为形式的政府形式
就像原初美国实验所做的那样
制衡
以防止任何人以此为由获得绝对权力，因为

English: 
as in his examples of the church in the Army with central authority
but instead organized along democratic lines
organizations composed of independent self-governing individuals
who if mature have a very different attitude towards leaders
mature people are not submissive towards leaders but suspicious of them
not submissive but critical watching them like a hawk
ready to throw them out of office
expecting them to be corrupt
ready to get rid of them
they may even set up  a form of government characterized by checks and balances
as the original American experiment did
checks and balances
to help prevent anyone from achieving absolute power on the grounds that

English: 
no one can be trusted with it
except perhaps the Lord and he hasn’t returned yet
Alexander points out that  Freud’s theory was highly influenced by his social milieu
he grew up in the Austro-Hungarian Empire
ruled by the Hapsburgs by Emperor Franz Josef
he had no experience really with democracy
and this is reflected in his emphasis on leadership and authority
Bion too says that  whereas Le Bon and others have ignored the role of the leader
in Bion’s view Freud exaggerates it
Bion points out that often instead of the leader dominating the group
quite the reverse happens
when the leader doesn’t lead the group in the direction the group wants to go

Chinese: 
没有人能够被施以绝对权力而又获得信任
除非是耶和华 但他还没回来
亚历山大指出， 弗洛伊德的理论受到他所处的社会环境的高度影响
他在奥匈帝国长大
由哈布斯堡王朝弗朗茨约瑟夫皇帝统治
他对于民主并无真正经验
这反映在他对于领导与权威的强调上
比昂也认为勒庞和其他作者忽略了领袖的作用
但是在比昂看来弗洛伊德夸大了他
比昂指出通常并不一定是领袖主导团体
反而会是相反
当领导者没有将团体带向团体希望去到的方向

Chinese: 
它会抛弃领导者而选择一个新人
后者将会把团体带到它真正想去的地方
弗洛伊德并不明白
以共同抽象原则与理想聚在一起的社会
就如自治社会之中的自由个体责任
而不是通过一个强势领袖
亚历山大写道
引用
自由社会的指导原则
以及对个人关键能力和自我责任的强调
与对于权威的盲目服从是相互矛盾的
而这种盲从就是催眠的本质
当然弗洛伊德在相当程度上
把催眠情景作为团体情况下会发生什么的例子

English: 
it simply dumps that leader and chooses a new leader
who will take the group where it wants to go
Freud does not understand
societies held together by common abstract principles and ideals
such as freedom individual responsibility in self-government
rather than by a strong leader
Alexander writes
quotes
the guiding principles of free societies
the stress on  the individuals critical faculty and self responsibility are contradictory
to that blind obedience to authority
which is the essence of hypnosis
and of course Freud to a considerable extent
took the hypnotic situation as his example  of what happens in in the group situation

English: 
okay in summary while warning us of the dangers of regression
Freud’s group psychology fails to point the way beyond
the id and its repression by the super-ego
he fails to point us beyond regression on the one hand and
authoritarianism on the other
in my view
democratic principles and institutions  represent both rationality and mature morality
they represent both the ego reason and conscience
in Kleinian terms democracy represents the depressive position
or Bion’s work group w
while both the regressed masses and the dominating super-ego authority
are operating in the paranoid-schizoid position
due to his neglect of democratic principles

Chinese: 
好的，总结一下， 尽管弗洛伊德的团体心理学提出了退行的危险的警告
这套学说没有走得更远
而只是停留在本我与超我对其的压抑这里
他一方面没有能够超越退行
另一方面没有能够超越威权主义
在我看来
民主的准则与制度同时代表了理性与成熟的道德水平
它们同时代表了自我理性与良知
以克莱因的术语来说民主代表了抑郁位
或者比昂的工作团体 W
退行民众与占据主导地位的超我权威
同时在偏执分裂位运作
由于他忽略了民主原则

