Welcome back ah to my course ah ah Aspects
of Biochemical Engineering . Now, ah in the
last lecture I started a new chapter that
is the downstream processing . And, I told
you the downstream processing plays very important
role as per chemical and biochemical industry
is concerned, because whenever we market any
kind of product, that should be marketed in
a purified form . And for the purification
of the product product ah you we shall to
have, ah that you know pass through the different
purification processes .
The, in this purification process one most
important thing, that we have the solid liquid
separation process. In the last ah ah lecture
we try to discuss about the sedimentation
process, we require we discuss about the centrifugal
process . So, and also we required we discuss
about the membrane filtration process.
Now, in this lecture in the today we will
be discussing other different aspects of the
downstream processing, which is really in
practice in the biochemical industries.
Now, um first I want to tell you the classification
of the filtration equipment. Now, if you look
at the classification that ah ah the filter
this is the filter, that we have and ah that
we have 3 different types; one is called pressure
filter, another is vacuum filter another is
the centrifugal filter .
Now, if you look at pressure filter, we have
plate and frame filter press, we have meta
meta filter and ah vacuum filter, we have
ah the filter leaf rotatory vacuum rotary
vacuum filter and centrifugal figure we have
centrifuges .
Now, out of that I want to highlight that
ah plate and frame filter plays is largely
used in the biochemical industry, rotating
ah rotatory ah vacuum ah dry ah vacuum drum
filter, that is also largely used in the ah
biochemical industry and centrifuge also largely
used in the biochemical industry .
Now, first let us consider ah that you know
plate and frame ah that filter press that
we have . Now, question come how the plate
plate and plate and frame filter press they
look, that ah let me let me let me give you
some idea about that.
That ah ah that you know that if you if you
look at ah this is ah plate and frame filter
press plate and frame, filter press .
Now, how it looks? Now, we know ah ah that
you know frame wooden frame, that in our house
we have window we have ah we have door that
ah door we have this is the frame that we
have am I right .
So, this frame we can we can have multiple
of this frame, this frame we can have ah in
our different frame we can branch together
. That one after another that you know this
frame, we can we can have this this is the
frame that we have and ah ah this ah frame
we can we can we we can have several frames
like this like this . So, in between the frames
so, here this is hollow am I right .
Now, we put some kind of ah thick cotton pad
that in between the frame . And, this since
it is made of wooden we can make a whole in
it . And, through this whole we can put a
some kind of nut and bolt arrangement so,
that we can fix that .
So, in between suppose ah this is a frame
and here there is the another frame and ah
there is the another frame like this, you
know multiple frame we can we can branch all
together like this . And when in between this
we we we we have one cotton ah ah pad we put
inside that and then we pass liquid in between
this ah cotton pad.
So, what is happening the liquid suppose this
is a cotton pad is wrapped around and if you
pass liquid the liquid will comes out like
this, where um like this you can collect and
yours yours. So, your solid material will
be um will be will be will be ah accumulating
inside this filter .
And, when it is totally filled then you can
find out that if you connected with kind of
nanometer, that you will find the pressure
pressure drop will be very high . And as soon
we have high pressure drop, then you can stop
the operation and take the solid out this
is what is in practice in the baker's yeast
industry.
So, this is how it looks this is the this
is you can see this is how how ah the different
plates? And this is the this is the cloth
you know this is you can see that the how
the cloth is looked this is thick cotton pad
that we have that is ah that in between the
plates we have and we pass the liquid like
that .
So, what is the ah what is the basic principles
of this plate and frame filter press is the
surface filtration . And here I want to point
out one very important thing, that when we
go any kind of filtration process, ah we design
the filtration process on the basis of the
size of the particles .
Now, we know that in the biochemical industry
we use different type of microorganisms . And,
different type of microorganisms has difference
sizes as for example, bacteria their size
is 0.5 to 2 microns am I right . And yeast
is about 3 to 7 microns and if you if you
look at fungi it is couple of millimeter .
So, naturally kind of filtration arrangement
that we have for different type of filtration
process will be different. As for example,
for bacterial filtration mostly we go for
centrifuge, because particle size is very
less , but in case of a yeast filtration because
baker's yeast fermentation process since the
particle size is little bit bigger we go for
plate and frame filter press .
Now, in case of fungi, now since the particle
size is about couple of millimeter, we go
for rotating vacuum filter that I shall discuss.
