George Smiley is a fictional character created
by John le Carré.
Smiley is an intelligence officer working
for "the Circus", the British overseas intelligence
agency.
He is a central character in the novels Call
for the Dead, A Murder of Quality, Tinker
Tailor Soldier Spy, The Honourable Schoolboy,
and Smiley's People, and a supporting character
in The Spy Who Came in from the Cold, The
Looking Glass War and The Secret Pilgrim.
Early life
Although Smiley has no concrete biography
beyond that offered briefly at the beginning
of Call for the Dead, le Carré does leave
clues in his novels.
Smiley was probably born around 1906 to middle
class parents in the South of England, and
attended a minor public school and an antiquated
Oxford college of no real distinction, studying
modern languages with a particular focus on
Baroque German literature.
In July 1928, while considering post-graduate
study in that field, he was recruited into
the Secret Intelligence Service by his tutor
Jebedee.
He underwent training and probation in Central
Europe and South America, and spent the period
from 1935 until approximately 1938 in Germany
recruiting networks under cover as a lecturer.
In 1939, with the commencement of World War
II, he saw service not only in Germany, but
also in Switzerland and Sweden.
Smiley's wartime superiors described him as
having "the cunning of Satan and the conscience
of a virgin".
In 1943, he was recalled to England to work
at Circus headquarters, and in 1945 successfully
proposed marriage to Lady Ann Sercombe, a
beautiful, aristocratic, and libidinous young
lady working as a secretary there.
Ann would prove a most unfaithful and rather
condescending wife.
In the same year, Smiley left the Service
and returned to Oxford.
However, in 1947, with the onset of the Cold
War, Smiley was asked to return to the Service,
and in early 1951 moved into counter-intelligence
work, where he would remain for the next decade.
During that period, Smiley first met his Soviet
nemesis, Karla, in a Delhi prison.
Karla proves impossible to crack, taking Smiley's
lighter for good measure, a gift to Smiley
from wife Ann.
In the novels
The early novels
Smiley first appeared in Call for the Dead,
le Carré's debut novel.
At the start of the novel, set around 1960,
Smiley has fallen from grace and is working
in a relatively menial intelligence job, including
security-clearing civil servants.
He spends much of the story bemoaning the
loss of the talented agents who were his mentors
and their replacement by such talentless civil-service
bureaucrats as the current head of service,
Maston, who refers to himself as the "Ministers'
Adviser on Intelligence" and is widely, if
secretly, mocked.
Over the course of the story, Smiley resigns
from the Circus in anger on the spur of the
moment while unravelling an East German spy
ring, clearing his own name in so doing, and
restoring his reputation while remaining in
retirement at tale's end, despite Maston's
pleadings.
It is while pursuing a sedate life of scholastic
research in German literature at a university
in the West Country that he is called upon
to investigate a murder at a fictional public
school in le Carré's next novel, A Murder
of Quality.
Le Carré was propelled to international renown
by The Spy Who Came in from the Cold, his
third novel.
Smiley, a minor but pivotal character in the
story, still retired, but revealed during
the story to be back in the Circus as one
of the top aides to "Control", Maston's mysterious
successor as the Circus' chief.
Smiley and his assistant Peter Guillam have
actually turned the brutal head of East German
intelligence into a British double agent.
The events in this book take place around
1962, after the construction of the Berlin
Wall.
Smiley appears again in The Looking Glass
War, le Carré's fourth novel, though only
in a peripheral role, occupying the "North
European desk" at the Circus.
His intervention drives the final twist in
the plot, when he uses his position to force
a competing British intelligence agency to
abandon a mission and the agent conducting
it.
Smiley does not appear in either of le Carré's
next two works, only one of which dealt with
espionage.
Events prior to the Karla trilogy, and le
Carré's revision of Smiley's history
Smiley subsequently rose up the ranks of intelligence
in the late 1960s and early 1970s, eventually
attaining to the status of right-hand man
to "Control".
When Control is eased out of the Circus in
late 1972 after the capture of Jim Prideaux
in Czechoslovakia, Smiley, too, is forced
out along with him.
The Circus is then taken over by Percy Alleline,
with Bill Haydon running "London Station",
a branch overseeing all of the service's spy
networks.
When le Carré wrote Tinker Tailor Soldier
Spy, he drastically revised the timeline of
Smiley's early life.
According to this new account, Smiley was
recruited into intelligence in 1937, not 1928.
This was probably done so that Smiley's advancing
age would not become an issue in the subsequent
novels being planned by le Carré for his
protagonist.
His colleague Peter Guillam also had his personal
history revised, from being a near-contemporary
of Smiley's who had trained with the Circus
during World War II in the early novels, to
being his younger protégé and trusted deputy.
The Karla trilogy
In September or October 1973, the events of
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy take place, with
Smiley successfully managing to expose the
long-term Soviet agent, or "mole", codenamed
"Gerald".
