GOOD EVENING EVERYBODY!
MY NAME IS RESAT KASABA.
I AM THE DIRECTOR OF HENRY M. JACKSON SCHOOL
OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES AND ON BEHALF OF
MY COLLEAGUES AND MY STUDENTS IN THE JACKSON
SCHOOL IT IS MY PLEASURE TO WELCOME YOU TO
THIS EVENING'S PRESENTATION.
I ALSO WANT TO SAY HELLO TO OUR AUDIENCE IN
THE OVERFLOW ROOM UPSTAIRS AND THEY ARE WATCHING
IT FROM THE SCREEN AND HOPEFULLY THEY WILL
BE PART OF THE CONVERSATION.
THERE WILL BE A QUESTION AND ANSWER AFTER
THE TALK.
WE HAVE MICROPHONES ON EITHER SIDE OF THE
ROOM.
WE ASK YOU TO COME AND ASK YOUR QUESTIONS
FROM THOSE MICROPHONES.
THE OVERFLOW QUESTIONS WILL BE BROUGHT TO
ME AND WE WILL TRY TO COVER AS MANY OF THOSE
AS WE CAN.
PROFESSOR SNYDER WILL SIGN HIS LATEST BOOK
WHICH IS OUTSIDE IN THE HALLWAY.
AFTER THE LECTURE IS FINISHED, WE WILL USHER
HIM OUTSIDE AND HE WILL HAVE BOOKS THERE TO
SIGN AND YOU CAN CONTINUE YOUR INFORMAL CONVERSATIONS
WITH HIM FOR A LITTLE BIT.
I WANT TO THANK THE HENRY M. JACKSON FOUNDATION,
STROUM CENTER FOR JEWISH STUDIES, RUSSIAN
EASTERN EUROPEAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES,
CENTER FOR WEST EUROPEAN STUDIES, THE CENTER
FOR GLOBAL STUDIES AND ALSO FOSTER SCHOOL�S
GLOBAL BUSINESS SCHOOL FOR THEIR SUPPORT.
IF YOU LOOK AT ALL THESE ENTITIES WHO EXTENDED
THEIR SUPPORT, TO GET A SENSE OF THE REACH
THAT TIMOTHY SNYDER�S NAME HAS IN THE INTEREST
IT HAS PROVOKED IN OUR COMMUNITY.
TIMOTHY SNYDER IS THE LEVIN PROFESSOR OF HISTORY
AT YALE UNIVERSITY.
HE IS A MEMBER OF THE COMMITTEE ON CONSCIENCE
OF THE UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
AND HE IS ALSO A PERMANENT FELLOW OF THE INSTITUTE
FOR HUMAN SCIENCES IN VIENNA.
HE IS THE AUTHOR OF "BLOODLANDS", �BLACK
EARTH�, "ON TYRANNY: TWENTY LESSONS FROM
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY", AND MOST RECENTLY
"THE ROAD TO UNFREEDOM".
THAT IS THE BOOK THAT WILL BE AVAILABLE OUTSIDE
FOR PURCHASE AND FOR HIS SIGNATURE.
AMONG THE MANY PRIZES AND RECOGNITIONS PROFESSOR
SNYDER HAS RECEIVED, I WOULD LIKE TO MENTION
THE LITERATURE AWARD FROM AMERICAN ACADEMY
OF ARTS AND LETTERS, THE HANNAH ARENDT PRIZE,
AND THE LEIPZIG BOOK PRIZE FOR EUROPEAN UNDERSTANDING.
IN HIS RESEARCH AND WRITING, HE DEALS WITH
SOME DARK PERIODS AND DARK SUBJECTS.
HE DEALS WITH THE DESTRUCTION OF EASTERN AND
CENTRAL EUROPE DURING WORLD WAR II.
WITH THE HOLOCAUST AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR
EUROPEAN AND WORLD HISTORY.
THE MAIN POINT THAT COMES ACROSS FROM HIS
WRITING IS THAT THESE HORRIBLE EVENTS OF THE
20th CENTURY RESULTED FROM THE MURDEROUS DESIRES
AND PLANS OF INDIVIDUALS.
AND HE HAS A STRONG CONVICTION THAT WE ALL
HAVE A DUTY NOT ONLY TO UNDERSTAND THESE EVENTS
BUT TO RESIST THE DRIFT TO CHAOS AND TYRANNY
WHENEVER WE SEE IT AND RECLAIM OUR OWN HISTORY.
HISTORY THEN BECOMES NOT JUST A WINDOW TO
THE PAST BUT AN IMPORTANT TOOL FOR MANAGING
OUR LIVES AND SHAPING OUR FUTURE.
THIS IS PRECISELY WHY WE IN THE JACKSON SCHOOL
PLACE SO MUCH HISTORY ON HER TEACHING , RESEARCH
AND OUTREACH.
THIS IS WHY TIMOTHY SNYDER IS THE PERFECT
SPEAKER FOR THE JACKSON SCHOOL.
I AM VERY PLEASED TO INTRODUCE TIMOTHY SNYDER
WHO WILL SPEAK ON "ON TYRANNY: TWENTY LESSONS
FROM THE TWENTIETH CENTURY".
THANK YOU.
[APPLAUSE]
>> THANK YOU ALL FOR BEING HERE.
THANKS YOU WHO ARE PHYSICALLY PRESENT AND
THOSE OF YOU WHO ARE ALMOST PHYSICALLY PRESENT.
I AM GLAD TO HAVE YOU ALL HERE OR ALMOST HERE,
AS THE CASE MAY BE.
WHAT I WOULD LIKE TO DO IN THE NEXT 45 MINUTES
IS TO TALK TO YOU ABOUT HISTORY.
HISTORY NOT IN THE SENSE OF SOMETHING WHICH
IS A BORING BOOK THAT YOU HAVE TO READ, AND
BY THE WAY, THOSE OF YOU WHO ARE HERE BECAUSE
YOU HAVE TO BE FROM HISTORY CLASSES, A SPECIAL
WELCOME TO YOU ALL.
BY HISTORY WHAT I MEAN IS NOT A BOOK YOU DON'T
WANT TO READ OR SOMETHING YOU PUT AWAY, THE
HISTORY I MEAN THE THING WE ARE IN TOGETHER.
UNLIKE OTHER DISCIPLINES, THERE IS ONLY ONE
HISTORY.
JUST ONE.
THERE IS ONLY ONE SET OF HUMAN BEINGS AND
THE PEOPLE WE ARE DESCENDED FROM, ONE SET
OF WRITTEN SOURCES, ALL OF HISTORY COMES FROM
THOSE WRITTEN SOURCES.
THERE IS ONLY ONE SET.
THERE IS ONE HISTORY.
MUCH OF DECIDING TO DO GOOD OR EVIL IN POLITICS
COMES FROM RECOGNIZING WHETHER OR NOT YOU'RE
IN HISTORY.
THAT IS THE FIRST LESSON OF THIS BOOK, THIS
BOOK ON TYRANNY I AM TALKING ABOUT, THE FIRST
LESSON IS DON'T OBEY IN ADVANCE.
THIS LESSON HAS EVERYTHING TO DO WITH HISTORY.
IN THE MOST STRAIGHTFORWARD SENSE IT'S A LESSON
FROM HISTORY.
FROM 1933.
WHEN WE THINK OF THE RISE OF DICTATORS WHO
CAME TO POWER IN 1933 WE CAN THINK OF OVERPOWERING
TYRANTS WHO SOMEHOW WITH THEIR SUPERHUMAN
POWERS IMMEDIATELY ABLE TO CONTROL EVERYONE.
IMAGES FLASHED THROUGH OUR MINDS OF SALUTES
AND MARCHES AND ARMIES.
BUT IN FACT, IT IS POLITICS.
ESPECIALLY AT THE BEGINNING IT IS POLITICS.
POLITICS INVOLVES CONSENT.
ESPECIALLY AT THE BEGINNING OF AUTHORITARIAN
REGIME CHANGES.
IF YOU DON'T KNOW WHAT THAT FEELS LIKE, I
HOPE YOU WILL AT THE END OF THE LECTURE.
BECAUSE YOU ARE IN ONE.
NERVOUS LAUGHTER.
AT THE BEGINNING, AUTHORITARIAN REGIME CHANGES
DEPEND UPON CONSENT.
THE DEPEND UPON PEOPLE NORMALIZING THE NEW
REALITY AND THEN MEETING IT HALFWAY.
ANTICIPATING WHAT IS GOING TO WORK.
THAT IS A NORMAL HUMAN REACTION.
THAT IS WHAT WE GENERALLY DO IN NORMAL SITUATIONS.
YOU'RE EXPECTED TO SIT DOWN YOU DO.
I AM EXPECTED TO STAND UP AND TALK, I DO THAT.
99% OF THE TIME IT IS NORMAL TO FIGURE OUT
WHAT IS NORMAL AND REACT.
IN ORDER TO BE A FREE PERSON, YOU HAVE TO
BE ABLE TO DEFINE A SITUATION AS NOT BEING
NORMAL AND TO DEFINE FOR YOURSELF WHAT IS
NORMAL.
IF EVERY SITUATION IS NORMAL TO YOU, IF YOU
ADAPT TO EVERY SITUATION, THAT MEANS YOU ARE
NOT A FREE PERSON.
THE LESSON OF 1933 IS THIS.
IF WE DON'T THINK ABOUT IT, IF WE JUST REACT,
WE WILL REACT IN THE WRONG WAY.
