>> 
THIS SHOW IS CAPTIONED LIVE.
THIS IS A TEST.  
THIS SHOW IS CAPTIONED LIVE.
THIS IS A TEST.  
THIS SHOW IS CAPTIONED LIVE.
[ ♪♪ ]
[ CLAPPING ]
.
>> HELLO AND WELCOME TO NASA'S 
JET PROPULSION LABOR TRAY FOR 
THE THEODORE VON KARMAN SERIES 
LECTURE. 
THE TITLE, THE GALEDEN AGE OF 
EXIO PLANET EXPLORATION.
THERE'S DEBATE WHETHER IT'S UPON
US NOW OR STILL TO COME. 
IF YOU ARE SCRATCHING HOUR HEAD,
WONDERING WHAT THE HECK IS AN 
EXOPLANET. 
WE HAVE YOU COVERED.
WE'LL HEAR FROM TWO SPEAKERS, 
FOLLOWED BY DISCUSSION AND TAK 
YOUR QUESTIONS.
IF YOU ARE WATCHING THE LIVE WEB
CAST. 
YOU CAN SUBMIT QUESTIONS VIA 
YOUTUBE CHAT.
THE FIRST SPEAKER IS A RESEARCH 
SCIENTIST AT THE NASA EXOSCIENCE
PLANET INSTITUTE. 
WHERE SHE SEARCHES FOR, 
CHARACTERISES AND DISCOVERS 
EXLANETS.
AND KEEPS TRACK OF THEM IN 
NASA'S EXOPLANET AR CAVE.
PLEASE WELCOME DR JESSIE 
CHRISTIANSEN.
>> HI, I'M EXCITED TO BE HERE TO
TALK TO YOU ABOUT THE GOALEDEN 
AGE OF EXIO PLANET, "MORATION, 
NOT JUST BECAUSE I LEAVE IT IS 
THE GOLDEN AIM OF EXOPLANET FOR 
EVERYWHERE, BUT IT IS FOR ME 
PERSONALLY. 
LET ME TELL YOU A STORY. 
15 YEARS AGO WHEN I WAS A 
FRESH-FACED YOUNG GRAD STUDENTS.
EXOPLANET STARTED TO GRAB THE 
PLANET'S IMAGINATION.
I THOUGHT THERE'S AN EXCITING 
IDEA.
I COULD HUNT FOR PLANETS.
I SET OUT ON A QUEST TO FIND AN 
EXOPLANET. 
THE FIRST TWO YEARS OF MY THESE 
SIS I DID A SURVEY FROM THE 
SOUTH POLE.
NO EXOPLANET. 
THE THIRD TIME, I DID RESEARCH 
FROM COUNTRY SIDE IN 
NEW SOUTH WALES, NO EXOPLAN 
EVENT. 
I MOVED TO THE US, I SPENT TWO 
YEARS USING THE NASA EPOXY 
MISSION TO LOOK FOR EXOPLANETS. 
NO EXOPLANETS.
I HAD LOOKED AT LITERALLY 
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF STARS, 
AND I WAS FEELING A LITTLE 
DISCOURAGED. 
I HAD AN EMAIL TO CHANGE MY 
LIFE. 
IT WAS AN INVITATION TO JOIN THE
KEPPLER MISSION.
I WAS LUCKY ENOUGH TO FIND 
THOUSANDS OF EXOPLANETS.
IT TRULY IS THE GOLDEN AGE. 
THE THOUSAS OF EXOPLANTS 
TURNED OUT TO BE SO MUCH MORE 
INCREDIBLY DIVERSE AND 
INTERESTING THAN WE COULD HAVE 
IMAGINED.
LET'S GO ON THE JOURNEY. 
LET'S STEP BACK. 
WHAT IS AN EXOPLANET.
>> OKAY. 
THIS IS A GRAPHIC OF OUR SOLAR 
SYSTEM.
WE HAVE ONE STAR. 
THE SUN IS A STAR. 
BOO, HISSES. 
I KNOW, I KNOW, TOMORROW NIGHT 
MIKE BROWN IS TALKING ABOUT WHY 
HE KILLED PLUTO GO SEE IN. 
WE HAVE EIGHT PLANET. 
WE HAVE DWARF PLANET, WHICH SA 
BUCKET PLUTO AND HIS FRIENDS 
FELL INTO. 
THEY ARE DWARF PLANETS. 
WE HAVE MINOR PLANET. 
EVERYTHING IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM 
THAT IS BIGGER THAN A GRAIN OF 
DUST. 
AND WE HAVE FOUND OVER-700,000 
OF THOSE. 
THE SOLAR SYSTEMS ARE A DUSTY 
PLACE.
BUT WHAT ARE EXOPLANETS.
EXOPLANETS ARE PLANETS AROUND 
OTHER STARS.
FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS, PEEL 
THOUGHT ABOUT THE IDEA OF 
EXOPLANETS.
OUR SON IS A STAR. 
THE SKIES ARE FULL OF STARS, DO 
THEY HAVE PLANET AROUND THEM 
TWO. 
2,000 YEARS AGO. 
THE GREEK PHILOSOPHERS WERE 
TALKING ABOUT THIS. 
WERE THERE OTHER EARTHS OUT 
THERE. 
THEY WERE TALKING ABOUT IT. 
KIND OF THE WAY WE THINK ABOUT 
MULTIVERSES. 
A THOUGHT EXPERIMENT. 
NO CHANCE OF TESTING IT. 
THEY DID THE GREEK PHILOSOPHER 
THING.
DO YOU THINK THERE'S ONE EARTH 
OR MULTIPLE EARTHS.
A FEW THOUSAND YEARS COULD BUY, 
AND WE COME UP TO THE RENAE 
SIGNIFICANCE.
IT WAS A GOOD TIME TO BE A 
SCIENTIST. 
A BAD TIME TO BE A SCIENTIST 
THAT SAID THIS. 
THERE ARE COUNTLESS SUNS AND 
EARTHS ROTATING AROUND THE SUNS 
IN THE SAME WAY. 
BEFORE NEHM TUNE AND PLUTO, AND 
NOT PLUTO AGAIN.
THERE WAS SEVEN. 
THIS IS AN ITALIAN 
MATHEMATICIAN, BURNT AT THE 
STAKE FOR SAYING THIS. 
AMONGST OTHER THINGS, HE SAID 
SILLY THINGS ABOUT THE CHURCH AT
A TIME YOU SHOULDN'T HAVE SAID 
SILLY THINGS THIS.  IS ONE OF 
THE THINGS HE SAID.
THERE WERE PLANETS AROUND THE 
STARS.
BRUNO ART IKULATED WHY WE 
HAVEN'T FOUND THEM. 
STARS ARE BIG AND BRIGHT.
AND PLAN ET CETERA ARE SMALL AND
DARK. 
LET'S GO FORWARD 400 YEARS OR 
SO. 
WE GET TO 1952. 
WE KNEW ABOUT BINARY STARS.
TWO STARS ORBITING EACH OTHER. 
THEY CAN ORBIT EACH OTHER IN A 
FEW HOURS THEY MOVE TOWARDS YOU 
AND AWAY. 
WE KNEW THAT. 
OTTO SAID WHAT IF WE TAKE A STAR
OUT. 
AND PUT A PLANET THERE. 
IT WOULD HAVE TO BE BIG AND 
CLOSE TO THE STAR. 
ORBITING THE STAR. 
MAYBE IF IT WAS BIG ENOUGH AND 
CLOSE ENOUGH. 
WE'D SEE THE MOTION.
WHAT HE PROPOSED WAS A RADIO VE.
HERE IS THE STAR, HERE IS THE 
PLANET GOING AROUND. 
THE STAR MOVES TOWARDS US AT THE
MOMENT. 
THE STAR IS MOVING AWAY. 
THE THING IS.
>> EVERYWHERE AT THE TIME WAS 
OTTO, THAT'S CRAZY. 
I ASSUME H FRIENDS CALLED HIM 
OTTO. 
THE REASON IT'S CRAZY, UNTIL 
THAT POINT WE HAD ONE APPLICANT 
ETRY SYSTEM.
BIG GIANTS FURTHER OUT. 
ALL THE THEORIES WERE GEARED 
TOWARDS REPRODUCI THE SOLAR 
SYSTEM.
IF YOUR SIMULATION CREATED JUNE 
TAR AND MOVED IT TO THE SUN, 
YOU'D HAVE TO GO BACK AGAIN. 
THE IDEA THAT THEY EXIST IS 
CRAZY AND ALIEN. 
1995. 
THE FIRST X JO. PLANET WAS FOUND
AFTER THOUSANDS OF YEARS 
WONDERING IF THERE WERE OTHERS 
ORBITING THE STARS.
IT WAS FOUND USING THE RADIO 
VELOCITY MEASURE. 
EVERYONE WAS LIKE. 
THAT'S COOL.
THE OTHER MESSAGE I WANT TO TALK
ABOUT IS THE TRANSIT METHOD.
THIS IS ANOTHER WAY THE TRANSIT 
MESSAGE RELIES ON THE FACT THAT 
YOUR SYSTEM IS JUST RIGHT. 
WE CAN'T RESOLVE THIS.
IF WE MEASURE THE BRIGHTNESS, 
OCCASIONALLY THERE'LL BE A DIP. 
JUST FOR A LITTLE WHILE.
AND SOME TIME LATER IT WILL BE 
DIMMER AGAIN. 
IF YOU WERE AN AILIAN CIVIL 
ACING.
YOU WOULD SEE EARTH GOINGN 
FRONT OF THE SUN. 
I MONITOR THE STARS AND LOOK FOR
THE DIP. 
WITH THIS METHOD.
WE FOUND THOUSANDS OF PLANET. 
WE WERE EXPECTING TO FIND THE 
SOLAR SYSTEM. 