The investigation revealed that Gerald, who
was actually a senior member of the anti-Control
faction that had taken over the Service the
previous year, had passed an enormous quantity
of high-grade intelligence to Moscow Centre
while producing for the Service and its Whitehall
customers a similar quantity of 'chickenfeed',
i.e., low-value or misleading intelligence
on the USSR.
The mole is found to be Smiley's colleague
Bill Haydon, who was also at one time his
wife's lover.
At the end of this case Smiley became interim
Chief of the Service in late November 1973
to clean up the resultant mess, rebuilding
the organisation's headquarters staff by use
of trusted old-timers like Guillam, Doc di
Salis, and Connie Sachs.
In 1975 or 1976, after the conclusion of "Operation
Dolphin", which was described at length in
The Honourable Schoolboy, Smiley retired again
from the Service.
In Smiley's People he was brought back in
late 1977 to investigate the death of an elderly
Estonian general, nationalist activist, and
erstwhile Circus agent.
A convoluted trail led Smiley to discover
a human weakness in his nemesis Karla, whom
he coerced to defect to the West in Berlin
in December 1977.
This triumph is the highlight of his career.
Smiley in retirement
Smiley was absent in the three le Carré novels
of the 1980s.
He re-surfaced for a final time in 1990 when
he appeared in The Secret Pilgrim chairing
the "Fishing Rights Committee", a body set
up to explore possible areas of co-operation
between British and Russian intelligence services.
Though he does not actually appear in 1989's
The Russia House, that novel is connected
to certain aspects of Smiley's timeline via
Ned, who is also a major player in The Secret
Pilgrim.
Analysis
Le Carré introduced Smiley at about the same
time as Len Deighton's unnamed anti-hero.
This was a time when critics and the public
were welcoming more realistic versions of
espionage fiction, in contrast to the glamorous
world of Ian Fleming's James Bond.
Smiley is sometimes considered the anti-Bond
in the sense that Bond is an unrealistic figure
and is more a portrayal of a male fantasy
than a realistic government agent.
George Smiley, on the other hand, is quiet,
mild-mannered and not at all athletic.
He lives by his wits and, unlike Bond, is
a master of quiet, disciplined intelligence
work, rather than gunplay.
In The Honourable Schoolboy it becomes clear
that he is not as adept at bureaucratic manoeuvring
as the duplicitous Sam Collins and Saul Enderby,
who are able to use even a great success to
force him into retirement.
Also unlike Bond he is not a bed-hopper; in
fact it is Smiley's wife Ann who is notorious
for her affairs.
When Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy was published,
the reviewer of The Spectator described Smiley
as a "brilliant spy and totally inadequate
man."
However, Smiley has his pride, and in the
end, in Smiley's People, he refuses to take
the beautiful Ann back, despite her pleadings.
Smiley is depicted as an exceptionally skilled
spymaster, gifted with a prodigious memory
and a talent for getting people to talk.
His subtle interrogation methods, derived
from psychology and experience, he imparts
to his understudies, such as Jerry Westerby
and Peter Guillam.
These are depicted as far superior to the
heavy-handed tactics of the Americans, who
are called "the Cousins" in Circus jargon,
and whose entry into a mission always ensures
that things will get a lot rougher.
A student of espionage with a profound insight
into human weakness and fallibility, highly
sagacious and incredibly perceptive, he is
very conscious of the immoral, grisly and
unethical aspects of his profession.
At the same time he works to inculcate loyalty
and discipline into his pupils, and a sense
of moral obligation to the espionage service,
and to the country.
Smiley has no patience with the political
niceties of Whitehall and their distaste for
classical espionage tactics, including bribery,
blackmail, and turning enemy agents into British
double agents.
On the other hand, he is not one of the "hawks"
who are given to the sharp, militaristic attitudes
of "the Cousins".
Despite his series of retirements, Smiley's
own unflinching loyalty to and support for
his people inculcates loyalty in them.
Thus, whether in or out of the Service he
is able to maintain an extensive range of
aides and support-staff, extending even to
"retired" police officers, former and present
Service members.
Le Carré describes him as a somewhat short
and fat man, who always wears expensive but
badly fitting clothes.
He has a habit of cleaning his glasses on
the "fat end" of his necktie.
In March 2010, while giving a talk on his
life and works at the Sheldonian Theatre,
Oxford, le Carré responded to a question
concerning what became of Smiley by telling
the audience that although he would like to
think of Smiley as a Holmesian figure, never
having really retired, he acknowledged that
to his mind, the character would now be "very
old and getting past—certainly in his nineties".
This accords with the later chronology.
Le Carré envisaged Smiley now to be "keeping
bees somewhere", still alive but very much
retired.
Models
In 1995, le Carré said that the character
of George Smiley was inspired by his one-time
Lincoln College, Oxford tutor, the former
Rev. Vivian Green—a renowned historian and
author with an encyclopaedic knowledge.
However, other than the thick spectacles and
Green's habit of disappearing into a crowd,
there were too many dissimilarities between
the loquacious Green and the reticent Smiley
to make this a clear match, and so other sources
for Smiley continued to be named.
It has been suggested that le Carré subconsciously
took the name of his hero from special forces
and intelligence officer Colonel David de
Crespigny Smiley.