WE HAVE TO HAVE AN IDEA OF NOT OBEYING IN
ADVANCE.
THAT IDEA COMES FROM HISTORY, FROM 1933.
THERE IS A POLITICS TO THIS.
THE POLITICS IS, THE SOONER YOU ACT THE BETTER.
THERE IS A PSYCHOLOGY TO THIS.
IF YOU DECIDE AT THE BEGINNING THAT YOU'RE
GOING TO SAY THIS IS NOT NORMAL, THEN YOU
HAVE A VERY GOOD CHANCE OF DOING SOMETHING
COMPLETELY WRONG.
BUT IF YOU DECIDE AT THE BEGINNING, THIS IS
FINE, IT'S VERY HARD TO GO BACK FROM THAT.
WHAT YOU WILL TEND TO DO IS PSYCHOLOGICALLY
KEEP DOUBLING DOWN ON YOUR EARLIER DECISION
AND SAY I DIDN'T DO ANYTHING THEN SO THIS
MUST BE FINE.
THEREFORE YOU BECOME A PRISONER AS THINGS
CONTINUE TO GET WORSE.
MORALLY.
IF YOU DON'T RESIST AT THE BEGINNING, THEN
YOU BECOME THE PERSON WHO DIDN'T RESIST AT
THE BEGINNING.
FOR YOURSELF AND OTHERS.
FOREVER.
THIS IS ABOUT HISTORY, NOT BECAUSE IT'S A
LISTEN FROM HISTORY --A LESSON FROM HISTORY
BUT BECAUSE IT'S A GOOD EXAMPLE OF WHAT HISTORY
IS.
HISTORY IS ABOUT STRUCTURE AND AGENCY.
ABOUT RECOGNIZING THE LIMITS OF WHAT YOU CAN
AND CANNOT DO.
ONCE YOU RECOGNIZE THOSE LIMITS, THEN YOU
FACE THE FACT YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR -- WITHIN
THOSE LIMITS FOR WHAT YOU DO AND DON'T DO.
IT IS SO EASY TO TAKE PART IN IDEAS LIKE WHAT
I DO DOESN'T MAKE A DIFFERENCE.
OR EVERYTHING WILL BE FINE OR WON'T BE FINE
REGARDLESS OF WHAT I DO.
THAT IS A HISTORICAL CHOICE YOU'RE MAKING.
THOSE IDEAS ARE TEMPTING.
IT'S HARDER TO SAY, AND GOING TO DEFINE FOR
MYSELF WHAT IS NORMAL AND WHAT IS NOT NORMAL
AND I'M GOING TO ACT ACCORDINGLY.
THAT'S THE FIRST LESSON.
THE OTHER REASON IT'S THE FIRST LESSON IN
THIS BOOK, IF YOU FAIL THAT ONE, THE OTHER
19 ARE IRRELEVANT.
THAT IS TO SAY, IF YOU CAN'T DEFINE FOR YOURSELF
WHAT IS NORMAL AND NOT NORMAL THE NEW CAN'T
BE A FREE PERSON.
THE OTHER 19 LESSONS, AS BEAUTIFUL AS THEY
MIGHT BE, BE RELEVANT.
THAT DOESN'T MEAN YOU CAN ALL LEAVE.
LESSON NUMBER TWO IS PROTECT INSTITUTIONS.
DEFEND INSTITUTIONS.
THE REASON THIS IS THE SECOND ONE IS IT IS
A FUNDAMENTAL LESSON, IT IS THE INSTITUTIONS
THAT MAKE US DECENT.
WE HAVE A LEGEND ABOUT OURSELVES AND HOW WE
DEFEND FREEDOM WHICH IS THAT, THE LAST AMERICAN
ALONE ON SOME HEATH WILL BE PROTECTING US
FROM THE ALIENS OR WHATEVER IT MIGHT BE.
THAT'S THE IMAGE.
OR MORE DOWN TO EARTH, KINNAMAN SQUARE 1989,
THE LOAN YOUNG CHINESE MAN HOLDING OFF THE
TANK.
HE ACTUALLY GOT OUT OF THE WAY OF THAT TANK.
BY THE TIME YOU GET DOWN TO THE ONE PERSON
DEFENDING AGAINST THE ONSLAUGHT, IT'S ACTUALLY
OVER.
THAT IS NOT WHAT FREEDOM LOOKS LIKE.
THAT IS WHAT HOLLYWOOD TELLS YOU IT LOOKS
LIKE IT IT'S NOT WHAT FREEDOM LOOKS LIKE.
FREEDOM REQUIRES INSTITUTIONS.
THIS IS WHAT THE FOUNDERS UNDERSTOOD.
THE FOUNDERS WERE NOT AMERICAN EXCEPTION LISTS.
HOW COULD THEY BE, THERE WAS NO AMERICA.
THEY WERE TRYING TO CREATE AMERICA.
THEY WERE TRYING TO CREATE AMERICA ON THE
BASIS OF THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN NATURE
WHICH WAS UNDERSTANDABLY SKEPTICAL.
THEY DID NOT THINK FUTURE GENERATIONS OF AMERICANS
WOULD NATURALLY HAVE TO LIVE WITHIN THE REPUBLIC,
THEY THOUGHT WE HAVE TO HAVE INSTITUTIONS
LIKE A LEGISLATURE, LIKE A JUDICIARY THAT
CHECKS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND VICE VERSA.
FOR CICELY BECAUSE WE ARE NOT PERFECT.
THERE IS A GREAT IRONY ABOUT THE WAY WE LOOK
BACK AT THE FOUNDING FATHERS WE LOOK AT THEM
AS THOUGH THEY WERE DEMIGODS.
AS THOUGH THEIR PERFECTION RADIATES TOWARDS
US AND MAKES US WONDERFUL AND EXCEPTIONAL.
THAT WOULD'VE HORRIFIED THEM.
THEIR VIEW WAS THAT THEY WERE FLAWED HUMAN
BEINGS IN THE FUTURE GENERATIONS WOULD BE
FLAWED HUMAN BEINGS AND THEREFORE WE NEED
THE INSTITUTIONS.
THE SECOND LESSON IS DEFEND INSTITUTIONS.
THAT IS THE REASON IT IS SECOND, IF YOU CAN'T
GET TO THE INSTITUTIONS, IT'S UNLIKELY TO
DO THINGS ON OUR OWN.
THERE IS A HISTORICAL POINT.
I'M GOING TO STATE CLOSE TO GERMANY 1933,
THERE ARE OTHER EXAMPLES, THE HISTORICAL POINT
IS WHEN DEMOCRACY GOES AWAY IT IS AS I HAVE
SAID, BECAUSE PEOPLE WATCH IT GO AWAY AND
GIVE CONSENT.
IT'S ALSO BECAUSE INSTITUTIONS ARE GRADUALLY
ERODED.
EVEN IN THE CASE OF [NULL] GERMANY, BEFORE
YOU GET TO HITLER YOU HAVE PEOPLE BENDING
THE RULES AND BREAKING THE RULES.
HAVE PEOPLE GOVERNING BY DOING THINGS WHICH
ARE NOT SPECIFICALLY FORBIDDEN BUT WHICH CLEARLY
ARE NOT IN THE SPIRIT OF THE CONSTITUTION.
AND THEN IF YOU LOOK AT THE 21st CENTURY,
I'M NOT SURE HOW MANY OF YOU HAVE SPENT THAT
MUCH TIME IN THE 21st CENTURY, A LOT OF US
HAVE BEEN IN SCREENS, IF YOU HAVE BEEN ALIVE
IN THE 21st CENTURY, AND LOOKING AT SCREENS
DOESN'T COUNT, YOU MIGHT NOTICE IT HAS BEEN
A TERRIBLE CENTURY FOR DEMOCRACY.
THE LAST 12 YEARS CONSECUTIVELY ACCORDING
TO FREEDOM HOUSE WHICH BY THE WAY IS NOT LEFT-
LEANING ANTI-AMERICAN INSTITUTION, THE LAST
12 YEARS IN A ROW ACCORDING TO FREEDOM HOUSE
HAVE SEEN A DECLINE IN DEMOCRACY AROUND THE
WORLD AND ARISE IN AUTHORITARIANISM . HOW
DOES THAT HAPPEN?
IT HAPPENS STEP-BY-STEP . IT HAPPENS BECAUSE
OF SOMETHING THEY NOW CALL BACKSLIDING.
NO ONE STANDS UP ONE DAY AND SAYS I HAVE HAD
A REVOLUTION, PEOPLE WORK STEP-BY-STEP BY
STEP TO CHANGE THE INSTITUTION SO THAT AT
SOME POINT AT SOME IMPERCEPTIBLE POINT THEY
CAN NO LONGER DEFEND THEMSELVES.
THE SPECIAL THING FOR AMERICANS, I TRY TO
BE HARDER ON AMERICANS THAN ANYONE ELSE IS
I THINK THAT'S WHAT BEING A PATRIOT MEANS,
THE SPECIAL THING ABOUT BEING AMERICAN IS
YOU THINK THE INSTITUTIONS, --EITHER YOU DON'T
CARE ABOUT THE INSTITUTIONS, WE ARE SPECIAL
AND DON'T NEED THEM, THAT IS ONE VIEW.
GOVERNMENT IS BAD, WE WILL BE FINE BECAUSE
WERE AMERICANS AND WE ARE GREAT.
