Hello class! Chapter two
Chapter two, hopefully you learned a lot
in chapter one and remember
this just continues to build so if you
don't have a good grasp
of chapter one then you need to go back
and make sure because. You've got to
build on each chapter, don't skip around
stay systematic, stay disciplined.
Now chapter two terms pertaining to the
body as a whole.
So what's our goals, to find terms that
apply to the structural organization of
the body
identify the body cavities and recognize
the organs contained within these
cavities
locate and identify the anatomical and
clinical divisions of the
body locate and name the anatomical
divisions
of the back become acquainted with terms
that describe positions directions and
planes of the body
identify the meanings for new word
elements and use them to understand
medical terms
lesson 2.1 structural organization and
body cavities define terms that apply to
the structural organization of the body
identify the body cavities and recognize
the organs contained within those
cavities
locate and identify the anatomic and
clinical divisions of the body
so the structural organization of the
body well we start off with
cells now in order to get cells we are
actually a whole bunch of atoms and
molecules
so a whole bunch of atoms and molecules
make up cells a whole bunch of cells
make up tissues
a bunch of tissues make organs a bunch
of organs
make systems on organ systems and a
whole bunch of organ systems make
a beautiful creature such as yourself so
we'll break this down a little bit but
knowing the
level of human organization is always
important so cell
is the fundamental unit of all living
things
major parts of the cell include
chromosomes remember you have 46
chromosomes 23 from mama
23 from papa nucleus is like the
brain of the cell cell membrane i like
to call that the bouncer of the cell
it lets certain people in and that
actually lets certain things out so the
cell membrane cytoplasm is some
fluid that we the organelles sit in
mitochondria is the powerhouse of the
cell
an endoplasmic reticulum is a
network of tubules and there's rough
and smooth that
certain molecules and proteins to
process
and go through again this is not an
anatomy or biology class so i don't
expect you to
know all that but we are going to know
the wording
behind it so remember medical
terminology we just want to know what
the words mean
not really the anatomy and physiology of
the parts
all right so if you look at the cell
there's the cell membrane there's the
nucleus the brain
the chromosomes remember there's 46
cytoplasm is where the organelles sit
here's the little ribosomes which make
proteins
endoplasmic reticulum which are the
network of tubules
and mitochondria which are the
powerhouse of the cell
okay study section one we're going to
talk about anabolism
catabolism cell membrane chromosomes
cytoplasm dna
endoplasmic genes keratite metabolism
mitochondria and the nucleus
make sure you know what all those mean
cells are specialized to carry out
individual functions
there's types of cells include the
muscle cell a nerve cell epithelial cell
and a fat cell here's the interesting
note
here a side note for human anatomy did
you know that all
human beings essentially have the same
number of fat
cells it's just the size is different
varies so same thing with skin color we
have the same number of melanocytes
which are cells in the skin but the
amount of melanin
which is the color of your skin varies
so really it's just the amount of
melanin that determines
skin color nothing else
the type of cells muscle cell nerve cell
epithelial cell
and here's a fat cell we're always
finding ways how do we get rid of these
suckers huh
tissues tissue is a group of similar
cells working together do a specific job
organs different types of tissues
combine to form an organ
and systems group of organs working
together to perform a complex function
so see how it builds on each other
so here's a cell a bunch of cells make
up tissues bunch of tissues make up an
organ a bunch of organs make up a system
what is adipose tissue what's cartilage
epithelials what's a histologist
larynx pharynx pituitary land thyroid
gland trachea ureter urethra uterus
viscera
make sure you know where those are in
the body and what these
mean body cavities are spaces within the
body that contain internal organs
of viscera and include cranial thoracic
abdominal pelvic and the spinal cavity
so if you look at this the cranial
cavity well what do you think sits in
the cranial cavity the
brain here's the pituitary gland
okay here's the thoracic cavity what do
you think sits in the thoracic cavity
the heart of the lungs there's the
diaphragm the diaphragm separates the
thoracic from the abdominal cavity