WE WENT OUT AND FOUND ANYTHING 
BAT. 
WHAT DID WE FIND.
THE FIRST THING WE FOUND, IT WAS
THE INTERESTING THING WE FIND.
WE CALM THEM HOT JUP TERSE.
THEY ARE THOUSANDS OF DEGREES.
THEY ARE CALLED HOT JUP TERSE.
AND THE FIRST WE FOUND WAS 51 
WHAT I'LL SHOW IS A JEERZ OF THE
EXPLORATION -- SERIES OF THE 
EXPLORATION PLANETS. 
I BELIEVE THERE'S A BUNCH FOR 
PEOPLE TO TAKE. 
THIS IS AN ADVERTISEMENT FOR AN 
EXCELLENT LOOK. 
THERE'S DEBATE. 
EVERYONE IS RACING.
HERE IS THE FIRST EXOPLAN E IT 
WAS A HOT JUPITER. 
WE FOUND MORE OF THESE.
THEY TRASH OUR PREVIOUS THEORIES
OF HOW PLANETS FORM.
NOW WE HAVE TO FORM A PLANET 
AWAY FROM A STAR. 
THERE'S A FEW THEORIES HOW THEY 
MAY FORM NEXT TO THE STAR. 
THEN WEAVE TO MIGRATE IT IN. 
THERE'S INTERESTING PROPERTIES.
MY FAVORITE IS A REALLY WELL 
STUDIED PLANET. 
CARL WILL TALK ABOUT HOW TO DO 
THIS. 
WE'VE BEEN ABLE TO MEASURE THE 
WIND SPEED.
FOR THIS PLANET. 
WHEN I SAY IT'S HOT. 
IT IS SO HOT.
IT IS RAINING LIQUID GLASS 
SIDEWAYS:
WE ARE WAITING FOR SPRING TO 
COME BACK, THEY ARE DEEP IN 
SUMMER. 
WE FOUND NEW PLANETS. 
LAVA WELLS, PLANETS THAT ARE 
LITTLE ROCKS. 
THEY ARE SO CLOSE TO THE STAR, 
LIKE THE HOT JUPITERS.
THEY ARE SO HOT. 
THE SURFACES ARE MOLTEN. 
THE FIRST ONE WAS KEPPLER 10 C. 
WHICH IS THE FIRST EARTH-SIZE 
THE PLANET. 
THIS ONE IS TWICE THE SIZE OF 
EITHER, LEADING ME TO A SECOND 
GROUP. 
SUPER EARTHS.
WHAT IS A SUPEREARTH.
HERE WE'LL SLOW ALL THE PLANETS 
IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM TO SCALE.
WE HAVE JUPITER, SATURN, YOU 
RAIN US, NEPTUNE, EARTH.
AND THE INNER PLANETS.
VENUS, MARS, MERCURY. 
WE HAVE THE FOUR SMALL PLAN ET 
CETERA. 
AND A BIG JUMP TO THE ICE 
GIANTS. 
AND A BIG JUMP. 
THIS IS WHERE THEY LIE. 
IT'S TWO TIMES THE SIZE OF THE 
EARTH. 
WHEN WE LOOK WITH THE KEPPLER 
TELESCOPE. 
THESE SUBEARTHS, ARE THE MOST 
COMMON WE HAVE FOUND.
THEY SEEM TO BE EVERYWHERE. 
IT'S A MYSTERY, WE HAVE NOTHING 
IN THE SIZE MUCH.
>> THEY SEEM TO BE THE MOST 
COMMON PLANETS. 
THE REASON IT'S A FUN MYSTERY, 
WHAT ARE THEY MADE OF. 
ARE THEY ROCKS THAT GOT BIG.
ARE THERE ICE GIANTS. 
SOME OF THEM SEEM TO HAVE THE 
SAME DENSITY OF WATER. 
REALLY HOT WATER.
IT'S A MYSTERY, IT'S REALLY 
EXCITING. 
SO WE HAVE A WHOLE NOW CLAUSE 
CALLED SUPEREARTHS. 
WE HAVE FOUND DIVERSE PLANETS IN
DIVERSE SITUATIONS.
I STRESS THE AT THE START THAT 
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM HAS ONE STAR. 
WHO HAS SEEN THE ORIGINAL STAR 
WARS.
YES, SEEMS LIKE THAT KIND OF 
CROWD.
SO THIS THE NOW HOPE LUKE IS ON 
THE SURFACE.
HOW MANY AS FAR AS ARE THERE. 
GEORGE LUCAS HAD A VISION 40 
YEARS AGO, BEFORE WE KNEW THERE 
WERE PLANET. 
AND WE FOUND IT. 
WE FOUND TATTOOING. 
WE CALL IT KEP LAR 16-B. 
IT'S A PLANET THAT ORBITS TWO 
STARS.
THEY ARE THE SAME COLLAR AS THE 
TWO STARS IN GEORGE LUCAS'S 
IMAGINING OF THIS. 
THE SIZES ARE NOT. 
COLOURS ARE RIGHT. 
HE DID WELL. 
AND SO FAR WE FOUND NEARLY A 
DOZEN OF THE PLANETS. 
WHICH IS INTERESTING.
HALF THE STARS WE SEE IN THE SKY
ARE BINARY SYSTEMS.
KNOWING THAT THEY CAN HE 
PLANETS AND ORBITS AROUND THE 
SYSTEMS OPENS UP THE 
POSSIBILITIES OF WHERE WE MAY 
FIND THE PLANETS. 
THAT IS EXCITING. 
ANOTHER THING WE FOUND IS REALLY
CROWDED PLANETARY SYSTEMS.
IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. 
MERCURY IS THE CLOSEST PLANET TO
THE SUN. 
TAKES 88 DAYS FOR MERCURY TO 
COME AROUND AND COME BACK.
THIS IS A SYSTEM. 
K2-138 FOUND BY CITIZEN 
SCIENTISTS IN A PROJECT I HELPED
TO START. 
IT HAS SIX PLANETS WITH 42 DAYS 
OR SHORTER. 
MERCURY IS 88. 
THERE'S SIX PLANTS HALFWAY 
BETWEEN THAT DISTANCE. 
PART OF THE REASON THE SYSTEM IS
STABLE IS FASCINATING.
ALL THE PLANETS ARE IN 
RESONANCE. 
THE FIVE INNER PLANETS ARE IN 
RESONANCE.
THAT MEANS THE PERIODS ARE 
RELATED TO EACH OTHER BY
MULTIPLE INTEGERS.
EVERY THREE TIMES THE INNER 
PLANET GOES AROUND THE NEXT GOES
TWICE.
FOR OVER THREE MINUTES IT GOES
AROUND. 
THAT'S HOW IT WORKS. 
-2, 3-2. 
THE SYSTEM IS MUSICAL.
LET'S LISTEN TO WHAT IS SOUNDS 
LIKE. 
EVERY TIME ONE OF THE PLANETS 
TRANSITS IT MAKES A BONG SOUND.
HIGH PITCH IS THE FASTEST LOW 
PITCH IS THE BOLL O. 
THE 3-2 RATIO IS THE PERFECT 
FIFTH INTERVAL IF YOU ARE INTO 
MUSICAL THEORIES ARE STANDARD 
TONIC CALL IN THE MUSICAL 
THEORY. 
A MOMENT OF ZEN IN THE MIDDLE OF
MY TALK.
THINK ABOUT THESE PLANETS ARE IN
LESS THAN 13 DAYS.
THE SIXTH IS 42. 
THIS IS FIVE PLANETS 32 OR 
SHORTER.
>> THIS IS MADE BY MATT RESO OF 
SYSTEMS SOUNDS.
HE MADE AWESOME SON 
ITCHICATIONS. 
GO TO SYSTEM SOUNDS AND CHECK IT
OUT.
OKAY. 
SOME OF THE PLANETS IN THE K238 
SYSTEMS ARE GETTING EXCITED 
BECAUSE THEY ARE SMALL.
ONE OF OUR GOALS IS TO FIND 
PLANETS LIKE THE EARTH. 
WHAT DO I MEAN BY PLANETS LIKE 
THE EARTH. 
THERE'S LOTS OF DIFFERENCE WAYS 
THE PLANETS COULD BE LIKE THE 
EARTH.
ONE OF THE SIZE.
PLANETS THE SIZE OF EARTH ARE 
PROBABLY ROCKY. 
IF THEY WERE MADE OF GAS, 
THERE'S NOT ENOUGH MASS TO KEEP 
THEM AS A BALL.
WE NEED THEM TO BE MADE OF ROCK.
WE NEED THEM TO BE THE RIGHT 
TEMPERATURES. 
WE CAB HAVE A WHOLE OTHER TALK 
ABOUT HABIT ABILITY. 
THE ONLY PLACE WE KNOW IS EARTH.
ALL PLACE ON EARTH NEEDS WATER.
TEMPERATURE NEEDS TO BE RIGHT.
THE THIRD IS ORBITING LIKE THE 
SUN. 
WE HAVE FOUND ANOTHER 
INTERESTING COMPACT SYSTEM. 
HOPEFULLY YOU HAVE HEARD OF 
TRAPPIZE ONE. 
IT'S AN EXCITING SYSTEM.
IT HAS THREE PLANETS THAT ARE 
THE RIGHT SIZE AND TEMPERATURES.
THAT'S EXCITING. 
SUPERVISE DELIVERED IN PART BY 
THE SPITZER, AND K2. 
WE ARE PROUD OF IT. 
THIS IS STARTING TO GET TOWARDS 
WHAT WE ARE ASKING ABOUT. 
THE WHOLE PURPOSE OF THE MISSION
IS A MEASURE HOW COMMENCE ARE 
PLANETS LIKE THE EARTH. 
THE RIGHT STAR. 