OR THE OTHER VIEW IS, THE INSTITUTIONS WILL
PROTECT US.
THIS VIEW IS WRONG.
THIS WAS ALSO WRONG.
THE INSTITUTIONS WON'T PROTECT US ON THEIR
OWN.
THE INSTITUTIONS ARE ONLY AS GOOD AS THE PEOPLE
WHO CARE ABOUT THEM.
WHO KNOW WHAT THEY ARE, WHO CARE ABOUT THEM
AND ACTUALLY TRY TO MAKE THEM WORK.
IT IS SO EASY TO FANTASIZE, WE DON'T NEED
INSTITUTIONS.
IT'S ALSO EASY TO SAY, THE INSTITUTIONS ARE
GOING TO PROTECT US.
EVERY TIME SOMEONE SAID THAT TO ME IN NOVEMBER
2016 IT TOOK A DAY OFF OF MY LIFE.
WHICH IS WHY THIS MIGHT BE MY LAST LECTURE.
PEOPLE SAID THAT A LOT.
PEOPLE ARE STILL SAYING IT.
YOU CAN'T ASK THE INSTITUTIONS TO DEFEND YOU.
YOU HAVE TO ASK WHAT CAN I DO FOR THE INSTITUTIONS?
LESSON NUMBER THREE IS BEWARE OF THE ONE-PARTY
STATE.
THOSE OF YOU FAMILIAR WITH THE HISTORY OF
THE 20th CENTURY, AND YOU THINK OF THE ONE-PARTY
STATE YOU THINK OF FASCISM OR COMMUNISM OR
[NULL] GERMANY OR THE SOVIET UNION.
THESE WERE ALL ONE-PARTY STATES.
THE DEMONS OF OUR COLLECTIVE MEMORY WERE ALL
ONE-PARTY STATES.
BUT IT'S ALSO TRUE THAT IN THE 21st CENTURY
WHAT TENDS TO HAPPEN IS THAT ONE-PARTY STATES,
NOW WITHOUT PARTICULARLY INTERESTING IDEOLOGIES,
ARE ALSO EMERGING AROUND THE WORLD.
WHAT IS WRONG WITH A ONE-PARTY STATE?
WHAT IS THE BIG DEAL?
THERE ARE TWO THINGS WRONG.
FIRST IS AS YOU SLIP FROM A MULTIPARTY SYSTEM
TO A ONE- PARTY SYSTEM, WHAT HAPPENS , AND
PLEASE TELL ME YOU HAVE NOTICED THIS BECAUSE
IT'S HAPPENING NOW, WHAT HAPPENS IS THE PARTY
, ONE PARTY STOPS COMPETING ON POLICY AND
STARTS BETTING ON BEING ABLE TO CHANGE THE
INSTITUTION SO IT CAN'T LOSE.
I'VE NOTICED.
I'M GOING TO COUNT ON YOU FOR THE REST OF
THE LESSON SIR.
I WOULD LIKE EVERYONE TO NOTE WE HAVE NEVER
MET.
GERRYMANDERING.
EVERY WAY YOU MANIPULATE SO THAT YOU ARE NOT
COMPETING ON POLICY, BUT YOU ARE COMPETING
I FIXING THE SYSTEM.
THAT MOVES YOU TOWARDS A ONE- PARTY STATE.
IN A MULTIPARTY SYSTEM, WE ONLY HAVE TWO,
IT WOULD BE BETTER IF WE HAD MORE, IN A MULTI-
PARTY SYSTEM YOU HAVE TO COMPETE ON POLICY.
THE OTHER REASON IT'S BAD IS OBVIOUS.
IN A ONE-PARTY SYSTEM YOU WON'T MEANINGFULLY
HAVE DEMOCRACY.
BY THE WAY, I'M GOING TO PAUSE AND SAY, I
THINK DEMOCRACY IS A GOOD THING OR RATHER
THINK DEMOCRACY IN THE U.S. WOULD BE A GOOD
THING.
DEMOCRACY IS A GOOD THING AND MAKES US TRY
TO MAKE OUR SYSTEM MORE DEMOCRATIC.
THAT IS SOMETHING WORTH SAYING.
IT'S EASY TO SAY, DEMOCRACY, IT'S ALL THE
SAME THING.
IT'S IMPORTANT TO SAY DEMOCRACY , IF YOU BELIEVE
IT, IF YOU WANT TO CHARGE THE STAGE BECAUSE
YOU THINK DEMOCRACY IS TERRIBLE, THIS IS A
GOOD MOMENT FOR THAT.
NOT IN THIS SPEECH.
I MEAN IN WORLD HISTORY.
YOU WILL BE ON THE SIDE OF WORLD HISTORY.
WHAT'S FUNDAMENTALLY GOOD ABOUT DEMOCRACY
IS THAT IT ALLOWS YOU TO HAVE A COUNTRY . HERE'S
THE THING ABOUT DEMOCRACY, WE ALL MAKE MISTAKES.
MEMBER WHAT I SAID ABOUT THE FOUNDERS?
WE MAKE MISTAKES ALL THE TIME.
THAT'S WHAT IT'S LIKE TO BE HUMAN.
YOUR GIRLFRIEND MAY TELL YOU OTHERWISE FOR
SHE BREAKS UP WITH YOU AND THEN SHE TELLS
YOU THE TRUTH.
BEING HUMAN IS ABOUT MAKING MISTAKES ALL THE
TIME.
WHAT DEMOCRACY DOES IS CONVERTS ARE INDIVIDUAL
FALLIBILITY INTO A COLLECTIVE SENSE THAT AS
A SOCIETY WE ARE MOVING FORWARD.
EVERY TWO YEARS OR FOUR YEARS WE ELECT PEOPLE,
WE BLAME THEM FOR OUR MISTAKES, IN THE CONFIDENCE
WE GET TO DO IT IN TWO YEARS OR FOUR YEARS.
THE REASON IS WE TAKE IT FOR GRANTED.
THE PROBLEM WITH A DICTATORSHIP OR ONE-PARTY
STATE, YOU LOSE TRACK OF THE FUTURE.
YOU DON'T KNOW WHAT'S GOING TO HAPPEN NEXT.
THAT UNCERTAINTY AFFECTS AND UNDERMINES EVERYTHING.
DEMOCRACY IS GOOD FOR MANY REASONS.
ONE REASON MARCUS HE IS A GOOD THING IS BECAUSE
IT ALLOWS YOU TO KNOW THE U.S. OR ANOTHER
COUNTRY IS GOING TO CONTINUE TO EXIST.
THAT YOU WILL BE VOTING WILL BE VOTING IN
THE SAME COUNTRY YOUR PARENTS DID.
LESSON NUMBER FOUR IS TAKE RESPONSIBILITY
FOR THE FATE OF THE WORLD.
THAT IS TOO MUCH.
TAKE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE FACE OF THE WORLD.
BY THE FACE OF THE WORLD I MEAN A THREE-DIMENSIONAL
WORLD.
ONE OF THE THINGS WE UNDERSTAND ABOUT 1933,
AGAIN I WILL STATE CLOSE TO HITLER'S TAKEOVER,
IT MATTERS A LOT WHETHER YOU PAINT A SWASTIKA
ON THE WALL OR NOT.
IT MATTERS WHETHER OTHER PEOPLE ALLOW THAT
SWASTIKA TO STAY ON THE WALL.
WHAT IS VISIBLE HE COMES THINKABLE AND WHAT
IS THINK BECOMES DOABLE.
IT MATTERS A GREAT DEAL IN THE UNITED STATES
2018 IF YOU PAINT SWASTIKAS ON THE WALL AND
WHETHER YOUR FRIENDS ALLOW THEM TO STAY ON
THE WALL.
WHAT IS VISIBLE BECOMES THINKABLE AND WHAT
IS THINKABLE BECOMES DOABLE.
IN THE 20th CENTURY, THIS WAS A LESSON ENTIRELY
ABOUT THE THREE- DIMENSIONAL WORLD BECAUSE
THAT IS WHERE WE LIVE.
IN THE 21st CENTURY, THIS IS ALSO A LESSON
ABOUT THE INTERNET.
WE SPEND A LOT OF TIME IN A DIFFERENT SPACE
. ONE OF OUR PROBLEMS IS WE DON'T THINK ABOUT
IT AS A SPACE.
WE THINK OF IT AS AN EXCEPTION OR RULES DON'T
APPLY.
ONE OF OUR PROBLEMS AND ONE OF THE THINGS
THAT BIT US HARD IN 2016 WAS THAT WE WERE
CARELESS ABOUT HOW WE WERE TREATING THAT SPACE.
I WILL SAY MORE ABOUT THIS LATER.
I JUST LIKE TO DROP THIS IDEA NOW THAT THE
INTERNET IS A SPACE WE ALL HAVE TO SHARE.
EACH OF US HAS A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF RESPONSIBILITY
FOR THE TRACE WE LEAVE ON THE INTERNET.
WE SHOULD BE THOUGHTFUL ABOUT HOW WE TREATED
BECAUSE IT'S A KIND OF ENVIRONMENT WE SHARE
WITH EVERYONE.
THE THINGS WE DO ON THE INTERNET HAVE CONSEQUENCES.
NUMBER FIVE IS REMEMBER PROFESSIONAL ETHICS.
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS.
WHAT IS A CONCENTRATION CAMP?
IT IS A PLACE WHERE BUSINESSMEN GO FOR CHEAP
LABOR.
