The ancient astronaut or ancient alien
hypothesis is a pseudoscientific
hypothesis that posits that intelligent
extraterrestrial beings have visited
Earth and made contact with humans in
antiquity and prehistory. Proponents
suggest that this contact influenced the
development of human cultures,
technologies, and religions. A common
claim is that deities from most, if not
all, religions are actually
extraterrestrial in nature, and that
such visitors' advanced technologies
were interpreted by early humans as
evidence of divine status.
Proponents subscribing to the resultant
paleocontact hypothesis proposal,
particularly in the latter half of the
20th century, include Erich von Däniken,
Giorgio A. Tsoukalos, Zecharia Sitchin,
Robert K. G. Temple, David Icke, and
Peter Kolosimo.
The idea that ancient astronauts
actually existed is not taken seriously
by academics, and has received little or
no credible attention in peer reviewed
studies. Ancient astronauts have been
widely used as a plot device in science
fiction.
Overview
Proponents of the ancient astronaut
hypotheses often maintain that humans
are either descendants or creations of
extraterrestrial beings who landed on
Earth thousands of years ago. An
associated idea is that humans evolved
independently, but that much of human
knowledge, religion, and culture came
from extraterrestrial visitors in
ancient times, in that ancient
astronauts acted as a "mother culture".
Ancient astronaut proponents also
believe that travelers from outer space,
referred to as "astronauts" built many
of the structures on Earth or aided
humans in building them.
Ancient astronauts hypothesis of
creation
Proponents argue that the evidence for
ancient astronauts comes from
documentary gaps in historical and
archaeological records, and they also
maintain that absent or incomplete
explanations of historical or
archaeological data point to the
existence of ancient astronauts. The
evidence is argued to include
archaeological artifacts that they deem
anachronistic, or beyond the accepted
technical capabilities of the historical
cultures with which they are associated.
These are sometimes referred to as
"out-of-place artifacts"; and include
artwork and legends which are
interpreted in a modern sense as
depicting extraterrestrial contact or
technologies.
Legitimate academics have responded that
gaps in contemporary knowledge of the
past need not demonstrate that such
speculative ancient astronaut ideas are
a necessary conclusion to draw.
Hypothesis origins and proponents
Paleocontact or "ancient astronaut"
narratives first appeared in the early
science fiction of the late 19th to
early 20th century. The idea was
proposed in earnest by Harold T. Wilkins
in 1954; it received some consideration
as a serious hypothesis during the
1960s; and has been mostly confined to
the field of pseudoscience and pop
culture since the 1970s.
= Erich von Däniken=
Erich von Däniken was a leading
proponent of this hypothesis in the late
1960s and early 1970s, gaining a large
audience through the 1968 publication of
his best-selling book Chariots of the
Gods? and its sequels.
Certain artifacts and monumental
constructions are claimed by von Däniken
to have required a more sophisticated
technological ability in their
construction than that which was
available to the ancient cultures who
constructed them. Von Däniken maintains
that these artifacts were constructed
either directly by extraterrestrial
visitors or by humans who learned the
necessary knowledge from said visitors.
These include Stonehenge, Pumapunku, the
Moai of Easter Island, the Great Pyramid
of Giza, and the ancient Baghdad
electric batteries.
Von Däniken claims that ancient art and
iconography throughout the world
illustrates air and space vehicles,
non-human but intelligent creatures,
ancient astronauts, and artifacts of an
anachronistically advanced technology.
Von Däniken also claims that
geographically separated historical
cultures share artistic themes, which he
argues imply a common origin. One such
example is von Däniken's interpretation
of the sarcophagus lid recovered from
the tomb of the Classic-era Maya ruler
of Palenque, Pacal the Great. Von
Däniken claimed the design represented a
seated astronaut, whereas the
iconography and accompanying Maya text
identifies it as a portrait of the ruler
himself with the World Tree of Maya
mythology.
The origins of many religions are
interpreted by von Däniken as reactions
to encounters with an alien race.
According to his view, humans considered
the technology of the aliens to be
supernatural and the aliens themselves
to be gods. Von Däniken claims that the
oral and written traditions of most
religions contain references to alien
visitors in the way of descriptions of
stars and vehicular objects travelling
through air and space. One such is
Ezekiel's revelation in the Old
Testament, which Däniken interprets as a
detailed description of a landing
spacecraft.
