MARION DIAMOND: All right,
we are ready for a review.
And as I told you, I consider
these learning experiences.
Some people say,
well, it's just easy.
You just give us answers.
But I'm hoping that you're
learning these answers.
All right, that's our intent.
First slide, please.
Can you see that?
No.
Can we darken
something a little bit
but still keep light for me?
Because I can't read with that.
I can't read and
they can't read.
Can I get something?
How about that?
That looks pretty good.
Are you fine?
No?
Just a little bit more in focus.
We'll tell you
when it's in focus.
Whoops, you went by it.
A little more.
There you go.
That's good.
That's beautiful.
Thank you.
All right.
If the purpose of
the tracheotomy
is to allow for air into the
lung as quickly as possible,
the incision should be made?
In the larynx?
Answer.
Sir You've got to answer.
No.
In the bronchi?
In the alveoli?
Between the c-shaped
cartilage rings?
Yes.
OK.
Next one.
What kind of cells are these?
Come on, what kind of cells?
Neurons.
I want you to speak
or we don't move.
All right.
We remember that,
because you've got
to be learning and listening and
thinking, and not just copying
to pass the test.
We're trying to give you
information that will
be beneficial in your future.
All right?
What do we call the
substance that's in here?
Nissl.
What do we call this?
Axon.
Axon what?
Axon hillock.
Good for you.
Next one.
Now, we have an electrical
impulse coming down
a nerve fiber as it approaches
the presynaptic terminal.
We have some calcium out here.
And we have what in here?
Neural modulators?
We have neural peptides.
We have neural modulators.
We have neurotransmitters.
We have all sorts
of things, don't we?
And we need to get the
vesicle called down to where?
What do we call this?
This whole thing is a
pre-synaptic terminal.
They're already here.
To the pre-synaptic
membrane here.
So they're going
to fuse with it.
So we have calcium coming
in and acting with what?
Calmodulin.
Remember calmodulin?
No.
But it has to do that
to set up a what,
so that these will migrate
down to the terminal?
A substructure.
Right.
Otherwise, they're
free floating here,
and they need a substructure
to get down to the terminal.
The next one.
What have we got here?
Lungs.
Good.
Now, we have membranes
on these lungs.
What is the membrane that's
adherent to the lung?
Visceral pleura.
What is the membrane which is
just a few millimeters away
from the visceral pleura?
Parietal pleura.
And what is between the two?
Pleural.
Pleural fluid.
And what forms
that pleural fluid?
The pleura.
Next one.
What are these?
Neurons.
And what is this
particular neuron called?
Pseudounipolar.
I want more of you to speak up.
You're just waiting for the
ones in the front to answer.
But I want the rest
of you to say it, too.
So it's pseudounipolar.
Now, does this
process have myelin?
Yes.
Does this process have myelin?
Yes.
Good for you.
Next one.
What is the black
substance on this fiber?
And are we in the
central nervous system
or the peripheral
nervous system?
How do you know?
I said, how do you know you're
in the peripheral nervous
system by looking
at this neuron?
The muscle.
Good for you.
And what is forming
this myelin then?
Schwann cells.
And what is a Schwann cell?
It's a glial cell.
Good for you.
And it's actually a glial
cell from neural crest cells.
I didn't have time
to talk about those.
But you should know the
difference between neural crest
cells and neural tube cells.
And a Schwann cell is
from the neural crest.
The next one.
What is it?
What is?
No.
But you're close.
What does "oligo" mean?
Few.
So when you look at this
cell, what do you see?
Few what?
No.
Glial cells don't
have dendrites.
What do glial cells have?
If you didn't know, if
you weren't even in class,
what would you call these?
Processes or branches.
So they have few branches.
Now, multiple sclerosis
is an autoimmune disease.
And the myelin sheath
slowly disappears.
Myelin in the CNS,
then, is formed by what?
These cells.
And can this fiber, then,
myelinate more than one?
