Hi! This is dr. Brouk! In this video, we will
cover
the topic of learning.
question number one what is learning
learning is a relatively
permanent or fixed change in behavior
or knowledge we
see it's relatively permanent
because it can be forgotten or changed
there are three types of
learning in this chapter one
is classical conditioning the second one
is operant conditioning
and the third one is observational
learning both
classical and operant conditioning
are based on association
and observational learning is
basically learning through observation
and imitation
question number two define classical
conditioning
and explain the process
let's watch a video that demonstrates
this
process quite well
behavioral psychologists have come up
with new views
not only of animal behavior but of human
nature as well
and these views all concern a process
that we take for granted
learning because we are all truly born
to learn
ironically one of the most important
figures in the study of learning
ivan pavlov wasn't concerned with the
subject at all
at least not at first pavlov a noted
russian scientist
won the nobel prize for physiology and
medicine in 1904
as this original footage shows pavlov
was initially interested
in digestion and the action of the
salivary glands
by diverting the saliva of dogs into
test tubes
he could precisely measure if and how
much they salivated
during digestion
when food was presented the dog
salivated quickly
and inherited salivary reflex
but over repeated testings a strange
thing happened
the dog salivated before contact with
the food
just the side of the food was enough to
stimulate their drooling
then just seeing the food dish or even
hearing the footsteps of pavlov
or his assistance was enough to trigger
this built-in reflex
what was going on to elicit this
response pavlov decided to find out
by systematically varying the stimuli
and measuring the dog's reaction
metronomes lights and bells were all
used as stimuli
and they all worked as stand-ins for the
food
what mattered was not the kind of
stimulus that was used but the fact that
it reliably signaled that food was on
the way
havelock had discovered a fundamental
type of learning
called classical conditioning an
original stimulus elicits an automatic
unlearned response both stimulus and
response
happen naturally they are unconditioned
then a second neutral stimulus that
never elicits the unconditioned response
by itself
is introduced just before the
presentation of the original stimulus
if the neutral or signaling stimulus is
presented alone
and response occurs as if the original
stimulus was still there
we say that conditioning has taken place
the arbitrary neutral stimulus becomes a
conditioned stimulus
the reverse is also true pavlov and
others study the extinction
over time of such conditioned responses
when the subject learns that the
conditioned stimulus no longer signals a
desired event
the acquisition process is reversed as
the learned connection is gradually
weakened
pavlov's work and the work of those who
followed him led to a remarkable
conclusion
and that is any stimulus an organism can
perceive
is capable of eliciting any reaction the
organism is capable of making
this means that virtually any sound
sight or smell
can influence the way our muscles tense
or relax our moods fluctuate
or even the way our attitudes are formed
for instance
if i say relax and then do this
you're going to be startled and upset
after five or six pairings of
relax just saying the word
relax is going to generate a negative
response
rather than its usual learned reaction
as you saw in this video classical
conditioning is a process developed
by ivan pavlov who was a russian
physiologist
classical conditioning or pavlovian
conditioning
is a process where a neutral
stimulus like the bell
is repeatedly paired with an
unconditioned
stimulus like meat powder
and after so many trials
the neutral stimulus becomes the learned
stimulus and will cause or elicit
a new response called a alert response
here the bell becomes a learned
stimulus for instance
if you are driving on
washington street
the washington street is a neutral
stimulus
if god forbid you have an accident
an accident would be an unconditioned
stimulus because an
accident a car accident will cause you
unconditioned response of anxiety
increased heart rate sweating
and shaking
when you pair washington street
with a car accident
washington street now becomes a
learned stimulus or a
conditioned stimulus and will
cause a learned response
of anxiety
and that will be conditioned
response so
your unconditioned response
to a car accident is
anxiety it's inborn it's automatic
but your learned response
of anxiety to washington street
is learned you have acquired that
response
because you're associating
the accident with washington
street please let me know
if you need any further explanation
on this
question number three discuss the
concept of behaviorism
and who was its founder behaviorism
was founded by john b watson
john b watson was influenced by
yvonne pavlov's classical conditioning
and he believed that we could
classically conditioned
our emotions
this is when he conducted
his research with lil albert
along with his graduate student rosalie
raynor let's watch
this experiment
in the early part of the 20th century
psychologists