what do you think is in the abdominal
cavity well you've got your stomach
liver all right intestines
the spinal cavity which houses the
spinal cord
then we have the pelvic cavity which
houses your reproductive organs
cranial means brain thoracic lungs
heart esophagus trachea
bronchial tubes thymus gland and aorta
are all
part of the thoracic cavity
the abdominal cavity houses the stomach
small enlarged has a spleen
pancreas liver and gallbladder the
pelvic
cavity houses the certain portions of
the small large intestine the bladder
the rectum urethra
ureters uterus and vagina and the female
and the spinal cavity has the nerves of
the spinal cord
all right so which quick quiz do you
ever watch speed with keanu reeves
quick quiz hot shot which body cavity
contains the plural cavity
and the mediastinum so is that going to
be
cranial pelvic spinal or thoracic
pleural meaning lungs mediastinum
so it's probably the thoracic which body
cavity contains the peritoneum where do
you think the peritoneum
is okay so that can be pelvic spinal
thoracic
we'll go with abdominal
organs in abdominal pelvic and thoracic
cavities you've got the trachea the lung
the diaphragm the liver gallbladder
pancreas colon appendix bladder
thyroid aorta heart spleen stomach colon
when you look at these you always want
to say okay can i point to the trachea
on my body
so point to the trachea then point to
where the lungs are point to where the
diaphragm is point to the liver the
liver is on your right side
the gallbladder is embedded within the
liver the pancreas
is deep to the stomach
colon appendix is in the right side
bladder thyroid gland aorta heart
spleen is on the left side stomach is on
the left side right so
knowing where these are is very
important
so if you look at this here's the right
side here's the left side anatomical
position
okay i think the his hands are in the
fundamental position
i can't really see it got cut off but
okay there's your lungs
here's the aorta here's the liver
gallbladder
pancreas see how it's deep to the
stomach there's the spleen that's
behind retro to the stomach
here's a small intestine there's the
colon you have a sending transverse
descending colon here's your sigmoid
colon
here's your bladder okay here's your
appendix
so knowing this is actually very
important
again this is not a human anatomy class
i won't test you on this but knowing
where each organ is in the body or what
a spleen looks like or a stomach looks
like it would be
helpful
abdominal cavity cranial cavity
diaphragm dorsal mediastinum pelvic
cavity peritoneum pleural
pleural cavity spinal cavity thoracic
cavity and ventral meaning anterior
now here's something that's very
important knowing what organ
is in what region because in from a
medical terminology standpoint
you might read the medical chart and say
oh imaging done of the epigastric region
imaging done of the right inguinal
region well you probably should know
what organ sits
in what region okay
so let's take a look at this here's the
right hypochondriac region you see where
the liver sits in there
the gallbladder can sit in the right
hypochandric region
the left hypochondriac region you've got
little parts of the stomach
but majority of the liver and the
stomach are in the epigastric region
right lumbar region you've got the
ascending colon
in the umbilical region you've got the
transverse colon
you've got the small intestine you've
got little parts of the pancreas
in the left lumbar region you have the
descending colon
okay and the hypogastric region well
you've got parts of the small intestine
large intestines the urinary bladder the
sigmoid colon
the right inguinal region you've got the
appendix so if they say let's
mri done of the right inguinal region
you might suspect that they were looking
for appendicitis
or a ruptured appendix all right so this
is why medical terminology is important
this is why the regions knowing the
regions are important remember
you know whether you're going to be a
medical assistant a pa a
md a do whatever initial you have behind
your net medical terminology
is the foundation for any kind of
graduate school
so you must have a good grasp of this
like i said
if you spend the time and really learn
medical terminology
every single class after this will be
that much easier because it'll just
build on your ability to
understand medical terminology alright
the right barber quadrant
now you have quadrants these are regions
but you also have quadrants four
quadrants that contains the liver the
right lobe gallbladder part of the
pancreas part of the small
large intestine left upper quadrant
contains the liver left lobe stomach
spleen part of the pancreas parts are
small large that so
