
English: 
Today I have for you: A sizzling tale
of a chubby little friar who changed the world
with a garden full of pea plants.
Today's Great Mind in Science is Gregor Mendel,
an Austrian monk who in [the] mid-18-hundreds
single-handedly fathered modern genetics!
But even though Mendel was a man of God, as it were,
he and his pea plants have been the focus of
one of the biggest scientific scandals in history.
Oh Lord, I love a good scientific scandal!
[intro music]
Mendel was born in 1822 in what was then Austria, but is now the Czech Republic.
His parents were super super poor, but the young Gregor was such a precocious little scamp
that they spent all of their money educating him.
That is, at least until his dad was injured in a farming accident, which,
I imagine is the Number One occupational hazard associated with being a pre-industrial revolution Austrian peasant.
His family did what they could to help him out,

Estonian: 
Täna mul on teile üks susisev lugu väiksest paksupõselisest mungast, kes muutis
maailma, aia täis herne taimedega, tänapäeva hea mõistusega teadlane Gregor
Mendel, Austraalia munk, kes 18. sajandi keskpaigas oli üksi
isaks kaasaegsele geenetikale. Kuigi Mendel oli jumalik, nagu ta oli
tema ja ta hernetaimed on olnud üheks suurimaks teaduslikuks
skandaaliks ajaloos
Oh isand, ma armastan ühte head teaduslikku skandaali
Mendel sündis 1822, mis oli siis Austria aga nüüd on Tšehhi
Vabariik
Ta vanemad olid väga väga vaesed aga noor Gregor oli varaküps
väike võrukael ja nad kulutasid nende kogu raha tema harimise peale,
kuniks ta isa sai vigastada põlluharimise õnnetuses, mida ma kujutan ette kui
number ühte töökeskonnaga seotud ohtu, olles tööstusrevolutsiooni eelses Austrias
Ta pere tegi seda mida nad suutsid, et teda aidata,

Estonian: 
aga lõpuks Mendel otsustas, et Augustinia mungaks olemine ei ole sugugi halb
Nüüd. Siinkohal tooks välja, et Mendeli elu ja töö oli tegelikult päris ebaühtlane
sest preester kes tegeles isiklike asjadega, pärast
surma sai lahti peaaegu kõigest teadmata kui ebatavaliselt tähtis see
kõik oli, Ühel vähestest Mendeli säilinutest paberitest, oli Mendel öelnud
et ta ei olnud kutsutud kirikusse nagu teised inimesed olid. minu olukord
otsustas minu kutselist valikut. Nii väljendas seda tema.
Igastahes 1843 läks mendel kloostrisse Brünnis(Brno) Austrias ja
mis osutus päriks heaks valikuks tema jaoks sest ta saadeti põhimõtteliselt
Tasuta kolledžisse ja te teate, kohtingud on sellised pidurid
kellel neid üldse vaja on, peale põrumist teaduse õpetajaks saades alustas ta
kogu oma vabaaja veetmist oma aiale, mõningate tavaliste aiahernestega ja
olles südamelt teadlane alustas ta nendega eksperimentide läbiviimist. Lihtsalt teadmiseks
Hetkel meid sinuga ei huvita kes sa oled, sa tead palju palju rohkem kuidas
Pärilikkus toimub kui Mendel teadis alustades, Rääkimata kromosoomidest ja

English: 
but eventually, Mendel decided that being an Augustinian monk didn't seem so bad.
Now, I point out that the given historical record of Mendel's life and work
are pretty spotty actually because the priests who dealt with his personal effects
after his death got rid of almost everything, not knowing
how extraordinarily important it all was.
But one of the very few of Mendel's papers that survived
had Mendel let on that he was not "called" to the church,
as some people were.
"My circumstances decided my vocational choice." is how he put it.
Anyway, in 1843 Mendel moved into the monastery at Brno (Brünn), Austria,
and it turned out to be a pretty good move for him,  because he basically got sent to college for free,
and - y'know - dating is such a /drag/, who needs that anyway?
After a failed attempt at becoming a science teacher,
he started spending all of his free-time
in the gardens with some common-garden peas,
and, being a scientist at heart, he started
doing experiments on them.
For the record, right now, YOU, and I don't care who you are,
YOU know much, much more about how heredity works than Mendel did,
when he started. Not to mention chromosomes and DNA.

