I hint about the only person around it
doesn't have TV coverage of the things
that man got the black up now you're
gonna be getting a TV picture now
they'll yes we are getting a TV picture
one all
badly
yeah
yeah
of all the planets in the solar system
open Mars the third and fourth planet
from the Sun are the most similar but
despite the similarities Mars is
essentially like no other planet it is
unique world it was a noose have been
battling planet to astronomers for
hundreds of years
early telescopes it appeared to be a
small red sphere later estimated to be
about half the size about one of the
earliest known representations of the
planet drawn in 1659 indicated markings
on the surface and by the movement of
these dark patches that cost the disk it
was shown that Mars rotated on its
actors in a period only a little longer
the notes about twenty four and one-half
hour it was observed to that the tilt of
its axis like the earth exposes its
polar regions alternately to the
sunlight
thus each hemisphere has a summer and
winter . and since myers orbits the Sun
and 687 earth-days one Martian year and
each of its seasons is almost twice as
long as Earth's later mapping the planet
displayed light and dark regions
identified erroneously as continents and
oceans the landmasses red as the
sandstone this pics on earth the water a
greenish-blue in 1877 an Italian
astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli
discovered what he called Canali or
channels resembling he said the finest
threads of a spider's web grown across
the disk in America Percival Lowell
founded an observatory to study these
Martian peaches massive irrigation
systems he called them designed to carry
water from the melting ice caps to the
major centers of a dying civilization
science fiction writers populated the
city's the terrible pictures of heroic
sides with skills beyond man's dreams
in the nineteen sixties three Mariner
spacecraft flew by Mars and photographed
about ten percent of the surface gone
within hours around with the city gone a
brilliant and sinister Martian
the photographs revealed a triggered
landscape much like the moon waterless
an apparently hostile to life but in
1971 the mariner 9 spacecraft orbiting
Mars and transmitted more than 7,000
photographs of the planet to earth the
extensive napping revealed a new and
unexpected world the southern hemisphere
seen by earlier spacecraft flattened and
gouged by the impact of meteorites the
northern hemisphere vas playing with few
craters and rising from the plane a
great dome called courses top by giant
volcanoes the plateau that joins the two
hemispheres is cut by a vast and deep
canyon and by channels with the
characteristic patterns of stream beds
on earth some of the channels suggested
that water may want to float on Mars and
this light might have evolved and
possibly adapted to Mars changing
conditions
and then in 1975 to Viking spacecraft
were launched each of which was
programmed to land a robot on the
Martian surface one of its principle
objectives was to test for the presence
or absence of living organisms
a communication system link the
spacecraft to the Mission Control and
computing centers in pasadena california
in june nineteen nineteen seventy-six
the first Viking arrived in the vicinity
of Mars after a year-long journey of
more than 400 million miles
once in orbit its cameras were turned to
a detailed examination of the landing
area imaging teams on earth scan some
800 photographs covering a territory
about the size of Texas a chosen landing
site was a fat expense with a few impact
craters one of the lowest regions on the
surface in july to $MONTH $YEAR 19 36
light controllers or the lander to
separate from the overturned or bring
about the prove the one that broke every
minute of our returns of Mines great
distance of nearly the signal traveling
at the speed of light 186,000 miles per
second took 19 minutes to reach the
space ground
this necessitated a completely automated
system on board but carrying out the
landing maneuver during the lenders
descent its instrument analyze the
properties of the thin Martian
atmosphere
perfect
good roll attitude hold most waterbar
wunderbar
I'm not
what to think when it's one of my plan
think
for my three of singing make boy
1400 377 feet per second
separation
that's fine . training centers me minion
m/s 20 series know we have 66 meet 73
feet per second
acs is close to vertical green for
touchdown acs green one . liner in the
second match with tastic 16-bit yes we
have a touchdown time of 12 hours 12
minutes cocuru 07 your decimal one track
of job very well done outstanding great
navigation perfect i'm assuming that we
must be sitting right on the X that's
the smooth area everybody just did
fabulous and couldn't be more pleased
thank you
25 seconds of demanding one of the two
cameras was initiated and scan the first
picture of the Martian surface about a
half an hour later when it started to
come back from the orbiter and we got
the first seven lines on the TV monitors
you could see gray and white light
levels and we knew there was something
there
look at that beautiful rock and all of a
sudden we were looking at the surface of
Mars and it was clear it wasn't dusty it
was sharp and when we got to the end of
that first picture with the dust and
small pebbles in the footpad it was just
it was really a miracle
in an instant the picture was wiped off
the TV monitors and behind it came the
filling in of the second picture a long
panoramic view that covers 300 degrees
and extends from the land to the horizon
he disclosed a sector of the basin
called pricey peniche ax covered with
sand or dust admitted with rocks the
following day Viking setback the first
color picture a fine dust red or yellow
brown covers the ground
the sky is a light into the same color
due to the particles of dust suspended
in the air
45 days after these historic events
biking to landed in an area 4,600 miles
northwest of biking ones landing site
Avast pain related to with rocks