Von Däniken's hypotheses became
popularized in the U.S. after the NBC-TV
documentary In Search Of Ancient
Astronauts hosted by Rod Serling and the
movie Chariots of the Gods.
Critics argue that von Däniken
misrepresented data, that many of his
claims were unfounded, and that none of
his core claims have been validated.
= Zecharia Sitchin=
Zecharia Sitchin's series The Earth
Chronicles, beginning with The 12th
Planet, revolves around Sitchin's unique
interpretation of ancient Sumerian and
Middle Eastern texts, megalithic sites,
and artifacts from around the world. He
hypothesizes that the gods of old
Mesopotamia were actually astronauts
from the planet "Nibiru", which Sitchin
claims the Sumerians believed to be a
remote "12th planet" associated with the
god Marduk. According to Sitchin, Nibiru
continues to orbit our sun on a
3,600-year elongated orbit. Modern
astronomy has found no evidence to
support Sitchin's claims.
Sitchin claimed there are Sumerian texts
which tell the story that 50 Anunnaki,
inhabitants of a planet named Nibiru,
came to Earth approximately 400,000
years ago with the intent of mining raw
materials, especially gold, for
transport back to Nibiru. With their
small numbers they soon grew tired of
the task and set out to genetically
engineer laborers to work the mines.
After much trial and error they
eventually created Homo sapiens sapiens:
the "Adapa" or Adam of later mythology.
Sitchin contended the Anunnaki were
active in human affairs until their
culture was destroyed by global
catastrophes caused by the abrupt end of
the last ice age some 12,000 years ago.
Seeing that humans survived and all they
had built was destroyed, the Anunnaki
left Earth after giving humans the
opportunity and means to govern
themselves. Sitchin's work has not
received mainstream scholarly support
and has been roundly criticized by
professionals that have reviewed his
hypotheses. Semitic languages scholar
Michael S. Heiser says that many of
Sitchin's translations of Sumerian and
Mesopotamian words are not consistent
with Mesopotamian cuneiform bilingual
dictionaries, produced by ancient
Akkadian scribes.
= Robert Temple=
Robert K. G. Temple's 1976 book, The
Sirius Mystery argues that the Dogon
people of northwestern Mali preserved an
account of extraterrestrial visitation
from around 5,000 years ago. He quotes
various lines of evidence, including
supposed advanced astronomical knowledge
inherited by the tribe, descriptions,
and comparative belief systems with
ancient civilizations such as ancient
Egypt and Sumer. His work draws heavily
on the studies of cultural
anthropologists Marcel Griaule and
Germaine Dieterlen.
His conclusions have been criticized by
scientists, who point out discrepancies
within Temple's account, and suggested
that the Dogon may have received some of
their astronomical information recently,
probably from European sources, and may
have misrepresented Dogon ethnography.
= Shklovski and Sagan=
In their 1966 book Intelligent Life in
the Universe, astrophysicists I.S.
Shklovski and Carl Sagan devote a
chapter to arguments that scientists and
historians should seriously consider the
possibility that extraterrestrial
contact occurred during recorded
history. However, Shklovski and Sagan
stressed that these ideas were
speculative and unproven.
Shklovski and Sagan argued that
sub-lightspeed interstellar travel by
extraterrestrial life was a certainty
when considering technologies that were
established or feasible in the late
'60s; that repeated instances of
extraterrestrial visitation to Earth
were plausible; and that pre-scientific
narratives can offer a potentially
reliable means of describing contact
with alien.
Sagan illustrates this hypothesis by
citing the 1786 expedition of French
explorer Jean-François de Galaup, comte
de La Pérouse, which made the earliest
first contact between European and
Tlingit cultures. The contact story was
preserved as an oral tradition by the
preliterate Tlingit. Over a century
after its occurrence it was then
recorded by anthropologist George T.
Emmons. Although it is framed in a
Tlingit cultural and spiritual paradigm,
the story remained an accurate telling
of the 1786 encounter. According to
Sagan, this proved how "under certain
circumstances, a brief contact with an
alien civilization will be recorded in a
re-constructible manner. He further
states that the reconstruction will be
greatly aided if 1) the account is
committed to written record soon after
the event; 2) a major change is effected
in the contacted society; and 3) no
attempt is made by the contacting
civilization to disguise its exogenous
nature."