English: 
At the time, microscopes weren't good enough to even observe basic cell division,
so nobody knew dog squat about how sexual reproduction worked.
In Mendel's Day, it was generally thought that making a baby was
putting the parents genetic material into a blender and just mixing it up, real good.
People assumed for example, that if a white squirrel and a black squirrel had babys, their offspring would be gray.
What Mendel discovered, after whispering sweet nothings to a yard full of pea plants for eight years,
was that this line of thinking was exactly, entirely wrong.
Mendel set us straight on the fundamental properties of inheritance,
which eventually paved the way of the development of modern genetics.
Mendel's choice of research subjects for this endeavour was shockingly perfect,
for one important reason: The traits that he studied
color of pea flowers, and color and texture of the peas themselves,
are only determined by a single gene.
This turns out NOT to be the case for almost every physical trait in most organisms.
In fact, the vast majority of inherited traits are either the product of
two or more genes working together to determine, say, eye color or ear shape

Estonian: 
ja DNAst, sellel ajal ei olnud mikroskoobid piisavalt head ning ei pannud tähele isegi põhiliseid raku
pooludmisi, nii et keegi ei teadnud midagi, kuidas seksuaalne paljunemine toimis.
Mendeli päevadel oli see üldiselt oletatud, et lapse saamine oli
vanema geneetilise materiali panemine segistisse, kus seda segati väga korralikult. Inimesed
oletasid näiteks et kui valge orav ja must orav saaksid
lapsi, siis nende järglased oleksid hallid aga Mendel avastas peale sosistamist
tühju sõnu aia täis hernetaimedele kaheksa aasta jooksul,
oli see, et see mõtteviis oli tegelikult täiesti vale.
Mendel seadis meid oma fundamentaalsete omaduste pärimisse.
Mis lõpuks viis meid moodsa geneetika arenguni. Mendeli
uurimisobjektide valik oli selle ettevõtmise kohapealt täiuslik,  ühel lihtsal
põhjusel, Tunnused et ta uuritud hernelillede värvus ja
herneste endi värv ja tekstuur on kindlaks määratud
ühe geeni poolt. selgub, et see pole näide peaaegu
kõigi füüsikaliste omaduse puhul enamikus organismides. Tegelikult valdav osa päritud
tunnustest on kas kahe või enama geeni koostööl, et kindlaks teha

English: 
Or, the product of one trait having a hand in a bunch of physical traits.
How did Mendel know that? HOW DID HE KNOW?
Well, he probably started out by noticing that the flowers of his pea plants in the garden
were purple most of the time, but then every once in a while,
they produced white ones.
Since he studied inheritance in college he knew that the way to get to the bottom of this
was to create a true breeding line of purple flower peas,  and a true breeding line of white flower peas.
So he brought the purple ones together,
for successive generations until he was getting purple flowers all of the time, and did the same thing for the white ones.
Having done this, Mendel then started a series of extremely methodic experiments
in which he bred purely purple-flowered and the purely white-flowered plants together.
And in doing this, for successive generations he eventually realized:
"/Gott im Himmel/, (God in Heaven), the pea flowers are white almost exactly one quarter of the time!
This led him to three important conclusions.
Important conclusion #1, Mendel discovered that pea plants were inheriting a pair of genetic instructions from each parent.
Sometimes, both instructions from the parents would tell the flower to be purple,

Estonian: 
Näiteks silma värvi või kõrva kuju või tulemuse ühe omaduse, millel on tegelikult aga hunnik
teisi füüsilisi omadusi. Kuidas Mendel sai seda teada, kuidas ta teadis?
Ta ilmselt hakkas märkama et tema herne taime õied, ta
aias kandsid enamuse ajast lillat tooni, aga siis aeg ajalt nad
tootsid valgeid. Kuna ta käis juba kolledžis siis ta teadis, et
laskuda üksikasjadesse, pidi ta looma tõeliselt aretusliine lillade
õitega hernestele ja tõelise aretusliini valge õitega hernestele, nii et kõik lillad oleksid
koos edukad generatsioonid, kuniks ta hakkas saama lillasi õisi kogu
aeg ja sama tegi ka valgetega. Seda teinud Mendel
alustas siis ekstreemsete viisidega eksperimente milles ta arendas
puhaste lillade õitega ja puhtaid valgete õitega taimi koos. Ja
tehes seda edukatele põlvkondadele
ta lõpuks  mõistis  et jumala tagasihoidlikud herne õied on valged peaaegu
täpselt 1/4 ajast.
See juhtis ta kolmele järeldusele. Tähtis järeldus number
1 Mendel avastas et Herne taimed on pärinud oma vanematelt nende
konstruktsioonid mis tulevad mõlemalt vanemalt, vahepeal juhised vanemalt
ütlevad õiele et ta peab olema lilla  vahepeal nad mõlemad valged õied ja