So, here this is mostly used for yeast filtration
process, that baker's yeast filtration and
other purpose also it can be used. The slurry
enters the frame I showed you, by pressure
and flow through the filter medium . And filtrate
is collected on the plates and sent to the
outlet .
The number of frames and plates are used so,
that the surface area increases and consequently
large volume of slurry can be processed simultaneous
with or without washing . This is the um main
purpose of this particular plate and frame
filter press this is how it is look?
So, liquid ah this is thick cotton pad, that
we have and liquid enter like this and liquid
comes out here and you drain out like this
. So, liquid um you can see the liquid drain
out ah through this this is the liquid coming
out and liquid a this is the in and this is
the out .
So, um liquid and and and all the solid material
will accumulated in in between this . And
when your where is total filled up then there
will be pressure ah drop and from the pressure
the when you find out large pressure drop
we stop the operation open this and take out
the solid material, this is how it looks?
.
Now, ah what are the applications we have
I told you that, ah this is used in the baker's
yeast fermentation process, then ah the food
industry it is used, mining industry it is
used, pharmaceutical industry, chemical industry,
and waste water treatment process . So, different
ah we have ah several applications we have
the plate and frame filter press.
Now, let us let me come to the rotary vacuum
filter where, because we know that we have
lot of antibiotics fermentation process where
we use the fungi I can I can give the example
of penicillin fermentation process, where
we use the penicillium chrysogenum, which
is the fungal strain I I I work with citric
acid industry, where we use the aspergillus
Niger that is also fungal strain this size
is quite big.
So, there we use ah rotary vacuum filter rotary
vacuum filter consist of drum rotating, in
a tub or a liquid to be filtered, the technique
is well suited for to slurry and liquid with
large solid content and the that could clog
other form of filters . The drum um made up
of 3 meter dimeter and 3 point ah 5 meter
length and give a surface area of 20 20 meter
square.
Now, let me explain that that ah this is suppose
this is the drum and this is immerse in the
trough this is trough . In the trough we put
the fermentation broth like this . And this
here we have pipeline this is we have pipeline
like this and this drum this is like this
this drum is like this and this is wrap by
the thin moslin cloth, moslin loth. What is
moslin cloth? That is the fine cloth this
wrap on the surface of the drum .
Now, what do you do here, we applied vacuum?
At the middle we this is the pipeline if you
applied vacuum what will it is suck the the
liquid and um the cell mass and this rotated
very low rpm . May be 1 rpm, 1 rpm means 1
rotation per minute. Now when it rotates like
this, that and the solid material the cell
mass that will touch on the surface of the
thin moslin cloth .
Now, here we have a knife thin knife, that
you know this knife tells the moslin cloth
and and take the solid material out and it
drop in this particular ah may be some kind
of screw conveyer is there, that will take
the material out and put it in some other
vessels or it can it can it can put it in
the some wagon .
Though this is how it is how this is in practice
.
Now, principles of this rotary vacuum filter
what do you call RVF this is rotary the in
abbreviation form we call it like this . Now,
rotary vacuum filter works on the principle
or function of filtering slurry through the
sleve leke mechanism, on a rotating drum surface
under the condition of vacuum .
In addition of compression drying ah using
hot air the removing the filter cake are possible
. So, what we ah let me let me go to the exact
photograph of the particular process, it is
like this.
So, you can see this is the drum and this
is here you have fine moslin cloth you can
see here, it is fine moslin cloth this is
the fine moslin cloth . And here when it rotate
and this is the trough in which it is immerse
when and this trough is rotated at a very
low RPM and here there will be fine knife,
which touches the surface of the moslin cloth
and the solid material the cell mass that
attach on the surface of the moslin cloth,
that will comes like this it will drop down
like this okay.
This gives a ah ah very clear cut picture
here, this is the trough where the where we
have ah where we have the fermentation broth
and it is rotated at the very low or low rpm
suppose here, it is rotated in this direction
.
So, it is a the this is the central duct where
suction takes place and it suck the water
and the solid material that ah the cell mass
that adder on the surface, and this is washing
water just to if some a product is added on
the surface of the cell mass, that also we
we take care that should also come in the
liquid and ah this is dewatering zone this
is remain out. So, that you know little bit
drying of the material take place and this
is that knife which touches the surface and
take the product out .
Now, centrifugal filter that is the another
type of filter it is constitute of a stainless
steel perforated baskets, ah and you know
let me show you the figure then I think it
will be very ah very clear.
This is this is this is rotated in the high
speed and then um the material will throw
on the surface and here is a here we have
here ah here we have perforated disc basket.