IT IS A PLACE RUN BY LAWYERS.
IS A PLACE THAT ONLY EXISTS BECAUSE BUREAUCRATS
MAKE EXCEPTIONS TO RULES.
A CONCENTRATION CAMP IS A PLACE WHERE DOCTORS
CARRY OUT EXPERIMENTS.
THAT'S WHAT A CONCENTRATION CAMP IS.
IT IS NOT POSSIBLE WITHOUT PEOPLE FOR MULTIPLE
PROFESSIONS VIOLATING PROFESSIONAL ETHICS.
A SHOW TRIAL REQUIRES JUDGES, PROSECUTORS,
DEFENSE LAWYERS, ALL PLAY A ROLE.
ALL ABANDON THE BASIC TENANTS OF PROFESSIONAL
ETHICS.
IT'S EXTREMELY HARD TO GET TO THE TWO-TIME
ITALIAN -- TOTALITARIAN EXTREMES IF PEOPLE
HAVE SOME SENSE OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS.
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS SET BOUNDS ON WHAT IS
ACCEPTABLE AND WHAT IS NOT.
ALSO PROFESSIONAL ETHICS CONNECTED TO A COMMUNITY
LIKE DOCTORS OR LAWYERS , OR FOR THAT MATTER
CIVIL SERVANTS WHO CAN HAVE SOME KIND OF CODE
AND CAN HELP EACH OTHER FEEL LIKE THEY ARE
NOT ALONE IN THIS.
THAT WE SHOULD TAKE SOME KIND OF STAND ABOUT
THIS.
IT'S INTERESTING EITHER WAY IN AMERICA RIGHT
NOW THAT THERE ARE VERY MANY DOCTORS AND LAWYERS
WHO ARE LOOKING BACK AT THE WAY DOCTORS AND
LAWYERS BEHAVED IN GERMANY IN THE 1930S AND
DRAWING LESSONS FROM THAT.
THAT STRIKES ME AS BEING A GOOD THING.
THE PRIMARY PROFESSIONAL ETHIC --THE FUNDAMENTAL
PROFESSIONAL ETHIC AND THE OTHERS AREN'T RESPECTED
AS THE RULE OF LAW.
GOING BACK TO MY EXAMPLE, A CONCENTRATION
CAMP, THE TECHNICAL DEFINITION OF A CONCENTRATION
CAMP IS A PLACE WHERE THE LAW DOES NOT APPLY.
A SHOW TRIAL IS A PUBLIC SPECTACLE FOR THE
LAW IS PERVERTED.
IF FUNDAMENTAL PROFESSIONAL ETHIC IS THE RULE
OF LAW.
THAT IS THE RIGHT WAY FOR US TO BE THINKING
, FOR EXAMPLE, ABOUT THE MUELLER INVESTIGATION.
IT IS NOT A SPECTACLE WHERE MORE FACES TRUMP.
THE INVESTIGATION IS A QUESTION OF WHETHER
WE AS A SOCIETY CAN STILL FUNCTION IN TERMS
OF THE RULE OR LAW OR NOT.
WHICH BRINGS ME TO LESSON NUMBER SIX AND SEVEN
WHICH I WILL TALK ABOUT TOGETHER.
BE WARY OF PARAMILITARIES AND BE REFLECTIVE
IF YOU MUST BE ARMED.
GOING TO TELL YOU HOW THESE WORK TOGETHER
AND I'M GOING TO GIVE YOU AN EXAMPLE OF WHAT
I MEAN BY BEING REFLECTIVE.
BE WARY OF PARAMILITARIES AND BE REFLECTIVE
IF YOU MUST BE ARMED.
WHY IS THAT IMPORTANT?
BECAUSE INNATE RULE OF LAW STATE LIKE GERMANY
WAS AND CEASED TO BE AN LIKE WE ARE, IN A
RULE OF LAW STATE THE GOVERNMENT HAS A MONOPOLY
ON VIOLENCE.
--LEGITIMATE VIOLENCE.
IF YOU WANT TO GET RID OF IT RULE OF LAW STATE,
THERE ARE TWO WAYS TO GO ABOUT IT.
ONE IS YOU INVITE PARAMILITARY , PEOPLE WHO
ARE NOT PART OF THE GOVERNMENT, YOU INVITE
THEM TO PERFORM ACTS OF VIOLENCE IN PUBLIC.
BECAUSE THAT UNDERMINES EVERYONE'S CONFIDENCE
IN LAW AND SECURITY.
AND MAKES THEM DOUBT THINGS LIKE DEMOCRACY
COULD WORK.
THE OTHER THING YOU CAN DO IS YOU CAN TAKE
THE FORCES OF LAW AND ORDER LIKE THE POLICE
AND CHANGE THEM.
YOU CAN INVITE THEM TO DO THINGS WHICH AREN'T
REALLY ABOUT ENFORCING LAW ANYMORE.
FOR EXAMPLE, IN THE CASE OF [NULL] GERMANY,
IN THE DRASTIC EXAMPLE, WHO SHOT THE MOST
PEOPLE IN THE HOLOCAUST?
THE REGULAR POLICEMAN.
NOT THE SS.
WHAT WAS SPECIAL ABOUT THE [NULL] GERMAN STATE
WAS THAT IT DID BOTH OF THESE THINGS.
IT BROUGHT PARAMILITARIES INTO THE STATE AND
IT BROUGHT THE POLICE AND THE ARMY TO SOME
EXTENT CLOSER TO THE SS.
BY THE TIME THE SECOND WORLD WAR BEGAN THERE
WAS ONE PYRAMID OF POWER WHICH IS A HYBRID
WHERE THE SS AND THE POLICE WERE MIXED UP
TOGETHER.
THEY BECAME WHAT HITLER CALLED RACIAL WARRIORS.
I'M GOING TO GIVE YOU AN EXAMPLE OF BEING
REFLECTIVE BECAUSE I LIKE IT SO MUCH AND IT
COMES FROM MR.
SMILES WHO IS THE POLICEMAN STANDING OUTSIDE
THE DOOR RIGHT NOW.
I WENT OUT THERE TO WAIT IS A COULDN'T DEAL
WITH THE FLASHBULBS , I WAS STANDING THERE
AND LISTENING TO HIM TALK TO HIS COLLEAGUE
AND THIS IS WHAT HE SAID.
IT STRUCK ME AS AMAZING.
HE IS POINTING TO THE CROWD IN THE AUDIENCE
AND HE SAID, " THIS IS WHERE THE MAGIC HAPPENS."
ACADEMIA, RESEARCH, WE HAVE LOST SIGHT OF
THAT.
ESPECIALLY IN THIS ADMINISTRATION.
" AND I THOUGHT THAT IS PRETTY REFLECTIVE.
.MAC -- [APPLAUSE] THERE IS A LOVELY EXAMPLE
OUT THERE RIGHT NOW.
YOU CAN SAY HELLO ON YOUR WAY OUT.
THAT GOES NICELY INTO THE NEXT LESSON WHICH
IS, STANDING OUT.
STAND OUT IS LIKE NUMBER ONE, DON'T OBEY IN
ADVANCE, IT SOUNDS EASY BUT IT'S REALLY HARD.
STAND OUT IS ABOUT FREEDOM.
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE FREE ? IT DOESN'T
MEAN YOU TALK ABOUT FREEDOM A LOT.
LET'S FACE IT, THAT WOULD BE TOO EASY.
THAT IS THE AMERICAN WAY.
WE TALK ABOUT FREEDOM A LOT, WE TALK ABOUT
LIBERTY A LOT.
WHAT DOES IT ACTUALLY MEAN TO BE FREE?
CAN IT POSSIBLY BE AS SIMPLE AS TALKING ABOUT
IT?
I DON'T THINK SO.
THERE WAS A POLISH POET WHO WON THE NOBEL
PRIZE WHO SAID, HE WROTE IN A POEM, WE KNOW
OURSELVES ONLY INSOFAR AS WE HAVE CONTESTED.
JUST TALKING ABOUT IT IS PROBABLY NOT A THING.
ARE YOU FREE --HERE'S ANOTHER THING THAT BOTHERS
ME.
ARE YOU FREE IF YOU'RE AFRAID OF THE SAME
THINGS AS THE PERSON NEXT TO YOU?
IS THAT FREEDOM?
I WORRY -- WHITE MEN THEY THINK ABOUT VIOLENCE
THEY THINK ABOUT MUSLIMS AND BLACKS.
BUT IF YOU ARE A WHITE MAN KILLED BY VIOLENCE
IN THIS COUNTRY IT'S ALMOST CERTAINLY BY ANOTHER
WHITE MAN.
BUT THAT'S NOT WHAT WE THINK OF.
WHY IS THAT?
IF YOU ARE AFRAID OF THE SAME THING AS A PERSON
NEXT TO YOU, MAYBE THAT IS A SUGGESTION YOU
ARE NOT FREE.
MAYBE THAT IS A SUGGESTION YOU HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFULLY
PROFILED AND MANIPULATED.
IF YOU HAVE THE SAME FEARS AS PEOPLE WHO LOOK
LIKE YOU, ISN'T THAT A SIGN THAT PERHAPS YOU
ARE NOT FREE BECAUSE YOU ARE NOT FIGURING
THINGS OUT FOR YOURSELF?
THE TEST OF FREEDOM I GIVE , IT'S DECEPTIVELY
SIMPLE.
YOU FEEL UNCOMFORTABLE?