Additionally, Shklovski and Sagan cited
tales of Oannes, a fishlike being
attributed with teaching agriculture,
mathematics, and the arts to early
Sumerians, as deserving closer scrutiny
as a possible instance of paleocontact
due to its consistency and detail.
In his 1979 book Broca's Brain, Sagan
suggested that he and Shklovski might
have inspired the wave of '70s ancient
astronaut books, expressing disapproval
of "von Däniken and other uncritical
writers" who seemingly built on these
ideas not as guarded speculations but as
"valid evidence of extraterrestrial
contact." Sagan argued that while many
legends, artifacts, and purported
out-of-place artifacts were cited in
support of ancient astronaut hypotheses,
"very few require more than passing
mention" and could be easily explained
with more conventional hypotheses. Sagan
also reiterated his earlier conclusion
that extraterrestrial visits to Earth
were possible but unproven, and
improbable.
= UFO religions=
Various new religious movements
including some branches of theosophy,
Scientology, Raëlism, and Heaven's Gate
believe in ancient and present-day
contact with extraterrestrial
intelligence. Many of these faiths see
both ancient scriptures and recent
revelations as connected with the action
of aliens from other planetary systems.
Sociologists and psychologists have
found that UFO religions have
similarities which suggest that members
of these groups consciously or
subliminally associate enchantment with
the memes of science fiction.
Evidence cited by proponents
= Ancient religious texts=
Proponents cite ancient mythologies to
support their viewpoints based on the
idea that ancient creation myths of gods
who descend from the heavens to Earth to
create or instruct humanity are actually
representations of alien visitors, whose
superior technology accounts for their
perception as gods. Proponents attempt
to draw an analogy to occurrences in
modern times when isolated cultures are
exposed to Western technology, such as
when, in the early 20th century, "cargo
cults" were discovered in the South
Pacific: cultures who believed various
Western ships and their cargo to be sent
from the gods as fulfillment of
prophecies concerning their return.
The ancient Sumerian myth of Enûma Eliš,
inscribed on cuneiform tablets and part
of the Library of Ashurbanipal, says
humankind was created to serve gods
called the "Annunaki". Hypothesis
proponents believe that the Annunaki
were aliens who came to earth to mine
gold for their home planet. According to
the Enuma Elish story, the Annunaki
realized mining gold was taking a toll
on their race, and then created the
human race as slaves.
Ramayana
In Hindu mythology, the gods and their
avatars travel from place to place in
flying vehicles. There are many mentions
of these flying machines in the
Ramayana, which dates to the 5th or 4th
century BCE. Below are some examples:
From Book 6, Canto CXXIII: The Magic
Car:
Is not the wondrous chariot mine,
Named Pushpak, wrought by hands divine.
This chariot, kept with utmost care,
Will waft thee through the fields of
air,
And thou shalt light unwearied down
In fair Ayodhyá's royal town.
From Book 6, Canto CXXIV: The Departure:
Swift through the air, as Ráma chose,
The wondrous car from earth arose.
And decked with swans and silver wings
Bore through the clouds its freight of
kings.
Erich von Däniken discusses the Ramayana
and the vimanas in Chapter 6 of Chariots
of the Gods? suggesting that they were
"space vehicles". To support his
hypothesis, he offers a quotation which
he says is from an 1889 translation of
the Mahabharata by C. Roy: "Bhima flew
with his Vimana on an enormous ray which
was as brilliant as the sun and made a
noise like the thunder of a storm".
See also, the Vaimanika Shastra, a text
on Vimanas, which supposedly "channeled"
in the early 20th century.
Book of Genesis and Book of Enoch
The Book of Genesis, Chapter 6 verses
1–4, states:
When human beings began to increase in
number on the earth and daughters were
born to them, the sons of God saw that
the daughters of humans were beautiful,
and they married any of them they chose.
...
The Nephilim were on the earth in those
days—and also afterward—when the sons of
God went to the daughters of humans and
had children by them.
— Genesis 6:1–4
Many Christians consider these groups to
be the different families of Adam and
Eve's children. A more fantastic
interpretation is that the Nephilim are
the children of the "sons of God" and
"daughters of humans", although scholars
are uncertain. The King James Version
translates "Nephilim" as "giants".