So, when you throw it the solid material that
added on the surface and liquid will goes
out am I right . So, liquid we can take it
out from this outlet and solid material added
on the surface of the cloth .
This is it consists of if you look at it consist
of stainless steel perforated basket typically
1 to 2 meter diameter lined with ah filter
cloth . The basket ah coated rotates ah rotates
at a speed typically 25 per seconds and high
higher speed ah tending to stress of the basket
ah excessively .
The product ah entered centrally and thrown
outwards by the centrifugal force and held
against the filter cloth. The filter cloth
will will will will not allow the solid material
to go out . The filtered is forced through
the um cloth and and remove via the liquid
outlet and the solid material retain on the
cloth.
So, I hope that the principle is very simple.
The application of this is ah the preparation
of aspirin, this kind of medicine largely
used ah in the pharmaceutical industry, ah
ah for medicinal purpose ah this for removing
the precipitation of proteins from insulin
and it is also handle the concentrated slurry,
which might block other filters. So, this
is the different purpose where ah this centrifugal
filter may be used .
Now, um the general technique of ah for contaminates
ah removal from the liquid relatively to size
of the species to be removed . So, we have
on the basis of size we can name the different
techniques . Like, if the if the size this
is the size of the particle this micron and
this range point ah this ah 0 0 1 to 100 microns.
So, if is very small we have electro dialysis,
then little bit more it ah reverse osmosis
then ultrafiltration micro filtration and
filtration filtration, we go for the higher
sized particles . Micro filtration usually
ranging between ah in between 0 2 ah 10 microns.
Now, this is ah this is very clear here, that
ah that ah this is the membrane filter, and
this is the ultra filtration, this is Nano
filter, this is ro this is how on the basis
of size of the particle, we can ah differentiate
type of membrane that is used for the separation
of particles .
So, this is ah suspended particles that is
removed by the membrane filter and um and
then this is the micron macromolecule, that
is is can be separated by the ultra-filtration
and then we have like of multi valent ions
that can be used separated by Nano filter
and ro can be say used for the ah for the
production of the water, that we use in the
day to day life.
Now, liquid liquid extraction another ah very
important area in the downstream processing,
that ah I can give the example of the penicillin
industry, that in the penicillin industry
what is happening that ah ah ah that ah penicillin,
that present in the fermentation broth . And
ah when when you when you reduce the ph of
the fermentation broth ah to 2 then ah then
it is a more ah solubility soluble in the
solvent ah layer.
That is the ah amyl acetate or um this ah
ah that you know kind of ah solvent, which
is ah which is not soluble in the ah water
. So, when you when you mix together then
the um penicillin will come from the aqueous
layer to the solvent layer .
Now, when it comes to the solvent layer, then
what will happen in a aqueous layer, you have
ah contains lot of un undegraded material
or some metabolites. So, for since ah this
the solvent is the and this is invisible in
the water.
So, you can easily separate aqueous layer
from the solvent layer . And, then again you
increase the ph to 7, then again you water
you you then then solubility of the penicillin
will be more in water it goes to the aqueous
layer. Again you decrease the ph ah then again
it ah goes to the solvent layer.
So, like this we can purified the product
and and then and then we can we use for different
purpose as per as per penicillin is concerned,
we know the penicillin can be used ah in 2
different form either in the form of capsule
or in the form of injection fluid, when it
ah when it go for in the form of capsule within
a little contamination is there little little
impurities is there we can we can tolerate,
because goes via your stomach , but when it
injection fluid ah no contamination is permitted
to the 100 percent sterility is to be maintained
.
Now, ah let us see that how this ah ah this
liquid liquid field extraction system works,
separate up 2 components of the liquid ah
by contact with a second in immiscible liquid
as the solvent. So, um the extraction is usually
used when direct distillation is not economical
. And since the solvent usually has the removal
has to be removed by distillation .
The extraction of penicillin from the fermentation
broth by contact with amyl or butyl acetate,
that is ah one of the example recovery of
acetic acid from the dilute aqueous solution
by contact with ethyl acetate or ethyl ether
. And separation of high molecular weight
fatty acid from vegetable oils by contacting
with liquid propane. This is the different
application that we have in the liquid liquid
extraction process .
Now, liquid extraction means method is ah
on the basis of solubility difference of the
component of the liquid, I was saying ah telling
you that ah on the basis of solubility, that
we we this ah liquid liquid extraction process
is used . The extraction operation of the
liquid mixture is to extract ah is called
the fed and the solvent is ah is liquid, which
contact with the feed for solute extraction.