THE THING ABOUT AN ACT OF FREEDOM IS I THINK
YOU ALWAYS FEEL UNCOMFORTABLE AS YOU'RE ALWAYS
DOING SOMETHING AGAINST THE DRIFT OF WHAT
IS GOING ON AROUND YOU.
THAT ALWAYS FEELS A LITTLE STRANGE.
THAT'S A DAILY TEST.
DID IT FEEL STRANGE TODAY OR WAS I JUST WITH
EVERYONE ELSE ? IF YOU WERE WITH EVERYONE
ELSE THERE IS REASON TO THINK AND WORRY.
OF COURSE THERE IS POWER OF THE FEELING OF
DISCOMFORT.
IF YOU ARE WILLING TO FEEL A LITTLE UNCOMFORTABLE,
ESPECIALLY IF YOU ARE WORKING FROM A PLACE
OF RELATIVE PRIVILEGE, THAT MAKES IT A LITTLE
EASIER FOR THE PERSON NEXT TO YOU TO FEEL
A LITTLE UNCOMFORTABLE.
IN THAT WAY PEOPLE HELP ONE ANOTHER TO BE
FREE.
IT SEEMS TO ME THIS IS AN IMPORTANT LESSON
FOR A LOT OF US.
MOST OF US, NOT ALL OF US, MOST OF US IN THIS
COUNTRY ARE NOT FACING VERY MUCH RISK.
WE CAN MAKE LITTLE GESTURES ALL THE TIME.
THE THING WHICH HOLDS US BACK IS USUALLY OURSELVES.
THE SENSE THAT WE DON'T WANT TO STAND OUT
TOO MUCH.
WE DON'T WANT TO SAY SOMETHING THAT SOUNDS
A LITTLE CRAZY.
I DON'T WANT TO FEEL LIKE OTHER PEOPLE MIGHT
MAKE FUN OF US FOR BEING FREE.
BUT BEING FREE INVOLVES PEOPLE MAKING FUN
OF YOU.
IT ALWAYS DOES.
IF NO ONE IS SAYING THAT'S A LITTLE STRANGE
OR WEIRD, YOU'RE PROBABLY NOT A FREE PERSON.
NUMBER NINE.
BE KIND TO OUR LANGUAGE.
NUMBER 10 BELIEVE IN TRUTH.
NUMBER 11 , INVESTIGATE.
I WILL TALK ABOUT THESE TOGETHER.
I THINK THE FACTS HAVE A VERY PROFOUND CONNECTION
TO FREEDOM.
IN ORDER TO BE FREE YOU HAVE TO BE ABLE TO
DEFEND YOURSELF AGAINST POWER.
WHAT DO DEFEND YOURSELF AGAINST POWER WITH?
THE REAL WORLD.
THAT IS, YOU CAN DEFEND YOURSELF AGAINST POWER
IF YOU CAN TALK ABOUT THINGS HAPPENING IN
THE REAL WORLD IN A WAY THAT WILL ALLOW YOU
TO CREATE ALLIES, BUILD ALLIANCES, GET OTHER
PEOPLE TO THINK MAYBE YOU ARE CORRECT.
IF YOU START FROM THE POSITION THAT THERE
IS NO REAL WORLD, THERE IS NO FACTUAL REALITY,
HOW ON EARTH CAN YOU FUNCTION POLITICALLY,
YOU CAN'T. HOW ON EARTH CAN YOU WIN AGAINST
POWER?
IF YOU SAY THERE IS NO TRUTH, POWER WILL ALSO
SAY THERE IS NO TRUTH.
AND POWER WILL ALWAYS HAVE A BETTER SPECTACLE
THAN YOU. AND THEN YOU WILL WIN.
POWER HAS A BETTER SPECTACLE THAN YOU, THAT'S
UNITED STATES IN 2018.
IT HAS A BETTER SPECTACLE.
WHAT IT DOESN'T HAVE HIS FACT.
--DOESN'T HAVE HIS FACTS.
FACTS ARE WEAPONS OF THE WEEK.
WEAPONS OF THE WEEK ARE BETTER THAN NO WEAPONS
AT ALL.
BETTER THAN CONCEDING EVERYTHING . IF YOU
CONCEDE THERE ARE NO FACT AND NO REAL WORLD
YOUR CONCEDING EVERYTHING TO THE STRONG AT
THE ONSET.
THEY WILL ALWAYS HAVE A BETTER SPECTACLE.
SOMETHING ELSE I WANT TO SAY, THIS POSITION
, THERE IS A POSITION OF TOTAL DOUBT, BUT
I'M SKEPTICAL ABOUT THIS AND FOX NEWS AND
ESPN, AND THE DEAN'S OF MY UNIVERSITY AND
MY MOM AND DAD AND EVERYTHING.
THAT IS A VERY EASY POSITION IN THAT POSITION
OF TOTAL SKEPTICISM BLENDS INTO TOTAL NA�VET�.
BECAUSE IF YOU DON'T BELIEVE IN ANYTHING,
IF THAT IS YOUR POSE, THE ONE THING YOU WILL
BELIEVE IN IS THE THING THAT MAKES YOU FEEL
GOOD.
AND THAT IS HOW YOU LOSE.
BECAUSE THE PEOPLE WHO ARE SMARTER THAN YOU,
FOR EXAMPLE ON THE INTERNET, DON'T HAVE VERY
MUCH TROUBLE FIGURING OUT WHAT MAKES YOU FEEL
GOOD AND GIVING THAT THING TO YOU.
SO WHEN YOU DOUBT EVERYTHING, ALL THAT IS
LEFT IS THE STUFF THAT IS PLEASES YOU AND
AFFIRMS YOU. AND THEN YOU ARE VERY DISEMPOWERED.
THAT POSE OF TOTAL CYNICISM WHICH I REALIZE
FEELS KIND OF FULL, IT IS ACTUALLY TOTALLY
DISEMPOWERING AND HERE COMES MY WORD TO THE
YOUNG.
THIS POSE OF BEING SKEPTICAL ABOUT EVERYTHING,
THAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN COOL IN THE 1990S WHEN
I WAS YOUNG, BUT I THINK IT HAS AGED IT SELF
OUT NOW.
WHAT HAS HAPPENED SINCE THE 1980S IS THAT
THE COOL POSE OF THE 1990S HAS THEN BEEN TAKEN
OVER BY RUSSIA WHO IS SELLING IT BACK TO YOU.
I THINK WE NEED TO GET THROUGH THIS.
I THINK THE YOUNG PEOPLE HAVE TO VALORIZE
THE REAL WORLD.
HAVE TO MAKE THE REAL WORLD INTERESTING . HAVE
TO MAKE INVESTIGATION.
I CAN'T FIGURE OUT HOW TO DO THIS.
FRANKLY I DON'T THINK IT'S MY JOB.
I THINK IT'S THE JOB OF YOU.
IF ANOTHER GENERATION COMES ALONG AND SAYS,
WE DOUBT EVERYTHING, THERE'S JUST SOMETHING
SAD ABOUT THAT.
THAT WAS ALREADY DONE.
THAT WAS THE 1990S.
THAT HAS HAPPENED.
YOU NEED TO DO SOMETHING DIFFERENT.
THE THING THAT'S DIFFERENT WHICH WOULD HELP
OUR REPUBLIC A LOT IS IF YOU COULD FIGURE
OUT HOW TO MAKE THE REAL WORLD SEXUALITY SEXY.
THAT WOULD BE A 
GOOD THING.
THE NEXT THING I WANT TO SAY ABOUT THIS, I'M
NOT JOKING ABOUT THE INTERNET BY THE WAY.
THERE ARE REASONS TO BE CONCERNED THAT THE
COMES -- THAT THE WAY WE SHOULD BE THINKING
ABOUT THE INTERNET IS AUTHORITARIAN AS OPPOSED
TO ENLIGHTENING.
WHY WOULD WE THINK THAT?
ASIDE FROM THE FACT THAT THE SPREAD OF THE
INTERNET HAS COINCIDED WITH THE SPREAD OF
AUTHORITARIANISM AROUND THE WORLD.
PEOPLE SAY THERE IS GOOD NEWS FROM AFRICA
ABOUT DEMOCRACY, AND THAT IS THE CONTINENT
WITH THE LOWEST INTERNET PENETRATION.
THE GENERATION ON THE INTERNET IS THE MOST
--I DON'T THINK THERE IS A PARTICULAR REASON
TO THINK THE INTERNET IS HELPING DEMOCRACY.
ON THE CONTRARY.
I THINK THERE ARE GREAT REASONS TO WORRY ABOUT
IT.
PARTICULAR REASONS TO WORRY ABOUT HOW WE USE
IT.
AT THE END OF THE DAY IT COMES TO HOW WE CHOOSE
TO USE IT.
THE THING WHICH IS MOST TROUBLING ABOUT IT,
IN RECENT TIMES, IS THE WAY THE INTERNET HELPS
US TO DEFINE AN US AND THEM.
IT HELPS US TO DEFINE US AND THEM ENTIRELY
WITH OUR OWN COUNTRY.
IF YOU THINK BACK TO THE 2016 ELECTION, THERE
ARE A LOT OF THINGS TO SAY ABOUT IT, ONE THING
THAT IS FAIR TO CONCLUDE IS THAT BASICALLY
NO ONE IN THE U.S. IN 2016 WAS THINKING ABOUT
ANY OTHER COUNTRIES AT ALL.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF MAJOR TELEVISION NEWS
WAS DONE WHICH FOUND OUT THE CANDIDATES WERE
TALKING ABOUT FOREIGN COUNTRIES LESS THAN
1% OF THE TIME.