WHAT WE FOUND, WE THINK - WE HAD
TO MAKE SOME GUESSES.
WE THINK THEY ARE COMMON. 
HOW MANY HAVE WE FOUND.
WE FOUND SEVEN, SEVEN OF THE 
RIGHT SIZE AND TEMPERATURE. 
PROCHL IMA SEN TOURY B. 
OUR BOWSEST SYSTEM AS ALPHA SENN
TALLERY A, B AND PROCHL IMA 
SENATORY. 
WE FOUND A PLANET AROUND PROX 
IMA SEN TALLERY. 
3.8 LIGHT YEARS AWAY, 
MILLISECONDS, 3.8ARS, VERY 
SMALL.
HERE ARE THE TRAPPIZE FINE US.
INTERESTIZE ONE  
F. 
AND ALL THE ONE ROCKY. 
THERE'S THREE THAT WE HAVE 
FOUND.
TRANSIT KEPLER 4, 4, 2B. 
IN THE SIZE RANGE AND 
TEMPERATURE RANGE. 
THE PROBLEM WITH THE PLANETS IS 
THE STAR THAT THEY ORBIT. 
REMEMBER I SAID THEY NEED TO 
ORBIT STARS LIKE THE SUN. 
A MUCH SMALLER KIND OF STAR. 
OUR SUN IS A BORING MIDDLE AGED 
STAR. 
THIS IS HOW THEY CLASSIFY STARS 
WITH LETTERS.
MOST OF THE STARS IN THE GALAXY 
ARE M STARS. 
ENDORV. 
RED DORVES IS ANOTHER THING. 
THE PROBLEM WITH ENDORVES, 
RELATIVE TO THE SUN THEY PUT OUT
MORE ENERGY AND UV RADIATION.
IT'S WHAT WILL GIVE YOU SUN BURN
OR IF YOU ARE UNLUCKY, CANCER: 
HIGH ENERGY, HIGH FREQUENCY 
RADIATION.
CLEAN ROOMS USE UV LIGHT. 
SO WE FOUND ALL THE ROCKY 
PLANETS OR TEMPERATURES. 
THEY COULD BE STERILISED. 
HOW MANY PLANETS THAT COULD BE 
AROUND THE EARTH. 
NONE, YET. 
AS I SAID, IT'S NO BECAUSE WE 
DON'T THINK THEY ARE COMMON. 
IF WE MAKE EXTRAPOLATIONS, WE 
THINK THEY ARE COMMON. 
THERE COULD BE TENS OF HUNDREDS 
OF THESE IN THE GALAXY. 
THE PROBLEM IS THEY ARE TOO 
SMALL.
THE STARS THEY ORBIT ARE TOO FAR
AWAY. 
WE ARE STUCK AT THIS POINT. 
WHERE THE IMAGINATIONS HAVE GOT 
AHEAD OF OUR VOICE. DON'T HAVE  
THE SAME SITUATIONS THE GREEKS 
FROM IN. 
THEY DID NOT KNOW HOW TO DO IT. 
THEY'LL TAKE THE ILLUSTRATIONS 
AND TURN THEM INTO REAL 
OBSERVATIONS OF THE PLANET. 
THIS TIME WE HAVE A PLAN. 
THIS IS OUR NASA EXOPLANET 
ROBOT. 
WE ARE ABOUT HERE.
WE HAD TO SAY GOODBYE TO THE 
MISSION.
ALREADY FINDING PLAN ET CETERA 
VERY EXCITING. 
THE JAMES WEBB TELESCOPE IS 
AROUND THE CORNER. 
WE HAVE MORE TECHNOLOGY IN THE 
FUTURE THAT THEY ARE BUILDING 
TOWARDS NOW. 
AND I'LL LET MY COLE EKE TELL
ABOUT HOW WE TURN DREAMS INTO 
REALITY. 
THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 
[ CLAPPING ]
>>.
>> THANKS, JESSE, HEADY STUFF. 
NOW THAT YOU HAVE HEARD ABOUT 
EXOPLANETS. 
OUR NEXT SPEAKER WILL SHEDIGHT
ON WHAT IT TAKES TO FIND AND 
STUDY THEM. 
COMING UP. 
MY COLLEAGUE WILL SHOW YOU A FUN
TOOL DEVELOPING WHAT IT WILL 
LOOK LIKE IF YOU STAND ON THE 
SURFACES OF THIS PLANET. 
UP FIRST, THE NEXT SPEAKER IS 
THE CHIEF SCIENTIST. 
NEXT WE HAVE A SCIENTIST. 
AT J.P. L. 
HE'S ADVISOR IN A NATION LIKE 
THE EXOPLANET SPACE MANAGEMENTS.
>> HE HAS EXTENSIVE EXPERIENCE.
AND IT COULD IMAGE THE 
EXOPLANET. 
WELCOME KARL STAPELFELDT.
>> GOOD EVENING, IT'S GREAT TO 
BE HERE. 
I HAVE BEEN IN THIS AUDIENCE SO 
MANY TIMES, IT'S MY FIRST TIME 
UP ON THE STAGE. 
I'VE BEEN A J.P. L FOR QUITE A 
FEW YEARS NOW.
WE STARTED AS A GRAD STUDENT. 
WITH A SUMMER JOB IN 1985. 
THAT WAS A TIME WE DID NOT HAVE 
EXOPLANETS. 
I DIDN'T HAVE TIME BECAUSE NO 
ONE WILL FIND THEM. 
WHAT WE DID HAVE HAPPENING IS 
ASTRONOMY, WE FOUND THE FIRST 
 OF CLOUDS OF DUST AND 
GAS ORBITING THE YOUNG STARS.
THEORY HAD TOLD US FOR A LONG 
TIME THAT IT WOULD BE THE LIKELY
PLANETARY SYSTEM.
>> MAYBE IF THERE'S A FORMATION 
OF THEM. 
IF CONDITIONS WERE WIDESPREAD.
WE HAD A FEELING THAT THERE WAS 
GOING TO BE MILEAGE IN THE 
FUTURE.
>> PAST FORWARD FOR THAT. 
NOW I HAVE A CHANCE TO DIRECTED 
WHAT NASA IS DOING. 
ALONG WITH MY COLLEAGUES.
THAT IS EXCITING. 
JESSIE TOLD YOU ABOUT HOW WE 
HAVE COUNTED UP LARGE PLANETS.
WE HAVE MEASURED THEIR SIZES. 
THE THING WE WANT TO DO NEXT IS 
GO TO WHAT THE PLANETS ARE MADE 
OF. 
HOW SIMILAR ARE THEY TO THE 
EARTH IN THEIR CONDITIONS AND IN
TERMS MUCH TEMPERATURES AND 
COMPETITION, I'M HERE TO TELL 
YOU ABOUT WHAT OUR PLANS ARE TO 
DO THAT. 
AND IN PARTICULAR, FOR SMALL 
PLANETS.
LIKE THE SIZE OF THE EARTH.
WE ARE HEADED TO THE GOAL. 
WE'LL SHOW YOU A FEW GRAPHS, OF 
HOW IT'S STOLEN SOMERS WILL 
RECOGNISE THE PLANET.
>> I'M SHOWING YOU HERE ON THE 
HORIZONAL DIRECTION.
HERE IS BLUE LIGHT. 
RED LIGHT. 
IF YOU GO PAST WHERE THE EYE CAN
SEE, THE BRIGHT INCHES, THE BLUE
CURVE. 
IT'S BRIGHTER, HIGHER UP IN THE 
GRAPH, THIS SHOWS YOU THE 
SPECTRUM OF LIGHT REFLECTED FROM
THE EARTH. 
ALL THE NUMBERS BROKEN DOWN. 
AND WHAT IS IMPORTANT ABOUT THE 
GRAPH IS THAT YOU CAN SEE, NO.1,
IN THE BLUE, THE EARTH IS 
BRIGHTER. 
IN THE RED, IT'S FAINTER, YOU 
HAVE A BLUE PLANET. 
WE SEE THAT THERE'S A BIG DIP IN
THE SIGNALLING WHERE WATER 
AVAILABLER PRODUCES AN 
ABSORPTION. 
MOST TELL-TALE IS THE PRESENCE 
OF MOLECULAR OXYGEN PRODUCED BY 
LIFE. 
SUSTAINING ALL THE ANIMALS.
SO THIS IS SOMETHING THAT WE 
WOULD LIKE TO SEE IN AN 
EXOPLANET. 
COMPARE THIS TO MARS.
MARS HAS LITTLE LIGHTS IN THE 
BLUE. 
IT HAS MORE LIGHT IN THE RED.
IT'S A RED PLANET. 
GOING ACROSS HERE, YOU NOTICE NO
OXYGEN SIGNATURE. 
NO DIP IN MARS AT THE SAME 
WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT. 
THERE'S NOT ANY STRONG WATER 
FEATURES
THERE'S A FEATURE HERE.
WHEN I GO TO THE N SLIDE YOU 
WILL SEE IS CARBON DIOXIDE. 
THIS IS THE ATMOSPHERE OF VENUS.
AND ALL THE STRONG DIPS ARE DUE 
TO CARBON DIOXIDE. 
THERE'S A LITTLE HERE AND HERE. 
AND THERE'S A LOT FOR VENUS MUCH
NO OXYGEN IN VENUS, LITTLE 
WATER.
>>S ASTRONOMERS HAVE BEEN 
IMAGINATIVE. 
MAKING PLAN ET CETERA ROCK CI 
LIKE THE EARTH WITH DIFFERENT 
ATMOSPHERES.
THE ORANGE SHOWS A PLANET WITH 
NO WATER VAPOUR, BUT 10 TIMES 
THE AMOUNT OF OXYGEN IN OUR OWN 
SOLAR SYSTEM.