Extract is solvent reach ah product of operation
containing extracted solute and this is called
extract phase .
So, we this ah this can be very clear here
. So, here here see that this is the ah this
is this is feed and this is solvent . Now,
um now in the lab we can we know that how
we do that we have ah that ah supporting funnel
like this, that we can put ah 2 solvent together
ah this is the this ah this kind of ah stop
watch we stop clock we have .
So, here we can take the 2 solvent we can
mix together by hand and then we separate
out 1 1 layer from other layer , but industry
we cannot do it industry what will do that
we pass the liquid ah and you know it is kind
of wheel motion you know that we have like
this . Now, show that you know that ah 2 should
2 layer will will continuously come in contact
with each other and finally, then we dispose
in the in the vessel . So, that one then one
layer will be separated from other layer we
can separate one layer from other.
This is this is this is how it can be done
shown like this this is the feed, one way
and this is the solvent another way, this
is the contacting the separation then we do
the extract ah. This is the extracts that
we have raffinate that remains that we call
raffinate that the ah suppose we use the solvent,
solvent we call the extract and the raffinate
is aqueous layer .
Now, theory of the liquid liquid liquid extraction
the raffinate is the is the spent feed, that
while extract is the enrich with extracting
solvent as the as the as I told you that penicillin
penicillin . So, in case of penicillin it
present in the aqueous layer am I right . Aqueous
layer means water it contains, another is
the solvent solvent what you have amyl acetate
butyl acetate that we have solvent that we
have .
So, now what you do? When we when we decrease
the PH to ah PH we ah we 2 then ah then when
we mix together, then penicillin will come
from the aqueous layer to ah to solvent layer
. So, this is ah on the basis of the the the
raffinate is the spent ah feed while extracting
the enrich with ah this solvent the solvent
will enrich with the solute .
The distribution of the solute between the
raffinate and the extract can be expressed
in terms of partition coefficient. The partition
coefficient on the basis of partition coefficient
actually we can we can ah find out, that how
quickly the material, that can ah diffuse
to the other layer .
So, K is equal to C by C R C is the equilibrium
solute concentration of extracting solvent
and C R is the equilibrium solute concentration
in the raffinate . And, if the value of K
obtained independent on the solute concentration
particularly at low solute concentration .
So, this is a ah this is the how we can we
can do the material balance, suppose this
is the feed and this is the feed that we have
and and and this is the polymer ah salts that
we have in the solvent . And, this is raffinate
ah this is heavier phase and this is the lighter
phase is the extract and this if you do the
material balance material balance through
the F F R 0, we can F R 0 plus R R C R, plus
E C E E C C.
This is ah then we can write that ah extraction
coefficient equal to K into E K a K into E
divide by R . That is how we can find out
this ah the um the extraction ah um extraction,
that ah factor the lambda can be ah defined
like this.
Now, then this equation we can write in this
form that ah this is p equal to E C by F R
O, this is lambda we can we can here you can
see the lambda equal to K E by R . And this
we use here then we can find out these equations
.
Now, this ah this ah problem if, we look into
that you know that ah you conception will
be little bit clear 100 liters of the aqueous
solution of citric acid concentration 1 gram
per liter, it contracted with a 10 liter of
organic solvent .
The equilibrium relationships C equal to um
100 into C R square, where C R and C E is
the citric acid concentration raffinate and
the and the and the extract respectively and
are expressed in gram per liter .
The question is that concentration of citric
in the definite and the extract that we shall
have to find out and fraction of citric acid
extracted . Assume, that volume of the feed
equal to volume of the raffinate phase, that
is the assumption we made here, what is the
in the problem?
What is given C R 0 is given, that one gram
per liter is a is equal to 10 liter, R F equal
to R equal to f equal to 100 liters, then
equation that is given C equal to 100 C R
square .
So, this is the material balance equation
that we have already find then, we can replace
the C E by this equation here, then we can
we can put the value of ah different values
then we find out the value of R C R we can
find out . And and C since C equal to 100
into C R square you can easily find out the
value of. So, one is the raffinate what is
the concentration? What is the concentrated
extract citric acid that we can find it out?
The fraction of ah citric acid extracted in
the batch extractor p can be that equation
already given before, that we just put the
value here we can find out the what fraction
that can be extracted? So, this is how we
can solve this problem?
