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Picture this: It’s the beginning of a new
semester, and you’ve just walked into class
and opened your laptop… only to have your
teacher explain that computers won’t be allowed.
But hey, it’s okay!
Because they then try to explain that they’re
doing you a favor!
After all, they say, taking notes by hand
is better for you.
But that just seems… weird.
I mean, it’s pretty easy to take notes on
a keyboard, so why would writing and wiggling
your hand like this somehow be better for
your memory than typing?
Well, maybe surprisingly, your teachers aren’t
just making this stuff up.
There is evidence that writing notes by hand
might be better for test performance… but
only in certain situations.
Here’s what you should know.
If you’ve got one of those teachers that
really believes you should keep your computer
in your bag, they have a reason for it.
Because some studies do support this — like
one published in Psychological Science in
2014.
In one of its experiments, volunteers took
notes while watching TED talks, either on
paper or with a computer.
Then, about half an hour later, they took
a test on things in the study material.
Some of them were basic facts, like, “How
many years ago did the Indus civilization exist?"
Others were more conceptual questions that
involved some thinking — like, "What is
significant about the Indus scripts found
in Mesopotamia?"
No matter how they took notes, everyone did
just about equally well on the basic facts.
But those who took notes by hand seemed to
be better at answering the conceptual questions.
The researchers suggest this happened because
the typing group took more notes and copied
down a lot of what was said in verbatim.
That may mean they didn’t think as hard
about what they were learning.
Meanwhile, those who wrote by hand paraphrased
more and likely had to think more intentionally
about what to write, so they may have engaged
with the material more deeply.
Now, if you just look at this experiment,
you might walk away with some sweeping conclusions
about how to take notes.
But it’s important to remember that there’s
more to learning than just writing things down.
How you study, if you study, and how long
you have until the test are all important
parts of that process.
And when you start to include those kinds
of variables in your research… that’s
where things get complicated.
Like, take another experiment from in that
paper.
In it, the researchers used a new group of
participants.
Again, some took notes on a computer, and
others took notes by hand.
But this time, those participants had to wait
a week to be tested instead of half an hour.
And when they returned for their test, some
people were allowed to study their notes,
while others weren’t.
This experiment was slightly more reflective
of real life, and maybe unsurprisingly, the
results were a bit different, too.
In the group that didn’t study, the researchers
found no significant difference in test scores
between participants who took handwritten
and typed notes.
But in the group that did study, those who
took notes by hand still seemed to get higher scores.
This seems to suggest that studying is important,
but how you take notes is still a big factor, too.
Except… that doesn’t mean that handwritten
notes are always the best.
As it turns out, there’s one more variable
you should know about to really get the full picture.
This variable shows up in a paper published
in 2012, where note-taking methods were tested
over three separate experiments.
In every experiment, some participants were
told to take organized, paraphrased notes,
and others were told to transcribe as much
as possible.
Then, a second condition was added.
In the first experiment, some people took
notes by hand, and others used a computer.
In the second, everyone took notes on a computer,
but some people were tested immediately, while
others waited a day.
And in the third, everyone used a computer
again, but some people got to review their
notes at the end of the lecture, and others
didn’t.
Then, everyone was tested a day later.
Based on these experiments, you might think
that those who took handwritten notes or those
who took paraphrased notes did the best.
But that isn’t what the scientists always
saw.
Instead, transcribing everything on a computer
generally seemed to lead to better scores
on free recall tests.
Admittedly, this wasn’t true for all cases.
Like, if participants had to wait a day to
be tested and weren’t allowed to review
their notes, those who typed organized notes
did better than those who typed things more verbatim.
But for the most part, transcribing things
seemed to be the way to go in this study.
So, what’s the deal?
Well, that 2014 paper isn’t necessarily
wrong.
This 2012 study just looked at one more very
important variable: the participants’ working memory skills.
Besides doing all this note-taking stuff,
these participants also took a working memory
test to measure things like how many numbers
they could keep in their heads for a few minutes.
And this was significant.
The researchers found that, over all three
experiments, if participants were told to
organize their notes and paraphrase, their
working memory scores tended to predict their
test scores.
In other words, those with higher working
memory scores tended to test better than those
with lower scores.
But — and here’s the kicker — that wasn’t
true if participants were told to transcribe everything.
In that case, working memory didn’t seem
to matter.
This likely happened because good paraphrasing
requires you to hold information in your head
while you jot it down.
And if you just aren’t good at that, your
notes might not be as useful.
Transcribing sort of levels the playing field,
which explains why it seemed to be the best
method in most of these specific study conditions.
So... where does this leave you?
Well, this research suggests that there isn’t
one best general note-taking strategy.
Instead, things seem to depend on the situation.
If you know you won't have a chance to study
before your test, it might be a good idea
to do some deep thinking while you take notes.
And these studies show that taking notes by
hand might help you do that, since you probably
won't copy as much verbatim.
But if it's going to be a bit, and you know
you're going to get a chance to study your
notes, taking a lot of detailed notes might
be helpful — which a computer can help with.
This seems to be especially true if you have
a hard time, say, keeping a phone number in
your head for a few minutes.
At the end of the day, though, your notes
won’t be the only things that affect your
exam performance.
If these experiments show anything, it’s
that how you study is also really important,
especially if there’s a long delay between
when you learn something and when you’re
formally tested on it.
Still, especially if you’ve got an exam
coming up soon, a little extra psychology
help can’t hurt.
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow
Psych, and special thanks to our patrons on Patreon!
We started this channel because you wanted
to learn more about the human mind and brain,
and we couldn’t keep it going without you.
If you want to learn more about becoming a
patron, you can head over to patreon.com/scishow.
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