Estonian: 
vahepeal on seal üks juhis kõigi jaoks. Mendel kutsub neid geeni versioone
vanematelt edasi järglastele kandmiste teguriteks. aga nüüd me kutsume neid
Alleelideks ja nii oli väiksel herne taimel kaks alleeli õie värvi jaoks, millest üks valiti
juhuslikult emalt ja teine valiti juhuslikult isalt ja need on geneetilised
genotüüpide juhendid, nagu me seda praegu kutsume, otsustasid millise välimusega on väljast
herne õis ehk fenotüüp. Tähtis järeldus number 2
Mendel avastas ka, et allel lilla õis oli tugevam või rohkem
domineeriv kui ta valge alleel, mis oli retsessiivne kuna lilla alleel oli
domineeriv ja valge oli retsesseeriv taim pärib ühe lilla ja ühe
valge alleeli siis toodetaks lilla õis.Tähtis järeldus
number kolm. Isegi siis kui lilla herne taim oli domineeriv ei tähendanud see
oleks visatud segusse sagedamini
See lihtsalt oli väljendunud sagedamini. kusjuures Mendel järeldas, et mis
kauba, vanem ringi viskas,
lilla või valge oli tottaalselt juhuslik aga domineeriv allel oli alati
trumbanud retsetsiivset alleli. Nii läbi nende kolme järelduse tuli Mendel välja

English: 
sometimes they'd both be for white flowers, and sometimes, there would be one instruction for each.
Mendel called these versions of a gene passed from parent to offspring "factors".. But these days, we call them alleles.
And so the baby pea plant had two alleles for flower color.
One chosen randomly from Mom and one chosen randomly from Dad.
And these genetic instructions, these genotype as we call it now,
decided what the outward appearance of the pea flower, the phenotype, was going to be.
Important conclusion #2:
Mendel also found that the allele for purple flower was stronger, or more dominant, than the white allele,
which was recessive. Since the purple allele was dominant, and the white was recessive,
the plant inheriting one purple and one white allele would produce purple flowers.
Important conclusion #3:
Even though the purple allele was dominant, that didn't mean that it was tossed into the mix more often.
it was just being /expressed/ more often.
In fact, Mendel concluded that which trait a parent would throw into the ring, purple or white, was totally random.
But a dominant allele was always going to trump a recessive allele.
So through these three conclusions, Mendel came up with the hard and fast rule about genetic inheritance

English: 
Mendel's first law, or the law of segregation.
That says that every individual possesses two alleles, for any particular trait,
like for example flower color - and which allele a parent gives its offspring is completely random.
The offspring then has one allele from Mom, and one allele from Dad,
and of those two alleles, the dominant one is the one trait that the offspring will express.
If and when both of the alleles happen to be recessive, only then will the recessive trait be expressed.
But Mendel went even farther [sic] with his pea plants,
and no, I not going to shut up about pea plants! It's fascinating, okay?
And he got similar results in his experiments on his seeds of the pea plants.
...which are the peas.
He discovered that two traits of the pea,
its color, and its skin texture, had nothing to do with each other.
Now, his peas could either be green or yellow in color, either have smooth or wrinkly skin.
Mendel found that when he took a smooth yellow pea, crossed it with a green wrinkly pea,
he could, with the same mathematical precision as he did with the flower,
predict the ratio of yellow smooth, yellow wrinkly, green smooth and green wrinkly peas.
So the other rule Mendel contributed to our understanding of genetics is Mendel's Second Law,