GET ALONG WITH PUTIN.
THEN HE GETS ALONG DOWN TO 0%.
WERE TALKING ABOUT OTHER COUNTRIES.
WE WERE ONLY TALKING ABOUT OURSELVES.
AND OURSELVES AS ENEMIES.
THE RUSSIAN SOCIAL BOTS ON ELECTION DAY 2016
WERE FIRING UNDER WHAT HASHTAG?
I'M SURE SOME OF YOU SAD.
WAR AGAINST DEMOCRATS.
IT EVEN OCCUR TO ANYONE THAT THAT WAS A FOREIGN
COUNTRY?
NOW KNOW IT WAS PRETTY MUCH NORMAL THINKING
WE WERE MAKING WAR AGAINST ONE ANOTHER.
THAT'S A CONSEQUENCE.
IT'S OUR FAULT.
AND ALSO HOW THE TECHNOLOGY CAN BE MADE TO
WORK.
THIS IS SOMETHING I WRITE ABOUT AT LENGTH
IN " THE ROAD TO UNFREEDOM", IT'S A STRIKING
FACT THAT IN 2016 THE U.S. MANAGED TO LOSE
THE FIRST MANIC --MAJOR CYBER WAR IN HISTORY
BY ALLOWING A FOREIGN STATE TO CHOOSE ITS
RESIDENT . THAT IS REMARKABLE.
WHAT IS MORE REMARKABLE IS WE DIDN'T NOTICE
WHAT WAS HAPPENING.
THIS GOES TO A FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION ABOUT
WHAT WERE ACTUALLY IS.
WHEN YOU THINK OF WAR AND YOU THINK OF COMBAT.
THAT IS NOT ACTUALLY WHAT WAR IS.
THE LEADING THEORIST OF WAR IT SAYS THAT WAR
IS ALTERING THE ENEMIES WILL SO THAT THE ENEMY
DOES WHAT YOU WANT.
COMBAT ISN'T WAR.
IT'S A MEANS TO AN END.
WHAT IF, AND THIS IS WHAT RUSSIAN MILITARY
DOCTRINE HAS SAID SINCE 2013, WHAT IF YOU
CAN BREAK THE ENEMIES WILL OR BEND THE ENEMIES
WILL WITHOUT COMBAT?
WHAT IF YOU CAN DO IT ENTIRELY OVER THE INTERNET?
WHAT IF YOU CAN HAVE A CYBER BUDGET WHICH
COSTS LESS THAN ONE AMERICAN AT 35 AND CHANGE
THE AMERICAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION?
WHAT IF?
IT'S NOT A WHAT IF.
THAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED.
ONE OF THE REASONS IT HAPPENED WAS BECAUSE
IN 2016 WE WERE SO UNABLE TO THINK OURSELVES
BACK INTO THE REAL WORLD AND SO TRAPPED , --I
DON'T HAVE TO RECITE THIS.
YOU ALL KNOW ON FACEBOOK THE TOP 20 FAKE STORIES
WERE MORE WIDELY READ IN THE TOP 20 NEW STORIES
IN THE SIX WEEKS BEFORE THE ELECTION.
WE ALL KNOW THIS.
WE ALL KNOW THERE WERE ROBOT CAMPAIGNS , SOME
RUSSIAN AND SOME NOT, TARGETED AT VOTERS IN
SENSITIVE STATES AT THE LAST MINUTE.
WE KNOW THESE THINGS TO LEASE.
THE ODD THING IS THAT THIS COULD HAPPEN WITHOUT
US NOTICING IT . I'M GOING TO CLOSE ON THIS.
IT WOULD BE OTTER STILL -- MORE ODD IF WE
MANAGED TO NOTICE THAT WE LOST THE WAR.
COUNTRY --COUNTRIES ONLY LEARNED WHEN THEY
REALIZE THEY HAVE LOST THE WAR.
IT'S NOT AMERICA NEVER LOSES WARS, WE HAVE
LOTS --WE HAVE LOST A NUMBER IN MY LIFETIME,
BUT AMERICA IS BETTER AT RECOGNIZING THAT.
THIS WOULD BE A GOOD TIME FOR REFLECTION.
ONLY IF YOU REALIZE WHAT HAS HAPPENED TO YOU
DO YOU HAVE A CHANCE TO REFLECT.
THAT'S ENOUGH FOR THOSE LESSONS.
NUMBER 12, 13 AND 14.
NUMBER 12 IS NICK I CONTACTED SMALLTALK.
NUMBER 13, PRACTICE POLITICS.
14 ESTABLISH A PRIVATE LIFE.
I HAVE DWELLED ON THIS . DEMOCRACY HAPPENS
IN THE REAL WORLD.
THERE HAS NEVER BEEN A DEMOCRACY THAT HASN'T
INVOLVED -- IT BEGINS WITH THE GREEKS IN THE
REAL WORLD.
THE AVERAGE AMERICAN SPENDS 11 HOURS A DAY
IN FRONT OF A SCREEN WHICH IS A TERRIFYING
FIGURE INTO ALL OF YOU LOOKING AT SCREENS
RIGHT NOW, THANK YOU FOR BEATING THE AVERAGE.
FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO ARE, -- I HAD THIS IDEA
THAT IF IT WORKED 11 HOURS FOR 10 HOURS AND
15 MINUTES THE OUTCOME OF THE ELECTION WOULD'VE
BEEN DIFFERENT.
IMAGINE WE COULD SOMEHOW GET IT DOWN FROM
11 HOURS TO NINE HOURS.
HOW MUCH THAT WOULD CHANGE THINGS.
THE POINT OF THESE LESSONS IS THAT THERE ARE
CERTAIN THINGS THAT HAPPEN IN THE REAL WORLD
, IN THREE DIMENSIONS, THE DON'T HAPPEN OVER
THE INTERNET.
YOU KNOW WHAT FACEBOOK IS?
IT'S A SERIOUS QUESTION.
IT'S MAINLY SOMETHING MIDDLE- AGE PEOPLE USED
A HEMORRHAGE DATA.
THAT'S WHAT IT IS.
THAT IS THE FACEBOOK BUSINESS MODEL.
I IMAGINE SOME OF YOU YOUNG FOLKS HAVE HEARD
OF IT.
THE THING ABOUT FACEBOOK OR OTHER PLATFORMS
IS THAT WHAT NEVER HAPPENS ON FACEBOOK -- THERE
HAVE BEEN INTERACTIONS ON FACEBOOK AND NOT
A SINGLE ONE HAS BEEN YOU CONVINCED ME WITH
YOUR RATIONAL ARGUMENTS.
RIGHT?
THAT HAS NEVER HAPPENED.
ISN'T THAT INTERESTING?
IT'S NOT THAT IT'S EASY TO CONVINCE PEOPLE
IN THE REAL WORLD.
IT'S HARD TO CONVINCE PEOPLE IN THE REAL WORLD
AT LEAST YOU HAVE A CHANCE.
ALSO, AT LEAST YOU KNOW YOU'RE TALKING TO
SOMEONE.
I AM GLAD I AM TALKING TO YOU, YOU SMILE,
YOU DON'T SMILE, I LIKE THAT.
BECAUSE I KNOW YOU ARE NOT HOT.
-- A BOT.
THAT THING YOU JUST DID, HE MADE A JOKE , HE
MADE A PHYSICAL JOKE, IT WAS PERFECTLY CLEAN
AND SUITABLE FOR CHILDREN.
YOU HAVE A FAN BASE OUT THERE.
I WANT TO MAKE SURE YOU GET THAT.
THE POINT IS THERE ARE THINGS THAT HAPPEN
IN THE REAL WORLD THE DON'T HAPPEN ON THE
INTERNET.
ONE IS THE SERENDIPITY PHYSICAL CONTACT.
WHEN YOU GO ON MARCHES YOU MEET PEOPLE YOU
WOULDN'T MEET OTHERWISE.
YOU MAKE PLANS.
IT'S NOT AN ACCIDENT SO MANY PEOPLE WHO ARE
RUNNING FOR OFFICE STARTED OUT GOING TO A
MARCH.
THINGS HAPPEN IN THE REAL WORLD THE DON'T
HAPPEN IN OTHER PLACES.
ALSO, THIS SEEMS SIMPLE YOU JUST FEEL BETTER.
IF THE POLITICS THAT YOU UNDERTAKE GET YOU
AWAY FROM THE SCREEN AND OUT WITH OTHER PEOPLE,
IT'S A LITTLE FRIGHTENING AT FIRST.
BUT AT THE END YOU FEEL BETTER.
SO MANY OF US WILL SPEND THE DAY ON FACEBOOK
OR WHATEVER PLATFORM AND DO ABSOLUTELY NOTHING
AND FEEL LIKE WE DID SOMETHING AND AT THE
END OF THE DAY YOU FEEL TIRED.
AND LONELY.
WHEREAS IF YOU MEET WITH PEOPLE, YOU TEND
TO FEEL BETTER.
THE OTHER THING ABOUT THIS IS WE ARE A VERY
POLARIZED SOCIETY.
EXTREMELY POLARIZED.
THAT IS A BIG PROBLEM FOR DEMOCRACY.
POLARIZATION.