AND IS AN EXAMPLE OF DOZENS OF
SCENARIOS.
WE HAVE AN UNDERSTANDING OF 
PLANETARY ATMOSPHERE 
PREDICTIONS ABOUT THE DIVERSITY 
THAT IS OUT THERE. 
WE WANT TO GO, FIND AND MEASURE 
THE SPECTER OF SMALL PLANETS.
SEE WHAT THE DIVERSITY IS, AND 
HOW MANY MATCH THE SPECTRUM OF 
OUR OWN EARTH.
SO, LET ME TALK TO YOU ABOUT HOW
TO DO THAT.
THE MOST FORMAL THING YOU DO IS 
THAT LOOK AT THE LIGHT THAT 
REFLECTS OFF A PLANET. 
THAT'S WHAT WE DO WITH THE MOON.
WE SEE THE SUN'S RIGHT. 
THE WAY WE SEE ALL THE GREAT 
PICTURES IS FROM THE LIGHT OF 
THE SUN. 
WE LIKE TO DO IT WITH 
EXOPLANETS. 
THE PROBLEM IS THE GLARE FROM 
THE STAR. 
ASSIST SO CLOSE TOGETHER, WHEN 
YOU LOOK OUT AT THE DISTANCE.
IT'S HARD TO SEPARATE THE LIGHTS
OF THE EXOPLANET FROM THE LIGHT 
OF THE STAR. 
WE HAVE ZERO EXOPLANETS IN THE 
REFLECTED LIGHT THAT YOU USE 
YOUR OWN EYES.
WE HAVE DEVELOPED A TECHNIQUE 
THAT CAN GET YOU A SPECTRUM IN 
AN UNUSUAL WAY.
>> THIS IS LIT FROM THE FRONT. 
HERE IS THE CLOUD MUCH HERE IS 
ME AT THE LAUNCH OF TESTS. 
AND THIS IS SATURN'S MOON TITAN.
AND THIS IS VENUS AS SEEN FROM 
THE SPACECRAFT. 
WHAT IT YOU GIVE UP TRYING TO 
SEPARATE THE LIGHT OF THE STAR 
FROM THE LIGHT OF THE PLANET. 
IF YOU ARE WILLING TO COMBINE 
THEM TOGETHER. 
YOU CAN SEE A SIGNAL FROM THE 
PLANET ITSELF.
THIS THAT CASE WE ARE USING THE 
SILVER LINING OF THE PLANET TO 
PROBE ITS ATMOSPHERE. 
HERE IS A CLOUD SILVER LINING, 
HERE IS NEE IN T STUDIO. 
YOU CAN SEE I HAVE GREY HAIR. 
THEN, THIS IS THE PICTURE OF 
TITAN TAKING BEN THE CASSINI 
MISSION AT THE PARTICULAR TIME  
TITAN. 
WE SEE THE SAME SILVER LINING 
AFFECT. 
IF THE SUN IS IN THE SAME 
PICTURE AS IT IS HERE, BACK IN 
2004 WHEN VENUS WAS CROSSING THE
FACE OF THE SUN. 
THERE'S FILM ON THE SIDE. 
FOR THE TIME BEING WE ARE NOT T 
PLANET AND THE STAR. 
THERE ARE A COUPLE OF DOZEN 
PLANETS OUT OF THOUSANDS FOUND.
WE CAP USE THE TECHNIQUE TO FIND
THE SPECTRE OF PLANETS AROUND 
STARS.
HUBBLE HAS BEEN ABLE TO DO THIS,
FOR HOT JUPITER. 
YES, THEY HAVE WATER VAPOUR IN 
THE ATMOSPHERE. 
THEY HAVE BIG ACTIVITIES IN THE 
BACK FLIP PLANETS IS THE JAMES 
WEBB TELESCOPE. 
JAMES WEBB IS FAMOUS FOR BEING 
LATE. 
IN THREE YEARS, IT WILL BE 
FAMOUS FOR IMPORTANT 
DISCOVERIES, AND WILL BE FAMOUS 
FOR WHAT IT DOES IN EXOPLANETS. 
WE HAVE A FACTOR OF THREE LARGER
MIRRORS. 
KL WORK IN THE INFO RED.
SO HERE IT IS.
AS IT DEPLOYS, IT HAS 18 
SEGMENTS. 
A SUN SHADE.
TO KEEP THE TELESCOPE COLD.
IT'S OPERATING IN THE INFRARED.
JAMES WEBB WILL DO THE RESULT IN
BACK-LIT PLANETS.
HERE IS THE SYSTEM MENTIONED TO 
YOU. 
HERE IS THE STAR. 
AND THE THREE PLANETS HERE IN 
THE MIDDLE ARE THE ONES WITH THE
RIGHT CONDITIONS.
FOR HAVING LIQUID WATER ON THE 
SURFACE.
THE JAMES WE'D TELESCOPE 
SIMULATED WHAT THEY BELIEVE 
THEY'LL ACHIEVE ON THIS PLANET. 
WHICH IS B, C, D, E, F. 
THIS IS A SIGNAL THEY PECT TO 
GET WHERE THE DIFFERENCES 
BETWEEN THE PLANET WHEN IT'S 
CROSSING IN THE STAR, CROSSING 
IN FRONT OF THE STAR. 
YOU TAKE THE SPECTRUM.
WHEN THE STAR IS THERE BY 
ITSELF, YOU TAKE THE SPECTRUM.
YOU MAKE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 
THE TWO.
>> YOU MAKE A CONDITION, THE 
STAR, THE SIGNAL.
TAKE THE DITCHES, AND YOU CAN 
GET THE SPECTRUM.
PT VERTIBLE PARTS IS PARTS 
PER MILLION. 
AND THESE ARE WATER-BASED 
FEATURES.
WE THINK THEY'LL BE DOZENS OF 
PLAN
PLANETS THAT HAVE SIZES THE TIME
OF THE EARTH.
I WANT TO GET THAT FIRST PLAN
HOW WILL IT BE TO SEE. 
YOU ARE NEXT TO A SEARCH LIGHT 
WHEN YOU ARE ALL THE WAY ACROSS 
THE COUNTRY. 
THE BRIGHTNESS IS CHALNGING. 
THE DINY SEPARATION BETWEEN THE 
TWO IS CHALLENGING. 
THINK ABOUT DRIVING ON A ROAD AT
NIGHT. 
YOU CAN SEE THE ROAD AND CAR 
COMING AT HER. 
THERE'S BILLIONS IN THE REARVIEW
MIRROR. 
THERE WAS LIGHT SHINING IN THE 
CARS BEHIND YOU. 
IT'S VERY DIFFICULT TO DO THAT. 
THAT'S OUR JOB IF THE PROGRAMME 
GO AWAY. 
TO SEE THE FAKE PLANETS.
THIS IS ANOTHER GRAPH WITH TWO 
DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS.
UP HERE, USING GEMINI AND HAWAII
IN SOUTH AMERICA - THERE'S A 
DOZEN OR SO OF THESE, THESE ARE 
10,000 TIMES FAINTER THAN THE 
STAR.
THEY ARE OUT AT THE SEPARATION 
OF ONE ARC SECOND, THAT'S EASY. 
TO BE ABLE TO SEE THOSE PLANETS.
WE HAVE TO GO FROM A FACTOR OF 
10,000 TO A MILLION DOWN TO 
WHERE THE EARTH - 30 LIGHT YEARS
AWAY. 
JUPITER IS FURTHER OUT. 
IT'S A LARGE PLANET. 
THAT'S DOWN HERE. 
THAT'S DOWN HERE AT ONE BILLION 
TO ONE CONTRAST. 
THE EARTH IS DOWN HERE. 
YOU MAY BE SURPRISED TO LEARN 
THAT WE HAVE 2 MINUTES WALK FROM
HERE. 
WE HAVE A CORONA GRAPH 
INSTRUMENT BLOCKING THE LIGHT OF
THE STAR. 
TO LET YOU SEE SOMETHING PAINT 
NEXT TO IT: ONE BILLION TO ONE 
CONTRASTS TO A FEW PEOPLE 
SEPARATION IN THE STAR. 
IT'S IN THE LAP. 
IT WORKS. 
WE THINK WE HAVE DONE - GONE A 
LOT OF THE WAY TO DEMONSTRATING 
THAT WE DO THIS KIND OF 
MEASUREMENT. 
WE WANT TO GET OUT OF THE LAB ON
TO A SPACE NATION.
MISSION.
THAT NEXT ONE IS CALLED W FIRST.
A TELESCOPE. 
IT'S PRIMARY GOAL IS A RIGHT 
ANGLED VIEW OF THE SKY. 
I WON'T GO INTO THAT. 
YOU CAN ASK ME AFTER THE TALK. 
IT HAS A CORONA GRAPH LIKE THE 
ONE IN THE TEST BED FACILITY. 
WE'LL GET A FIRST CHANCE TO SEE 
PLANETS AROUND OTHER STARS FOUND
BY THE RADIO VERY WELL OF THE
JOY WOBBLE TECHNIQUE. 
THAT IS THE FIRST STEP. 
W1ST WILL GET US TO A JUPITER 
AROUND ANOTHER STAR. 
IT WON'T GET US TO 10 BILLION TO
ONE. 
AS W FIRST WAS RECOMMENDED IN 
2010. 
WE HAVE IN 2020. 
ANOTHER TIME WHEN THE ACADEMY OF
SCIENCE - WHAT CAN NASA DO. 
THERE'S A LOT OF INSIDE.
THERE ARE TWO IDEAS THAT ARE 
EXOPLANET FOCUSED.
THAT NASA IS DEVELOPING. 
ONE IS CALLED HAPP EX. 
HABITO PLANET OBSERVATORY. 
A TELESCOPE 60% LARGER THAN HUB 
M.WITH A CORE OWNO GRAPH 
INSTRUMENT INSIDE.