resembling those on earth produced by
volcanic processes or by meteorite
impact
where the land is conducted experiments
on the surface the orbiters swinging
around the planet measured variations in
moisture and temperature and took
high-resolution photographs of the
Martian terrain
all in a half billion years ago the
planet to form from the gas and dust of
the solar nebula in the formation of a
planet he has released the remains
embedded in the growing mass because the
heat can't escape as rapidly as the
masses growing a point is reached
eventually for the interior melts on
Mars the heavier materials thanks for
the center and the lighter material rose
to form a crust of the surface and this
crust contained ice and other
condensates
a later stage may have occurred when
molten rock and tooted into the crust
and melted the ice causing a slurry of
water & rock & duck to flow across the
surface some observers believe that such
a process may have been the cause of the
major channels which we see on the
surface admires the day but others
believe in Mayas first billion years the
atmosphere may have been warm and denson
up for rain to fall and four rivers to
flow
gradually the original dick wet and warm
blanket of the atmosphere evolved into
the thin dry carbon dioxide atmosphere
we find there today because of Mars low
atmospheric pressure and low
temperatures water can't exist in liquid
form
it must be the fries or evaporate but
while there are no oceans or rivers on
Mars there is more water in total than
anyone had expected the residual polar
cap in the north which remains after the
hardest part of the northern summer is
water ice makes the dust and the
measurement of the seasonal behavior
water vapor over the planet suggest that
there is a vast reservoir of ice beneath
the surface so that one can think of the
residual polar cap as the tip of an
iceberg protruding from a sea of rock at
lower latitudes the water vapor
condenses to form clouds that ride high
in the atmosphere or swirl around the
slopes of Martian volcanoes and further
south in the canyons and valleys there
is frequently a nice days seem to form
and evaporate in the early hours of the
morning as the Sun warms the atmosphere
i know the oceans heat and moisture and
the heat and air current over land
masses interact to produce complex
weather patterns on Mars because of the
absence of large bodies of water and of
massive cloud covers the weather doesn't
vary much from day today
like a remote weather station on earth
Vikings meteorology instrument measures
Mars atmospheric pressure temperature
wind speed and wind direction
temperatures range from minus 122
degrees Fahrenheit just after dawn 2-22
degrees in the mid afternoon light winds
from the east in the late afternoon
change to like winds from the southwest
after midnight maximum wind speed is 15
miles per hour but in the early summer
the heating of dust particles in the air
generates violent storms in the lower
regions of the planet
driven by winds that reach 150 miles an
hour they made blanket the entire planet
in a few days in order to understand the
geology and physics of windblown
particles on Mars we're conducting a
series of experiments using this is
enormous space environment chamber here
at NASA's Ames Research Center we placed
an open circuit wind tunnel in this
chamber and we're able to operate at
atmospheric surface pressure is
comparable to those on Mars in this
particular series of experiments we have
placed a crater model in the tunnel
floor and we want to determine the zones
of erosion and deposition around the
crater in this particular case we're
going to let the wind blow across the
crater and see what those zones of
erosion and deposition are like the
light and dark streets associated with
creepers are the most common features on
the surface of Mars related the wind the
Lightspeed deposits of fallout from the
global dust storms the dark streaks our
region from which a thin layer of light
material has been removed revealing a
darker underlying surface these streets
servers wind markers their patterns
define the wind blow
to the geologists the features seen in
the tens of thousands of photographs
transmitted by viking or the visible
signs of the enormous forces and
processes that have shaped the surface
of my life
the excavation of large basins and
craters by the impact of meteorites and
asteroid raising the mountains by the
action of volcanoes the folding and
subsidence of the crust as the planet
expanded
and the cutting of channels by water or
abrasive particles driven by wins over a
period of tens of millions of years the
key to the agent sequence of these
features is found in the number and
condition of craters those areas with
fewest craters are assumed to be the
youngest here a fresh crater over lies
an ancient eroded one year the rim of a
greater is eroded by water or win and
here adjacent to a fresh crater is one
of a cluster of Crater rings craters
that have been buried to varying depths
over millions of years the repeated
flows of lava built the volcanic
mountains of Mars 12 are larger than any
on earth the largest olympus mons rises
three times higher than Mount Everest
and is broad enough to cover the whole
team of volcanoes that formed the
Hawaiian Islands the great gash that
cuts through Mars equatorial zone his
Valles Marineris a mighty canyon system
that extends over an area more than
3,000 miles long and up to 400 miles
wide and drops four miles below the flat
cratered surface of the plateau canyon
walls are gonna lead dissected by
tributary canyons or scarred by
catastrophic landslides leaving steep
cliffs and great fractured surfaces
extending 430 miles on the canyon floor
is a field of San dirhams suggesting
that some of the debris produced by the
collapse of the canyon walls was removed
by wind
these ancient channels that resemble dry
riverbed . curve could have been formed
by primeval rainstorm at the vast
channel system that start in areas of
collapse terrain with broad stream lines
extending hundreds of miles across the