john watson and rosalie rayner set out
to teach a baby boy called little albert
to fear white rats using the principle
of classical conditioning
this is a film of their work the film
shows
several phases of their study first as
you see here
the investigators demonstrated that
prior to conditioning
little albert had no fears of any
animals including of course white rats
watson and rayner then sought to teach
albert to fear white rats through
classical conditioning
in the conditioning phase of the study
which was not filmed
the investigators struck a steel bar
with a hammer
whenever albert reached for a rat making
a very loud noise that greatly upset and
frightened albert
after six such pairings of the loud
noise in the rat
it was believed that the boy had been
conditioned to fear white rats
that is albert was now expected to react
fearfully to white rats whether the rats
were paired with loud noises or not
in this next film sequence we see albert
interacting with a white rat after the
conditioning process
the investigators believed that the
child's reaction during this
trial demonstrated his newly acquired
fear
of white rats finally the investigators
expected that little albert's
conditioned fear of white rats
would generalize to stimuli that were
similar in key ways to a white rat
in this film segment they were trying to
demonstrate the child
now also reacted fearfully to similar
objects
such as a rabbit a dog
a furry object and a white mask
worn by watson himself
as you saw watson and raynor
conditioned little albert to have
an emotional response to series
of stimuli that at first were
totally neutral but because
they had paired these stimuli
with the loud noise little albert
became very frightened and wanted to
move
away from them
question number four discuss the process
of
operant conditioning beef skinner
who was a modern behaviorist
practiced operant conditioning and
operant conditioning
is a process where
you reinforce a desired behavior
and you punish or ignore
an undesired behavior
and the belief is that
behaviors that are rewarded
will probably happen again
and those behaviors that had negative
consequences
they were punished the probability
of them recurring diminishes
beef skinner worked with rats and
pigeons
and here you see if the rat
pressed this lever he would get food
so the probability of him
keep pressing this lever
goes up and that is what
operant conditioning is all about
there's a method called shaping and
in shaping we reward
behaviors that are closed
to our target or desired behavior
question number five explain the
difference
between reinforcement and punishment
reinforcement increases the likelihood
of a behavioral response
in contrast punishment
decreases the likelihood of a behavioral
response
reinforcement would be if i gave you
500 to come to class
and punishment would be if
uh there was an electrical shock by the
door
if that actually was the case the
behavior of coming to class would
be decreased or diminished
question number six discuss pandora's
process of
observational learning or modeling
and his experiment with bobo dolls
albert bandura believed
that we we not only can learn with
through operant and classical
conditioning but we can
also learn by watching and
imitating there are a lot of people who
think that playing violent
games uh
teaches children to be violent
and this is actually a controversy and
what bendora's boba doll study showed
is that children in fact do
learn even if they don't
behave or they don't act on
what they have learned
so a child who plays a violent game
learns that violence but he might not
act on it but if he has to
he has learned the process and will act
violently let's watch
pandora's bobo doll classic
experiment
segment you're about to see is taken
from an early experiment on
learning of aggressive styles of
behavior through modeling children
watched a a filmed adult
perform novel aggressive acts
toward a inflated doll and the physical
aggression was
accompanied by novel hostile
remarks we later measured how much of
this
modeled aggression the children had
learned
just by watching now the measurement
of learning of aggression uses
simulated targets rather than live ones
for example to test how well
bombardiers have learned
bombing strategies you would use
simulated targets rather than require
them to
bomb san francisco or new york
the model pummeled the doll with a
mallet
flung it in the air
kicked it repeatedly
threw it down and beat it
it was once widely believed that seeing
others vent aggression
would drain the viewers aggressive drive
as you can see exposure to aggressive
modeling is hardly cathartic
exposure to aggressive modeling
increased attraction to guns
even though it was never modeled guns
had less appeal to children
who had no exposure to the aggressive
modeling
the children also picked up the novel
hostile language
other aspects of pandora's
study shows that
there were children who did not imitate
uh the teacher punching the bobo doll
but when the same children were
stressed or reinforced they were
fully capable of punching
and beating up on the bobo doll
so this shows that just because
you don't behave
what you have learned it doesn't mean
that
it is not the repertoire is not
there i hope you have found
this lecture interesting i look forward
to your questions
and a wonderful discussion