Yes.
Processed from a neuron.
Next slide.
Where are we?
Are we forebrain,
mid-brain, or hindbrain?
Forebrain.
Good for you.
How do you know forebrain?
What are these large
structures here?
Basal ganglia.
Here you are in the
cerebral hemispheres.
And in this slide, it
shows the basal ganglia
so large and clear.
Does anybody know
what the structure
going through the basal
ganglia represents?
The internal capsule.
Fantastic.
All right.
Now, what part of
your neural tube,
when you have the
five divisions,
does this section come from?
Prosencephalon.
But divide the prosencephalon.
What part of the prosencephalon?
Telencephalon.
Good for you.
Next one.
What is this?
What is it?
Well, is it a cell?
Yes.
All right.
Start big.
What kind of a cell?
It's a neuron.
Sure.
9/10 of your tests will be
on the nervous system, right?
Because that's what
this segment is.
So you're pretty safe
in guessing that.
Now, the cellular
organelle that continuously
renews protein in the membranes
and the cytoplasm of a neuron
is called what?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum.
But what do we call
it in a nerve cell?
Nissl substance, right?
So you see the nissl
substance here.
How much CSF is formed per day?
I don't hear it yet.
700 CCs.
Good for. you.
Do you feel it?
Next one.
What is this big thing?
It's a cell.
But what kind of cell?
No.
No.
It's a glial cell.
You're right with that.
But what kind of glial cell?
What glial cell has such
a multiple function?
An astrocyte.
What do we call a junction
between two Schwann cells?
A node of Ranvier.
We have a process over here.
What do we call a junction
between two nerve cells?
A synapse, right.
And you have a process
there, don't you?
You have ependymal lining.
We have a process there.
We have a [? PL ?]
lining out here.
We have a process here.
Here's a blood vessel.
We have a process here.
Here's the soma.
We have a process.
You see how ubiquitous
are these processes.
So in general, if somebody--
you want to just summarize all
this--
and they say, well,
what do glial cells do?
What would you say
as just a summary?
Support.
Break down that support.
Metabolic and
structural support.
So if somebody asks you
what's a glial cell?
It's the structural and
metabolic support cell
for the nerve cell.
Next one.
Here we have a group of
cells, of nerve cells.
You haven't seen
this slide before.
These are all little
support glial cells.
Sometimes we've talked
about satellite cells.
These would be satellite cells
that are somehow interacting
with the nerve cell.
But when we find a group
of them outside the CNS,
what do we call the group
of neurons outside the CNS?
Ganglia.
Good for you.
Next one.
Next one, please.
Now, what do we have here?
Presynaptic terminal.
Sure.
You can see the
myelin leaves off
before the terminal comes down.
And what do we call
the projection?
Dendritic spines.
It's just an artist's
rendition of a dendritic spine.
But you can see it here with
the presynaptic terminal,
the postsynaptic terminal.
These are dendritic spines.
So if we have an axon coming
into a dendritic spine
on a dendrite, what kind
of synapse do we call it?
Axodendritic.
What other kind of
synapses can you have?
Can we have an axon coming in
and synapsing with this axon?
Sure.
You. have exoaxonic.
Do you have one coming in
and synapsing with the soma?
Sure.
So you have axosomatic,
you have axodendritic,
and you have axoaxonic.
There's one more.
Dendrodendritic.
Those are very rare, but they're
finding many more of them
than we ever thought before.
Next slide.
All right.
Can anybody tell
me where we are?
No.
But you're close.
What's the other
cortex in the brain?
Cerebral cortex.
Right.
So we have large--
these are pyramidal cells.
But with a different
stain than you're used to.
So it depends on the stain
how you can identify them.
Most nerve cells in
the CNS are what?
If you have motor neurons and
you have sensory neurons--
interneurons.
So the question is, are these
cells in the cerebral cortex?
Which category?
The question is what
category are these big cells
in the cerebral cortex?
