i want to win
i will be your lecturer disturbed
in physics
we explore
the very small
toward a very large the very small it's
a small fraction of a pro comp
and a very large universe itself
baseband fourteen wife
orders over magnitude
awam
we sporty wife
to express
measurements quantitatively
we have to reintroduce
units
and reintroduced
what are you with opening
demeanor
what are you a little time
the second
and put it you little mass
the killer
now you can read your book all these
i declined and how the definition
evil historically
whatever many the right units which we
use in our daily life
for convenience
and so i might take a trip to a specific
fields
we have heard so many that we have no
interest
kilometers
we have interstate
astronomers even you would be
astronomical unit which is the main
guests including the earth
and the sun and then you would like to
use
which is the distance
that light travels in one year
yet many seconds we have microseconds we
have
days weeks all-race
centuries months
all the right you're next
for the mass we have
merry-go-round we have found
we have met reponse
so what else
the right units
exists
not all of them are very easy to
workweek
i find it extremely difficult to work
with inches in st
an extremely on civil rights system i
don't mean to insult you would think
about it
twelve inches in afloat
three feet in your yard the drives you
nuts
i work almost exclusively decimal
and i hope you will do the same during
this course but we may make some
exceptions
i will not
first jo-ellan movie which is called the
powers of ten
it covers forty orders of magnitude
it was originally conceived by the dutch
month named casebook radio early fifties
this is the second generation will reap
and you will hear
professor morrison
who is a professor
at m_i_t_
the powerful ten
i ready introduced
as you see their links fine
and mass
i recall the if three fundamental
quantities
i will give this a symbol capital l
length capital people farm
and capital m format
all artwork quantities in physics
can be derived complete fundamental
quantity
i give you an example
i quoted brackets around here
icy speed and that means the dimensions
or speed
that i mentioned also it's about banking
online
divided by two dimensional fine so i can
write for that
record at all
provided
by bracket part but meters per second
oranges per year that's not what matters
it has the dimension
legs
volume
would have that i mentioned
altman
recall three
density
what would happen i mentioned
all mass
per unit volume
so that means
with the power three
all-important in our
gorton's acceleration
we love you all walkways acceleration
acceleration as you will see is length
for times square's utilities meters per
second square
provided by
all of the quantities
can be derived from these three
fundamental
them out of the habit
read on the
units we have the meat of the second and
the kilogram
we can start making
measurements
not link portent
in making measurement which is always
ignored him
every portable
if the uncertainty
in your measurement
any better than that you make
without any knowledge of the interesting
thing
is meaningless
are repeated
i wanted to hear it tonight at three
o'clock when you wake up
any measurement that you make
without along with all the time to
accompany
is completely
meaningless
my grandmother
used to tell me
that at least you believed it
that someone who was lying in bed
is longer than someone who stands up
and all of my grandmother
i'm going to bring this today
recaps
i have you noticed setup
way i can now have approved in standing
up
a person lined up
not the greatest back but
i have to convince you
about the uncertainty my measurements
because a measurement without knowledge
or the uncertainties meetings
and therefore that'll do it the
following
i have here mellman bar
and i make the reasonable plausible
assumption
that's when the aluminum bar is sleeping
but it is horizontal
that it is not longer
and when it is spending
if you accept that
we can compare blank
of this aluminum bar
was this add up
and we think that a based we have some
kind of calibration to start
i will measure if you have to trust him
during these three month we have to
trust each other
so
i measure here
under
forty nine point nine
anywhere else
i don't think that the
so this is the aluminum bar
visiting vertical position
honda and forty nine
point nine i would think that they could
threaten killed my measurement it
probably won't really need
i can't really guarantee you that i do
accurately and dept
selects a political
note we're going to measure the bar
or don't
which we have a set of people
status on your site
no image of the mental peace part
under two fifty point zero
horizontally
under twenty
point zero again plus or minus one point
one centimeter
so you would agree with me that i a m
capable
of measuring
plus or minus one millimeter that's the
uncertainty of my neck
the different the links between
lying down
and spending update that we want folks
we would all know it wouldn't be
you get out of bed in the morning you
might want to get up and go clump
and you won't which would
and we know that's not the case
if the gift ones were only one ninety
two
we would never know
therefore i suspect
that if my grandmother was right
and it's probably only a few sunny
because maybe an inch
and so i would argue that if i can
measure
the length of a student to one
millimeter accuracy
that some settle the issue
so i need of olympia
one of olympia
looked like a great political yeah
hope we can hope that we we don't want
out of uh...