Estonian: 
Kõva ja kiire reegliga geneetilise pärimise kohta Mendeli esimene seadus või
eraldatusega, mis ütleb et iga individuaal valdab kahte eraldi mistahes
erilist tunnust nagu näiteks on õite värv ja mis alleli on vanem andnud
oma järglastele on täielikult juhuslik, järglane kellel on üks allel emalt
ja üks allel isalt
siis mitte üksi nendest kahest alleelist pole domineeriv tunnus mis järglasel
väljenduks kui ja mil mõlemad allelid juhtuvad olema retsesiivsed.
ainult siis  väljendub retsetsiivne tunnus, Mida Mendel läks veelgi süvenenumaks
oma herne taimedega ja Ei ma ei pane oma suud kinni herne taimede kohapealt ja see on
Huvitav. Okei?
ja ta sai sarnaseid tulemusi oma katsetes herne taime seemnetega,
mis on herned. avastus kahe herne tunnuse värvi ja naha
tekstuuriga polnud mingit pistmist üksteisega
nüüd tema herned võivad olla kas rohelist või kollast värvi mõlemad kas sileda või
kortsuline nahk, ning leidis et kui ta võttis sileda kollase herne ja ristida selle
rohelise kortsus hernega oleks ta võinud sama matemaatilise nagu ta seda tegi täpsusega
Õitega ennustades suhet kollase, sileda, kollase, kortsus, rohelise, sileda ja
rohelise kortsus hernega. nii teisele reeglile aitab kaasa meie arusaamine

English: 
or the law of independent assortment.
Which says that seperate genes are passed independently from each other from parent to offspring.
In this case, two dominant traits in peas, the wrinklyness and the yellowness,
were unrelated. Pretty big deal, right?
Well, Mendel ended up writing a paper called:
"Ver-soot-sssh oober pflantsen hye-breden", ("Versuche über Planzen-Hybriden"/Experiments about plant hybrids),
if you "spreken see deutsh" ("Sprechen Sie Deutsch"/ Do you speak German)
which clearly, I do not.
and it was published in a weekly scientific journal, and he presented his finding to the equivalent of some
19th century garden clubs.
He also sent his paper to every fancy-pants scientist he could think of,
but here's the thing: the big shots don't like to take notice of him, because, none of them
knew what the hell he was talking about.
Mendel's work was so far ahead of its time, that his experiments
didn't even make sense to his contemporaries.
In fact, his data didn't become useful to researchers until nearly 35 years after he published them.
So Mendel was, for another 20 years or so after he published his findings, on all accounts, he was a totally happy dude.
He became the abbot of the monastery,
and he had a lot of smart friends who liked to talk science.

Estonian: 
geneetikasse on Mendeli Teine seadus või iseseisva valiku seadus, mis
ütleb et eraldades geenid on minevik iseseisvalt üksteiselt üksteisele
Vanemalt järglasele selles suhtes kaks domineerivat tunnus ja hernes
Ringi Puhtus ja kollasus olid mitteseotud. Päris suur diil ja?
Well... Mendel lõpetas lehe kirjutamise  mida kutsutakse
katsed taimedega -hübriidid - kui sa räägid saksa keelt, mida sa ilmselt ei
tee ja see oli ilmunud ebaausate võtetega.
Teaduslik päevik ja ta oli esitanud oma leide ekvivalentsetele 19.
sajandil teaduslikutele aiaklubidele, sa samuti saatsid selle paberi kõikige uhkete pükstega teadlastest. Ta
võiks mõelda aga siin see on.
suuretele kaadritele ei meeldinud märkmeid teha sest keegi neist ei teadnud mis
Põrgust ta küll räägib. Mendeli töö oli niikaugel tema ajastult nii kaugel ees et
katsed ei olnud ta eakaaslastelele loogilised, kusjuures tema andmed
olid uurijatele kasutud kuni peaaegu 35 aastat peale avalikustamist need
Mendel veel 20 aastat peale kui ta avaldas oma avastused
... oli täiesti rahul rahul kutt, ta sai kloostris isaks ja tal oli
palju tarku sõpru kellele meeldis teadusest rääkida, tema doktor lasi tal suitsetada 20 või nii