Ancient Astronaut theorists argue that
Adam and Eve ate of the forbidden fruit
in order "to be godlike", and this was
the first step in human evolution.
Hypothesis proponents argue further that
the biblical tree of knowledge is a
metaphor for the human DNA sequence.
The first part of the apocryphal Book of
Enoch expands and interprets Genesis
6:1: that the "sons of God" were a group
of 200 "angels" called "Watchers", who
descended to Earth to breed with humans.
Their offspring are the Nephilim,
"giants" who "consumed all the
acquisitions of men". When humans could
no longer sustain the Nephilim, they
turned against humanity. The Watchers
also instructed humans in metallurgy and
metalworking, cosmetics, sorcery,
astrology, astronomy, and meteorology.
God then ordered the Watchers to be
imprisoned in the ground, and created
the Great Flood to rid Earth of the
Nephilim and of the humans given
knowledge by the Watchers. To ensure
humanity's survival, Noah is forewarned
of the oncoming destruction. Because
they disobeyed God, the book describes
the Watchers as "fallen angels".
Some ancient astronaut proponents argue
that this story is a historical account
of extraterrestrials visiting Earth,
called Watchers because their mission
was to observe humanity. Some of the
extraterrestrials disobeyed orders; they
made contact with humans, cross-bred
with human females, and shared knowledge
with them. The Nephilim were thus
half-human-half-extraterrestrial
hybrids.
Chuck Missler and Mark Eastman argue
that modern UFOs carry the fallen
angels, or offspring of fallen angels,
and that "Noah's genealogy was not
tarnished by the intrusion of fallen
angels. It seems that this adulteration
of the human gene pool was a major
problem on the planet earth".
Von Däniken also suggests that the two
angels who visited Lot in Genesis 19
were ancient astronauts, who used atomic
weapons to destroy the city of Sodom.
Marc Dem reinterprets the Book of
Genesis by claiming humanity started on
another planet and that the God of the
Bible is an extraterrestrial.
Book of Ezekiel
In the Old Testament, Chapter 1 of the
Book of Ezekiel recounts a vision in
which Ezekiel sees "an immense cloud"
that contains fire and emits lightning
and "brilliant light". It continues:
"The center of the fire looked like
glowing metal, and in the fire was what
looked like four living creatures".
These creatures are described as winged
and humanoid, they "sped back and forth
like flashes of lightning" and "fire
moved back and forth among the
creatures". The passage goes on to
describe four shiny objects, each
appearing "like a wheel intersecting a
wheel". These objects could fly and they
moved with the creatures: "When the
living creatures moved, the wheels
beside them moved; and when the living
creatures rose from the ground, the
wheels also rose".
In Chapter 4 of Chariots of the Gods?,
entitled "Was God an Astronaut?", von
Däniken suggests that Ezekiel had seen a
spaceship or spaceships; this hypothesis
had been put forward by Morris Jessup in
1956 and by Arthur W. Orton in 1961. A
detailed version of this hypothesis was
described by Josef F. Blumrich in his
book The Spaceships of Ezekiel.
Elsewhere in the Bible
The characteristics of the Ark of the
Covenant and the Urim and Thummim have
been said to suggest high technology,
perhaps from alien origins.
Robert Dione and Paul Misraki published
books in the 1960s claiming the events
in the Bible were caused by alien
technology. Barry Downing, a
Presbyterian minister, wrote a book in
1968 claiming that Jesus was an
extraterrestrial, citing John 8:23 and
other biblical verses as evidence.
Some ancient astronaut proponents such
as Von Däniken and Barry Downing believe
that the concept of hell in the Bible
could be a real description of the
planet Venus brought to Earth by
extraterrestrials showing photos of the
hot surface on Venus to humans.
Proponents of the hypothesis state that
'God' and 'Satan' were actually aliens
that disagreed on whether or not human
beings should be allowed the information
that is offered by the tree of
knowledge. David Childress, a leading
proponent of ancient astronaut creation
hypothesis, compares this story to the
Greek tale of Prometheus, who gave
mankind the knowledge of fire. Ancient
Astronaut theorists believe the biblical
concept of Satan is based on a
misunderstood visit by
extraterrestrials. Erich von Däniken
posited that the descendants of
extraterrestrials had children with
hominids, and this was referred to in
the Bible as the "Original Sin." Von
Däniken believes that the biblical great
flood was punishment after an
extraterrestrial 'God' discovered that
earthbound, fallen angels, were mating
with ape-like early humans.