Do they innervate muscle?
Interneurons, sure.
It's a good lesson for you.
They're in the motor
cortex because they
influence motor function.
But they only do so through
an anterior horn cell,
which is down in the cord or
a cranial nerve nucleus, which
is motor.
All right.
So you have to learn
what are interneurons.
And these big cells are.
Next slide, please.
It's a little bit dim but
I think you can see it.
There's an area up here
between the gray matter
and the edge of the spinal cord.
What do we call it?
Lissauer's fasciculus.
Sure.
And Lissauer's
fasciculus is associated
with what sensory modality?
Pain and temperature.
Good.
Next one.
What does this represent?
The ventricles of your brain.
Can you see your brain
with ventricles like this?
Can you picture?
This is the [? anti-- ?]
here is your nose.
Here's the back of your head.
And you have these
channels in here.
Now, we've learned them
as we've gone along,
but you've never seen them
collectively like this.
So these are the
lateral ventricles.
They're in the hemispheres.
Posterior.
Inferior.
Body.
And anterior.
They're in the hemispheres.
From the hemispheres, the
CSF or cerebral spinal fluid,
flows into the ventricle between
the thalamy and hypothalamus.
That you have had.
What is the ventricle
between the hypothalamus
and the thalamus?
Third.
Hey, good for you.
And from the third, the
cerebral spinal fluid
flows down to a very thin
ventricle that will run down
through the midbrain.
What do we call it?
Aqueduct.
See the aqueduct coming down?
And we get, then, to the
area of the hindbrain.
And what ventricle
do we have there?
Fourth ventricle.
If nothing else,
you can read it.
So you see, the flow of CSF
is coming in to the ventricles
and flowing down from
the lateral ventricles
to the interventricular
foramen, to the third ventricle,
to the aqueduct, and to
the fourth ventricle.
And the fourth ventricle,
it goes outside the brain
and flows around--
remember, we said CSF--
went around and would
flow into this big venous
sinus that's up here.
What's it flowing into?
Superior what?
The sinus.
Right Your superior sagittal
sinus, or if you like,
the superior longitudinal sinus.
So CSF that's forming
in the ventricles
will flow out
around-- in what space
does it flow to get up to the
superior longitudinal sinus?
The arachnoid space.
Good for you.
Right.
So if I were to
ask the question,
cerebral spinal fluid
in the third ventricle
flows into what?
Into the aqueduct.
Sure.
But that's where
you are learning,
because we didn't
have time for that,
and it's terribly important.
Now, next one.
Sabotage.
You don't get any more.
They're working hard.
There they go.
So this picture, I know I've
shown you, because I told you,
did you go home that night and
look in the back of your mouth
and try to picture your uvula?
Your spinal?
Your vertebra?
Your spinal cord?
And come back?
And what will you want to do?
What is this?
Medulla.
What's this?
What's this?
Mid-brain.
So what is this?
Now, the question is, the third
neuron in a sensory pathway
from the cord is found where?
Thalamus.
Right.
That's why I wanted you to
see where the thalamus is,
because you had your first nerve
in a sensory pathway is where?
In your dorsal root ganglia.
And the second nerve?
Dorsal horn.
It's also in another
pathway in the medulla.
So it can either be
dorsal horn or medulla.
I just gave you the dorsal horn.
You're learning
more now to fill in.
And then the third
neuron is always where?
Thalamus.
But I wanted you to see
how the pain pathway
is coming up from periphery,
dorsal root ganglia,
in the cord, up, up, and
then to the thalamus.
And from the thalamus,
where does it go?
Postcentral gyrus.
Right.
OK.
Next one.
What sensory nerve will
be supplying these teeth?
Five.
Good for you.
Are you going into dentistry?
No.
Because you know you'll
block a mandibular branch
for your lower jaw.
But it's the fifth
nerve, this sensory here.
We said sensory to the oral
cavity, sensory to what else?