TEAMED UP USING THE LESSONS. 
AND HAS A SEPARATE FORMATION, 
PROVIDING AB ULTIMATE NATE WAY 
OF PROVIDING THE LINE OUT OF THE
STAR. 
IT IS USEFUL.
>> LOOKING CLOSER IN. 
THAT HE'S OTHERWISE ABLE TO DO. 
IT'S SOMETHING THAT WE'LL BE 
ABLE TO SEE HUNDREDS OF PLANETS.
AND LIKE THE EARTH SIZE. 
PROBABLY ABOUT 10. 
THE ESTIMATES RELY ON WHAT 
KEPPLER TOLD US ABOUT THE 
FREQUENCY OF PLANETS. 
THE NEXT ONE IS CALLED. 
LUVRE IS LARGE ULTRA-VIOLET 
OCHT CALL IN FROM RED TELESCOPE.
THIS IS BIGGER THAN HAB EX.
IT'S A FACTOR OF THIS IS THREE 
TIMES BIGGER THAN HUBBLE. 
THE 8 METRE VERSION.
THERE'S A 15 METRE VERSION.
THIS IS A TELESCOPE. 
BECAUSE OF ITS LARGER SIZE, IT 
WILL HAVE A BETTER ABILITY TO 
LOOK IN CLOSE.
THIS WILL GET 30 OR SO 
EARTH-LIKE PLANETS.
ROCKY PLANETS IN A HABITABLE 
ZONE. 
FOR SMALL VERSION.
OR LARGE VERSION.
LIKE JWST, IT HAS A SEGMENT 
UNFOLDING ON ORBIT. 
KEEPING THE TPERATURES 
RELEGATED.
THIS IS A MISSION. 
IT'S NOT IMPROVED.
IT'S A SUGGESTION FOR WT WE 
CAN DO. 
WHAT WILL THEY DECIDE.
THEY ARE STARTING TO MEET NOW. 
WE THINK THEY ARE CLOSE ENOUGH  
IT WILL SAY WHETHER WE GET THE 
SIGNAL FOR GO IN 2022. 
LET ME SAY WHERE YOU'LL END UP 
WITH THIS. 
GALA LAYO, WAS ABLE TO LOOK AT 
JUPITER, SHOWING THAT IT WAS A 
SYSTEM. 
AT THAT TIME HE WAS ABLE TO HAND
DRAW WHAT HE COULD SEE. 
FROM NIGHT TO MIT THE MOONS 
MOVED AROUND. 
WE BEEN ABLE SAVE A FANTASTIC 
SYSTEM WITH FOUR PLANETS.
THAT OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS OR 
SO WERE SHOWN TO ORBIT AROUND.
IT WAS A TIME LAPSE PHOTO. 
IF WE ARE SUCCESSFUL. 
BOTH IN OUR TECHNICAL WORK AND 
CONVINCING THE COMMUNITY, THIS 
IS WHAT WE HOPE TO DO, AROUND 
2035 WITH THE LUBE WAR AND HEB 
EX MISSION.
YOSEE THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 
THE ANA LOG. 
AND TELL US WITH PLANETS WITH 
PROPERTIES LIKE THE EARTH ARE 
COMMON AND UNUSUAL. 
ANOTHER PART I WANT TO CIRCLE ON
IS ONCE WE FOUND OUT THAT THERE 
IS A PLANET THAT IS THE RIGHT 
TEMPERATURE. 
THAT WILL CAPT VATE PEOPLE, IF 
YOU GO AND HAVE INTER STELLAR 
TRAVEL.
YOU HAVE TO GET THE MAP FOR THE 
TRAVELLERS, THIS IS THE WAY TO 
GET STARTED ON THIS IN THEEXT 
TECH AID.
HAVING THE MISSIONS FINDING 
WHERE ARE THE NEXT EARTH LIKE 
PLANETS. 
WITH THAT. 
I'LL TURN IT OVER TO PRESTON.
>> WE WILL NOT TURN IT OVER TO 
PRESTON. 
HELLO, I'M THELIA, I WORK FORT 
NASA EXOPLANET PROGRAMME. 
ONE OF THE THINGS MENTIONED WAS 
THE EXOPLANET TRAVEL BUREAU, 
JESSIE IN HER TALK SHOWED 
POSTERS WE HAD CREATED.
WHAT I'LL SHOW IS WHERE THEY 
LIVE. 
AND AN IMMERSE H.I.V. VR 
EXPERIENCE THAT YOU CAN ENJOY AT
HOME. 
SO LET'S EXPLORE THE GALAXY.
YOU GUYS WILL BE ABLE TO FIND 
FULL RESOLUTION FILES OF THE 
POSTERS.
BUT YOU WILL BE ABLE TO, 
"PARTICULAR THE SURFACES.
>> IT IS ONE OF THE LAVA WORLDS.
LET'S EXPLORE THE SURFACE.
THESE 360 EXPERIENCES WORK ON 
YOUR DESKTOP, TABLET AND MOBILE 
DEVICE.
IF YOU HAVE A DEVICE YOU CAN GET
IT ON YOUR PHONE. 
THERE ARE INTERESTING FEATURES 
ON THE PLANET THAT WE HAVE 
HIGHLIGHTED WITH THE TEXT HOT 
SPOTS, THE STAR, IF YOU CLICK 
THAT TEXT HOT SPOT IT GIVES YOU 
INFORMATION ABOUT WHAT YOU ARE 
LOOKING AT. 
HERE IT GIVES INFORMATION ABOUT 
THE STAR WHICH APPEARS TO BE 
CLOSE.
IT'S NOT A FOUNTAIN OF LAVA. 
IT'S THE STAR IN THE SYSTEM.
THIS STAR IS 65 TIMES CLOSER TO 
THIS PLANET. 
THAN OUR SON IS TO EARTH.
WHICH IS WHY IT LOOKS SO BIG.
ONE OF MY FAVORITE FEATURES THIS
CENTER IS SO HOT. 
IF YOU CLICK ON THAT, IT WILL 
TELL YOU MORE. 
AND THE CLOUD WILL REFLECT THE 
SURFACE.
YOU CAN FIND THE VR AND THE 
TRAVEL POSTERS.
YOU DO NOT HAVE TO DOWNLOAD ANY 
APPS.
IT RUNS FROM THE WEBSITE. 
THAT IS ALLABLE.
>> IF MY SPEAKERS WILL JOIN US 
OVER HERE, AND WE'LL GET STARTED
WITH THE DISCUSSION PART OF OUR 
WE SURE TO CHECK OUT THE TRAVEL 
BUREAU. 
SHE'S INSTRUMENTAL IN MAKING 
THOSE DIFFERENCES.
HOW THERE'S CAREERS FOR ALL 
KINDS OF FOLKS AT NASA. 
WHETHER YOU ARE A SCIENTIST 
ENGINEERING.
>> LET'S MOVER TONNE TO THE 
DISCUSSION PART OF OUR SHOW.
>> THEY DID MAKE ME CARRY A 
CHAIR IN HEELS.
>> SORRY, BUT THANK YOU. 
I WANTEDED TO ASK A QUESTION 
ABOUT THE NAMES.
I WANTED TO TALK ABOUT THE NAMES
OF THE PLANETS AND WHY THEY ARE 
FUNKY.
>> I WANTED TO APOLOGISE FOR MY 
PROFESSIONS, THE NAMES ARE 
GARBAGE. 
THEY ARE NAMED AFTER THE NAME OF
THE STAR. 
AND THE STAR NAMES. 
THE NUMBERS ARE NUMBERED.
THAN HENRY DRAPERS.
133RD STAR THAT HE PUT IN HIS 
CATALOGUE.
>> THEN WE FOUND LITTLE C IS THE
SECOND AND LITTLE D. 
SO YOU END UP WITH THE BIG 
NAMES.
IF YOU STAR DID NOT HAVE A NAME.
IT'S NAMED AFTER THE MISSION.
KEP LER 442 B. 
THAT STAR DIDN'T ALREADY HAVE A 
NAME IN COMMON USE.
>> THERE YOU GO.
>> I WISH WE HAD A BETTER 
ANSWER.
>> WE GIVE SOME NAMES, THERE'S A
MORE EXCITING NAME, RIGHT. 
ISN'T THERE A BOLARAT HAD, ON.
>> THE IOU HAD A COMPETITION.
THERE WERE 50 PLANETS THAT THEY 
HAD A VOTE WHERE YOU COULD VOTE 
FOR COOL NAMES.
>> THERE IS A SECOND NAMING 
COMPETITION, STAY ATTUNED TO 
WEBSITES.
>> THE TITLE OF OUR SHOW. 
THE GOLDEN AGE, I WANTED TO ASK 
YOU FOR YOUR TAKE ON THAT. 
IS THIS THE GDEN AGE NOW. 
AND I THINK YOU MENTIONED THAT 
YOU HAD THAT OPINION. 
IS IT WITH US NOW OR IN THE 
FUTURE.
>> YOU HAVEN'T HEARD THE HALF OF
IT. 
THE MISSION LAUNCHED WILL BE 
EXPECTED TO FIND ANOTHER 10,000 
OR SO PLANETS ABOVE THE 4,000 OR
SO NOW.
COUNTING IT'S THE GOLDEN AGE.
IN TERMS OF CHARACTERIZING.
I THINK THAT AGE IT STILL TO 
COME.
>> LET'S TALK ABOUT THAT. 
HOW FAR CAN WE GET. 
IS THERE A LIMIT WE CAN LEARN 
ABOUT EXOPLANETS WITHOUT GOING 
TO ONE.
>> THERE ARE OPTIONS.
