Genevieve Von Petzinger:
This incredible art that mostly
 dates between 10 and
 40,000 years ago.
 What we often think of,
 of course, is the animals.
 But there's this other
 enormous group called the
 geometric signs that outnumber
 the animals and the humans
 at most sites by a ratio
 of two to one or more.
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So, June, 2014, myself
and my husband and project
photographer, Dillon,
we were in Northern Spain.
 We were at a site called
 Cullavera Cave and we were so
 excited to finally be there.
 Cullavera, the entrance is
 30 meters up, it's 100 feet,
it's a cathedral entrance
in a wooded hillside in the
foothills of the Pyrenees.
There's like a whole wreath
of dangling green vines
coming down, it's inviting.
It wants you to come in.
And so I can understand
why people might've decided
to go in there 14,000 years ago.
What's a little more
difficult to understand is why
they decided to go so far in.
Because the very first art
is 780 meters, half a mile,
 into the cave.
 You can probably just see some
 faint pigment markings on the
 wall that is not
 modern graffiti.
These are not animals, but
they're not writing either,
 these are the geometric signs.
They came half a mile through
the cave to make these.
 If we enhance it, you can
 see a little bit more.
 This is a very cool color
 enhancement program created
 by American rock-art
 researcher, Jon Harman,
and suddenly you can see more.
But still no animals.
Nothing as far as the eye can
see and this is very unusual.
Animals are normally
found everywhere.
But don't worry, we've
just got to keep going
a little farther.
So we keep going, three quarters
 of a mile in and there's
 another little passageway
 here with two horses.
So the animals are represented,
 they're just in a completely
 different section of the cave.
And as you can see they're
very simple, but we also have
all this detail that kind
of lets you know that there's
something going on.
There's a hint here that
there's some artistic ability
that's underlying what
they're doing here.
So we've got two
horses, that's it.
You keep going a little
farther and now there's a little
crevice off to the
right this time.
 And somebody went up there
 to make these little dots.
 Let me enhance it for you.
 But these little dots.
Somebody took their finger
and dipped it in paint
and made those marks.
And as so often happens when
I find myself in these places,
I'm like, "What were
you doing here?"
Why did you come three quarters
of a mile, or 1.2 kilometers
in a cave to make dots?
 So let me introduce you to
 some of this Paleolithic,
 or stone age, art that mostly
 dates between 10 and 40,000
 years ago.
 What we often think of,
 of course, is the animals.
 The animals are by far the
 majority of what we call
 figurative or
 representational art.
 And a lot of it is hunting
 animals so we've already
 seen a horse, here's a deer we
 have a fabulous purple bison.
 It's the only one of it's
 kind because most of the art,
 when it's painted, is
 either red or black.
And so this fabulous purple
bison, I just love him,
he's like this unique
little guy hanging out in
northern Spain.
So we've got him and then
also we do have a few other
figurative images of humans.
 And this is engraving, this
 is the other way that they
 made the art.
But there's this other
enormous group called the
geometric signs that
outnumber the animals and the
humans at most sites by a
ratio of two to one or more.
 They can be simple
 things, like the circle.
 They can be more complex
 things like this incredibly
 complicated sign that was
located in this panel in Spain,
 which is a one-off.
It's the only one of
it's kind in the world.
They can be dots, they can be
lines, they can be triangles.
You'll see there's a full range,
everything that's abstract
and that's kind of how they've
been defined over the years.
 Abstract characters that
 don't represent anything from
 the mundane world.
 So, let me tell you
 some of my fun results.
There are only 32 signs
across an entire continent
and a 30,000 year time period.
My friends, these are not
random doodles or decorations.
So, what I noticed was that
this, each one of them has its
own distinct patterning, too.
These are not all
doing the same things,
they're doing different
things in different places.
So there were patterns
across space and time.
And that's what's so
intriguing and exciting.
So let me show you a
couple of those patterns.
 This is a child's hand.
 This is 27,000 year
 old child's hand.
 Now, hands are a fascinating
 one because they were at
their most popular at the
very earliest time period.
So between 25 and 40,000
is when we find hands.
After that they start to
fade out of popularity until
they vanish towards
the end of the ice age,
they just go away,
people stop making them.
So that's one pattern.
 Another pattern that's very
 interesting is this is called
 a tectiform.
 So this is like a roof-shaped
 and these are only made
in the Dordogne region of
France between 13,000 and
17,000 years ago.
It's where they're all
located except for one site
250 miles to the south across
the Pyrenees Mountains
in Spain.
And it is exactly the same. I've
talked to the researcher
at that site,
we've looked at pictures,
even down to the little dots
that you can see, the
technique that was used,
it's the exact same thing.
How did it get there?
This is what's so fun about
the signs is that we can
actually follow people and
ideas at these incredible
time depths
and get a sense of how
their culture was developing.
How were they learning
about symbolism?
What was going on?
 So, we've got these signs
 that were being used very
 purposefully by people who
obviously know what they meant.
The obvious question people
always want to know is,
is it writing?
And I'm sorry, I'm here today
to shatter that it's not
writing yet.
Though, this inscription as
it's called, it's called the
inscription of La Pasiega.
 This is a one-off.
 And this is the thing, we
don't have the consistency yet.
 We don't have enough
 characters to represent spoken
 language, we're not there yet.
 But that doesn't mean that
 there's not very interesting
 things going on.
It's really funny 'cause
I just spent all this time
building my nice little list
of 32 and now my next job
is probably going to be
to smash it back apart.
Because there's some
major omissions there.
Where's the landscape features?
Where's the weaponry?
Where's the daily life?
Did nobody look up
at the sky? You know?
And so I think that, personally,
and this is what we're
starting to dig into now,
I think a lot of these
geometric signs might
actually be representational,
as well.
And it could give us
some fascinating insight
into thematic categories
and how these people were
understanding their world.
Quick example, the penniform.
 So penniform means
 feather-shaped in Latin
 and it's being treated
 as a geometric sign,
 but there are contexts such
 as this where people have
 muttered it kind of looks
 like a tree.
So my response would be,
maybe a tree sometimes is
just a tree.
( laughter )
Maybe we don't have to
over-complicate this.
And so this is the kind of
thing we're looking at as well
as questions about clusters
of dots potentially being
constellations or other
things which would make
really good sense and we see
in other rock art traditions.
 What I've done so far
 is just the baseline.
 This was the start, those
 were some really simple
questions.
There is so much
left to be done.
In Europe, one big category
that we're still missing here
is that my database does
not have any of the portable
 art in it yet.
 And yet, the 16,000 year
 old necklace, for instance,
from a burial in France
has 45 different geometric
configurations on it.
Think about how that can
help me understand what I'm
seeing on a big panel on a wall.
They seem to be starting
to group them up.
The line, the cross, the
line, I've seen that on a cave
wall about 50 miles from there.
So, this is part of the
story and there are dusty
artifacts loitering all over
Europe in museums waiting
to be documented.
So this is very much the start.
And imagine if we can start
expanding the work that
I'd been doing in western
Europe to a global level.
Now those would be
some very big patterns.
Thank you.
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