Nasal.
And what else?
The eye, the cornea.
Sure, you get a speck of dust
in your cornea, that's all fine.
But general sensory to the face.
To the skin.
Pinch your cheek.
That's fifth nerve.
Now, next one.
What part of the
spinal cord are we at?
You haven't-- thoracic.
How do you know?
Little lateral horns and very
thin horns, because so little
is coming in from the chest.
You don't have
much muscle there.
But you have lots of white
matter coming up from the legs
and going down to the legs.
The same-- lots of white
matter in the thoracic cord.
Very thin, small horns,
but also a lateral horn.
Now, what tract do
we have over here?
Spinal thalamic.
But is it left spinal thalamic?
Lateral?
Left lateral spinal
thalamic, right?
You have to be correct.
Now my question is, if
this tract is damaged,
where is the lack of pain and
temperature sensation found?
I'm blocking-- I've
cut my cord here.
This is my lateral
spinal thalamic up at--
I'll give you a bit-- this
would be, let's say, T-2.
This is at thoracic 2.
And I've cut my spinal
thalamic tract here.
Where am I going to find
lack of pain and temperature?
Be specific.
The right foot's included, yes.
But a lot more than
the right foot.
What level did I say I was at?
T-2.
Be specific.
Where are you
going to find this?
How did these fibers get here?
You want to follow them
up, where they began.
These are pain and temperature.
These are sensory.
These are going up.
right You've got to think.
It's below, of course.
But you have to be specific.
You're more than a junior
high school student here.
You've been given the pathway.
You can be much more general.
If this is T-2--
3 and 4.
Yes, below 3 and 4,
but on which side?
The right side.
You'll get these
questions across the bay.
They'll fire at
you, and you have
to know exactly whether it's
right side, left side, not
just below.
We had-- the pain
pathways started
out here, dorsal root ganglia.
Came in.
But it came up two
or three segments.
So it's got to be below right 3
and 4, because this was at T-2.
So you've lost sensation
below right T-3 and 4.
Now, conscious proprioception
is coming up to the cortex
to the cerebral cortex.
Is it coming up out here
on the lateral funiculus?
Conscious proprioception,
yes or no?
No.
Is it coming up in the
anterior funiculus?
No.
OK, what's left?
What do you call it?
Posterior what?
Funiculus.
Say it.
You didn't say it.
Say it.
Posterior funiculus.
I can see you when
you're talking.
I can hear, too.
All right.
So the question was, conscious
proprioception-- you know--
does anybody in class not
know where his feet are?
You see them down there,
but you don't move them.
That's your conscious
proprioception.
We'll learn, when you get
to advanced neurology,
what unconscious
proprioception's doing.
Let's have the next one, please.
Here we have our
cerebral hemispheres.
What do we call this part?
What do we call this part?
What do we call this part?
What do we call this part?
What do we call this part?
Now, give me some
functions of this part.
Planning, working
memory, judgment.
What was that?
Sequencing.
Initiative.
How about astereopnosis?
Is astereopnosis here?
Where is angular gyrus?
Is it here?
No, it's not.
What's that?
What's this fissure?
Lateral fissure.
What do we call the gyrus at
the end of the lateral fissure?
You're close.
I could hear it.
No.
Super marginal.
Right.
So what fissure--
what sulcus is this?
What is it?
Good for you.
I can hear you way back.
And now you can see
what gyrus is this?
Angular gyrus.
It's an unusual brain, isn't it?
Because normally, you'd
see a little bit up here.
With this is taking
it-- and yet,
we say this is called
posterior inferior parietal.
And parietal is here.
This is way low.
But you follow your
fissures or your sulci
to find out where the
appropriate gyri are.
OK.
Are you learning?
We're trying.
Thank you.
New slide.
What do we call the cells here?
The big ones?
Anterior horn cells.
What do we call cells here?
Posterior horn cells.