Chinese: 
以及他对人性的过分悲观
特别是无产阶级
弗洛伊德未能真正帮助我们超越辩证观点
好了现在转向比昂
二战期间
比昂做了一些有趣的实验
这些实验是在英格兰的诺斯菲尔德军事医院
以一些英国士兵的小组为对象
他在 1959 年出版的《团体经验》一书中报告了这些工作
比昂会组织一群人
定期与他见面来一起处理他们的情绪问题
他们以为这会是一个团体治疗

English: 
and his excessive pessimism regarding human nature in general
and the proletariat in particular
Freud fails to really help us transcend the master-slave dialectic
okay turning now to Bion
during the second war
Bion conducted some fascinating experiments
at the Northfield military hospital in England
with groups of British soldiers
and he reported on this work in his 1959 book Experiences in Groups
Bion would arranged for a group of people
to meet together regularly with him  to work together on their emotional problems
they thought that this would be group therapy

English: 
and they expected this group therapy to be led by doctor Bion
but he would then refrain from leading the group
restricting himself to making occasional comments on the group’s behavior
instead of functioning as a group leader as group members expected him to
he operated as a largely silent group analyst
sat there sucking on his pipe silently
restricting himself to occasional interpretations of the group’s behavior
in response to his abdication of the expected leadership role
these came to be known as leaderless groups
the type of group that remains focused on and effective in carrying out its work
Bion called the workgroup W
it generally requires active leadership

Chinese: 
并且期待着会是由比昂医生所带领的团体
但他拒绝带动团体
而仅将自己的行为限制在偶尔对于团体行为作出点评
他并没有按照成员的期待成为一个团体领导者
他更像是一个多数时候保持沉默的团体分析师
坐在那里静静地吸吮他的烟斗
将自己限制在偶尔对于团体行为的解释
以此回应他对于预期的领导角色的放弃
这种做法后来被称为无领导的团体
那种保持专注并有效开展工作的团体类型
比昂将之称为工作团体 W
它通常需要积极领导

English: 
and a clear structure of roles rules and responsibilities to be maintained
when the expected leader abdicates as Bion did
the workgroup tends emotionally to regress
and to lose sight of the work it’s supposed to be doing
instead it begins to behave in accordance with
what Bion described as irrational basic assumptions
basic assumptions are essentially the same thing
as Melanie Klein describes as phantasies
spelled with a ph
unconscious phantasies
so the work group operates in Melanie Klein’s depressive position
whereas the basic assumptions come to the front
when the group regresses into the paranoid-schizoid position
so in the absence of clear structure and leadership
the work group is displaced by one or another of three basic assumption groups

Chinese: 
以及明确结构的角色、规则与责任以维持
当期待的领导退位 就像比昂做的那样
工作团队倾向于在情感上退行
并且忽视它本应去做的工作
相反它开始按照以下模式开启行动
也就是比昂所谓的非理性基本假设
基本假设
实际上与梅兰妮·克莱因所谓的幻想是一回事
以 ph 开头
潜意识幻想
所以工作团体在梅兰妮·克莱因的抑郁位运行
而基本假设将会走到台前
当团体退行至偏执分裂位
所以当缺乏清晰结构与领导时
工作团队将会由三个基本假设团体之中的一个替代

Chinese: 
基于三个基本假设之中的哪一个
在特定时间占据团体主导地位
在 BAD 团体 BAD 基本假设依赖
团体认为它需要一个全知全能的领导
这是三个上帝的经典定义之中的两个
全知全能全善
那么在 BAD 团体它会假定认为自己需要一个上帝
它渴望并且等待上帝的回归
上帝已死
带领者已经放弃了他的领导角色
上帝已死
团队认为它需要一个上帝
它等待着上帝或者半神的回归
一个它能够依靠其指点方向并且获得救赎的人

English: 
depending upon which of the three basic assumptions
achieves dominance in the group at any particular time
in the BAD group BAD basic assumption dependency
the group assumes it needs an omnipotent and omniscient leader
those are the two of the three classical definitions of God
omnipotent all-powerful omniscient all-knowing benevolent all good
so in BAD the group assumes it needs a god
but and it longs for and it awaits the return of this God
God has died
the leader has abdicated the leadership role
God has died
the group feels it needs a god
it awaits the return of the God or demigod
upon whom it can depend for direction and salvation