Next is the adsorption phenomena, that is
another technique that is largely used in
the downstream processing, adsorption is the
surface phenomena whereby component of the
gas liquid, are concentrated on the surface
of the solid particle adsorption results from
electrostatic van der Waals, reactive with
other binding forces between the individual
atoms ions and molecules, four types of adsorption
distinguish the from each other one is ion
ion exchange, physical, ah chemical, and nonspecific
.
Adsorption um serve the same function as a
extraction isolated isolating the products
from the dilute fermentation liquid .
Now, um let me let me show you this that ah
Ion-exchange, adsorption, that you know that
is established in practice for the recovery
of amino, acid protein antibiotics and vitamin.
Physical adsorption due to van der Waals force
on the activated charcoal is a method long
standing for purification of citric acid particularly,
for the removal of color and chemical adsorption
of organic chemicals on to the charcoal or
porous polymeric ah adsorption is commonly
used for the waste water treatment process.
This is ah how adsorption can be explained
this ah we can the the adsorbent is the material
on which the adsorption . So, this is the
material suppose we are talking about charcoal
and this is the adsorbent suppose methylene
blue .
So, this is how it adhered on the surface
of the of the material. This is the adsorbent
and this is this is ah what you call this
is the adsorbent and this is ah this is ah
adsorbent this is the adsorbate and this is
the adsorbent . Just to adhere on the surface
of the solid matrix .
Now, this is the equation that we have have
adsorbent plus adsorbate equal to ah this
adsorption and desorption, if you desorption
then the materials will comes out and adsorption
with the header on the surface of the solid
matrix .
Now, this principle we can express by 2 different
ah isotherm one is Langmuir isotherm, another
there there there freundlich ah isotherm,
that Langmuir isotherm this is the equation
that we have and kind of correlation that
we have with like this . And freundlich the
isotherm it is little bit ah ah the flatted
type of thing and the correlation is like
this .
So, we have 2 different type of correlation
for different type of 2 different type of
isotherm . Depending on the the adsorption
characteristics, we can find out which is
following in the adsorption process.
Now, next is the evaporation, now if you look
at evaporation main purpose is the concentration
a liquid, through a nonvolatile solute by
boiling away the solvent ah that is the water.
I can tell you that when citric acid, we because
ah after ah ah I told you after hydrolysis
of calcium citrate, we get citric acid and
ah gypsum and this citric acid concentration
is 22 percent and this we have to increase
to 60 percent.
So, naturally you have to remove ah water
from that and how you do it? We do it very
easily suppose.
This is the this is a pipeline and here we
we pass the um citric acid, and this is a
stream we pass and then ah we heat it to high
temperature then, we we we put it in the big
ah like you know we cycle separated type of
things, ah tangentially is comes like this
and then ah the the vapor will go out this
is vapor will go out and concentrated liquid,
will go down. So, you will get the concentrated
liquid like this .
So, this how it is ah removable part of the
solvent of the solution from the nonvolatile
solute by because, because we know citric
acid is a nonvolatile solvent. This is for
concentration of milk fruit juice production
of sugar citric acid industry it is largely
used .
Now, the performance ah the ah it ah depends
on the capacity and economy, the capacity
is the number of kg of water vaporize or evaporated
per hour, economy the number of kg of water
evaporated per kg of steam fed to the evaporation
and ratio of capacity to economy give the
steam consumption of the evaporated per hour
.
So, this is very important the industrial
point of view, because how much ah what is
the money involvement is there
Now, different type of evaporator that we
have upward ah upward flow, downward flow,
and ah um we have upward flow, this is the
one is the upward flow, then downward flow
and force circulation and agitated flame evaporator
. The different type of evaporator is used
by the industry .
The, next is the crystallization process when
when we get the concentrated citric acid,
then I told you that we reduce the temperature
to about ah 10 10 10 to 20 degree centigrade,
then put it in a crystallizer, where the crystals
of ah citric acid separated out .
So, crystallization is the process of formation
of solid crystal, precipitating from the solution
melt, rarely deposited directly from the gas
and crystallization is also um chemicals solid
liquid separation technique, in which the
mass separation of the solute from the liquid
ah solution to a pure solid.
So, I can give another simple example of um
of ah sugar sugar at high concentration at
ah we we reduce the temperature sugar crystals
will be separated out from the liquid. It
is just we pass through the centrifuge we
can ah separate the crystals of a sugar from
the liquid. And liquid we call a cane molasses
and sugar, we can sell it in the market as
sugar crystals.
We have several applications, production of
sugar, purification of drug improved, that
bio availability preparation of organic and
inorganic API and manufacturing pure API,
by high yield this is the different purpose
you can use .