More commonly, it was rumoured that Smiley
was modelled on Sir Maurice Oldfield, a former
head of British Intelligence, who physically
resembled him.
Le Carré denied the rumours, citing the fact
that Oldfield and he were not contemporaries,
although he and Alec Guinness did lunch with
Oldfield while Guinness was researching the
role, and Guinness adopted several of Oldfield's
mannerisms of dress and behaviour for his
performance.
Oldfield himself believed that, although Green
probably inspired le Carré, the character
of Smiley was primarily based on John Bingham,
7th Baron Clanmorris, who had been le Carré's
boss when he originally joined MI5 prior to
his career in MI6.
In 1999, le Carré confirmed that Bingham
was also an inspiration for Smiley, and in
2000 went further, writing in an introduction
to a reissue of one of Bingham's novels that
"He had been one of two men who had gone into
the making of George Smiley.
Nobody who knew John and the work he was doing
could have missed the description of Smiley
in my first novel".
Various le Carré works involve other characters
resembling Bingham; the most notable is Jack
Brotherhood in A Perfect Spy.
In an introductory essay dated March 1992,
le Carré wrote:
"And it is no surprise to me that, when I
came to invent my leading character, George
Smiley, I should give him something of Vivian
Green's unlikely wisdom, wrapped in academic
learning, and something of Bingham's devious
resourcefulness and simple patriotism also.
All fictional characters are amalgams; all
spring from much deeper wells than their apparent
counterparts in life.
All in the end, like the poor suspects in
my files, are refitted and remoulded in the
writer's imagination, until they are probably
closer to his own nature than to anybody else's.
But now that Bingham is dead...it seems only
right that I should acknowledge my debt to
him: not merely as a component of George Smiley,
but as the man who first put the spark to
my writing career."
Novels in which Smiley appears
Call for the Dead
A Murder of Quality
The Spy Who Came in from the Cold
The Looking Glass War
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy
The Honourable Schoolboy
Smiley's People
The Secret Pilgrim
In other media
Film
Rupert Davies, of Maigret fame, played Smiley
as a minor although important character in
the film version of The Spy Who Came in from
the Cold which was made in 1965 and which
starred Richard Burton.
James Mason played Smiley in The Deadly Affair,
a film version of Call for the Dead, made
in 1966 and directed by Sidney Lumet.
Gary Oldman plays Smiley in a film adaptation
of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, set in 1973,
which premièred at the 2011 Venice Film Festival.
He was nominated for an Academy Award for
Best Actor for his portrayal.
The character of Smiley was dropped from the
film adaptation of The Looking Glass War.
Television
Alec Guinness portrayed Smiley in two highly
successful BBC TV series: Tinker Tailor Soldier
Spy, made in 1979, and Smiley's People, made
in 1982.
For reasons of cost the BBC did not film The
Honourable Schoolboy, the middle novel of
Karla trilogy – the Far Eastern parts even
of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy were relocated
to Portugal for the television adaptation.
Denholm Elliott played Smiley in a 1991 version
of A Murder of Quality.
Radio
George Cole played Smiley in BBC Radio versions
of both Call for the Dead and A Murder of
Quality.
Peter Vaughan played Smiley in a radio version
of The Honourable Schoolboy.
Bernard Hepton, who played the part of Toby
Esterhase in the BBC television series, played
Smiley in the BBC Radio series of both Tinker
Tailor Soldier Spy and Smiley's People, with
Charles Kay taking the part of Esterhase.
Simon Russell Beale played Smiley in a series
of radio plays based on the novels which began
on 23 May 2009 on BBC Radio 4 with Call for
the Dead.
Comics
In the 1988 comic Shattered Visage, made as
a sequel to the spy show The Prisoner, Smiley
is mentioned as having tutored a character
in interrogation.
Smiley appears as Harry Lime's assistant in
Alan Moore's graphic novel The League of Extraordinary
Gentlemen: Black Dossier.
Parody
In the popular TV comedy series The Two Ronnies,
Ronnie Barker played Smiley along the lines
of Alec Guinness' portrayal in a sketch called
Tinker Tailor Smiley Doyle.
This was a joint send-up of Tinker Tailor
Soldier Spy and The Professionals TV show,
with Ronnie Corbett playing a bungling version
of Martin Shaw's Doyle.
Barker's Smiley provides the brains to the
brawn of Corbett's Doyle and actually comes
out the better.
He is shown as something of an obsessive tea
drinker.
The sketch guest-starred Frank Williams from
Dad's Army.
The name of Smiley's enemy Karla can be seen
on a secretary's computer screen.
Harry Enfield and Paul Whitehouse performed
a sketch in 2012 about there being two George
Smileys: a reference to the vastly different
portrayals in the film versions of Tinker
Tailor Soldier Spy.
References
External links
George Smiley at the Internet Movie Database
Le Carré, John.
"A Brief History of George Smiley by John
Le Carré".
The Guardian.
Retrieved 2 June 2012. 
An excerpt from chapter one of Call for the
Dead.