Estonian: 
sigarit igapäev et aidata tal kaalu langetada, pole just tõhus strateegia kui keegi
on sellest huvitatud,  aga teda ei ole kunagi tunnustatud monoliitsete järelduste eest mille ta lõi
teadusele oma elu jooksul, aga siis 1900 kandis teadlased töötasid iseseisvalt
et leida seda mida Mendel oli juba avastanud sest seal oli
väga palju inimesi liikles endiselt ringi karjudes: Oo! valge orav,  must orav
teevad kokku halli orava, mis oli nüüd üha enam muutumas ilmselgelt valeks
Mikroskoobid olid saanud palju paremaks ja võimsamaks ning inimesed jälgisid
kromosoome ning nad ei teadnud et mis asjad need on aga nad jälgisid neid ja see
ei olnud kuniks grupp teadlaseid kaevasid üles Mendeli paberid ja rakendasid tema seaduseid
avastustele mida nad olid teinud, kui kõik töötasid pärilikkuse kallal panid
maha oma katseklaasid ja olid nagu - Ooh -  ja korrada oli teaduslik kogukond
oli hullud Gregor Mendel järgi. Ta oli kuulutajaks isana kaasaegsele
geneetikale ja nad tegid talle ja ta aiale väikese erilise pühamu
kloosrtisse, et teadlased teeksid palverännakuid ja poetaks pisaraid tema kõblaste,
kühvlite ja värkide peale...

English: 
His doctor had him smoking 20 or so cigars every day, to help him lose weight -
NOT an effective strategy, if anybody's interested...
But he was never recognized for the monumental contributions he made to science during his lifetime.
But then, around 1900 scientist were independently working on what Mendel had already discovered,
because there were a lot of people still going around hollering:
URRRGH - WHITE SQUIRREL, BLACKS SQUIRREL MAKE GRAY SQUIRREL!!
Which was by now, becoming more and more obviously wrong.
Microscopes had gotten a lot better and more powerful,
and people were observing chromosomes - they had no idea what they /were/, but they were observing them.
And it wasn't until a group of scientist dug out Mendels papers,
and applied his laws to discoveries that had been made since,
that everybody working on heredity, put down their beakers, and were, like:
Ooooh!
and suddenly the scientific reading went totally bonkers for Gregor Mendel.
He was heralded as the father of modern genetics,
and they made a little special shrine to him at his test garden at the monastery,
and scientists would make pilgrimages there, to weep over his hoes and shovels and stuff!

Estonian: 
okei ma ei tea selle viismase osa kohta, aga point on selles, et korraga sai Gregor Mendel
väga suureks asjaks ja siis 1936 statistik Ronald Fisher
Avaldas paberi kontrollitud Mendeli andmetega
Fisher oli nagu, Hei kutid umm.. ma armastan küll Mendelit ja värke, aga kas te olete
vaadanud tema andmeid
Need on väga head nagu väga head nagu võibolla statistiliselt võimatud.
Fisher oli statistik ja geneetik ja suur Mendeli fänn, nii et
ta uurimustöös Mendeli paberite kohta, tunnistas ta, et paljudel viisidel
Mendel oli metoodiline geeniusest superkangelasest teadlane, kellele kõik andsid
Au
Samuti pani ta tähele et Mendeli andmed kinnitavad tema teooriat väga hästi.
nagu andmed osutusid jubedalt täiuslikeks tuhandete taimete ja tosinaid
eksperimente läbi viidud kaheksa aasta jooksul, nii et Fisher oli nagu
Kokkuvõtteks võis keegi olla manipuleerinud Mendeli andmetega
aga see kindlasti ei olnud Mendel, võis olla üks tema assistentidest

English: 
Okay, I dunno about that last part.
But, the point is, that suddenly
Gregor Mendel became a very big deal.
And then, in 1936, a statistician named Ronald Fisher
published a paper, examining the data.
Fisher was, like, "hey, you guys? Umm - I love Mendel and everything,
but have you looked at his data? They're [sic] really good, like, /reeeally/ good, like, maybe,
statistically implausible."
Fisher was a statistician, a geneticist, and a big Mendel fan,
so in his research of Mendels paper, he admitted
that in a lot of ways, Mendel
really was the methodical genius superhero scientist that everyone gave him credit for being.
But he also saw that all of Mendel corroborated his theory really well.
Like, data turned out to be eerily perfect for thousands of plants, in dozens of experiments.
conducted over the 8 years. So Fisher,
was like, "In conclusion, someone might have probably kind of fiddled with Mendels data.
But it definitely wasn't Mendel...
could've'been - one of his assistants, maybe?"