English: 
okay basic assumption dependency
second is the BAP basic assumption pairing
the group tacitly supports  the building relationship between a pair of its members
instead of resenting that two of these people are hooking up
it could be a man and a woman it could be two man it could be two women
doesn’t matter
the group is kind of fascinated by the fact  that these two are hooking up in some way
and the group tacitly supports this
as if the group assumes that
their union will magically result in the salvation of the entire group
perhaps through the birth of a messiah
who will lead the group into the promised land
somehow these two are getting together
and the rest of the group seemed to be thinking

Chinese: 
好了基本假设依赖
第二个是 BAP 基本假设配对
团体默认支持其中两个成员的关系建立
而不是憎恶，两个人勾搭在一起
可能是一个男人和一个女人 两个男人 或 两个女人
这都没有关系
团体某种程度上被这两个人勾结在一起的事实所吸引
并且团队默认支持这一点
就像团队假设
他们的结合能够魔法一般地拯救整个团体
也许通过弥赛亚的诞生
他会带领团体去到应许之地
不知怎地这两个人在一起
团体之中的其他成员似乎认为

Chinese: 
通过他们在一起某种解决方案可能会被达成
将会把我们带出这片废墟
这个由于比昂无所作为我们不得不身处的地方
将会带领团队 因为上帝已死
基本假设配对
最后是第三个 BAF 基本假设战斗/逃跑
团体发现它被某些敌人威胁或危害
它会寻求一个能够组织自己的领导
带领它去战斗或者逃跑
那么可能是清楚的
这些都可以用于
解释威廉·戈尔丁的小说《蝇王》
男孩们的经历与比昂团体成员类似
二者都遭受了最初的领导缺乏 一方是由于比昂的退位
另一方则是由于岛上没有任何成人领导

English: 
somehow through their getting together some solution will be born
that will lead us out of this wasteland
that we find ourselves in since Bion is refusing to do his job
and lead the group since God has died
basic assumption pairing
and then finally the third BAF basic assumption fight/flight
the group feels itself to be threatened and imperiled by some enemy
and it seeks a leader who will organize it for
and lead it in a fight or in flight
so perhaps it’s already clear
how all of this may be applied to
the interpretation of William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies
the experience of the boys resembles that of Bion’s group members
in that both suffer from an initial lack of leadership due  in one case to Bion’s abdication
and the other by the absence of any adult leadership on the island

Chinese: 
飞机坠落 成人官员们都已死亡
男孩们自己待在岛屿
所以比昂作品 或者可能戈尔丁的小说之中主要的一点是
关于人类对于安全感的需要
这通常是由有力的领导所提供的
这是有其现实理性与科学的基础的
对于团体组织和结构来说
在戈尔丁小说的最近一个电影版本之中
诸如此类的技术能力与组织
是由影片结尾的海军陆战队所代表的
在原著之中则是由有其规则与领导等级的学员军队

English: 
the plane is crashed the adults officers have died
the boys are alone on this island
so one of the main points of Bion’s work and perhaps the Golding’s novel
concerns the need human beings have for the security and sense of safety
that’s normally provided by competent leadership
that is realistic rational and scientifically grounded
and for group organization and structure
in the most recent film version of Golding’s novel
such technical competence and organization
are symbolized at the end of the film by the Marine Corps rescuers
and in the actual story itself by the cadet corps  with its rules and leadership hierarchy

English: 
the boys on the plane are part of a cadet corps and Ralph is a cadet Colonel
rational leadership is also symbolized
by Ralph’s rational concern to maintain a signal fire in order to facilitate rescue
and his use of Piggy’s glasses
piggy has the thick glasses
and he knows that you can focus sunlight and start a fire this way
piggy also knows how to make a conch shell function like a Cadet Corps bugle
which they used to summon the boys to a group meeting
a meeting of the community
so the conch shell the bugle symbolizes democracy
a gathering of the community to make decisions
piggy also has other knowledge