if you had pain in the left upper
quadrant you might have pain in the
stomach if you have pain in the right
upper quadrant you might have
pain in your gallbladder or liver if you
have pain in the right lower quadrant
that might be
small right ovary but the appendix is in
the right lower quadrant
and the left lower quadrant you've got
your left fallopian tube left here
left ovary
so here's the difference between the
right upper quadrant left upper quadrant
so knowing what organs fi
fit into which quadrant and which region
is important
okay let's look at some positions
directions planes and terminology
locate and name the anatomical divisions
of the back
become acquainted with terms that
describe positions directions and planes
of the body
identify the meaning for new word
elements and use them to understand
medical terms cervical thoracic lumbar
sacral coccygeal
cervical you have seven cervical
thoracic you have 12 vertebrae
lumbar region you have five sacral
and then coccygeal which is your
tailbone if you ever go snowboarding or
do uh skateboarding you probably have
fallen on your
coccygeal area which is your tailbone
and it hurts like heck
okay now again
reviewing the abdominal pelvic regions
you have the hypochondriac
epigastric lumbar umbilical inguinal and
hypogastric
and the abdominal pelvic quadrants right
upper
left upper right lower and left lower
divisions of the back you have the
cervical thoracic lumbar sacral and
coccygeal
and the related terms to that are
vertebra or vertebrae
spinal column the spinal cord and the
discs
name the abdominal pelvic region that is
located in the central region
near the navel you think that's inguinal
umbilical lumbar or
hypochondriac
okay well it's probably the umbilical
region
naval umbilical umbilicus okay
name the abdominal pelvic region that's
located in the lower
middle below the or inferior to the
umbilical region
inguinal hypoepigastric lumbar
or hypoglastric okay
lower middle okay so if we go back
if you look at lower middle here's the
umbilical region
and the lower middle is known as the
hypogastric
region okay
so your answer is the hypogastric
some positional and directional terms
this is very important to know
what does anterior mean posterior what
does deep mean
superficial proximal distal inferior
superior medial lateral supine
and prone so spend some time on this
all right so if you look at positional
and directional terms
where is anterior where is posterior
what's deep what's superficial so
an example would be the
stomach is deep to the
skin the heart
is deep to the rib cage
but then if we go reverse it superficial
we can say the skin
is superficial to the
stomach the skin is superficial to the
rib cage
and then as we get if you were to break
down skin a little bit more
again you don't have to know this but
you would say the dermis
is deep to the epidermis and then the
hypodermis
is deep to the dermis
if you have tattoos you have it either
in the epidermis
dermis or hypodermis what do you think
well if you had in the epidermis then
that would be a henna tattoo it would
get washed off
so the tattoos are embedded they're deep
to the epidermis so they're in the
dermis
there you go learn something new today
some of you knew that already you're
smart
you have proximal and distal okay
so proximal means closer to the trunk
distal would be further away so the
ankle
is distal to the hip but the hip
is proximal to the ankle so
make sure you know that okay inferior
so the knee is inferior to the hip
superior the shoulder is superior to the
elbow
lateral means to the outside so the
wrist
is lateral to the hip medial
the chest or the sternum is medial to
the shoulder
okay supine means this position right
here so you're lying on your back
and prone means you're lying on your
stomach so if you ask a patient to lie
supine uh here's a you know pet peeve of
mine you know english
if you ask a patient to lay down that
that's incorrect
chickens lay people lie so you ask a
patient to
lie down because you can't say oh yes uh
mr smith go ahead and go into the supine
position
like what the hell are you talking about
right so you're gonna say
please lie down not lay down remember
chickens lay people lie so
lie down again that's just english 101
all right frontal coronal sagittal
lateral
transverse cross-sectional so these are
important when you're doing a medical
imaging
do you have a coronal cut do you have a
sagittal cut or a transverse cut
so if you were to look at this okay so
number one
is a coronal cut so that's what you
would see
so coronal image whether it's a mri
or a radiograph you'll be able to see
lungs
heart liver and you'll be able to see
them all
in a sagittal section here's
mid-sagittal cuts it between right and