Now, if I were to cut the
fibers here, what would I find?
What did we say was crossing in
the anterior white commissure.
Pain and temperature.
So it's the same as would
happen if we cut out here.
And took out your
lateral spinothalamic,
because those are
the same fibers.
They're just getting over
into the lateral funiculus.
What's the next one?
Next one, please.
Now, we have fibers.
They're originating up
here in the motor cortex.
And they're coming down.
What do we call it?
They can be-- well, the tract.
What's the tract coming down?
Tract.
Cortical spinal and?
Corticobulbar.
Now, I want to follow
the corticobulbar.
Where are they going in general?
No, in general.
I want you to be
more specific, then.
Where are they going
generally specific?
Why aren't they called
cortical spinal?
What do they go to when
they go cortical spinal?
What cell are they headed for
when you say cortical spinal?
Anterior horn cell.
Sure.
So when you get corticobulbar,
where are they going?
Stick out your tongue.
How do you do that?
Your corticobulbar,
where does it go?
What cell?
What innervates the tongue?
The hypoglossal what?
Cranial nerve.
Where are its cell bodies?
So when you have the
corticobulbar tract,
it goes down to the
cranial nerve motor nuclei.
That's what I wanted you to say.
With all of that.
And when you have a
cortical spinal tract,
it goes down to
its end tract, it
will be the anterior horn
cell in the spinal cord.
Very clear, very simple.
So now, the corticobulbar tract
descends to cranial nerve 2?
You have to think.
What is cranial nerve 2?
Optic.
Is that motor sensory?
Sensory.
So the question is, the
corticobulbar tract,
does it go to the
second cranial nerve?
Now Does it go to the
seventh cranial nerve?
What does the facial nerve do?
Didn't we do this
enough times for you?
Facial expression.
Now, is that sensory or motor?
It's motor function.
So can the corticobulbar go
to the seventh cranial nerve?
Yes.
See, it's more than just memory.
You have to start
putting facts together.
That's the fun of this.
If it was just memory,
nobody would stay with it.
It's a puzzle.
Just like you love go
play computer games,
you have all these things,
because they're challenging.
This is challenging once you
get your tools to work with.
New slide.
Here we are.
Can we focus a
little bit, please?
Focus, please.
Whoops, went by it.
There you go.
Perfect.
Thank you.
For what we need.
Now, we can start--
somebody said prosencephalon.
What are the two main
[? mix ?] divisions
of the prosencephalon?
Diencephalon and telencephalon.
Now, we come down here.
And this is-- when it's
blue, it's mesencephalon,
so red is going to be part of
what part of the neural tube?
Where did we say the
optic retina comes from?
The diencephalon.
So red here is the diencephalon.
Will the hypothalamus come
from the diencephalon?
Yes.
Now, we have the rhombencephalon
separates into which two?
Metencephalon and myencephalon.
And how do you remember which
is first and which is second?
Alphabetical order.
Met, m-e-t.
My, m-y.
So we have the
myencephalon, then,
gives rise to what in your
central nervous system?
Your medulla.
Now, which of these do visceral
afferent fibers innervate?
These are-- let's put
it, visceral efferent.
Visceral efferent.
Are they going to
be motor or sensory?
Motor.
Are they going to go to
the lateral rectus muscle?
Are they?
No.
Are they going to go to the
external oblique eye muscle?
Are they going to
go to the heart?
Yes.
Good.
You're not speaking, but you
can certainly shake your head,
so that's great.
Thank you.
If I turned around
and watched you.
New slide.
What is this?
Oh gosh, we've already
given it to you once.
Pardon Well, let's back up.
What is this?
A neuron.
And you see its huge
nucleolus, its huge nucleus.
And what are these?
The dark specks
in the cytoplasm.
Nissl substance.
So if this is a neuron,
do we have any Nissl here?
No, so what is it?
Axon hillock.
We already had that, right?
It's where the axon
attaches to the neuron.