Chinese: 
飞机上的男孩也是一个学员军队的一部分而雷尔夫是学员上校
理性领导也由
雷尔夫点燃信号火以获得救援的理智决定所代表
还有他使用了小猪的眼镜
小猪还有一幅厚眼镜
他知道你可以用它聚焦太阳光并且生火
小猪也知道如何使用海螺制作海军陆战队那样的号角
这样他们可以用了召集男孩们来开团体会议
一个集体会议
所以它象征着民主
聚集社群来做决定
小猪还有其他一些知识

Chinese: 
他知道我们不能加热有毒浆果
或者吃生猪肉
雷尔夫与小猪一起
代表了社群之中维系规则与条例的需要
所以这是一种理性的权威或者领导
这是由雷尔夫与小猪代表的弗洛伊德的自我
雷尔夫与小猪代表了
基于理性、科学与民主的价值的领导
还有一个领导赛门
他代表了良善、共情与关怀的文明与人性价值
赛门对于丛林之中的生物表达了温柔的慈悲
在某个电影版本之中

English: 
he needs that he knows that we need to guard against heating poison berries
or eating uncooked pork
and together Ralph and piggy
represent the need to maintain rules and regulations for the community
so this is rational authority or leadership
this is Freud’s ego represented by Ralph and piggy
whereas Ralph and Peggy represent
leadership based upon the values of reason science and democracy
there’s another leader Simon
who represents the civilized and humane values of kindness empathy and care
Simon displays a gentle and compassionate  concern with the creatures of the forest
and in one film version of the novel

Chinese: 
他照顾并保护了一个濒死的机长
在另外一个方面他同样代表了理性
他来告诉男孩们 那个他们所惧怕的洞穴之中的怪物只不过是那个濒死的机长
但是他在通过这个信息缓解男孩们的非理性焦虑之前
他被杰克疯狂的阵营所杀害
被看作是基督的譬喻
赛门代表了温柔的基督 他带给我们爱与信念
来替代我们的仇恨以及对于死亡的恐惧
但是他自己却被杀害 成为非理性恐惧驱使的仇恨的目标
他被杀死了
他正在试图传递好消息
福音意味着好消息
他正在试图传递好消息但是在他能够送达之前

English: 
he nurses and protects one of the dying captains
in one sense however he too stands for reason
he comes to tell the boys that the monster they fear in the cave  is merely the dying captain
but before he can alleviate their irrational anxiety through this revelation
he’s killed by Jack’s crazed horde
viewed as a Christian allegory
Simon represents gentle Jesus offering us love and faith
to replace our hatred and fear of death
but who himself is slain  he becomes the target of our irrational fear driven hatred
and is killed
he’s trying to bring the good news
gospel means good news
he’s trying to bring the good news but before he can deliver it

English: 
he’s slain by Jack’s horde
he represents conscience
Ralph and piggy represent the ego
Simon represents a truly moral conscience
so these three leaders Ralph Piggy and Simon
succeed in providing humane and rational leadership for a time
but they are only boys after all
and in the face of growing anxiety at not being rescued
exacerbated by Jack’s spreading the myth of the monster
the values of reason and compassion that they represent are gradually displaced
by the regressive magical and authoritarian type of leadership provided by Jack
a leadership founded upon fear and hatred rather than reason and love
this is a novel well worth reading today along with Orwell’s 1984

Chinese: 
他被杰克的阵营杀害
他代表了良知
雷尔夫和小猪代表了自我
赛门代表了一种真正的道德良知
那么这三个领导雷尔夫 小猪和赛门
在一段时间内成功地维护了人性与理智的领导
但是他们也不过是男孩子
面对不被拯救的逐渐增长的焦虑
这种焦虑又被杰克散布的怪物的谣言所加强
他们所代表的理智与慈悲的价值逐渐被
以杰克为代表的退行的 魔法一般的权威类型的领导所替代
一种基于恐惧与仇恨而非理智与慈爱的领导
这本小说在今天仍然值得与奥威尔的《1984》一起阅读

