This headless professor video
is about classical conditioning.
In all forms of psychological research
we have to identify several components.
One of these is the organism, the subject,
the person or animal, that we are studying.
Another factor is the response,
in other words, the behavior of that
subject.
Another factor is the stimulus, the energy 
in the environment
of the subject that can be perceived
by that organism. This is the basic
relationship in all of psychology.
We're looking at how a stimulus is
presented to the organism
and elicits a response from
that organism. In the case of classical
conditioning,
we're going to be using two stimuli
which are paired together. One easy way of remembering this
is to just look at the word "claSSical"
Do you see that two letters SS
right in the middle? Each one of
those Ss
stands for a stimulus and so when you
see the
two Ss together that says
two paired stimuli in classical
conditioning.
The first of the stimuli that we're
going to talk about
is called the UCS. That stands for
unconditioned stimulus, one that
naturally elicits
the response that we are studying.
The other stimulus is called the CS
the conditioned stimulus. That too
will elicit the same response, but only
after the organism has
learned to respond to it, only after this
new
reflex has been acquired. Indeed that
conditioned stimulus
starts off being incapable
of eliciting that response. It starts off
as being neutral. What happens before the acquisition of a new
reflex is that the neutral stimulus is
presented
and that is followed by the unconditioned stimulus,
then the organism responds to the
unconditioned stimulus.
but after the new reflex been
acquired through many different trials as
soon as the
conditioned stimulus is presented to the
organism
the organism responds the same way that
it did
for just the unconditioned stimulus. The
best example of this comes from the
classic case of Ivan Pavlov.
He studied a dog. The response that
Pavlov studied was the dog's salivation.
The unconditioned stimulus
which elicits the response of salivation
was a presentation of food. The neutral
stimulus which became conditioned
in Pavlov's research was the sound of a bell.
Here's the way that worked.
Pavlov began  by
presenting the neutral stimulus,
the bell, then followed it with the food
and the dog responded by salivating.
After acquisition,
had taken place, when Pavlov
rang the bell,  the dog would respond
by salivating to this sound of the bell.
Well, we don't have one of
Pavlov's dogs here today
so, we're not going to use that example.
But. I will say that all forms of
classical conditioning can be
extinguished
when we continue to present that
conditioned stimulus
without following it with the
unconditioned stimulus, the organism will simply get
tired of responding to that conditioned stimulus.
unless the UCS is also there.  We don't have a dog here today,
but we do have a dinosaur.
This dinosaur is Gigi, and that stands for
Godzilla's Granddaughter and we're going
to do a little bit of
classical conditioning with Gigi.
So, the organism is a dinosaur. The  response that this dinosaur makes is to open her mouth.
 
The unconditioned stimulus for
eliciting that response is food.
and we have to find their favorite
food for a dinosaur.
and after seeing that Godzilla movie I know
what the favorite food is
of dinosaurs like Godzilla,
it's a Japanese policeman.
So, our conditioned stimulus will be a sound.
and this sound will be Santa Claus making a rattle sound.
[ sound of rattle ] Thank you, Santa Claus.
Are we ready? Let's see
Here's Gigi the dinosaur. Now we make that sound [ sound of rattle ]
and Gigi doesn't do anything. She
certainly does not open her mouth
because that's
not necessarily something that
she could eat.
But, if we make this sound [ sound of rattle ] and immediately follow it with her favorite
with her favorite food, she will open her mouth.
and take away her favorite food, yes indeed.
So, here's what we have done.
We have taken a neutral stimulus
[ sound of rattle ] followed it with
an unconditioned stimulus, presented it
to our organism,
and our organism has responded.
So, after we do this a number of times
here is what is going to happen.
as soon as we present be conditioned
stimulus
the organism will respond by opening her
mouth.
In this particular case what would 
extinction mean?
Oh, dear, I said the wrong word with dinosaurs, didn't I,
when I talked about extinction.
Let me reassure Gigi that when we're
talking about extinction
we're not talking about the extinction of
the organism, no, we're talking about
an "extinguishing"
an extinction as it's called
of the behavior a opening the mouth.
If we kept ringing the bell,
or in this case rattling Santa Claus,
Gigi would keep on opening
her mouth, but eventually
she would get tired of that we would
say
that her response has been extinguished.
That's classical conditioning
in the example that we have here today
no dinosaurs were harmed in the making
of this study