low land and teardrop-shaped island
soaring to thousands of feet above the
channel bed testified to a process
without any parallel honor
viking also photographed the two created
moons of Mars votes the inner mon marked
by striations which on closer view
resolve into groove several miles long
and a moves a smaller and Ramon hiking
traveling at 30 hundred miles an hour
and passing only 30 miles away could
observe boulders on the moon surface
some as large as 100 feet across the
geologic record of the planets suggests
that Mars like the earth has experienced
periodic changes of climate the best
evidence of this is seen in the strange
spiral patterns of Mars polar regions
the dark bands are stripes are clips of
bare ground within the north polar ice
cap on each scarp are numerous small
terrorist is eroded from layered rocks
this is a model of layered terrain an
area about 40 miles across it is
believed that the large skypes and the
small terraces represent two different
cycles of climatic change which occur
simultaneously because of Mars
installation and its orbit about the Sun
the polar regions are ultimately warm
and cold for periods of tens of
thousands to millions of years during
the cold . mixtures of dust and ice were
deposited in a series of near horizontal
layers obscuring the underlying
topography then a period of warmer
climate followed and erosion said Ian
cutting deep valleys into the icy mass
of the polar caps after the erosion
cycle new layers were laid down and
another episode of erosion followed this
oblique truncating of one set of
terraces by another indicates that the
climate turns on and off
the first geological evidence for
psychical climatic change on a planet
other than the earth the speculations
about changes in the atmosphere and
climate were closely related to the
notion that might in some form might
exist on Mars on earth life developed
several billion years ago at a time when
the overall properties of Mars and the o
were very similar now over the ensuing
billions of years Mars and the earth
involved separately however Mars today
still has chemicals on its surface and
atmosphere temperatures and pressures
within which we believe life can exist
the Viking Lander was equipped with
three life detection experiments
designed to test for chemical changes
caused by life processes that are
familiar to us on earth on earth all
living organisms interact with the
environment through a process called the
tablet animals for example take oxygen
from the environment and use it to
combust food thereby obtaining energy at
the same time they release carbon
dioxide and other waste products into
the environment green plants and some
microorganisms do the reverse and the
process of photosynthesis they remove
carbon dioxide from the environment and
using sunlight as the energy source they
convert the carbon dioxide into organic
matter and release oxygen into the
environment if the experiments on mark
indicated that similar processes were
occurring then we would presume the
possible existence of organism on that
planet
well our results on Mars in certain
experiments gave us data that seems to
mimic the metabolism of living argument
however careful analysis of that data
indicates that it is probably the result
of chemical rather than biological
processes on earth all biological
systems are based on organic chemistry
and it was believed that life on Mars
would also be based on organic compounds
the notion of stinking an experiment on
earth demonstrated that organic
materials can be formed under simulated
Martian conditions we use finely
powdered minerals like those expected on
the Martian surface then we added traces
of water vapor and radioactive carbon
monoxide at low pressure to simulate
margin sunlights irradiated the mixture
with light from a xenon arc lamp when we
heated the sample and captured the gases
that were formed or radiation counter
showed that the carbon monoxide and
water had been converted to organic
compounds but Vikings instruments failed
to detect organic compounds of any kind
that fact in the opinion of some of the
series has increased the odds against
the existence of living organisms on
Mars
if we were able to do a thousand
experiments different experiments on
laws and to do these and a wide variety
of places online in the canyons on the
polar caps in some deep areas of the
surface and if in all of these
experiments we've got negative results
then the answer to the question is there
life on Mars would almost certainly be
no but on the basis of just a few
experiments done it only two sites very
bland sites on the planet i think it
would be unscientific for us to come to
that conclusion
all we can really say for sure is that
we have run across and very interesting
chemistry a kind of chemistry that we do
not see in surface samples from the
earth or surface samples from the moon
and that's about where we are at the
moment today and laboratories across the
nation
scientists are trying to simulate the
results that we obtained on Mars some of
the scientists are concentrating on a
radiation experiments to see whether
solar energy acting on Mars could have
produced chemicals to account for the
results other experiments are assuming
that these chemicals were there and are
testing one or another of these
chemicals to see whether they can
account for the results that were
obtained
the question of life on Mars is only one
of the inexhaustible number of questions
for which we continue to seek answers
and space questions about the origin and
evolution of the solar system of our own
planet and our own species
the search for answers is a goal of
planetary exploration and the journeys
of our spacecraft to the near and far
reaches of the solar system are
beginning to provide some of the answers
yeah
yeah
yeah
yeah
yeah
yeah
person around it doesn't have TV
coverage of the page and find it man you
got the black up now and you're gonna be
the one getting a TV picture now they'll
yes we are getting a TV picture
chillin out
one all
great