Chinese: 
比昂观察到
诸如杰克这种退行的领导
通常会出现在所谓的战斗/逃跑类型的无领导团队
他这样写道
在这种情况下被认为适当的的领导类型
是那种将会带领团体攻击某人的领导
或者引导团体逃跑 引用结束
因为逃跑对于被困在岛上的男孩是不适用的
战斗成了唯一的退行选择
但战斗需要有敌人
替代领袖杰克为男孩们提供了可以攻击的对象
最初是通过捕猎野猪
之后是通过怪物的谣传
显然解读《蝇王》的一种方式就是将其视为寓言

English: 
Bion observed that
such regressive leadership like Jack
often emerges in the so called fight flight type of leaderless group
he writes quotes
the kind of leadership that is recognized as appropriate in this situation is
the leadership of the man who mobilizes the group to attack somebody
or alternatively to lead it in flight unquote
since the flight option was not available to these boys trapped on an island
the fight became the only regressive option
but fighting requires that there be an enemy
the alternative leader Jack provides the boys with something to attack
initially through the hunt the wild boar
and later through the myth of the monster
well it’s obvious that one way to read Lord of the Flies is as an allegory

English: 
referring to the breakdown of the Weimar Republic’s attempt at
German democracy between the wars and the emergence of  Hitler and his genocidal scapegoating of the Jews
toward the end of the novel
Simon is mistaken by the frenzied boys for the monster
Piggy the voice of reason is killed and Ralf the former leader is hunted
these are attacks on reason and conscience
when rational leadership fails
Bion writes most groups find a substitute that satisfies them very well
quotes it is usually a man or woman with marked paranoid trends
perhaps if the presence of an enemy is not immediately obvious to the group
the next best thing is for the group to choose a leader
to whom it is obvious that is a paranoid person

Chinese: 
指涉二次大战间魏玛共和国民主尝试的失败
以及希特勒的出现以及他将犹太人当作替罪羊进行种族灭绝
在小说的最后
赛门被丧心病狂的男孩们认作是怪物
小猪这个理性的声音被杀死而雷尔夫这个前任领袖被追逐
这是对理性和良知的攻击
当理性的领导失败时
比昂写道大多数团体会发现一个能够满足他们的替代品
这通常是一个有着分裂趋势的男人或者女人
也许敌人的出现对于团体来说并不是立即明显的
对于团体来说次优的选择是选择一个领导者
他对团体来说显然是一个偏执的人

Chinese: 
在比昂的一个团体中 X 先生作为一个领导者出现
比昂写道：X 先生并不需要在团体之中说话
他与团体是一致的
因为他最为罪恶的感觉，他的破坏性的仇恨
是被群体一起攻击或逃跑的基本假设所许可的
团体之所以聚在一起是为了战斗或者逃跑
随着或战或逃的基本假设与魔法思维占据主流
团体逐渐变得更加敌视理性
引用：人们相信团体力量并非来自科学而是来自魔法
引用：团体领导者被要求具有的特点之一是
他应该是一个魔法师
或者像魔法师一样行动
与弗洛伊德和勒庞不同

English: 
in one of Bion’s groups a Mr. X emerged as a leader
Bion writes quotes Mr. X had no need to speak in this group;
he was at one with the group,
for the feelings about which he is most guilty, his destructive hatred,
are feelings which are licensed by the basic assumption
that the group has come together to fight or to run away
as the basic assumption of fight/flight and magical thinking take over
the group comes to be more and more hostile to reason
quotes group power is believed to flow not from science but from magic
quotes one of the characteristics demanded of the leader of the group
then is that he should either be a magician
or behave like one
unlike Sigmund Freud and Gustave Le Bon

English: 
who believed the leader exercised suggestive  and charismatic power of the group
much as the hypnotist holds the hypnotic subject in his way
Bion believed the group shapes and selects the leader
rather than the leader shaping of the group
for Bion
when the leader does not respond or correspond to  the needs of the basic assumption group
the group simply ignores him and chooses another leader
we witnessed this in Lord of the Flies
as under the swaying of their building anxiety
the boys increasingly come to abandon the work group
and its rational and compassionate leaders Ralph piggy and Simon
anxiety has attends intensified their dependency longings
which they channeled toward Jack
Jack then stimulates their anxiety further
and directs it into the fight with the monster
and its surrogate the scapegoated former leaders of the work group
Bion writes that