So when you see this
coming off, what's
this automatically going to be?
A dendrite.
Very basic definition
between the two.
This will not have Nissl.
And this will.
Then what are these?
Glia.
Sure.
But what kind of matter
would we call all of this,
because they are
nerve cells here?
Is it white matter
or gray matter?
Gray matter.
So you can see that you can
find glia in gray matter.
Would you find glia
in white matter?
Now, you have to think.
These are thinking ones.
What can some glial do?
Form myelin.
And what is white matter?
Myelinated fibers.
Sure.
So you work it out.
You do a little thinking.
You didn't just memorize
that in your notes.
So we can have glia in gray
matter, in white matter.
Can we have glia in
the anterior horn?
What is the anterior horn?
Is it gray or white?
Wait a minute.
Sure, it's gray.
It's neuron cell bodies.
That's a definition.
But you could also
have glial cells here.
You can have glial in
both gray and white.
Would you have
glia in arachnoid?
What is arachnoid?
Connective tissue.
Right.
So would you have glia there?
No.
All right.
Now.
We've already had the next one.
New slide.
Oh, beautiful.
That turned out nice
and clear, didn't it?
Where are we?
What does it represent?
A peripheral nerve.
So what would you call a
connective tissue around here?
Perineurium.
What do you call it around
a single nerve fiber?
Endoneurium.
This is all labeled.
Look at all the blood
vessels in there.
When you study
pharmacology, you'll
know what drugs get through
these various membranes
to get to these nerves.
But now, these
peripheral nerves,
will they have somatic
afferent fiber?
Do peripheral nerves have
somatic afferent fibers?
Of course.
When we talked about the
proprioception in your feet,
that's coming from the soma.
And they're coming [? to ?]
afferent is to, e, efferent,
exit.
So yes, they will have
somatic afferent fibers.
Will they have somatic
efferent fibers?
Sure.
What do you think your anterior
horn cell's putting out?
That fiber's going out, it's
somatic, and it's efferent.
Again, thinking.
Thinking, thinking.
Now, will we have fibers
from pyramidal cells
in a spinal nerve?
No.
Good for you.
That's a quick one.
Neurobiology is the most
rapidly growing science
in the world today.
I want you to know that.
I want you to be there.
New slide.
All right, this
time, what are these?
Dendrites.
Right.
So do dendrites
synapse with dendrites?
Yes.
And obviously, with this slide,
the dendrites have spines.
Do they have
postsynaptic terminals?
Sure.
You've had an
axodendritic synapse.
And do dendrites convey
information away from the soma?
No.
Good for you.
Next one.
What kind of cell is it?
It's been our main
character all morning.
It's a neuron.
Big nucleus.
This is an active one.
When you see two nucleoli,
we see those frequently
in our animals that
have been learning.
You may be developing
more nuclei
in your nucleoli in your nuclei.
Shows a very active nerve cell.
But what is the
dispersed substance?
It's stained differently.
You've got to learn
different stains.
What is it?
Nissl.
Right.
So my question
is, is this a soma
which is part of a fiber that
has been cut close to the soma?
No.
How do you know this is a
healthy nerve cell body?
I can hear you make
noise over there,
but I can't understand you.
The nucleus is in the center.
Right.
Good answer.
What happens to the nucleus
if this is a damaged cell?
It becomes eccentric.
You'll see it over
here at the side.
What happens to the
Nissl in a damaged cell?
Peripheral.
Why did the nuclei
and the Nissl--
why do they go peripherally?
Swelling.
Taking in fluid, the cell
swells, pushes the nucleus
over, and pushes
the Nissl substance.
What do we call the process?
I didn't hear you up there.
Chromatolysis.
Chromatolysis.
That's OK if you have
it mispronounced.
I'd much rather you must
pronounce it and try.
All right.
Next one.
What have we got here?
Somebody said, what
kind of slide is that?
Is that a kidney slide?
No.