BUT THE POLARIZATION IS LARGELY VIRTUAL RATHER
THAN REAL.
PEOPLE DO DISAGREE ABOUT THINGS FOUND --PROFOUNDLY
IN THIS COUNTRY, BUT SINCE SO MUCH OF THE
DISCUSSION TAKES PLACE ON THE INTERNET, THE
OTHER SIDE ISN'T REAL.
THE OTHER SIDE IS PRESENTED IS BASICALLY DEMONS.
PEOPLE TREAT THE OTHER SIDE -- INSTEAD OF
A DISCUSSION, NOT THAT WE HAVE TO DEGREE --AGREE,
WHAT HAPPENS IS YOU ARE PRESENTED WITH THE
OTHER SIDE IN THIS KIND OF DRASTIC PARITY
FORM.
THE SAME GOES BY THE WAIT FOR ISSUES LIKE
IMMIGRATION.
OR MUSLIMS.
THE PEOPLE WHO ARE MOST AFRAID OF MUSLIMS
IN THIS COUNTRY AND IN EUROPE THE PEOPLE WHO
DON'T SEE THEM.
THE PEOPLE WHO ARE MOST AFRAID OF IMMIGRANTS
ARE THE PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN PLACES WHERE THERE
ARE NO IMMIGRANTS.
WHICH AT FIRST SEEMS LIKE A PUZZLE.
THE ANSWER IS, THEY ARE IN FACT IN TOUCH WITH
MUSLIMS AND IMMIGRANTS BUT THEY ARE IN TOUCH
OF THE IMAGE OF MUSLIMS AND IMMIGRANTS THAT
THE INTERNET GIVES TO THEM.
POLARIZATION IS REAL BUT IT'S MADE RADICALLY
WORSE BY THE INTERNET.
IF YOU WERE IN CONTACT WITH REAL PEOPLE, RADICAL
STATION COMES MUCH LESS LIKELY.
--RADICAL POLARIZATION BECOMES MUCH LESS LIKELY.
CONTRIBUTE TO GOOD CAUSES.
THIS GOES TO THE QUESTION WE WERE TALKING
ABOUT AT DINNER.
WHAT WE ACTUALLY DO?
THE THINGS WE HAVE TO DO OUR THINGS WERE WE
KNOW SOMETHING ABOUT THE ISSUE, WE CARE ABOUT
THE ISSUE.
GETS US IN TOUCH WITH REAL PEOPLE IN THE REAL
WORLD AND WE CAN KEEP AT IT EVERY DAY.
THAT IS THE TRICK.
THE WAY AUTHORITARIANISM WORKS ESPECIALLY
IN A POSTMODERN WORLD IS IT BOMBARDS YOU WITH
BAD NEWS ALL THE TIME AND MAKES YOU FEEL OVERWHELMED
AND YOU THINK, WHAT CAN I DO ABOUT ALL THIS?
HOW CAN I FIX NORTH KOREA, SYRIA, THE EPA
AND HOW CAN I GET MELANIA ANOTHER JOB?
IT'S OVERWHELMING.
THE MISTAKE HERE IS, NONE OF US HAS TO FIX
EVERYTHING.
WE ARE NOT SUPERMAN.
NONE OF US HAS TO FIX EVERYTHING.
IF EACH OF US CONSISTENTLY WORKS ON SOME SMALL
PART, THAT WOULD ACTUALLY BE ENOUGH.
CONSISTENTLY.
THE TRICK IS TO KEEP AT IT DAY AFTER DAY EVEN
IF THE NEW -- NEWS CYCLE MAKES YOU FEEL BAD.
THERE'S A TRICK, WATCH THE NEWS LESS.
IT IS WAY MORE IMPORTANT THAT YOU ARE OUT
IN THE REAL WORLD DOING YOUR BIT OF GOOD THEN
IT IS THAT YOU HEAR FOX AND FRIENDS THAT MORNING.
WE SPENT A LOT OF TIME WATCHING THESE TELEVISED
TALKSHOWS AT LEAST SOME PEOPLE DO.
A LOT OF US SPEND TIME WATCHING THESE.
IF YOU MISS IT FOR FOUR DAYS IT DOESN'T MATTER.
BUT IF YOU DON'T DO YOUR GOOD THING FOR FOUR
DAYS THAT MATTERS A LOT.
THIS LESSON, INJURY TO GOOD CAUSES, IT'S SIMPLE.
PICK A CHARITY AND CONTRIBUTE ON AUTO PAY.
ON THOSE DAYS WHEN YOU FEEL BAD AND DON'T
DO ANYTHING, YOU CAN AT LEAST FEEL LIKE I'M
HELPING OTHER PEOPLE.
THAT MAY SEEM SIMPLE.
SUBSCRIBING TO NEWSPAPERS.
I'M NOT GOING TO ASK YOU, BECAUSE THE CAMERA
IS ON AND IT'S EMBARRASSING, BUT WE SHOULD
REALLY ALL BE SUBSCRIBING TO THE NEWSPAPERS
WE READ.
IT MAKES A HUGE DIFFERENCE.
IT ONLY COSTS $30 PER YEAR AND IF YOU'RE A
STUDENT IT HAS SPECIAL RATES.
IT MAKES A HUGE DIFFERENCE.
IF EVERYONE PUTS ONE CHARITY ON AUTO PAY,
YOU'RE NOT GOING TO NOTICE, THOSE OF US WHO
HAVE MONEY.
I'M NOT ASKING EVERYONE TO DO THIS.
THOSE OF US WHO HAVE MONEY, ONE CHARITY ON
AUTO PAY.
IT MAKES A HUGE DIFFERENCE.
RIGHT NOW, THE ACLU GETS A HUGE AMOUNT OF
MONEY IN BURSTS.
THAT'S GREAT.
BUT WHAT IF WE ALL DID THIS?
NUMBER 16, LEARN FROM PEERS IN OTHER COUNTRIES.
THERE IS THIS QUESTION, CAN IT HAPPEN HERE?
THAT IS A DUMB QUESTION.
BECAUSE THERE IS NO HERE.
THERE ISN'T A HERE.
THERE IS IN IT BUT NO HERE.
THERE IS NOTHING MAGICAL ABOUT AMERICA WHICH
MEANS DEMOCRACY HAS TO THRIVE HERE AND NOT
OTHER PLACES.
THERE IS NO HERE.
THERE IS IN IT THAT MAY TRANSITION TO AUTHORITARIAN
RULE, THAT IS TRUE AND HAPPENING ALL OVER
THE WORLD.
IT'S HAPPENING AS ONE PHENOMENON.
IT IS CONNECTED.
WHAT HAPPENS IN RUSSIA, TURKEY AND INDIA AND
POLAND IS CONNECTED TO WHAT HAPPENS TO AMERICA.
IT IS ALL ONE PHENOMENON.
THEREFORE, ONE OF THE BEST WAYS TO GET OUT
IN FRONT OF WHAT'S HAPPENING IS TO LISTEN
TO PEOPLE FROM INDIA OR TURKEY OR POLAND OR
RUSSIA OR THE UKRAINE.
THOSE WHO TRIED TO DO SOMETHING.
THEY WILL BE A FEW YEARS AHEAD OF YOU INEXPERIENCE.
THAT CAN BE REALLY USEFUL.
THAT IS TOTALLY NOT THE AMERICAN WAY.
THE AMERICAN WAY IS TO SAY WE HAVE A GREAT
DEMOCRACY AND LET US TELL YOU HOW TO BUILD
ONE. AND HERE IS A TANK.
THAT IS THE AMERICAN WAY.
BUT IN TERMS OF BEING REAL, IN TERMS OF SEEING
THE WORLD FOR THE WAY IT'S ACTUALLY WORKING,
WHAT'S HAPPENING IS THESE TRENDS WE OBSERVE
IN THE U.S. ACTUALLY APPEAR IN OTHER COUNTRIES
FIRST.
IN THE CASE OF RUSSIA, OUR ACTIVELY EXPORTED
--THEY ARE ACTIVELY EXPORTED BACK TO US.
IF YOU FOLLOWED RUSSIA IN 2010 , YOU HAD A
GOOD CHANCE OF KNOWING WHAT WAS CAN HAPPEN
IN THE U.S. IN 2015.
IT IS STARTLING TO WHAT EXTENT EVENTS IN RUSSIA
WOULD'VE PREPARED US IF WE HAD BEEN PREPARING
--PAYING ATTENTION.
RUSSIAN INVASION OF THE UKRAINE, IN MANY WAYS
WAS A REVERSAL OR EVEN AN ELEMENT OF THE CAMPAIGN
WHICH RUSSIA IS CARRYING OUT AGAINST THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA.
RIGHT DOWN TO THE DETAILS.
THE SAME SOCIAL THOUGHTS AND TACTICS, THE
SAME MALWARE IN THE UKRAINIAN POWER GRID THAT'S
IN HOURS.
2014 THEY TRIED TO HACK THE UKRAINIAN ELECTION.
2016 THEY SUCCEEDED IN HACKING OURS.
LEARNING THAT APPEARS IN OTHER COUNTRIES IS
GOOD BECAUSE IT'S HUMBLING AND EXTREMELY HELPFUL.
I WILL GIVE YOU AN EXAMPLE.
IN APRIL 2016 I WROTE THE FIRST ARTICLE OF
WHAT IS NOW KNOWN AS THE RUSSIA STORY.
I WAS THE PERSON WHO WROTE THAT STORY IN THE
U.S. WHY WAS THAT?
