Hello. I'm Gill at engVid, and today we have
a lesson especially for people who already
know a bit about music, but would like to
know what the English words are for some of
the terminology in music. So, this is just
a brief summary of some of the main aspects
of music, and to do with the way it's written,
called notation; and things connected with
the theory of music; and all the technical...
Well, not all the technical things; some of
the technical things connected with it. So...
So that you can talk about music with people
in English. Okay? If you don't know anything
about music, I hope it will also be an introduction
to some of the ideas and some of the words
connected with music, and you can find other
websites to find out more. So, let's have
a look.
So, music vocabulary in English. The names
of the notes are: A, B, C, D, E, F, G. So,
that would give you an octave. "Octave." Well,
up to the next A, that is. A to A would be
an octave. Okay? So, if you're looking at
a piano keyboard, for example, those are the
notes on there; the white notes. So, we have,
on the piano keyboard, if you're thinking
of music in that way, you've got the white
notes and the black notes. Okay. White notes
are these letters; the black notes are the
flats and sharps. Okay. So, if you know about
music already, you know what I mean. If you
don't know, there are lots of sites on the
internet to find out more, if you want to
do that after this lesson. Okay.
So, a flat, that's the symbol for flat, as
you know, because the musical notation is
a universal notation, so it's used all over
the world. So, you will know the symbols,
I'm sure, but you may not know the English
words for them. So, the flat; that's a flat.
The sharp; that's a sharp. And the natural,
if you need to cancel out a flat or a sharp
- that's the natural. The symbol is called
"natural", there. Okay. Right.
So, then, coming down to the way the music
is written, the five lines that it's written
on - that's called a "stave" in English. Okay.
So, I've written a couple of examples, here,
with some of the words describing what's...
What's there. So, this stave of five lines
has some notes on it, so they're notes. These
are the notes. This is called the treble clef-"treble
clef"-which rests on the G, so it shows you
that that line is G. Treble clef. And this
one is called the bass clef, which rests on
the F. So, you know that line is the F. Okay.
So, what I've done, I've shown a time signature,
here, 4:4; four beats in the bar, so the bar...
That's a bar. Up to the bar line. Okay. And
with the bass clef stave, I've shown 3:4 time
signature. 3:4. Three beats in the bar. Okay?
So, we call it 3:4; 4:4.Okay?
And there's also the key signature, there,
for the key. So, that's the key signature,
as you know for G major. Or it could be what's
called the relative minor; would be E minor
with the same key signature. E minor. Okay,
so that's called a key signature, just like
this is called a time signature. Key signature,
one sharp, G major or E minor.
This one, I've given it a key signature for
F major with one flat. So, the relative minor
for that, again, would be D... D minor. So,
that could be the key signature for something
in D minor or an F major, of course. Okay.
Right. So, that's covering the key signatures
and the time signatures, the treble clef,
the bass clef, the notes.
Then the spaces between the notes are called
intervals in English. So, the interval could
be a small interval, like a tone or a semi-tone,
or a larger interval. I haven't written them
down, but a third, a fifth, an octave. We've
got octave, there. So, G to F sharp, of course,
is a semi-tone; the smallest you can get.
Well, yeah. I know in modern music you can
get even less than that, but that's getting
too... Too technical for me. So, the smallest
interval I can recognize is a semi-tone; G
to F sharp, back to G again. Semi-tones. And
then G to A, a tone, a whole tone... So, you
call that a whole... Whole tone. Okay? And
then you'd say a third, a major third, a minor
third, a fifth, etc. Okay?
So, just to explain this one: "Beats in the
bar" means the number of beats. Four, four,
one, two, three, four beats in the bar. This
is a bar line. Okay? This one has three beats
in the bar; one, two, three. And here's another
bar line. Okay.
Now, then, what else have we got here? So
then we move on to note values; the lengths
of the notes - short and long. You'll be,
I don't know, pleased or not pleased to know
that there are different terms used in America
from Britain; we have different words. Possibly
also it's to do with whether the music is
popular or classical as well, but I'll give
you both of these so that you've got both.
So, this one without a stick on it, a white
note without a stick is called a whole note
in America, but it's called a semibreve in
British music. Okay. In the U.K. This one,
the white note with a stick - half... Half
the length of that one is a half note. So,
that's a whole note; so this one is half the
length, so it's logical that the American
system calls it a half note because it's half
the length of the one, there. So, a half note.
But in British music, it's called a minim.