English: 
Because, y'know, Fisher hated to do it, he buried most of the really incriminating evidents
about the data fiddling in the back of the paper.
And some people read it, but most people didn't, so it didn't cause much of a kerfuffle.
At first.
But when the Mendel centennial celebration came along in the 1960s,
some people dug up Fisher's paper, and all of a sudden,
the scientific community went all Animal Planet on Mendel.
Like, this guy -
he existed before science!
so you can't give him a super hard time about being, like,
"Well, I must've crossed that pea wrong. Don't include that one in the data."
He didn't know about science!
This was before...
well, this was before good science was being done,  he was a monk.
Give him a break!
Even now, there are Mendel-Fisher controversies afficionados out there and talk about the stuff till the lights go out.
Nearly 50 years later, people are writing books, and
papers about him, most of'em trying to prove Mendel was completely faultless.
but no one has been able to explain what Fisher
the apparent data fiddling, selective reporting, omission...
whatever you wanna call it.
The important thing is, that Mendel put us all on the right track

Estonian: 
Sest, teate
Fisher vihkas seda teha, ta mattis suurema osa süütõeneid neid
manipureeritud andmeid paberi tagaküljel ja mõned inimesed lugesid seda aga enamus
inimestest ei lugenud, seega see ei põhjustanud see palju müra
Algul. Kui Mendeli sajandipidustused tulid 1960
mingid inimesed kaevasid välja Fisheri paberid ja järsku teadlaste kogukond
Läks kõik Loomade planeedi  Mendelile. Nagu see kutt, ta eksisteeris enne teadust, mõned
ei saa alla anda tema super raske ajaga
olemist, nagu ka see, et ma pean olema ületanud selle kai, ära maini seda
andmetes, ta ei teadnud teadusest midagi.
See oli juba päris, see oli juba nagu tehakse head teadust, ta oli munk
Andke talle puhkust, isegi nüüd on seal Mendeli-Fisheri austajate vahel lahkarvamusi
Seal väljas kes räägib sellest kuniks tuled kustuvad ja viiekümne aasta pärast
inimesed endiselt kirjutavad raamatuid ja pabereid sellekohta kuidas nad üritavad
tõestada et Mendel oli täielikult veatu, niiet keegi ei ole suutnud
selgitada, et mida Fisher leidis silmnähtavates andmete manipuleerimise aruande
misioon
kuidas te iganes seda kutsuda tahate. Tähtis asi on see et Mendel pani meid

Estonian: 
kõiki õigele rajale ja muidugi geneetika oli lõpuks palju palju palju plaju
rohkem keerdunud kui Mendeli töö sai seda selgitada aga see mida Mendel meile andis oli
kindel hüpotees mis põhineb
teistel õpingutel lugematute teiste geneetikutega kes töötasid et avastada ja
mõistavad kromosoome ja DNAd 20 sajandil. tänapäevased tunnused mis on olnud
näidatud, et tegutseda Mendeli seaduste põhjal, nagu on albinism ja on teada kui Mendelian
Tunnused, et seal on tunnuste jooned, mis on inimestel ja teistel loomadel, me paneme mõned
lingid alla kirjeldustesse, kui sul on idee targast mõistusest
kellest sa tahaksid, et me räägiksime siis anna meile teada, läbi twitteri või
Facebooki või loomulikult all kommentaarides, kui me võtame sinu idee siis
ma annan sulle selles episoodis teada.
kas selle või ma võin saata sulle Ziploci kotitäis oma raseeritud vurre, mis
sa ise sooviksid.

English: 
and of course, genetics ended up way, way, waay, /way/, WAAAY more convoluted
than Mendel's work could explain. But what Mendel gave us
a firm hypothesis on which to base other studies by countless other geneticists
who worked to discover and understand chromosomes and DNA in the 20th century.
Today, traits that have been shown to operate under Mendel's Law, like albinism,
are known as Mendelian Traits.
There are lists of these traits in humans and in other animals, I put some links for those down in the description.
If you have an idea for a Great Mind which you like us to profile,
please let us know through the Twitters or the Facebooks,
or of course, in the comments below.
If we picked your idea, I'll give you a shout-out in that episode
either that, or I can send you a ziplog bag full of my shaved whiskers,
whichever you want best.
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