= Ancient artwork=
Worldwide petroglyphic evidence
Ancient astronaut theorists believe Hopi
cave drawings found in the southwestern
desert, link the origins of Hopi and
Zuni tribes with "star people". They
point to similar etchings elsewhere as
evidence that extraterrestrials visited
many different ancient civilizations.
They state that the Hopi and Zuni
drawings depict contact with "beings
from space who are not gods, but [have]
brought knowledge from another planet".
Other artistic support for the ancient
astronaut hypothesis has been sought in
Palaeolithic cave paintings. Wondjina in
Australia and in the Rock Drawings in
Valcamonica, in Italy are claimed to
bear a resemblance to present day
astronauts. Supporters of the ancient
astronaut hypothesis sometimes claim
that similarities such as dome shaped
heads, interpreted as beings wearing
space helmets, prove that early man was
visited by an extraterrestrial race.
More support of this hypothesis draws
upon what are claimed to be
representations of flying saucers in
medieval and renaissance art. This is
used to support the ancient astronaut
hypothesis by attempting to show that
the creators of humanity return to Earth
periodically.
Nazca Lines
The ancient Nazca Lines are hundreds of
huge ground drawings etched into the
high desert of southern Peru. Some are
stylized animals and humanoid figures,
while others are merely straight lines
hundreds of meters long. As the figures
were made to be seen from a great
height, they have been linked with the
ancient astronaut hypothesis. Von
Däniken says that the Nazca lines and
figures could have been made "according
to instructions from aircraft" and
suggests that the longer and wider lines
might be runways for spacecraft.
Archaeologist Kenneth Feder has written
that Von Däniken's extraterrestrial
interpretation is not supported by any
evidence. Feder wrote that "the lines
are interpreted by archaeologists as
ceremonial pathways of the ancient Nazca
people; they were used precisely in this
way in the fairly recent past."
Professor Joe Nickell of the University
of Kentucky, was able to re-create one
of the figures using only wooden stakes
and string.
= Ancient artifacts=
Alleged physical evidence includes the
discovery of artifacts in Egypt and
Colombia-Ecuador, which are claimed to
be similar to modern planes and gliders,
although these have been interpreted by
archaeologists as stylized
representations of birds and insects.
= Megalithic sites=
Evidence for ancient astronauts is
claimed to include the existence of
ancient monuments and megalithic ruins
such as the Giza pyramids of Egypt,
Machu Picchu in Peru, or Baalbek in
Lebanon, the Moai of Easter Island and
Stonehenge of England. Supporters
contend these stone structures could not
have been built with the technical
abilities and tools of the people of the
time and further argue that many could
not be duplicated even today. They
suggest that the large size of the
building stones, the precision with
which they were laid, and the distances
many were transported leaves the
question open as to who constructed
these sites.
These contentions are categorically
rejected by mainstream archeology. Some
mainstream archeologists have
participated in experiments to move
large megaliths. These experiments have
succeeded in moving megaliths up to at
least 40 tons, and they have speculated
that with a larger workforce larger
megaliths could be towed with the use of
known ancient technology. Such
allegations are not unique in history,
however, as similar reasoning lay behind
the wonder of the Cyclopean masonry
walling at Mycenaean cities in the eyes
of Greeks of the following "Greek Dark
Ages", who believed that the giant
Cyclops had built the walls.
= Religious and cultural practices=
A number of ancient cultures, such as
the Ancient Egyptians and some Native
Americans, artificially lengthened the
skulls of their children. Some ancient
astronaut proponents propose that this
was done to emulate extraterrestrial
visitors, whom they saw as gods. Among
the ancient rulers depicted with
elongated skulls are pharaoh Akhenaten
and Nefertiti. It has been pointed out
that the Grey aliens, described by many
alien abductees have similarly shaped
heads. In the program Ancient Aliens it
was suggested that the owners of the
biggest of the lengthened skulls may be
human-extraterrestrial hybrids.
Critics
Alan F. Alford, author of Gods of the
New Millennium, was an adherent of the
ancient astronaut hypothesis. Much of
his work draws on Sitchin's hypotheses.