Chinese: 
他们相信领导者在团体之中实施了暗示与魅力
正如催眠师对待他的催眠对象的方式一样
比昂认为团体铸就并且选择了领导者
而不是相反
对于比昂来说
当领导者不回应或者失调于团体的基本假设的需求时
团体只是简单地忽略他，并且选择另外一个领导者
我们在《蝇王》之中已经看到了这一点
在他们逐渐增强的不断摇摆的焦虑之下
男孩们逐步抛弃了工作团队
以及它的理性、慈悲的领导者雷尔夫、小猪和赛门
焦虑加强了他们对于依附的渴望
把他们引至杰克
杰克随后进一步强化了他们的焦虑
并把它引向与怪物的战斗
还有作为替罪羊存在的工作团队的前任领导者
比昂写道

Chinese: 
引用：在我的经验中这个新的领导者
毫无例外的是一个彻底的精神病例
我们到达了这样一个位置
团体持续投身于安抚、奉承，并且顺从于
这个疾病最为严重的成员
而他现在是团队的领导者
引用结束
我在去年某个时候呈上这些材料的时候
一个学生在这时问我这就是所谓的川普效应吗
比昂接着详细说明了这个事实
在理性慈悲的领导失败的情况下所发生的事实
团队转向
引用：精神疾患最为严重的成员并且寻求他的领导，引用结束
再次引用
相信傻子的圣洁

English: 
quotes the new leader in my experience
is without exception a thoroughgoing psychiatric case
we have reached the position
the group is engaged in sustaining placating soothing flattering and deferring
to its most ill member
who is now the group leader
unquote
when I presented this material sometime last year
one of the students asked at this point is this the Trump effect
Bion goes on to elaborate on the fact
that in these situations with the failure of rational and compassionate leadership
the group turns
to quotes the most psychiatrically disordered member for leadership unquote
the belief in the whole quote again
the belief in the holiness of idiots

English: 
the belief that genius is akin to madness
all indicate this same tendency of the group to choose when left unstructured
its most ill member as its leader
quotes in its search for a leader
the group finds a paranoid schizophrenic or malignant hysteric if possible
failing either of these a psychopathic personality with delinquent trends will do
failing the psychopathic personality it will pick on  the verbally facile high-grade defective
I think he means malignant narcissist
he says I have at no time experienced a group of more than five people
that could not provide a good specimen
a good specimen of one of these unquote
well I think America found a pretty good specimen of one of these

Chinese: 
相信天才的疯狂
这些都说明了无结构化的团队选择的类似趋势
它的精神疾患最为严重的成员作为领导者
引用：在它寻找一个领导者的过程中
如果可能，团体会发现偏执型精神分裂症或恶性歇斯底里症
没有的话 具有失职倾向的精神病性人格也可以
没有精神病性人格它就会选择一个言辞轻率、轻度心智缺陷的
我认为他指的是恶性自恋者
他说我没有超过五个人的团体经验
所以无法提供一个好的样本
一个超过五个人的好的样本 引用结束
好吧我想美国是一个好样本

Chinese: 
那么让我总结一下三个要点
第一 在没有理性的结构化的权威的情况下
无论是以领导或者民主原则形成结构
团体将会退行以至被非理性的基本假设所统治
诸如战斗/逃跑
为了避免这种情况发生
理性结构与组织是必要的
第二 当这种退行出现的时候
团体会找到他们之中精神扰动最大的成员作为替代领导者
第三 这个偏执的歇斯底里的精神病态的
或自恋的领导者
将会激化团体的焦虑 就像杰克传播关于怪物的谣言一样
并且提供一种虚假的安全感
通过他或她的表面上的能量与确信
通过使用魔法