>> ONE OF THE JOBS OF THE OFFICE
IS TO PLAN THE OPTIONS TO 
PRESENTS TO THE COMMUNITY, WE 
THOUGHT WHAT MAY HAPPEN AFTER A 
HABIT. 
KEEP IN MIND. 
THE FUTURE MISSIONS SHOWING YOU 
A POINT OF LIGHT. 
THE GEOGRAPHY. 
OR THE CLOUD PATTERNS ON THE 
PLANETS. 
YOU THINK ABOUT IT. 
WE ONLY PLANNED TO MAKE THE 
MISSION GOOD ENOUGH TO SEPARATE 
THE PLANET FROM THE STAR. 
THE EARTH SIZE IS ABOUT 
ONE-20,000NTH OF THE SEPARATION 
BETWEEN THE EARTH AND THE SUN. 
IF WE SCALE OF LUV ARE WOIR THEN
WE'LL SEE FEATURES ON THE 
SURFACE OF THE PLANET. 
THAT'S TOO PIG OF A TELL SCOPE 
TO MAKE IN ONE PIECE.
160,000.
YOU CAN THINK ABOUT MAKING A 
MISSION LIKETHAT. 
PHYSICALLY POSSIBLE.
>> WHAT HAPPENS WHETHER IT'S 
SOON OR FURTHER DOWN THE ROAD.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU FIND 
SOMETHING THAT MIGHT BE AN EARTH
OF LIKE PLANET. 
WHAT WILL THAT DO TO THE SEARCH 
AND STUDY OF EXLANETS.
>> BEFORE 1995 THERE WAS 153 
YEARS OF CLAIMED EXIO PLANET 
DETECTIONS, WHEN YOU WERE TRYING
TO MAKE THEM AT THE EDGE. 
ABILITY TO DO IT. 
YOU'LL GET IT WRONG.
THE FIRST TIME WE THING WE FOUND
AN EARTH-LIKE PLANET. 
IT MAY NOT STICK.
WE'LL HAVE TO LOOK AT IT WITH 
DIFFERENT STRAUMENTS.
EVERYWHERE ON EARTH WILL THREE 
EVERY TELESCOPE AT IT. 
UTIL WE FIND ONE. 
FOR THE IMAGING METHOD.
YOU HAVE TO DO A SERIES OF 
CHECKS.
WE HAVE TO DO A CHECK. 
IF YOU SEE IT HAS THE RIGHT 
SPECTRUM.
SO I THINK THERE'LL BE A LOT OF 
DISCUSSION AND DEBATE, AND AS 
JESSIE SAYS, SOME RETRACTIONS,  
SOLID RESULT.
THINKING ABOUT LOOK OR TALKING 
ABOUT THE PLAN ET CETERA. 
DO YOU HAVE A -- PLANETS. 
DO YOU HAVE A BELIEF THAT THERE 
IS LIFE BEYON EARTH.
>> IT'S HARD TO IMAGINE, IF THE 
PLANETS ARE AS NUMEROUS AS 
KEPPLER TELLS US, AND IF THE 
UNIVERSES ARE MADE OF THE SAME 
SUBSTANCE, CONDITIONS SEEM TO BE
POSSIBLE IN MANY SETTINGS, 
WHETHER IT PROGRESSES IF A STAR 
IS QUITE ENOUGH. 
WHETHER IT PROGRESS 
INVESTIGATION REGULATIONS TO 
MULTICELLULAR LIFE IS AN OPEN 
QUESTION AND WE HAVE ROOM FOR 
SPECULATION AS YOU SEE ON THE 
MOVIES.
AS EARTH IS ABLE TO SPOR SIMPLY 
ICE.
YOU SEE IT. 
IT'S BILLIONS OF YEARS BEFORE 
THEY ARE TURN INTO SINGLE CELL 
THINGS. 
IT MAY BE THE CASE THAT IT'S
EASY TO MAKE.
THE PROGRESSION IS DIFFICULT AND
MAKE NOT DRIVEN IN SOME WAY. 
NOT REALLY AN ANSWER. 
BUT WE DON'T HAVE AN ANSWER.
>> AND YOU ARE NOT THE TYPE TO 
SPECULATE.
>> YOU HAVE AN ANGLE TO GET AN 
ANSWER. 
IF YOU MEASURE THE ATMOSPHERES 
OF ENOUGH PLAN ET CETERA AND 
SEE -- PLANETS AND SEE HOW 
COMMON THEY ARE. 
A LARGE SAMPLE DOES A LOT TO 
HELP UNDERSTAND WHAT IS 
HAPPENING.
>> GOING BACK TO, THEN, HOW 
NONSCIENTIST LIKE ME APPROACH 
TRONOMY, THE IDEA THAT YOU CAN
TELL WHAT IS IN A PLANET'S 
ATMOSPHERE, THAT THE LIGHTS FROM
THAT PLANET'S STAR GOES THROUGH 
THE ATMOSPHERE, TRAVELS THROUGH 
SPACE FOR YOUR TELL SCOPE. 
THAT THERE'S INFORMATION HIDDEN 
IN THE LIGHT. 
IT'S A MAGICAL IDEA. 
HAS THERE BEEN A MOMENT WHERE 
YOU FOUND YOURSELF STUNNED BY A 
REALIZATION LIKE THAT. 
EITHER WHEN YOU ARE TRAINING TO 
BECOME A RESEARCHER, OR SINCE 
YOU STARTED WORKING AS A 
PROFESSIONAL SCIENTIST THAT 
STUPS YOU LIKE THAT.
>> I WOULD SAY THE FIRST TIME I 
LOOKED AT KEPLER DATA. 
I HAD SPENT THEY HAD SPENT A 
LONG TIME LOOKING AT DATA FROM 
THE GROUND THAT HAD WEATHER AND 
CAPS.
TELESCOPES BREAKING, AND ALL THE
REASONS WHY. 
IT WAS IN THE FIRST WEEK. 
WE SAT DOWN TO LOOK AT THE NEW 
BATCH OF DATA. 
IT WAS EXQUISITE.
EVERYTHING THAT LOOKED LIKE A 
MODEL. 
IT WAS A REAL DATA, AFTER YEARS 
OF NOT FINDING THEM WE SAT THERE
FOR AN OUR.
THERE'S ONE, THERE'S ONE. 
I WAS BLOWN AWAY.
THIS WAS THE CULMINATION OF ALL 
THE YEARS, THEY ARE EVERYWHERE. 
IT WAS AMAZING.
>> ANYTHING LIKE THAT WERE YOU. 
IT WAS A GREAT MISSION.
THE OPPORTUNITY I HAVE. 
IT WAS SIMILAR TO THAT, WAS TO 
BE INVOLVED IN THE REPAIR OF THE
HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPES.
AND WHEN THE IMMIGRANTS CAME 
DOWN, SEEING ALL THE THINGS THAT
WE WERE EXPECTED TO SEE. 
THE HUBBLE RESULTS OVER THE PAST
20-25 YEARS. 
HIT THE BIG TIME OF SCIENCE. 
WHAT MOTIVATES YOU. 
MAKING THIS FIELD OF SIGNS SO 
COMPEL
COMPELLING.
>> I ENJOY GOING HIKE OF COURSE,
AND THE EARTH IS SO FASCINATING.
THE IDEA THAT THERE ARE 
THOUSANDS MORE OUT THERE WITH 
DIFFERENT LIFE FORMS, THAT IS 
EXCITING. 
IF WE CAN GO A STEPTOWARDS 
MAKING CIVILISATION, ALL THAT 
EXTRA STUFF. 
I WOULD BE THRILLED.
FOR ME, IT'S THE EXPLORATIONS, 
IT'S ONE THING THAT YOU WE 
BORN TOO LATE. 
BORN TOO EARLY, I DON'T FEEL 
THAT WAY. 
I'LL FINDING NEW PLANETS ALL THE
TIME. 
EACH IS UNIQUE DID INTERESTING.
ANOTHER ONE, ANOTHER ONE. 
ANOTHER ONE.
>> IT IS FANTASTIC.
>> WE WANTED TO TALK ABOUT 
LETTING - HOW OTHERS GET 
INVOLVED. 
IF WE ARE NOT PROFESSIONAL 
SCIENTISTS. 
THE WHOLE IDEA - THERE ARE WAYS 
ABOUT HOW TO TALK ABOUT HOW 
CITIZEN SCIENTISTSAN HELP WITH
THE DISCOVERY.
>> LOOKING FOR TRANSIT AROUND 
STARS, YOU ARE LOOKING FOR DIPS.
WE HAVE SOFTWARE, CODES THAT WE 
WRITE TO LOOK FOR THE CURVES AND
THE DIPS.
SOFTWARE IS NOT INFALLIBLE. 
WHAT IS GOOD AT FINDING DIPS IS 
THE HUMAN GAME.
WE ARE EXCELLENT AT PATENT 
RECOGNITION.
BEING ABLE TO SEE THOSE.
IT'S IMPORTANT. 
I CAN TEACH YOU IN LESS THAT 
FIVE MINUTES. 
THERE'S A FEW DIFFERENT WEBSITES
THAT YOU CAN G TO, LAUNCHED - 
HOSTED BY THE ZOON VERSE 
PLATFORM.
AN ONLINE PROGRAMME WHERE THE 
SCIENTISTS BRING THEIR DATER. 
THERE'S TWO DIFFERENT EXO 
PLANETS. 
ONE IS PLANET HUNTERS. 
ANDO PLANETS, PLANET HUNKERS WAS
TEST DATA. 
IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN GOING, 
LOOKING FOR THE TRANSIT. 
THE MUSICAL SYSTEM TAKEN BY 
CITIZEN SCIENTIST. 
THEY FOUND THE SYSTEM THAT COULD
BE RICH. 
I ENCOURAGE YOU IF YOU GO HOME.
START LOOKING FOR THEM AROUND 
TEST DATA. 