It's a heart muscle slide.
No.
Go through your
four basic tissues.
Is that muscle?
Connective?
It's a nerve tissue.
You only have the
four basic ones.
So learn to think
big and narrow down.
Sometimes when we
used to grade by hand,
we could give a half a point
if you got the tissue right.
But with Scantrons, you have
to have the whole thing right.
So what surrounds, makes
layers around the nerve fibers?
What is it?
No.
no.
Myelin.
These are the concentric
rings of myelin.
What is myelin?
If somebody asks
you, what is myelin?
Fat.
OK.
What fat?
A lipoprotein.
Phospholipids.
It's a phospholipid.
So this is myelin.
OK.
Next one.
That's OK.
It can be sideways,
because my question perhaps
is more interesting this way.
What are three structural
classifications of neurons?
They can be unipolar,
bipolar, and pseudo unipolar,
and multi-polar.
So what are most of these
cells on this slide?
Multi-polar.
So what's the most common
type of structural nerve cell?
Multi-polar.
Give me two examples
where you see bipolar.
Bipolar.
Retina, olfactory.
Right.
That's two.
All right.
Next one.
Here we are in our nasal cavity.
What do we call the
openings down here?
[? Nerus, ?] external
[? nerus. ?] Good for you.
Very correct.
And what do we call these?
Concha or turbinates.
You'll see the term
turbinates for them, too.
Concha or turbinates.
Now, my question is,
does the Eustachian tube
open into the nasal cavity?
No.
Where does the Eustachian
tube empty into?
Nasal pharynx to the middle ear.
There's two openings.
Now, what kind of
epithelium do we
have covering the nasal cavity?
All right.
Pseudo stratified,
columnar ciliated,
epithelium with goblet cells.
Do you have that throughout
the respiratory system?
No.
Where are you first
going to see it
change as you go from the
nose into in the oral cavity?
As you continue down?
Are you going to see
it in the larynx?
Sure.
Sure.
You've got to have those cilia
beating for anything that's
gotten down there.
But there's one part of the
larynx where you do not find--
no.
Wait a second.
One part of the larynx
where you do not
find pseudo stratified columnar
ciliated epithelium goblet
cells.
Where?
Where don't you want
it in the larynx?
Be specific.
I gave you.
The vocal chords.
Good for you.
You don't want cilia
on your vocal chords.
You say silly enough
things without that.
That was a poor pun and you're
so numb, you don't even laugh.
All right.
So will the maxillary sinus
have this kind of epithelium?
Of course.
You have things in there,
you want to get them out.
The nasal cavity.
Does the trachea have it?
Sure.
Do the alveoli have it?
No.
You're almost ready
to nod your head yes,
but you changed
your mind, right?
OK.
Next one.
Why do we have the
contra or turbinates?
To warm the air.
To moisten the air.
And to play in the air.
Do we provide attachment
for nasal muscles?
No.
It's 12 o'clock.
We can do it.
What's today?
Monday.
We've got a class coming in.
We'll go as fast as we
can till they start.
OK?
But You see, you didn't
respond fast enough to me,
so we didn't make it.
All right.
Tell me the bones that
make up this structure.
What is it first?
Nasal septum.
Say it fast.
If you know it, shout it.
Nasal septum.
What bones make it up?
Hyaline cartilage is not a bone.
Gracious.
Does the nasal bone participate
in the nasal septum?
No.
Now, we have a mass of lymphoid
tissue up in this area.
Where are we?
Pharynx.
What part of the pharynx?
Nasal pharynx.
What do we call the lymphoid
tissue up in the nasal pharynx?
Pharyngeal tonsils.
What's another name?
Adenoids.
What's their function?
They produce lymphocytes.
Lymphocytes.
Not just leukocytes.
You have to be specific.
Lymphocytes.
Now.
Next one.
What kind of cartilage is this?
Hyaline.
Good.
Now, we follow hyaline
cartilage down here.