English: 
so let me summarize three key points
one in the absence of rational structured authority
structured either by leadership or by democratic principles
groups regress and they become governed by irrational basic assumptions
such as fight/flight
to prevent this from happening
rational structure and organization appear necessary
two when such regression occurs
groups turn to their most psychiatrically disturbed member as an alternative leader
three this paranoid hysterical psychopathic
or narcissistic leader
stimulates the group’s anxieties as did Jack’s spreading the myth of the monster
and offer a spurious sense of security
through his or her apparent energy and certainty
through the use of magic and

English: 
through scapegoating individuals or groups  as the monster to be feared and eliminated
so the next time you’re in a situation where rational authority is absent
or appears to have failed
and you find yourself drawn to a substitute leader
ask yourself the question
am I beginning to put my trust in the most emotionally deranged person in the group
in a broader sense Bion’s study of groups finds that
they show the two levels of mental functioning
Melanie Klein saw operating in the mind of every individual
a primitive layer characterized by magical and polarized
all good all bad thinking or splitting
and dominated by hate envy and paranoid anxieties
the paranoid-schizoid position which corresponds to the basic assumption group
and a more civilized layer
characterized by rational reality oriented thought

Chinese: 
通过将团体或个体替罪羊化 将之变作需要被惧怕与消除的怪物
那么下次当你面对一个理性权威缺席的情况
或者理性权威看上去惨败的情况
你发现自己被一个替代领袖吸引
问问你自己这样一个问题
我是不是开始信任团体之中在情感上最疯狂的那个人
就更广的层面来说比昂关于团体的研究证实了
它们表明心智作用的两个层级
梅兰妮·克莱因在每个个体的心灵之中都看到了它们
一个以魔法与分裂为特色的原始层级
全好全坏思维或者分裂
由仇恨，嫉羡与偏执焦虑所主导
偏执分裂位对应着基本假设团体
以及一个更加文明的层级
以理性的现实导向的思维为特色

English: 
and governed more by reason gratitude concern and love
depressive position
just as individuals we may regress under stress from D into PS
so many groups regress under stress  from the work group to the basic assumption group
the more of the story is that if we seek to prevent such regression
clear structure rules organization and  rational and compassionate leadership are required
as our steps to alleviate anxiety and diffuse its power to bring about regression
ok let me end with critique
Bion like Freud is a rationalist
he emphasizes the rational far too much
here Golding is more insightful
because in addition to the rational leaders Ralph and Piggy

Chinese: 
更多由理性 感恩 关心与爱来统治
抑郁位
就像我们作为个体会在压力下从抑郁位滑落到偏执分裂位一样
许多团体在压力下也会从工作团体变为基本假设团体
更进一步地说如果我们想要防止这种退行
清晰的结构、规则与组织以及理性慈悲的领导是必须的
这样能够减轻焦虑 削弱它将我们带入退行的力量
好了让我以批评作结
比昂与弗洛伊德一样是一个理性主义者
他过于强调理性
在这一点上戈尔丁更加具有洞见
因为除了理性的领导者雷尔夫与小猪之外

English: 
Golding gives us Simon
Bion makes no place for Simon really
Simon represents the good
I don’t know whether Golding may have had in mind the Simon
of the New Testament narrative Simon of Cyrene called the cross bearer
he’s the man who the Romans forced when Jesus could no longer carry the cross
he carried the cross
Simon of Cyrene maybe Goulding had that in mind I’m not sure
rationality just is not enough
rationality simply gives us a means and logic
if your end is to build a bridge
well here’s how you do it
but it doesn’t tell you whether you want to build a bridge or not
rationality cannot specify ends only means to ends

Chinese: 
他还给了我们赛门
比昂并没有真正留给赛门空间
赛门代表那些美好的
我不知道戈尔丁在设定赛门时的想法
在《新约》中古利奈人赛门被称为背十字架的人
他是当罗马人迫使当基督不能再背负十字架时
他背负了十字架
古利奈人赛门或许这是戈尔丁创作时的想法 我不确定
理性并不足够
理性仅仅给了我们方法与逻辑
如果你的目标是建一座桥
这就是你怎样做到的方法
但是它不会告诉你 你是否想要建一座桥
理性不会指定目标 而仅仅是通向目标的方法

