Some say humanity’s future as a space-faring
species is just around the corner.
But realistically, how are we going to get
there?
The answer is asteroids.
These seemingly unimpressive lumps of rock
could actually be the intergalactic pit stops
for exploring the universe.
They have the potential to become cosmic gas
stations and the building blocks for habitats
on Mars; to change how we navigate through
space, and even to revolutionize Earthly engineering
and economies.
But their potential remains untapped.
- We call the asteroids the stepping stones
to the solar system.
And we live in the age where humanity will
make the leap into space.
So how close are we to mining in space?
Scientists and entrepreneurs want to mine
asteroids because they can contain metals,
water, rare minerals, and even elements that
are impossible to form on Earth.
They’re huge, they’re everywhere, and
while they all sort of look like your average
space rock, there are some key differences
between each type that determine which one
to mine first.
From the outside, the one with the most gold-rush
potential would seem to be “metallic asteroids,”
made of nickel-iron,  that may also contain
valuable metals like palladium, platinum,
and of course, gold.
But don’t be fooled.
The real jackpot here is the Carbonaceous
asteroids, which might just contain the most
valuable resource of all... water.
- Before we go after the minerals for mining
purposes, the first thing we need to do is
learn how to extract water from asteroids.
Water is going to be like the oil of the Space
Age.
A water source in our planetary neighborhood
would be like a space oasis: a source of hydrogen
and oxygen for rocket fuel and life support
systems, a tool to shield us from radiation,
and even a source of drinking water for astronauts.
The problem is, finding these C-type asteroids
is... tricky.
- The carbonaceous asteroids are extremely
dark, darker than a blackboard, darker than
freshly laid tar.
How do you find those?
All that sunlight they don't reflect gets
absorbed, warms them up, and they glow in
the infrared.
That’s why scientists at NASA’s Jet Propulsion
Laboratory are developing the Near-Earth Object
Camera, or NEOCam, which, in addition to identifying
potentially hazardous Near-Earth Objects,
will be able to comb the infrared for evidence
of C-type asteroids.
Okay, so we can identify which rock to target.
Now we just have to figure out how to get
a piece of it.
While a number of space probes, like Hayabusa
2, are working on this right now, they’re
still just at the sample collection phase.
What we need is to know how to successfully
mine an asteroid.
Nets, harpoons, augers, and even a giant magnetic
“rake” have all been proposed.
The problem is traditional mining methods
rely on the application of force – which
is a challenge in low-gravity.
- If you saw the movie where Bruce Willis
saved the Earth by landing on an asteroid
and dropping atom bombs… that’s really
problematic.
- A lot of these asteroids are just piles
of rubble, and they're held together by microgravity,
a million times weaker than gravity on Earth.
If you hold onto a rock, you say, "Ah, I've
landed on the asteroid," you pull on the rock
because you're trying to drill in, it'll come
away, right?
And then the next one will come away, and
then the next one.
What are you actually going to hold onto?
One Zen answer: nothing.
At least, that’s the idea behind the approach
that Dr. Sercel and his team at TransAstra
are developing, dubbed ‘Optical Mining.’
- What we do is we take large, very lightweight,
thin film solar reflectors, concentrate large
quantities of sunlight into small areas.
When the sunlight hits the surface of the
asteroid, it causes a thermal shock that breaks
the surface and drives the water and other
valuable volatile chemicals out.
That process of driving the volatiles out
actually cleans the surface so that more sunlight
can drill holes in the surface.
We don't even have to touch the surface of
an asteroid to dig holes in it.
This ant-and-magnifying glass technology sounds
like some kind of sci-fi-laser-ray-gun, but
it’s real.
And Joel’s team is about to start the next
phase of testing it using the world’s biggest
lightbulb and synthetic asteroids at the Colorado
School of Mines.
And with continued support from NASA, their
experiments are generating some buzz.
But what then?
What do you do with a bag of vaporized space
rock?
- A clever idea that TransAstra is developing
is that they will go to an asteroid and use
some of the water that they mine as propellant
to come back.
- If we can turn near-Earth asteroids into
gas stations to refuel spacecraft, that has
a tremendous effect in reducing the cost of
human exploration.
And the propellant thruster that TransAstra
is developing channels one of the most industrious
creatures of the animal kingdom.
- Just as honeybees harvest nectar and they
use then the energy of the nectar to power
their civilization, the APIS architecture
harvests water and other valuable materials
from the asteroids, and then uses those materials
with sunlight to power space industrialization
and settlement.
First, TransAstra will launch Mini Bee, a
small demonstrator vehicle, to test their
method on a simulated asteroid in low-Earth
orbit.
If that can prove that Optical Mining works
in space, a larger craft called the Honey Bee
will follow, and with the help of tug vehicles
they call Worker Bees – they’ll pave the
way for the Queen.
- The Queen Bee is the ultimate asteroid mining system.
It's designed to fly out to an asteroid that
might be a hundred feet across, capture that
asteroid in a giant enclosure, and then mine
thousands of tons of water and other valuable
volatile materials from it.
- A small fleet of Queen Bees will create
a large ecosystem of water and other valuable
materials in Earth space that'll make it so
that private venture can afford to build hotels
on the moon and ordinary citizens will be
able to fly into space, aggregate their resources,
and build space settlements out of asteroid
resources.
But hold your horses... or, bees, I guess.
This sounds like we’re getting back into
that gold rush territory.
And what we don’t want is to completely
deplete the resources on Earth and then do
the same thing in the Solar System.
That’s why Dr. Elvis is fighting to preserve
the majority of our solar system as wilderness.
- We are very bad at looking ahead and seeing
the consequences.
We need a warning bell, a trip wire saying,
"If you got to this point, you may not think
it, but you're very close to finishing the
entire resources of the asteroid belt."
So let's say we did preserve most of the solar
system's untrammeled wilderness... like 7/8ths
of it.
Then what would that leave us with?
- One-eighth is only three steps away from
complete exhaustion of the solar system's resources.
And if we stopped at that point, we could 
keep that going for thousands of years.
So once we find the right asteroids, all we have to do is capture them, blast them with highly concentrated
sunlight, catch their debris and use it to
propel insect-inspired spacecraft onto their
next stop, providing the ultimate ‘cosmic
gas stations’ for humanity’s highway through
the solar system - all while preserving the
wilderness around that highway so that our
intergalactic future doesn’t burn out before
it even starts.
Wow... sounds like a lot of work.
So… how close are we to mining in space?
- In 10 years, we'll be launching our first
asteroid mining vehicles to go out to asteroids
and bring back substantive quantities of resources.
- In 100 years, it's quite plausible that
there will be people living on the moon 
in giant structures made of iron and solum,
which will come from the asteroids most likely.
- What we know about life is that as life
evolves, it fills whatever ecological niche
or system it has.
Then it finds a way to jump to the next level.
Just at the time when we have the technology
to make the leap into space, this is as significant
a moment as when fish came up on the land.
If you think the future is going to rock,
check out more episodes of How Close Are We?
on this playlist.
And for more epic science stories, be sure
to subscribe to Seeker.
Thanks for watching!