Where are we here?
Trachea.
And then the next division
of the trachea will be what?
Which kind of bronchi?
Primary bronchi.
And then we eventually go
down to terminal bronchials.
Do we have hyaline cartilage
at terminal bronchials?
No.
Good for you.
Next one.
Well, we recognize what
kind of epithelium it is?
Do we find this down at alveoli?
No.
Next one.
Here we have the olfactory bulb?
What feeds into the olfactory
bulb from the nasal cavity?
What do we call them?
Olfactory nerve.
Sure.
What did they go through
to get up to the bulb?
Cribriform plate.
Right.
Here we go.
What nerves are these?
Optic nerves.
right.
Where is the cell body for
these fibers in the optic nerve?
In the retina, but
where in the retina?
We had three layers
to the retina.
The retina ganglial cell.
Sure.
Good for you.
As we come down, this
was nerve one, nerve two.
What nerve is this?
It's a big one.
Ocular motor.
The ocular motor.
Does it innervate the
superior oblique eye muscle?
No.
Is it purely sensory?
Does it originate
in the diencephalon?
It's third nerve.
Where does it originate?
Two nerves come from
the same area right
after you leave
the diencephalon.
What is it?
Mesencephalon.
Right.
Remember, you just had one and
two from the prosencephalon.
And then we came down
to the mesencephalon
and we had three and four.
All right.
Is anybody trying to get in yet?
Do you have the doors locked?
OK.
What innervates the
superior oblique eye muscle?
Trochlea.
All right.
What innervates
the front tallas?
I just gave it to you.
The whole class should say it.
You didn't say it.
Seven.
Right?
You nod your head.
We just told you that.
Next one.
What do we have here?
When does this close?
I told you.
I remember distinctly.
I didn't give you a name for it.
But I'm going to
give you a name now.
It's called the
anterior neuro pore.
Neuro p-o-r-e.
The anterior neuro pore.
What happens if
it doesn't close?
You don't form a brain.
You have what's
called anencephaly.
What's "an"?
Without.
Encephaly, brain.
Without a brain.
When it doesn't close.
New slide.
Are you coming in from
the other class or you
coming in from back?
Because if you're coming in
from the other class, I'll stop.
Did you feel there was pressure?
OK.
We'll go real fast.
But you've got to
answer real fast.
You've got to answer correctly.
Which statement is
incorrect regarding
the true vocal chords?
They're controlled is
an incorrect statement.
They're controlled by the
thyroid arytenoid muscles.
True.
They border the glottis.
What's the glottis?
The opening for the
air to come through.
Do they constrict during asthma?
No.
OK.
New slide.
What kind of fibers are these
down around the alveola?
Elastic fibers.
In emphysema, the elastic
fibers of the alveoli
lose their plasticity.
Therefore, the chest
decreases in size.
No.
The alveoli remained contracted?
No.
That chest size remains
large after inspiration?
Yes.
Did you know the man?
Let's see, who did I talk--
Oh, our former chancellor.
Had dinner with him
the other night.
He has emphysema.
So when you see your
professor smoking, tell him.
New slide.
What's this structure here?
Trachea.
Right.
The left primary
bronchus supplies--
say yes or no-- supplies
three lobes of the lung?
Arises from the larynx?
No.
Is lined with simple
squamous epithelium?
No.
This is the bronchi still.
We've got to take it down.
Is narrower and longer than
the right primary bronchus?
Yes.
OK.
Cancer of the lung.
Next slide.
I think we've got
a slide for it.
Cancer of the lung
occurs most frequently
in the most vascular
part of the lung?
Why not?
Where does it occur
most frequently?
In the bronchi.
Is that vascularized?
No.
See, you're beginning to learn.
It starts most frequently
in the walls of the bronchi.
Next slide.
And that's the
sunrise in Patagonia.
I want you to take
off all the pressure
and enjoy your neuroanatomy.
