JUDY WOODRUFF: And now to that historic first.
Nearly 50 years after Buzz Aldrin and Neil
Armstrong first planted an American flag on
the moon, China's space program has just landed
a probe on the far side of the moon.
As the Chinese put it, it opens a new chapter
in its exploration.
William Brangham looks at what that could
mean.
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: The Chinese probe is called
Chang'e 4.
And it's named after a moon goddess from Chinese
mythology.
And it landed on the moon's far side yesterday.
That's the side we never see here on Earth
because of the moon's unique rotation.
The lander touched down in the moon's largest
and oldest crater and began transmitting the
first images we have ever seen from that area.
Chang'e 4 also deployed a rover on the surface
to survey the crater.
The landing time and location had been kept
secret since the probe went into orbit around
the moon on December 12.
One reason that astronauts have not landed
on that side of the moon before is that it's
nearly impossible to communicate directly
with Earth.
To solve that problem, the Chinese launched
a satellite last year that can relay information
between the probe and Chinese mission control.
It's a big moment for the Chinese space program
and for future exploration.
And our science correspondent, Miles O'Brien,
as always, is here to help us understand what's
going on.
Welcome back.
MILES O'BRIEN: Hello, William.
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: So, what do the Chinese
want to do on the far side of the moon?
MILES O'BRIEN: Well, there's some reasonably
good science to do there.
There, after all, has not been a lander or
rover on that side of the moon.
And now there's both there.
And the Chinese have a lot that they can look
at.
They're in the largest crater that we know
of in the solar system, 1,500 miles across.
What caused that?
That's kind of interesting.
Inside that crater are lots of other smaller
craters.
It'll tell us a little bit about how dangerous
a neighborhood we live in as it relates to
near-Earth objects and asteroids.
They're going to be taking a lot of stunning
pictures, some of which we have already seen
on the Internet.
There's a ground-penetrating radar.
And they even have a thing they call a little
biosphere, which has seeds, including silkworms
as well.
So...
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: Seeds to plant in the ground
there?
MILES O'BRIEN: Well, I don't think in the
actual regolith itself, but they're going
to have this terrarium where they're going
to try to grow and see what they can grow.
Ultimately, that should -- that signals what
they're up to.
They would like to put an outpost on the moon.
They have said they'd like to do it around
2030.
And so this is part of the logical steps in
that direction.
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: I also understand that,
when you are on the far side of the moon,
not the dark side, I should point out, that
using radio telescopes is much easier.
Help me understand why.
MILES O'BRIEN: This is one of the most intriguing
aspects of the far side of the moon to astronomers
and the scientific community in general.
Radio telescopes, which allow us to look very,
very deep into the cosmos, have a problem
here on Earth, is there's all this electromagnetic
radiation, which you have to cancel out one
way or another.
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: This is our cell phones,
the Wi-Fi, all the racket we make.
MILES O'BRIEN: You name it, all the stuff.
What we're doing right now as we broadcast
to people at home interferes with that effort
to find these tiny signals which are emanating
from things like quasars in the distant cosmos.
On the far side of the moon, you have none
of that.
None of those signals from Earth are there.
And so it's a very pristine environment to
do radio astronomy.
And a lot of people had hoped this would happen
someday.
As it happens, this pair of the orbiter and
the lander will be able to do some rudimentary
radio astronomy on this particular mission.
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: One question I know that
always comes up, especially with regards to
China, which has really become our geopolitical
number one rival, is, how much of this is
a military-driven operation, how much of this
is science?
MILES O'BRIEN: Well, it is military after
all.
It's a military program.
NASA is a civilian program, but it had a lot
of military components to it all along.
And in the context of the Cold War, it was
-- it was an instrument of soft power, to
say the least.
So, in China, it's a little, little more straightforward
as a military operation, which is why you
see these fits and bursts of secrecy, and
then public relations trumpeting.
And they're kind of two minds on it.
They want the world to know that they can
do this.
It is, after all, about superpower status
that they hope to attain.
But it begins, of course, with military superiority,
which they have worked on with great assiduousness.
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: So what is it that the Chinese
-- sketch out your understanding of what their
larger goals might be beyond the moon.
MILES O'BRIEN: Well, no less than preeminence
in space, no less than becoming the superpower,
really, if you want to look at the ultimate
big picture.
I think this is really a tortoise and the
hare kind of story, potentially.
The Chinese didn't put human beings into space
until 2003, so they were kind of late to the
party.
And they have set their goals in a very methodical
way with deadlines which are kind of long
by our standards, but they have met those
deadlines.
And slowly but surely they built a program
to rival any manned space program in the world.
There are only three.
And so, in the long run, they are looking
to put footprints on the moon, maintain an
outpost there, and then continue onwards.
So, is the U.S. the hare in this race?
That remains to be seen.
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: It's also got to be important
for China, just knowing that they don't have
to -- the vicissitudes of congressional funding
and presidential administrations coming and
going, I mean, NASA rode that roller coaster
of funding for years.
The Chinese really don't have that problem.
MILES O'BRIEN: Yes.
And democracy can be messy, can't it?
And what happens is, every four or eight years,
there's a change in plans in space.
George W. Bush retired the space shuttle,
said, let's go to the moon.
President Obama came in and said, no, we're
not going to the moon.
We have been there, done that.
Let's go to Mars.
Donald Trump comes in says, let's go to the
moon.
Well, guess what?
If you do that every election cycle, you end
up going nowhere.
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: Picking up on this tortoise
and the hare metaphor, is it your sense that
this really is a new space race between our
nations?
MILES O'BRIEN: It's starting to feel that
way, William.
And I will tell you, if you talk to people
in the U.S. space industry privately, they
are cheering on the Chinese, because there's
an expression in space, no bucks, no Buck
Rogers.
And a space race ultimately leads to funding.
And there is that thinking that that competition,
that concern, that fear that China might beat
the U.S. back to the moon or to Mars, that
can lead to funding.
So, yes, let's watch the race and see what
happens.
Who knows?
That particular spot on the moon or the moon
in general could be the perfect refueling
station for missions that go much farther
into the cosmos.
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: Miles O'Brien, thank you
very much.
MILES O'BRIEN: You're welcome.