And theory of crystallization first is the
ah ah super saturation of the solution, this
is to be done heating cooling and salting
and then nucleation then the the crystal growth
.
It can be ah it can be explained like this,
that if you look at ah this is we we we we
concentrated the liquid, this is the dilute,
dilute dilution of the liquid, then when concentrated
the particles are very close to each other,
then it ah it ah it ah coming here, then then
nucleus formation take place in a when the
nucleus formation take place, then the crystal
growth take place. This is how how the crystal
formation, that take place .
Now, last ah I want to discuss about the chromatography
chromatography technique is largely used for
the separation of different component present
in the reaction mixture and chromatography
ah is a solute fractionation techniques, which
relies on the dynamic distribution of the
molecules to be separated between the 2 phases
a stationary phase and the ah the mobile phase
.
The substance are separated and differential
ah ah that distribution between the 2 phases,
the differential coefficient you get distribution
coefficient will be concentration of component
in the stationary phase, concentration of
component in the mobile phase, this is how
we can express that .
Now, ah application we have several we have
ah biopharmaceutical production, biopharmaceutical
and biomedical analysis, environmental analysis,
diagnosis, and the process monitoring . The
different purpose it is used we have different
type of chromatography,
We have gas chromatography, we have liquid
chromatography. Liquid gas chromatography
is the element is the gas and liquid chromatography
element is the liquid .
Now, the element ah that in a fluid enters
in the column are solvent that carries the
analyte. So, suppose ah this is you you inject
the sample, which ah um and and this is this
is this is the element . So, you know that
take the sample to the column this is this
is the column, where the separation take place
and then we have detected where ah that detection
of the molecules take place .
So, ah this is the stationary phase ah the
immobilized of the ah support material inner
wall of the column of the tubing, example
is the silica layer thin layer chromatography
silica gel, alumina and cellulose on a flat
ah. This is different type of um material
that is used in the chromatography .
So, we have mobile phase ah that ah main ah
the basis on which the particle that we identify
that is the retention time, the after how
how much time that particular components separated
ah in the by the the um adsorption column,
that we can easily find out that ah first
we inject the standard sample . We find out
what is the retention time then we we we we
we injected our sample and find out at that
particular retention time, whether we are
getting any peak or not and on the basis of
we can we can find out this ah that ah concept
that, the the the quality ah the um qualitative
analysis we can find out .
But, if you if you want to do the quantitative
analysis then we shall have to inject the
ah definite amount of the sample.
And on the basis of that we can correlate
what is the amount of that you know that ah
component present in the sample .
The ah visual output, because if you of the
chromatograph we can we can get the peak as
I told you this is ah peak we will get like
this . And and suppose you inject the sample
here . So, you know what is the time here
this is the retention what you call retention
time and this is another retention time that
we have this is this is another retention
time.
So, you if this is for A B C. So, if a the
more peak you get ; that means, then this
indicate that more sample that component present
in the sample . The different peaks ah pattern
of the corresponds to the different components
of the separate of the separated mixture.
So, this can be represented like this this
is a where you inject the sample and ah this
you will get the peak like this .
So, this is ah this is ah ah this is like
this this is the mobile phase and this is
the pump and it pass through this column and
this is the detection from, where we detect
the sample and did detection mostly either
potentiometric or amperometric .
So, in this ah particular ah lecture I try
to ah discuss different type of downstream
processing, which largely use ah both ah chemical
and biochemical industry I try to ah pick
up some example of the downstream processing,
which is mostly used in the biochemical industry.
I have given the example of plate and frame
filter phase, which is used for baker's yeast
industry I have given the example of rotated
rotating ah ah rotary vacuum filter, which
is used for most of the penicillin industry
where we use the fungi ah ah I have given
the example of penicillin, ah where we use
the penicillin chrysogenum .
Then, we there we centrifuge we use ah for
the separation of different particulate matters
and then ah there are other techniques that
is also for the separation of the particles,
we have adsorption particularly color adsorption
we do by using activated charcoal .
Then ah finally, I discuss about the chromatography,
where we can find out ah the we with this
is mostly used for the analytical purpose,
where we can also for separation of macro
molecules we can do that, that ah that ah
there where different type of chromatographic
technique we have we have gas chromatography
we will ah the high performance liquid chromatography
technique, one case we give ah keep the gas
as a mobile phase another case we keep the
liquid as a mobile phase.
Thank you very much.