do not fallen one seventy eight so
rick brick writer
you don't know right
accounted for by people are
we need someone
were most insights
don't take it personally
okay
i think they say
you're right
for selected m_i_t_
okay ma'am
and their yeah
okayed working three
to spectator building
attitudes article
what did i say hundreds eighty
only one person
point to okay
on the eighty three point two
and uncertainty
talk about
while or we can
centimeters
or point once enemies
and all we're going to measure him
that i don't want it to break a bone so
we have a little stuff
for you
would you be there
what are you reading boring what
properties anyway great then it's all
over
r_k_o_ on your site i have to do that
yeah you know
relax
think of this as a small sacrifice for
the sake of site right
okay good
you can feel comfortable
critical to the white
okay
and and fun
when stepped you are all working five
point seven
i'm sure i want to put makeup
subtraction right
hundred eighty five point out
plaza mind at all point long standing
here
or latest five that is two point five
bottom line is or point absentee votes
you about one inch taller when you think
then when you stand up my grandmother
was black
you know it's right
can you get off here
i want to do appreciate that the
accuracy thank you very much etc
that the actors who want to meet with
more than sufficient
to make the case
if the accuracy my measurements
would have been much less
his measurements would not be convincing
so whenever you make a measurement you
must know d uncertainty otherwise
it is meaning what's
bonino your body
ask himself the question
why
are mammals as large as they are and not
what's what
he had a very clever reasoning which i'd
never seen in print
but it comes down to the fact
that he argued that if the mammal
becomes
massing at the bones will break
and he thought that that was a limiting
factor
you know i've never seen his reasoning
improved
arvo part to reconstruct the
what could have gone through his head
if amenable
and this is the
one of the poor led government
and there's not old
for pesticides
and what i mean by that it's
amal gave me
and a cat
hickey
that's what i mean by size
group reply
the mass of the
memorandum
and his nammal
has
if i don't
which we called the femur year
and a few more
port carried the bomb to a large extent
and that's it for two hundred fifty more
dazzling l
aneta thickness b
there is a few more
there's a lot of people were
approximately looks like
filled it would be the length of the
funeral
and this would be
thickness
and it would be to cross section where
really
i'm not going to
take you through what we call the
physics staining
i would argue that the length of the
team
must be proportional
the size of the edible that's completely
possible
even animal is four times more than an
hour
you would need four times longer lead
that dole is the state
very reasonable
it is also very reasonable diplomats of
an animal
is proportional
thirty-third power
of the sights because that
related to its volume
unsorted three related to do
their apollo decides it must also be
proportional
would have to power
openings of the few more because of this
relationship
okay that's what
now comes the argument
pressure
on the keyboard
is proportional
through the weight of the animal
divided by the cross-section hateful of
the femur
epa pressures
and that is the mass of the animal
that's proportional to the map of the
animal
divided by disgrace
because we want to every year
proportional to the screen
now follow me close
if the pressure
is higher than a certain level
will break
therefore
for an animal
not to break it to bones
when the man goes up by a certain factor
were safe at school sport in order for
the bulls not to break
each player most also go up
might affect the report execute argument
in this katie
reactive fingerprint carefully
therefore i would argue
that the max
must be proportional
to he's credited to breaking argue
na compare these two
the massive proportional to the length
of the femur
brute power three
and to defect little bitty more to the
power through
therefore
thickness altered devore he worked with
the power to must be proportional to the
length alle
and therefore the thickness of the
keyword
must be proportional
while recall
apparent interesting
results
what is this result
telling you
it tells you
that if i have to animals
and while he was ten times larger than
the other
that s is ten times larger
that the length of the
legs at ten times larger
thickness off
fifty more
thirty times work
because if you could help to the
following tops
if i were to compare amongst with an