So, I can understand these are less obvious,
the British system, than the American one.
But if you've learnt it this one... If you've
learnt this one, then it's... It seems normal.
But anyway.
So, whole note, half note, semibreve, minim.
And then this black note with a stick on - half
the length again of that one, so logically,
in the American terminology, it's a quarter
note, and it especially makes sense here,
because you have four of them in one bar,
so they are each a quarter of the bar. They
add up to the whole bar. So, in that bar you
would either have one whole note or you would
have two half notes, or you would have four
quarter notes, which is what I've got there.
Okay. So, a quarter note in American is called
a crotchet in the British system. Okay. So,
not very obvious.
So, then going... Going on. As these notes
are half the value each time as the one that
went before - half of a quarter note is an
eighth note, so it's a black note with a stick
and a little tail on it to show that it...
What its value is. Very short by this stage.
And in the British system, we call that a
quaver. Okay. So... And there are lots of
other notes, but I've just put the main ones
here.
So, again, the note which is half the value
of that one is a black note with a stick and
two little tails, and in American language,
it's called a sixteenth note because it's
half the value of that one; but in the British
system, we call it a semiquaver. That's a
quaver. At least there's a bit of logic, here.
"Semi" meaning half. Semiquaver is half the
value, half the length of the quaver. So,
those are the names for the note values; the
lengths of the notes. Okay.
And then, finally, just to finish with the
general terms that are used for the music,
what you might call the elements; different
elements. We use the word "tempo", which is
an Italian name, meaning the speed of the
music - whether it's fast or slow, or somewhere
in between. There are a lot of Italian terms
in music because music from Italy was such
a strong influence in the early days and it's
still there now. So, things like allegro,
allegretto, crescendo, diminuendo are all
Italian words, which musicians understand,
even though they're not in their own language.
So, tempo, meaning speed. How fast or slow
is the music?
Volume or dynamics is to do with how loud
or soft it is; the volume - the dynamics.
Is it loud or soft, or average, in between
again? Another element, of course very important,
is the melody or tune. The tune... Word "tune"
is a more popular word that everybody uses.
They say: "That's a lovely tune. What's that?"
But the more technical musical word for it
is "melody". Okay.
And then there's harmony - when all the notes
are sounding together. But if... If the notes
are sounding together but they're not very
harmonious-meaning they don't sound so good-it
may be deliberate on the part of the composer.
It can be called dissonance. "Dissonance"
meaning... Another word for that also is a
clash or: "It's clashing. That music, it's
clashing. The instruments are clashing. It
doesn't sound right together." Or it may just
be very modern music which has been written
that way deliberately. So, there we are. So,
there is harmony but it can be dissonance
if the notes being played all at the same
time don't seem to go together to your own
ears. Okay.
Timbre. I was talking about Italian words,
but this is actually a French word. Timbre
is to do with the sort of sound quality of
what you're hearing. Especially when you recognize
a particular instrument, if you recognize
an oboe, or you recognize a flute or a violin,
or you recognize just the speaking voice of
a friend on a phone - it's because of the
timbre; the sort of sound quality. The characteristic
sound of that particular person's voice or
musical instrument, you say: "Ah-ha. I know
what that is. That's a saxophone." or "That's
a cello", or whatever; you recognize the sound
of the instrument. So, that's timbre.
Rhythm is fairly obvious. These time signatures
are the rhythm, but of course also you can
have rhythm that' eithers fairly regular or
it may be rhythm that's quite irregular. So,
that's just an overall term for the way the
notes are played in time. Okay.
And, finally, texture, it's... It's a word
that's associated with cloth. If something's
a thick texture or a thin texture... This
cloth is fairly thick; this is a bit thinner.
So, it's to do with what... What sounds are
all being played at the same time. If you
have a thin texture, you may only have two
instruments playing. If you have a thick texture,
it may be a whole big symphony orchestra who
are playing with lots and lots of instruments,
all playing lots and lots of different notes.
So, the texture is either thin or thick, and
it will vary probably during the course of
a piece of music just for the sake of variety.
Okay, so I hope that's been a useful overview
and introduced you... If you are a musician,
introduced you to the English words for things.
If you're not a musician, introduced you to
something technical about music, which you
can then follow up and find other sites to
tell you more. So, I hope it's been useful.
So, if you'd like to go to the website, www.engvid.com,
there's a quiz there to test you on this.
And so, thank you for watching and see you
again soon. Bye for now.