English: 
rationality says nothing about
the moral or immoral character of the ends that we choose to pursue
secular humanism wants to believe
that reason can specify reasonable ends
but it cannot do so
because reason cannot deduce a nod from ends
reason and science are descriptive they can’t be prescriptive
Bion celebrates the work group but the Nazis had very efficient work groups
the Blitzkrieg very efficient work group
the death camps very efficient at killing large numbers of people
one historian Peter described the Nazis as barbarians in jet planes

Chinese: 
理性不会讨论
我们选择达成目标是否道德
世俗人文主义愿意相信
理性能够制定合理的目标
但是它做不到
因为理性不能找到目标的起点
理性和科学是描述性的而非规定性的
比昂赞颂工作团体 但是纳粹有着非常高效的工作团体
闪电战 非常高效的工作团体
集中营 非常高效地杀害了大量的生命
一位历史学家彼得将纳粹描述为喷气式飞机上的野蛮人

Chinese: 
理性的自我可以设计和操作喷气式飞机
但这并不妨碍野蛮人成为飞行员
雷尔夫和小猪还不够 我们需要赛门
我们需要一个能够爱与治愈的人 而不仅仅是理性真理
但不幸的是 这个人经常被杀死 经常作为替罪羊
不过我在这里想说的是我认为梅兰妮·克莱因是优于比昂的
因为比昂把抑郁位与工作团体 W 联系起来
但克莱因并不仅仅将抑郁位与理性联系起来
她同时把抑郁位

English: 
the rational ego can design and operate jet planes
but that doesn’t prevent a barbarian from being the pilot
Ralph and piggy are not enough we need Simon
we need the one who brings love and healing not just rational truth
unfortunately this one is often killed and scapegoated
but what I’m saying here is that Melanie Klein I think is superior to Bion
because Bion associates the depressive position with W with the work group
Klein associates the depressive position not merely with rationality
she associates the depressive position with

English: 
what Winnicott called the capacity for concern for the other
which is what Melanie Klein meant by depressive anxiety not depression
in the depressive position we don’t get depression we get depressive anxiety
which is concern the concern that I may have harmed the other
and depressive anxiety or concern
leads into my attempts to make reparation to repair the harm that I’ve done
she also associates the move into the depressive position with gratitude
as opposed to envy
with love and with reparation
all of this Goulding symbolizes as Simon
and this is a theme that is missing in the work of Wilfred Bion
it’s not entirely missing in Freud
Freud too as irrational spiied in a few places of course
Freud celebrates Eros love over Thanatos hate

Chinese: 
与温尼科特所说的对他人的关注能力联系起来
这就是梅兰妮·克莱因所谓的抑郁焦虑而非抑郁
在抑郁位我们并不抑郁但我们有抑郁焦虑
这是一种担心 我是否会伤害到他人
抑郁焦虑 或者 担心
这会导致我去试图修复我曾造成的伤害
她也将向抑郁位的移动与感恩联系起来
与嫉羡不同
是有爱与修复的
所有这些戈尔丁都将之符号化为赛门
这是在威尔弗雷德·比昂的作品中完全消失的主题
在弗洛伊德这里并没有完全消失
当然弗洛伊德在一些地方也是非理性的
弗洛伊德赞美厄洛斯爱而非桑纳托斯恨

English: 
and in one place early on in his 1914 essay on narcissism
Freud actually says we must begin to love if we are not to fall ill
and we must fall ill if we are unable to love
but that celebration of love of Simon is downplayed by Freud in much of his work
it’s not absent but it’s downplayed
in favor of Freud’s overall celebration of reason and rationality
okay next week we’ll carry on with lecture two  on the specific contributions of Wilfred Bion

Chinese: 
在 1914 年一篇关于自恋者的论文的某处
弗洛伊德其实说过如果我们不要生病那么一定要开始去爱
我们不能去爱的话一定会生病
但是在弗洛伊德的大多数的工作之中 对于赛门的爱的颂扬是被低估的
它是存在的但仍被低估
由于弗洛伊德总体上来说对于理性的颂扬
好了下一周我们将继续第二讲  关于威尔弗雷德·比昂的具体贡献
已获 Don Carveth 授权