elephant
elephant is about a hundred times larger
in size
soda length of the free world the
elephant would be public lands larger
and out of the most with the thickness
of the teamwork
would have to be
thousand times work
dot
may have convince colin they are going
great
that that's the reason
the largest
animals are as large as the night
because
clearly if you increase the max
that comes a time
that the thickness of the bones
is the same as the length of the bones
your almeida bones and that is
biologically
not feasible
and sort it is a limit somewhere
set by this
stating
irene i want to bring this to a test
after all i brought my grandmother's
statement to a test so why not bringing
don't eat it was a statement to attest
and so
i went through
heart hurts where they have a beautiful
collection
of steamers
and pine
ask them for the femur override code and
the horse
i recorded this big
about four times bigger
off the teamwork oval horse must be
about four times the length
off the record
i was not surprised
i met at the thickness
and i said too much haha
the latest four times higher
and the thickness
has to be
eight i'm tired
italy's holds
and what i'm going to plots for you you
will see that shortly
it's being divided by l
versus al
and that of course must be proportional
help to the following i hardly anyone
else u
so if i compare the horse
and i compared the rec room
i would argue that if eclipse
divided by the length of the few more
for divorce
must be the square root before
as much
as that broke the record
and so i was very anxious to plot that
and i think that
and i show you the results
your views
my first
we see their d over l explained to you
why i prefer at that
product and you see the length
you see your opponent
eighty divorce
and if you look carefully then video for
al for divorce is only about
one-and-a-half times larger than a
miracle well i wasn't too disappointed
bought a half is not through what is it
the right direction the horse clearly
have that large a value for the over l
i realize i needed more data
so i went back to heart i said what
i need a small animal hope also maybe
maybe iraq to maybe models
and they set okay
they gave me
dreamgroup
they gave me an envelope with the fact
that there were two of them are
recalling
and they gave me hope awesome
and they gave me
if the
year is the one
off the
here is the one
or possum
no you won't believe this
use these so one
so romantic
there is about
isn't that beautiful
she'd be needed a wild dhoni teeny weeny
little finger
and there are eight
and i a m
i make the plot
therapy we put that book would look like
i will shock
i was really shocked
the goats milk
the horse
fifty times larger than five ten
tomorrow
the different india whale is only a
factor of two
than i expected
something
more like a factor
and so india well why are expected
pectoral seven i always see effectively
too
so i said to myself oh my goodness why
didn't i ask them
and out of time
their meal clinch it would be
development because
if that goes way don't scare maybe we
can still rescue
the statement by golly they'll go delay
and so i went back
and they said ok we'll give you
the people of an elephant they also gave
me
one of the most believe it or not i
think they want to get rid of me by that
time to be proud of you
yet
is the teamwork automatons
and i measured it
and the thickness
that happen
i thought i think
i was full of expectation
i couldn't sleep all night
there the elephant
there is no evidence whatsoever that the
over l
is really a larger forty elephant and
for them out
vertical bars indicate might uncertainty
measurements of sickness
and the horizontal scale which is a
logarithmic scale
the uncertainty of the length
measurements
it in the thickness of the rep and sort
of no
need for me to indicate that any further
and year you have your measurements
in case you want to check them
and look again at the mouth and look at
the elephant
the model
has indeed only
one telling me the length of the few
more
andy allison did indeed on the times
longer
sort of frustrating arguments that s is
proportional to l
that they certainly what you expect that
without the news about on the front
porch
inside
but where you go to be over al
you see it all over
the overall health for tomorrow
is really not all that different from
the elephants
and you would expect its that number
reached the square root
one hundreds are you expected to be ten
times worse
instead of about
i know i want to discuss with you
what week colin physics
by mention all
analysis
i want to ask myself the question
if i drop
an apple
promise open heights
and i think that height