THERE'S 10 MILLION STARS.
THE TESTS WILL BE MONITORING. 
EVERY ONE OF YOU CAN ADOPT A 
STAR. 
SEE IF IT HAS A PLANET OR NOT.
>> AS YOU HAVE HEARD, THERE ARE 
ALL WAYS THAT CAN GET INVOLVED. 
LEASH MORE, TAKE SOME OF THE 
PLANETS. 
IT'S A GOOD PLACE FOR US TO HEAR
FROM YOU. 
IN THE AUDIENCE, AND TRANSITION 
THE QUESTIONS. 
SO WE'LL HAVE A MICROPHONE DOWN 
FRONT. 
AND IF YOU HAVE A QUESTION. 
PLEASE COME ON DOWN AND GIVE US 
YOUR QUESTION. 
AND WE'LL GET A FEW OF THE 
QUESTIONS FROM YOU TWO HERE AS 
WELL. 
HI THERE, GO AHEAD.
>> HI, HOW ARE YOU GUYS 
TOGETHER.
>> GOOD.
>> HOWDY.
>> FIRST, THANK YOU BOTH FOR A 
GREAT LECTURE. 
NOT ONLY THAT, YOUR CONTINUED 
WORK. 
GIVES ME SOMETHING A LOOK FOR. 
I GUESS I'D LIKE TO COMBINE TWO 
THINGS. 
YOU WERE AT THE BEGINNING TO 
NAME STARS AND PLANETS THAT YOU 
FIND.
AND YOU MIGHT MENTION THAT YOU 
MIGHT BE ABLE TO FIND SOME.
I WAS WONDERING IFOU NAME ONE 
JEFF.
>> YOU CAN GIVE THEM UNOFFICIAL 
NAMES, AND THE FIRST ONE THAT WE
FOUND IS THE PURE DENSITY OF 
PURE WATER. 
WE CALL IT KEVIN AFTER KEV 
COSTNER, WATER WORLD.
SOME OF THEM HAVE NICKNAMES, I 
FIND ONE WHERE JEFF IS 
APPROPRIATE.
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
>> HOW IS IT GOING.
THANK YOU FOR A GREAT TIME.
>> I HAD TWO QUESTIONS COUPLED 
TOGETHER. 
GIVEN DETECTION FROMHE TRANSIT
METHOD.
IF SOME OTHER CIVILISATION IS 
LOOKING AT US THERE MAY BE A 
CHANCE THAT THEY LOOK AT THIS. 
THE FOUR CAMERAS ON THE 13 
SHOTS.
THE POLLS IMAGED 13 TIMES.
IN THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN 
HEMISPHERE. 
WE ARE SKIPPING THE ECLIP TICK. 
IF ANYONE SEES US.
>> ASIDE FROM K2 DATA. 
AND EXTENSIONS FROM THE SUN AND 
THE MOVE. 
WHAT IS THE REASON FOR NOT 
SCAMMING THE ECLIP TICK.
IS THAT NOT THE NEIGHBOURHOOD WE
WANT TO LOOK AT.
>> THE PRIME TEST MISSION, THE 
FIRST TWO YEARS IS DOING IT AS 
YOU SAID, THE SOUTHERN AND 
NORTHERN HEMISPHERE. 
AND THE REASON THEY SKIPPED THE 
ECLIP TICK, THEY WANTED THE 
OVERLAP REGION AT THE POLLS TO 
LOOK FOR LONGER PLANETS DOWN 
HERE. 
THERE'S NO REASON WHY IT HAS TO 
STOP AFTER 10 YEARS, THE MOON 
KEEPS IT IN THE ORBIT THAT IT'S 
IN. 
UNLIKE KEPLER WHICH RAN OUT OF 
FUEL.
THERE'S A PROPOSAL THAT HAS TO 
BE ACCEPTED BY NASA. 
WE ARE TRYING TO GET BACK TO THE
ECLIP TICK.
FOR THE FIRST TWO YEARS WE 
WANTED THE COVERAGE AT THE 
POLLS.
THE PLANETS, WE FIND, ARE ABLE 
TO BE OBSERVED BY JAMES WEBB.
>> WHAT YOUR THOUGHTS ON 
EXOPLANET DATA AND WHERE THE 
NUMBERS SIT? 
>> THE DRAKE EQUATION.
>> A TO EARTH.
>> RIGHT SO THIS IS SOMETHING 
THAT IS IMPORTANT FOR THE FUTURE
MISSIONS, ESTIMATING HOW MANY 
PLANETS WE MIGHT SEE. 
JESSI IS A LEADER IN TELLING HOW
MUCH KEP LER WAS ABLE TO ADD TO 
THE QUESTION. 
I SHOULD DEFER TO YOUR ANSWER, 
WHEN I NEED THE NEW AERP, I ASK 
YOU. 
WE ASSUMED A 25% FREQUENCY FOR 
ROCKY PLANETS.
WE PLAN PT 34IGS. 
SOME RE -- PLAN THE POSITIONS.
THAT'S THE FIRST STEP IN THE 
DRAKE EQUATION THAT WE REFERTO.
HOW MANY STARS LIKE THE SUN. 
HOW MANY HAVE PLANETS LIKE THE 
EARTH WITH A RIGHT TEMPERATURE. 
HOW MANY OF THEM HAVE THE RIGHT 
COMPOSITION AND LIFE 
DEVELOPMENT. 
WE DON'T NOW HOW TO ANSOME OF 
THOSE.
THE ONES AT THE START WE ARE 
ANSWERING SCIENTIFICALLY NOW.
>> SO MY UNDERSTANDING IS THAT 
BOTH THE TRANSIT METHOD AND THE 
DOPPLER, WHERE YOU LOOK, IS 
HIGHLY BIASED. 
IT HAS TO BE EDGEON SYSTEMS THAT
YOU ARE LOOKING AT.
MY UNDERSTANDING IS THAT THE 
IMAGE MAISAGE IS A SYSTEM THAT 
IS NOT EDGEON.
>> CORRECT.
>> WHAT IS THE EXPECTED GAIN. 
HOW MANY MORE SYSTEMS WOULD YOU 
SEE AT A GIVEN DISTANCE.
WHAT IS THE GEOMETRY IN TERMS OF
HOW MANY MORE SYSTEMS YOU WOULD 
SEE.
>> THE 25% NUMBER THAT I GAVE, 
THE FREQUENCY OF ROCKY PLANETS 
IN HABITABLE ZONE INCLUDES A 
CORRECTION FACTOR. 
THE FACT THAT THE KEPPLER COULD 
ONLY SEE THE ONES IN EDGE-ON 
ORBITS.
WE HAVE GONE TO A TEST OF IN 
CLEANATION ANGLES OF 
25 PER CENT."
EXOPLANETS CAN SHOW US THE WHOLE
SYSTEM AND INCLINATION OF THE 
ORBIT. 
THAT WILL ENABLE US TO 
INVESTIGATE THE NEIGHBOURS MORE 
FULLY, NEIGHBOURS.
>> WITH THE TRANSIT METHOD.
IT COUNTRY MATTER HOW FAR AWAY 
IT IS.
PT PLANET SEEMS TO BE A SMALLER 
SEPARATION.
IMAGING IS THE NEAR SYSTEM 
APPROACH. 
THE AURGHT AWAY THE STAR IS THE 
FURTHER YOU HAVE TO DRIVE.
>> IT SEEMS BASED ON FINDING 
LIFE ON OTHER PLANETS. 
ASSUMING THE SAME PROPERTIES AS 
ON EARTH, IS THAT NECESSARILY 
SO. 
ON EARTH, 4 BILLION YEARS AGO, 
THE ATMOSPHERE IS TOXIC TO US.
HOW ARE WE GOING TO - YOU CAN 
HAVE, LIKE, SILICA CAN MAKE 
SELF-REPLICA CRYSTALS OF 
THEMSELVES.
>> THAT'S ASTRA RESEARCH THAT 
DOESN'T ROLE ON THE SAME. 
COULD YOU HAVE SOMETHING THAT 
LIVED IN THAT.
>> IN TERMS OF HOW WE LOOKED FOR
THAT. 
BECAUSE IT'S AN UNCONSTRAINED 
PROBLEM. 
WE DON'T HAVE PLANS TO LOOK FOR 
THAT KIND OF THING. 
BECAUSE WE DON'T KNOW WHAT WE 
ARE LOOKING FOR YET. 
IF SOMETHING EMERGES, WE ARE 
LIKE HERE IS ANOTHER CRITICAL 
PATHWAY WHERE YOU CAN HAVE - 
IT'S BEEN ENERGY GRADE YEN. 
IF THERE'S SOMETHING THAT WORKS.
SOME ALTERNATIVE BIOLOGY. 
WE CAN GIVE PREDICTIONS FOR 
THAT. 
IT'S HARD TO GO TO NASA AND SAY 
GIVE ME MONEY TO BUILD A 
TELESCOPE. 
I DON'T KNOW WHAT I'M LOOKING 
FORWARD. 
I'LL KNOW IT WHEN I SEE IT.
>> I AM SURE IT IS.
>> LET'S TAKE A QUESTION FROM 
THE YOUTUBE AUDIENCE.
>> WHAT IS THE MOST DISTANT 
EXOPLANET DETECTED.
ARE THEY IN OUR GALAXY.
>> THERE WAS A FLAME OF KUN DATE
DAY.
>> THERE WAS A CLAIM OF A 
MICROLENSING EVENT. 
BUT IT WAS FAIRLY DICEY - DICEY 
IS THE WORD I WOULD USE.
THE MOST DISAPPOINT PLANETS ARE 
TOWARDS THE MIDDLE AFT GALAXY, 
USING THE MICROLENSING METHOD.