However, he now finds fault with
Sitchin's hypothesis after deeper
analysis, stating that: "I am now firmly
of the opinion that these gods
personified the falling sky; in other
words, the descent of the gods was a
poetic rendition of the cataclysm myth
which stood at the heart of ancient Near
Eastern religions."
The Christian creationist community is
highly critical of many of the ancient
astronaut ideas. Young Earth creationist
author Clifford A. Wilson published
Crash Go the Chariots in 1972 in which
he attempted to discredit all claims
made in von Däniken's book Chariots of
the Gods.
Robert Todd Carroll in the The Skeptic's
Dictionary has written that ancient
astronaut ideas are not based on
scientific investigation but
pseudoscientific speculation. He
concluded that the "ancient astronaut
hypothesis is unnecessary. Occam's razor
should be applied and the hypothesis is
rejected."
Terence Hines author of Pseudoscience
and the Paranormal has described the
ancient astronaut hypothesis as a
pseudoscience and has said that its
proponents look for mysteries where none
exist. According to Hines ancient
astronaut proponents such as Von Däniken
have fabricated evidence and distorted
the facts of archeological research.
In a 2004 article in Skeptic magazine,
Jason Colavito claims that von Däniken
plagiarized many of the book's concepts
from Le Matin des Magiciens, that this
book in turn was heavily influenced by
the Cthulhu Mythos, and that the core of
the ancient astronaut hypothesis
originates in H. P. Lovecraft's works
"The Call of Cthulhu" and At the
Mountains of Madness. Jason Colavito
later expanded on this claim in his book
The Cult of Alien Gods: H. P. Lovecraft
and Extraterrestrial Pop Culture.
Popular culture
The ancient astronaut hypothesis has
been used as a background or as the main
topic in many fictional works such as
Lovecraft's short story "The Call of
Cthulhu" and novella At the Mountains of
Madness as well as in many of his other
works. In addition to the previously
mentioned tiles, The Ancient Astronaut
theory influenced the television shows
Quatermass and the Pit, The X-Files,
Earth: Final Conflict, and a few Star
Trek projects including most notably Who
Mourns for Adonais?. The films 2001: A
Space Odyssey, Stargate, Alien vs.
Predator, virtually all of the
Transformers movies, Knowing, Thor and
Prometheus were heavily influenced by
this theory. Other works of fiction
including many comic books, manga, anime
and video games were also influenced by
this theory.
Ancient Aliens is a television series
that features the main proponents of the
ancient astronaut hypothesis, such as
Giorgio A. Tsoukalos, David Childress,
Erich von Däniken, Steven M. Greer, and
Nick Pope. In the fourth movie of the
Indiana Jones series, The Kingdom of
Crystal Skull, aliens with elongated
skulls are depicted.
Proponents
Many publications have argued for the
ancient astronauts hypotheses. Notable
examples include these:
See also
List of topics characterized as
pseudoscience
First contact
Pseudoarchaeology
The Space Gods Revealed
Xenoarchaeology
References
= Bibliography=
Further reading
Avalos, Hector. "The Ancient Near East
in Modern Science Fiction: Zechariah
Sitchin's The 12th Planet as Case
Study". Journal of Higher Criticism 9:
49–70. 
Fagan, Garrett G.. Archaeological
Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology
Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the
Public. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-30593-4
Harris, Christie.. Sky Man on the Totem
Pole?. New York: Atheneum.
Stiebing, William H.. Ancient
Astronauts, Cosmic Collisions and Other
Popular Theories About Man's Past.
Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-285-8
Story, Ronald.. The Space Gods Revealed:
A Close Look At The Theories of Erich
von Däniken. Harper & Row. ISBN
0-06-014141-7
Trefil, James.. Who Were the Ancient
Engineers of Egypt?. Skeptical Inquirer
17.1.
White, Peter.. The Past Is Human:
Debunking Von Daniken's Gee-Whiz
Theories. Taplinger.
External links
'Fringe' or 'cult' archaeology examined
by professional archaeologist Keith
Fitzpatrick-Matthews at the Wayback
Machine
Ancient Astronauts - Skeptic's
Dictionary
‹The template Skeptoid is being
considered for deletion.› Skeptoid #449:
Ancient Astronauts at Skeptoid