what will happen with pine
forty apple
i brought the apple from
uptight h
and i want to know
what happens with the prime windfall i
came to age
for technical broke the primary takes
must be proportional
through the heights some pol pot
completely reasonable if i make the
height larger we all know that they can
longer forty applicant pool
let's safety
i thought to myself well if the
apple has amassed m
it probably is also a proportional
the mass of that apple reply what they
are
i said to myself he yeah
if something is more massive
it'll probably take less time
so maybe
and to some problem beta i don't know
all fido bill beta
and then i said to have it is also
something like gravity that if you have
reputation will pull
the gravitational acceleration of the
earth
introduced that too
let's assume
at that time is also proportional
for the gravitational acceleration this
is an acceleration we were in a lot more
about that
report dot
having fat beef
we cannot do what's called in physics a
not mention all
analysis
on the left
we have a time
and if we have a left on the left by the
time on the right side we must also have
right
you cannot have
coconuts alongside and oranges on the
other you cannot have second the one
five
and you just a second on the other
sorted and then she's left and right
have to be the state
whatever that mentioned here
at its peak
with apollo block
that team
that must be the same
for the follow all fine
funds mac
quit apollo beta
acceleration
remember the still bear on the
blackboard
at that mentioned l
provided by conscripts
and the whole thing to the following
comox however got what you have a common
there
despite must have the same the mention
of that stuff
that is not negotiable and fifth
okay there we go
there is no and here it is only one i am
here
so big i'm not the zero
buried here
held to the following help with the
public all mothers noel year
so elmo's disappear
to opa
lecomba must be zero
dynasty to nepal one-year and there is
here due to the pollen miners to go mike
meyers because it downstairs
so well
must be equal
combines
to grandma
that means drama
must be minus one-half
if you've got my is minus one top
and all hot equals
and of my time mention that
i'd therefore concludes
at the time that it takes
foreign object in full
equals some constant which i do not know
appleton has no dimension
i don't know what it is
experiment
divided by gene
daytime zero there is no mass
eighteen to follow one hops if you get
here
and you can apollo minus one
is proportional
for the screen
or eight genius a given and see if you
give me even though i don't know seed
i make no pretense
that i can predict how long it will take
for the applicant pool
all i'm saying is
i can't compare do different heights
i can't open apple from eight meters
and another one from readers
and one point eight meters will take to
times longer
then the one from
two meters
screw
eighty too
for over two with the pope and former
white if i brought one from atvs and i
thought one of the one point two leaders
and a different in time
will be disgruntled
of the ratio that will be twice aswell
i want to bring
we have a fed up you know
we have an apple there have been
heightened three meters
but we know evacuated thanks to an
action is through the heart of about
three millimeters know better
and here we have a setup
the body apple is about one-and-a-half
meters about above the ground
and we know that to about
also an accuracy november and above
so let's set it up
i have here
something that's going to be a
prediction
prediction
that time
that it takes one appleton fall divided
by the time that it takes
whatever apple
h mambo
three meters
uh... partly in matters of uncertainty
or about
renominated
can do any better
h_ through
equals one point five meters
and with uncertainty
remember me
sort of ratio creates one overage
through
is two point zero zero zero
and now i have to
come up with in uncertainty which
physicist sometimes full
and ever in the measurement redeemed
certainty
and the where you'll find your own party
unit
that you active review
and use a practice to be here
and you get the largest w possible you
can ever get a larger value and you'll
find
if you get two point zero zero six
i would think
the uncertainties then
zero zero six
visited i mentioned is number
because it
lengths divided by length
and so the time to you want
divided by two
determine
would be this crew eight swamp divided
by eight still
that is the
i mention another his argument that we
have there
and we find if we take this brutal this
number
would find one point four one four
plaza minus four-point
uh...