BASICALLY FOR IT TO WORK YOU 
NEED A BACKGROUND SCREEN OF 
STARS, AND A STAR IN THE 
FOREGROUND THAT HAD AS PLANET 
AND THE MOVEMENT OF THE STAR ON 
THE BACKHAND YOU CAN WORK OUT 
THERE'S A PLANET THERE.
WE NEED TO WORK TOWARDS THE 
CENTER OF THE GALAXY. 
SO ALL THE DID NOT PLANETS WHICH
ARE ABOUT 10 240UZ PASSINGS, ARE
TOWARDS THE CENTER AFT GALAXY.
>> 10,000 PARSLEYS.
>> HERE AND THE CENTER OF THE 
GALAXY.
>> I GUESS IT CONNECTION A 
LITTLE TO WHAT YOU SAID, THE 
MICROLENSING, YOU PROMISED TO 
EXPLAIN A LITTLE MORE ABOUT IT. 
I WAS WONDERING ABOUT THE 
TECHNOLOGY OPPOSED TO WHAT WE 
HAD BEFORE, EXTINGUISH IS IT 
DOXEDZ OR -- DEVELOPED OR IS 
THERE TESTS, THAT YOU HAVE SHOT 
SOMETHING FROM EARTH. 
CAN YOU SEE IT SOMEWHERE.
I UNDERSTAND HOW IT WORKS EX.
>> IT'S ANOTHER WAY OF COUNTING 
PLANETS.
USING MEASUREMENTS AS THE 
TRANSIT METHOD WHERE YOU WATCH 
THE BRIGHTNESS OF THE STAR FOR 
SOMETHING TO CHANGE. 
INSTEAD OF THE PLANET PASSING IN
FRONT OF THE STAR, FOR A DISTANT
STAR IT PASSES IN FRONT OF THE 
STAR AND DRAV TAKESALLY MAG 
NIITIESES THE STAR.
>> HOW DO YOU CAPTURE T.
>> YOU TAKE IMAGE AFTER IMAGE 
AFTER IMAGE STARING AT A DENSE 
FIELD OF STARS.
SOME STARS THE LENSING GOES UP. 
SOME GOES DOWN. 
IF ONE HAS A PLANET AROUND IT, 
THERE'LL BE A BLIT. 
THE PLANET IS THE WEIGHT. 
THIS IS GREAT FOR TELLING US 
TH IT'S OUT THERE. 
BUT ONE IT HAPPENS, IT NEVER 
REPEATS.
NEVERTHELESS, IT HAS PROMISE FOR
EXPLAINING HOW MANY KINDS OF 
TALENTS ARE OUT THERE. 
W FIRST WILL DO A LOT OF THIS.
>> EXOPLANET STUDIES IN GENERAL 
INVOLVE A LOT OF STARING AND 
WAITING. 
THAT'S WHAT KEPPLER DID, THEY 
PICKED A PATCH OF SKY.
>> THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION. 
SO, IT WAS A BALANCE.
THEY HAD TO TRADE HAVING ENOUGH 
STARS SO THAT THERE WAS SOME 
CHANCE OF SOME OF THEM TRENDING.
THERE'S A LOT OF STARS THAT ARE 
NOT LINED UP THE RIGHT WAY. 
YOU HAVE TO SURVEY HUNDREDS OF 
THOUSANDS OF STARS TO HAVE A 
CHANCE OF FINDING ONES THATND UP
THE RIGHT WAY. 
IF YOU ARE GET TOO CROWDED. 
YOU HAVE MANY STARS ALONG THE 
SAME LINE OF SIGHT. 
YOU DON'T KNOW WHERE THE PLANET 
IS. 
WE HAVE TO GET A LITTLE OUT OF 
THE GALACTIC PLANE. 
THEY CHOSE A SPECIFIC FIELD TO 
BALANCE THAT. 
IT THERE WERE 200,000 STARS 
THERE THAT WERE ENOUGH, BUT NOT 
TOO MANY.
>> ANOTHER QUESTION FROM THE 
YOUTUBE AUDIENCE. 
HAVE WE NOTICED PATTERNS IN THE 
MATERIALS IN CERTAIN SYSTEMS.
THAT'S ASKING ABOUT THE 
COMPOSITION.
>> ONE OF THE INTERESTING THINGS
WE FOUND.
THE SUPEREARTHS.
THERE SEEMS TO BE TWO KINDS OF 
SUPEREARTHS.
WHY SOME ARE SMALLER, AND WHY 
SOME ARE BIGGER IS A MYSTERY. 
THERE'S THEORIES ABOUT WHY A 
PLANET WOULD SHED OR BECOME ME
ROCKY. 
THAT'S A QUESTION WE ARE TRYING 
TO ANSWER.
>> THE OTHER THING THAT IS 
INTERESTING. 
SOME PLANETSAR CLOUDY, AND SOME 
ARE CLEAR. 
WHEN A PLANET IS CLOUDY. 
IT'S HARD TO SEE INTO THE 
ATMOSPHERE. 
IF THERE'S CLOUD IN THE 
ATMOSPRE. 
IT'S OPAQUE, AND YOU DON'T SEE 
ANYTHING IN THERE. 
IT'S BEEN HARD FOR US TO 
PREDICT. 
WHICH PLANETS ARE CLOUDY, WHICH 
IS CLEAR. 
THERE'S A LOT OF WORK GOING IN 
TO TRY TO SEE IF THERE'S A 
PATTERN.
>> IF WE ONLY HAVE A COUPLE OF 
DOZEN PLANETS.
IT'S HARD TO SEE PATTERNS THAT 
SMALL.
ASK AGAIN WHEN WE HAVE A COUPLE 
OF HUNDRED.
IF I'M NOT MISTAKEN, THERE'S 
PLANETS IN THE STARS. 
COMPOSITIONS OF THE STARS THAT 
HAVE THE PLANETS. 
THAT HELP YOU PREDICT SOME 
THINGS. 
I JUST PUT IN A PROPOSAL TO LOOK
AROUND THE POOR STARS.
STARS HAVE A FEW HEAVY ELEMENTS 
THIS THEM. 
THEY HAVE SOME HEAVIER THINGS IN
THEM TOO. 
SOME HAVE MORE THAN THAT. 
BE THING THAT THE AMOUNT OF 
ELEMENTS MAY BE RELATED TO HOW 
MANY PLANETS FORM.
THERE'S MORE HEAVY STUFF IN THE 
DICK. 
BUT NO ONE HAS BEEN ABLE TO 
STUDY THOSE STARS. 
TESTS, BECAUSE IT'S DOING THE 
WHOLE SKY, TENS OF THOUSANDS 
FROM THE STARS.
IF WE FIND PLANETS. 
IT WILL BE LIKE A BUS COMING 
THROUGH THE SERIES.
>> THERE'S EVIDENCE ALREADY FOR 
STARS THAT MAY HAVE A LOT OF 
METTLE IN THEM:
THEY HAVE A FREQUENCE.
PLAN ENTS LIKE JUPITER. 
THIS IS STUDIES OF RADIO 
VELOCITY IN THE 2000S.
THERE'S A TREND THAT THE STARS 
WITH MORE METAL DON'T HAVE GIANT
PLANETS.
>> MY FAVOTE TAKE AWAY FROM 
TOGETHER IS ASTRONOMERS REFER TO
EVERYTHING HEAVIER THAN HELIUM 
AS METAL.
>> LOOK AT YOUR PERIODIC TABLE.
>> WE HAVE ONE MORE QUESTION 
FROM YOUTUBE. 
GARY HAMPTON WHO COURSES, DO WE 
KNOW ABOUT EXOPLANETS THAT ARE 
CLOSE TO BLACK HOLES.
>> I'LL ADD ON TO THE QUESTION. 
DOE WE NO ABOUT BLACK HOLES FOR 
STAR AT THE END OF THE ITS LIFE 
FOR A DEAD STAR IN.
>> THAT REFERS BACK TO THE 
SLIDE, THE DIFFERENT CHOICES FOR
THE FIRST EXOPLANET.
>> IN 1992 ASTRONOMERS FOUND A 
PULSAR, A DEAD REMNANTS OF AN 
EX-PLOUGHS WAS JIGGLING AROUND 
BECAUSE IT HAD A PLANET AROUND 
IT. 
IT WAS A SECOND PLANET OR 
ASTEROID.
>> NOT A BLACK HOLE, BUT 
SOMETHING CLOSE TO IT. 
THE DEAD REMNANTS OF A STAR 
HAVING A PLANET. 
OTHERS FOUND IT'S NOT VERY CHN.
>> I'M SCANNING THE EXOPLANET 
THAT ARE IN ANY WAYS ASSOCIATED.
>> WE HAVEN'T FOUND THEM.
>> IT'S INTERESTING.
WHEN A STAR GETS TO THE END OF A
LIFE. 
IF THERE WERE PLANETS AROUND 
THEM.
WHAT WAS AROUND THEM. 
THERE MIGHT BE REMNANTS LEFT 
BEHIND. 
THE QUESTION IS WHETHER THEY 
WERE LEFT OVER. 
OR WHETHER THEY WERE REFORMED. 
THEY COULD BE SECOND GENERATIONS
AROUND BLACK HOLES.
THEY WOULD BE INCREDIBLY 
DIFFICULT TO FIND.
BLACK HOLES ARE DIFCULT TO 
FIND.
>> YOU KNOW THERE'S NO TRAN IT 
METHODS WITH BLACK LES.
NO LIGHT TO SHINE THROUGH.
>> I THINK THAT'S ALL THE TIME. 
THANK YOU FOR BEING HERE AND 
WATCHING ONLINE. 
JOIN US NEXT MONTH FOR THE LOOK 
AT CLOUDS AND RELATIONSHIP TO 
THE CLIMATE.
SEE YOU THEN. 
GOODNIGHT. 