left
a frontal cuts it between anterior and
posterior but a sagittal section
would divide it between right and left
okay so you might only see in a sagittal
section you might only see
the liver you might only see the stomach
depending on what side you're looking at
whereas the frontal section you'll be
able to see all of it
and the transverse cuts it from anterior
or superior to inferior so you're only
going to see certain parts of it
okay so you're looking down from it so
each
has its pros and cons
and the physician or the pa or
the do will pretty much order
different sections whether it's coronal
lateral axial transverse sagittal making
sure you know that
based on what they're trying to find
anterior deep distal frontal inferior
lateral
medial posterior make sure you know what
those mean prone proximal sagittal
superficial
superior supine transfers all medical
terms that you should it should be
automatic
all right now we go back to what we
learned
the first chapter what's medical
terminology
all right so let's look at this
all right abdomino ato
and antero what does that mean abdominal
means abdomen adipo means fat
antero means front cervical
chondrochrome coxa so cervical
means neck chondro means cartilage
chromo means color and coccyx means
coccyx
okay chondrocyte
cervical crani
cyto distal dorsal hey cytokine again
cranial skull cytomini cell distal means
far
distant dorsal means back portion of the
body
histo ilio inguinal cario
so histo histology
means study of tissue ilio ilium
inguin null groin karyo
means nucleus karyotype
lateral lumbo media nucleo so
lateral means to the side lumbo means
lower back
medial means middle nucleo pertaining to
the
nucleus pelvic pharyngeal postural
proximal sacral more
combining forms okay
so pelvic means pelvis pharyngeal means
pharynx
postural means back proximal means
nearest and sacral means sacrum so
knowing these combining forms and then
knowing suffixes and prefixes depending
on how we combine them
will pretty much break down the word for
you okay
sac spine filial thoraco
tracheo so sarco means flash spino
means spine fel filio means nipple
the rack means chest trich means trachea
or windpipe
umbilic ventral vertebral visceral
and bila ko means navel ventral means
belly side
vertebral means vertebrae visceral means
internal organs
okay so these are the combining forms
that you should know
now here's the prefix okay so now you
combine a prefix
with the combining for our suffix with
the combining form so ana
cata epi hypo intro intra and meta
so ana means up catamines down epi means
above
hypo means below entero means between
intra was within and
meta is changed so there's a difference
between
inter tester reliability and intra
tester reliability right
so make sure you would know the
difference between
intra versus inter
so an example let's say we were doing
blood pressure
cuffs and we had five people do it
so that went and they get different
reading so that would be inter
tester reliability but if i had the same
medical assistant or the same nurse do
the blood pressure
that would be intra tester reliability
so if one person did it repeatedly
that's intra
tester and if different people did it
that would be inter tester it's always
good to see
you know do inter tester reliabilities
because if you got 140 over 100
and then the second medical assistant
gets 120 over 80 well that's a big
difference
so that would be inter tester
reliability intro tester is you're doing
the same thing over and over again so
if you're making the same mistake well
then your intra test reliability isn't
that great
eel yak your ism o's
plasmasomes and type these are suffixes
so suffix means pertaining to iac means
pertaining to and your means pertaining
to
look at that all these mean the same
meaning pertaining to so you can add
that at the end of any word
and that would mean the same ism means a
process or condition
oh says full of so adipose
right plasm
formation somes bodies chromosomes
okay bodies type picture or
classification
so which term means the process of
cutting the skull
all right so you gotta know well arthro
means what
joint dis dis thoraco means thoracic so
craniotomy
pro autome meaning cutting and skull
means cranial so
craniotomy see now you're learning to
break it down
break down remember the o is just the
connector
okay this is dottomy meaning to
dissect or cut and cranial meaning skull
easy make sure you practice practice
practice
read the book do flash cards and
practice this
so that you understand all this it'll be
it's easy now but when you get tested on
it it might seem
a little foreign so start to practice
practice with each other make some
friends do what you can to practice
practice practice