and right
so here
is a farm prediction
this is a prediction
naal
we're going to make
cultivation
we're going to
measure if you want
and they're going to be a number
and then we go to measure tito
and they're going to be a number
i have done that experiment ten times
and the numbers always referred to as
within about one million seconds
so i could just adopt an uncertainty at
one of the second i want to be a little
bit on the safe side the pain of a the
different by too many seconds
let it be conservative
and that's assumed that i can measure
through an excuse to of about
too many things
that is pretty sick
from now
we can measure these plans
we can take the ratio
and then we can see whether we actually
confirmed
that the time that it takes is
proportional
the scramble
i will make it a little
will pump approval for whom the
electable
we have to set up here
the first through the experiments we've
the
the ringleaders
benefited from the earth
and that time
the moment that i pulled this spring
the apple will fall
contact will open
the corporal starts the moment it hit
the floor
the final four
assembled outside
apple or my head
yet
you
moretti
okay that i'm ready
everything set
uh...
uh...
probably the wall
many factions
so it is number
should write it down because you will
need it for your second assignment
seven hundred eighty one millisecond
with uncertainty of livingston
ready for a second one
nothing wrong
be ready
year old girl right
okayed
five hundred empty lump
nervous because i
isn't it works
so i take my
calculator
and i'm not going to
take the ratio
do you want
over
heat through
uncertainty
you're confined by adding two to hear
and subtracting the through there
and that will then give you an
uncertainty
all flood i think point all
won't all aids
point oh eight wonderful yourself
orenthal
eight diamond sheila's number it would
be the uncertainty
visit the observation
seven it won't
divided by
five five one
on the phone that won't work
seventy wound
defied by fifi one
one four
profitably
the prediction says
one point four one four
groovy one point
would be to higher bhakti
uncertainty in my eyes i don't know any
better
and here
i couldn't even be off
by an h
protection through in my timing
so these two measurements confirm they
are in agreement with each other c_e_o_
certainties in measurements
essential
are results
we have here the result
which is striking
we have demonstrated that the prime
didn't pick
forum albrecht
unfold
independent all that much
i don't think in mccomb
are grandpa great-grandfather must have
worried about this and argued about this
for more than
hundreds years
with they still don't know
to overlook
the simple
a mental analysis
inkenti
is this eventual analysis perhaps not
quite kosher
it is not mention the analysis
one that could be done
differently
you could have done it very differently
you could check the following
we've got upset
the time for an apple control
is done
proportional
the hyped
that a full spoke to a follow all fun
fairly reasonable we all know the height
of it is the more it will take the more
time it will be
we could have said
yok probably forceful last somehow
masses
warrant take a little bit that's fine
dot not so think that
but you could have said well that's not
take the acceleration popular
but i think the marks of the earth
itself
every reasonable white
i would think if i increased the mass of
the earth
but the apple will fall
for now i would put in
the map of the earth here
i start my dimensional analysis
and i hand up
dad in the waters
because you see
there is no
last year
there is a master the pilot they don't
even want to the public drama
so what you would have found
they are
was going on
zero that would be ample storage
now you can ask yourself the question
is that something wrong with the
analysis that we do is ours perhaps
better
and peaceful
well it's a different one
we came through to conclusion that find
that it takes for the apple performa
independent of the black
there we believe that
yes we do
on the other hand
prestigious finishes to even nowadays
very fancy experiments
and it's wide to demonstrate at the time
for an apple to full
does the pendulum max
even though
it probably is only valley floor that's
cool with it try to prove that
anytime you're going to keep to anyone
of you succeed
that certainly
a nobel prize
so we don't believe that it independent
or not
but i do think he was not
april
because if you do with this way
on the other hand i'm quite pleased with
the fact that we found that the fire is
proportional to disprove the page
i think that's very useful
reconfirmed that was experiments
and in the came out that way
so it was not a complete waste of time
when you do and i mentioned that mrs
you better be careful
i'd like you to think
is over
the comparison between the two
at dinner
and maybe breakfast and maybe even while
you were thinking
shower let if needed or not
it is important that q
digest
and appreciate the difference between
these two approaches
it will give you an insight in
the power
and also include the limitations all i
mentioned
you've got to the barely heart all far
on the spending and appreciation or
physics
it's important
that you get a feel for these
you know what i might be
this is the time
thank you see you