BECAUSE I WASN'T LIVING MENTALLY IN THE U.S.,
I WAS LIVING MENTALLY IN THE RUSSIA AND UKRAINE
AREA.
IF YOU'RE FOLLOWING THE RUSSIAN PRESS IT WAS
OBVIOUS THE ELITES WERE SUPPORTING A CANDIDATE
FOR THE PRESIDENCY BUT FOR THE REPUBLICAN
NOMINATION.
THEY HADN'T EVEN BEEN TO CONVENTIONS YET.
IF YOU WERE PAYING ATTENTION TO OTHER PLACES,
AND SOMETIMES THINGS BECOME CLEAR THAT AREN'T
CLEAR HERE.
PREDICTED TRUMP WOULD WIN?
AFRICAN-AMERICANS AND WHO ELSE?
RUSSIAN JOURNALISTS.
CLEANING JOURNALISTS.
BECAUSE THEY HAD SEEN THIS KIND OF THING HAPPEN
BEFORE.
WHO, WHEN THEY LOOKED AT BREXIT THOUGHT IT
WAS GOING TO PASS?
RUSSIANS AND UKRAINIANS.
THEY HAD SEEN THIS THING HAPPEN BEFORE.
NUMBER 17 AND 18.
LISTEN FOR DANGEROUS WORDS, BE CALM WHEN HE
AND THINK ABOUT ARRIVES.
THESE ARE LESSONS ABOUT A PARTICULARLY CRITICAL
MOMENT WHEN A LEADER IS ABLE TO PUSH A REPUBLIC
INTO AN AUTHORITARIAN STATE.
WHERE A LEADER TAKES ADVANTAGE OF SOMETHING
THAT MAYBE REALLY HAPPENS LIKE A TERRORIST
ATTACK FOR EXAMPLE, OR A WAR, TAKES ADVANTAGE
OF THAT MOMENT TO CHANGE THE SYSTEM.
THE WAY THIS HAPPENS, IT HAS TWO STEPS.
IN THE FIRST STEP THE LEADER PRIMED YOU TO
THINK THAT THE ENEMIES ARE MAINLY AT HOME.
THE LEADER TALKS ABOUT BLACKS --OR ESTABLISHES
A DENUNCIATION OFFICE OR MEXICAN IMMIGRANTS
OR CHANGES THE OFFICE OF INVESTIGATION INTO
TERRORISM INTO OFFICE OF ISLAMIC --A TRUE
EXAMPLE.
A LEADER INSTRUCTS YOU HOW THE ENEMY IS AT
HOME UNTIL YOU GET USED TO THE IDEA.
THEN WHEN SOMETHING HAPPENS, THE LEADER ASKS
YOU TO ACCEPT A STATE OF EMERGENCY.
THAT STATE OF EMERGENCY , WHERE YOU GIVE UP
YOUR CIVIL RIGHTS BECAUSE YOU FEEL LIKE YOU
HAVE TO BECAUSE THERE IS FEAR AND GRIEF, THAT
THEN BECOMES PERMANENT.
THIS IS PAGE 3 OF THE DICTATOR'S PLAYBOOK.
PAGE ONE AND TWO ARE FILLED WITH ATTRACTIVE
ILLUSTRATIONS.
THIS IS PAGE 3 OF THE DICTATORS PLAYBOOK.
THE PROTOTYPE IS [NULL] GERMANY IN 1933.
IN THE GERMAN PARLIAMENT BURNS, NO ONE KNOWS
WHO DID IT, IT DOESN'T MATTER.
HITLER CAN BLAME HIS ENEMIES ON THE LEFT AND
FROM THAT POINT FORWARD THERE IS NO LONGER
THE RULE OF LAW IN GERMANY.
HITLER ASKED FOR A TEMPORARY SUSPENSION OF
THE CIVIL RIGHTS AND CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS.
THAT TEMPORARY CONDITION BECOMES PERMANENT.
THIS IS THE WAY IT WORKS.
HERE IS THE THING, EVERY ASPIRING DICTATOR
KNOWS THIS.
AND EVERY PERSON WHO ADVISES AUTHORITARIAN
RULERS KNOWS THIS , SOMETHING HAPPENED SIMILAR
TO THIS IN RUSSIA 1999.
SIMILAR IN TURKEY TWO SUMMERS AGO.
EVERYONE KNOWS THIS IS THE PLAYBOOK.
WHICH MEANS THAT IF YOU WANT TO KEEP YOUR
REPUBLIC YOU HAVE TO KNOW YOURSELF THIS IS
THE PLAYBOOK.
YOU HAVE TO TALK ABOUT IT AND THINK ABOUT
IT IN ADVANCE SO WHEN SOMETHING HAPPENS, WHEN
THE UNTHINKABLE ARRIVES, YOU DON'T GIVE INTO
YOUR IMPULSE TO SAY, YES I'M AFRAID , I NEED
A LEADER.
I AM GRIEVING, I'M HAPPY TO GIVE UP MY RIGHTS.
YOU HAVE TO THINK, I AM AFRAID, THAT IS NORMAL.
AM GRIEVING, THAT IS HUMAN.
IT IS PRECISELY NOW I NEED TO PROTECT MY RIGHTS
BECAUSE MY RIGHTS ARE AT THEIR MOST VULNERABLE.
LESSONS 17 AND 18.
I'M GOING TO LEAVE NUMBER 20 UP TO YOU.
I'M GOING TO FINISH WITH NUMBER 19 WHICH IS
BE A PATRIOT.
WHAT I HAD IN MIND WITH PATRIOTISM IS SOMETHING
VERY SPECIFIC.
I'M SURE YOU THOUGHT IT WAS GOING TO BE SOMETHING
MORE EXCITING.
WHAT I HAVE IN MIND BUT PAY TEACHERS HIM THIS
PATRIOTISM IS SOMETHING VERY SIMPLE.
--P FUTURISM -- LOVING YOUR COUNTRY ACCORDING
TO THE PRINCIPLES WHICH ITSELF CLAIMS TO A
POLE.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATIONALISM WHICH IS
EASY, AND PATRIOTISM WHICH IS HARD.
IT IS EASY TO BE A NATIONALIST.
TO BE A NATIONALIST ALL I HAVE TO DO IS SAY,
YOU AMERICANS ARE WONDERFUL, EVERYTHING IS
GREAT.
WHO DOESN'T WANT TO HEAR THAT?
HONESTLY.
TO BE A PATRIOT YOU HAVE TO SAY, THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA OR WHATEVER COUNTRY, HAS
PRINCIPLES AND PARTAKING IN THE UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA MEANS INCHING IT TOWARDS THOSE
RENTAL POLES.
THAT IS HARD.
--TOWARDS THOSE RENTAL POLES.
THAT'S HARD.
NATIONALISM IS DISEMPOWERING.
IF I TELL YOU THE WHAT YOU'RE DOING EVERYTHING
IS FINE, THAT IS HOW I TAKE POWER FROM YOU.
IF YOU BELIEVE IT'S YOUR JOB AS A CITIZEN
NOT TO OBEY AN ADVANCE, THINK OF THE THINGS
YOU CAN DO DAY-TO-DAY, THEN I CAN'T RULE YOU.
MAYBE I CAN GOVERN YOU BUT I CAN'T RULE YOU.
AUTHORITARIAN GAME CHANGE IS IMPOSSIBLE.
PATRIOTISM IN THAT SENSE --I'M GOING TO READ
YOU A COUPLE OF LINES AND THEN I WILL BE DONE.
PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM.
A NATIONALIST ENCOURAGES US TO BE OUR WORST.
AND THEN TELLS US TO BE THE BEST.
A NATIONALIST ALTHOUGH ENDLESSLY BROODY ON
POWER, DEFEAT AND REVENGE, TENDS TO BE UNINTERESTED
IN WHAT HAPPENS IN THE REAL WORLD.
NATIONALISM IS RELATIVIST � SINCE THE ONLY
TRUTH IS THE RESENTMENT WE FEEL WHEN WE CONTEMPLATE
OTHERS.
AS NOVELIST O'KEEFE PUT IT, NATIONALISM HAS
NO UNIVERSAL VALUES, AESTHETIC OR ETHICAL.
A PATRIOT BY CONTRAST WANTS THE NATION TO
LIVE UP TO ITS IDEALS, WHICH MEANS ASKING
US TO BE OUR BEST SELVES.
A PATRIOT MUST BE CONCERNED WITH THE REAL
WORLD, WHICH IS THE ONLY PLACE WHERE HIS COUNTRY
CAN BE LOVED AND SUSTAINED.
A PATRIOT HAS UNIVERSAL VALUES, STANDARDS
BY WHICH HE JUDGES HIS NATION, ALWAYS WISHING
IT WELL AND WISHING IT WOULD DO BETTER.
DEMOCRACY FAILED IN EUROPE IN THE 1920S, 30s
AND 40s, AND IT IS FAILING NOT ONLY IN MUCH
OF EUROPE MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD TODAY.
IT IS THAT HISTORY AND EXPERIENCE REVEALS
TO US THE DARK RANGE OF A POSSIBLE FUTURES.
A NATIONALIST WILL SAY IT CAN'T HAPPEN HERE.
WHICH IS THE FIRST STEP TOWARD DISASTER.
A PATRIOT SAYS, IT COULD HAPPEN HERE, BUT
THAT WE WILL STOP IT.
[APPLAUSE]
