NSIKAN AKPAN: Have you heard of space Internet?
Four thousand small satellites orbiting Earth,
beaming down high-speed broadband to the most
remote nooks of the planet, reaching billions.
SpaceX, Virgin Galactic, Boeing, and Airbus
are all racing to make space internet a reality.
This scheme depends on CubeSats, low-cost,
bite-sized satellites that many view as the
future of telecommunications and 
deep space exploration.
But these CubeSats have a big problem.
Conventional rockets with their huge chemical
fuel tanks are too large and too powerful
for CubeSats, which are as tiny as Rubik's
Cubes or small printers.
It'd be like strapping your bicycle to a monster truck.
So CubeSats are currently built without propulsion
and can't be controlled once in orbit.
This restricts CubeSats to lower orbits, safe
from collisions with normal satellites.
After a few months, the CubeSats fall back
to Earth.
What CubeSats need to stay in space are mini-boosters,
and scientists are racing to build them.
And if you look inside this chamber, we can
show you one capable of blasting them deep
into the cosmos.
PAULO LOZANO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology:
I grew up in Mexico.
And I was very young.
I watched Carl Sagan's "Cosmos," as probably
every other child in my generation.
CARL SAGAN, "Cosmos": The cosmos is also within
us.
We're made of star stuff.
We are a way for the cosmos to know itself.
LOZANO: That inspired me to study the
stars, to work on things that leave the Earth.
AKPAN: Paulo Lozano is the director
of the Space Propulsion Lab at the Massachusetts
Institute Of Technology.
He's found a solution to the CubeSat problem,
and the idea fueling his mini-rocket is simpler
than you might think.
LOZANO: What we can do is to rub the
plastic on any fabric, really, and you can
put a little bit of liquid on your finger,
and then get it close, and you will see the
liquid flying, producing a little cone and
then flying to the plastic.
AKPAN: That's static electricity.
And it's not just tugging at the droplet.
Look more closely, and you will see the static
creates a spray of charged molecules called ions
Lozano's tiny rockets, which are the size
of quarters, generate these ion sprays.
LOZANO: They don't produce a lot of
force.
So it's always less than the weight of a mosquito.
AKPAN: This may sound wimpy, but even
a small action creates a reaction in the frictionless
vacuum of outer space.
Move ions in one direction, and a CubeSat
will move uber-fast in the other.
LOZANO: The best chemical rocket will
produce an exhaust of particles that move
at about 4,000 meters a second.
And an ion engine can go much higher.
It can reach 40,00, 50,000, or even more meters
a second.
AKPAN: Up to 111,000 miles per hour,
more than enough to stay in orbit around Earth
or even blast off to Mars.
Lozano's ion engines look like computer microchips.
They contain a grid of 500 needles, each a
solar-powered, custom-built nozzle for spewing
ions.
CATHERINE MILLER, NASA Space Technology Research
Fellow: My name is Catherine Miller.
I am a second-year Ph.D. student here.
I am also a NASA space technology research fellow.
They're electrochemically etched and chemically
roughened to make the needle tip extremely,
extremely sharp.
And so, from there, you can dip the ionic
liquid onto the surface
and produce an ion beam that way.
AKPAN: Latch on a fuel tank the size
of a sugar cube, and you're almost ready for liftoff.
LOZANO: What we have in here is relatively
big vacuum chamber.
You can see what we have right now is a little
satellite that is actually magnetically levitated.
We have tiny little thrusters in there that
can move the satellite and rotate it around.
And we can investigate then how the thrusters
behave, how do they affect the motion of the
satellite while the vacuum chamber is closed.
AKPAN: Ion engines aren't new.
NASA's Dawn mission, which hopped its way
to the asteroid Ceres, would have been impossible
without its high-velocity ion engine.
But the Dawn mission cost half-a-billion dollars.
Commercial CubeSats can cost as little as
$100,000, and this price is dropping.
Even children are building CubeSats at their
elementary schools.
Sure, you're thinking an individual CubeSat
can't perform as many operations as a big
mission satellite.
But there is strength in numbers.
LOZANO: Instead of going to an asteroid
every five, 10 years in the traditional way,
release a fleet of these tiny little CubeSats
and visit 100 asteroids.
AKPAN: Doing so could prevent Armageddon.
LOZANO: Some of these asteroids, especially
the very small ones, they have the potential
to collide with the Earth.
They won't kill the Earth, but they can kill
a city.
AKPAN: By launching a fleet of CubeSats,
scientists could learn the chemical compositions
of these city killers.
That could be key to destroying.
An asteroid made of silicon would be much
tougher to stop than one made of iron.
Meanwhile, closer to home, Lozano's ion engines
could install CubeSats into shiftable orbits
for a space Internet.
So, from a truly World Wide Web to stopping
asteroids, Lozano's mini-thrusters hope to
carry CubeSats to infinity and beyond.
Until next time, I'm Nsikan Akpan, and this
is "ScienceScope" from the "PBS NewsHour."
