If you keep swapping out the old planks of
a ship for newer ones, at which point do you
have a new ship entirely?
Maybe the Ship of Theseus can apply to cities
as well.
If a city’s been destroyed and rebuilt from
ash and rubble, is it even the same place?
Maybe there’s no easy answer, but it’s
a testament to human resilience that we’re
able to do that at all, as was the case with
the following cities…
9.
Jerusalem (70)
You don’t have to be a student of history
to know that Jerusalem has been the epicenter
for religious struggles for thousands of years.
From the days of the Old Testament, to the
Crusades, to modern day, the city is constantly
under siege, being sacked, or split down the
middle.
Perhaps the most infamous such event occurred
just a few decades after the life of Jesus
of Nazareth.
In 66 AD, Jewish rebels seized control of
the area from Roman occupiers, who unsurprisingly,
didn’t take too kindly to this.
Emperor Titus marched down with around 70,000
men and besieged the Holy City for four brutal
months (right around Passover) before storming
it, burning the Second Temple, and slaughtering
the remaining defenders.
You can still see the Arch of Titus in Rome
today, a symbol of Jewish diaspora (the decentralization
of Jewish culture after the destruction of
its long-time capital) commemorating this
brutal victory.
8.
Lisbon (1755)
There was widespread speculation that God
had personally overseen the destruction of
Lisbon, Portugal, since the earthquake that
ravaged it in 1755 fell on November 1: All
Saint’s Day.
As is often the case with earthquakes, a tsunami
was fired off, leading to further destruction
roughly 40 minutes after the quake, and fires
soon broke out that quickly grew beyond the
ability of the already stretched-thin emergency
services to control.
They didn’t have the Richter scale in 1755,
but modern seismologists (who can, notably,
trace the origins of their field to efforts
to study this particular disaster) pin the
quake at an enormous magnitude of 8.5-9.0.
Given the weaker construction of the day,
and the lack of modern response services,
the death toll of between 30-40,000 that’s
since been attributed to the disaster seems
more or less in line with the data (some estimates
put the death toll at closer to 100,000, but
there’s no way to be sure).
Either way, the Great Lisbon Earthquake had
a profound effect on Portuguese politics,
economics, and plans for further colonial
expansion.
Enlightenment philosophers throughout Europe
struggled to rectify the carnage with their
image of a benevolent God, leading to profound
advancements in theological thought.
When the city was rebuilt, far greater care
was given to earthquake-resistant structures.
7.
Chicago (1876)
As legend has it, Catherine O’Leary’s
cow knocked a lantern into some hay and started
a small fire.
By the time the city’s 185 firefighters
arrived at DeKoven Street, the fire had already
consumed much of the block and was now raging
towards the central business district, constantly
strengthened by the city’s numerous wooden
buildings.
The hope that the Chicago River and a recently
burned area with little remaining fuel would
act as a natural firebreak were dashed, as
the area along the river contained numerous
lumber yards, coal yards, barges and bridges,
all of which were swept up in what was now
a massive inferno barreling towards the heart
of the city.
The overheated air produced a tornado-like
fire whirl that launched flaming projectiles
far and wide, adding to the blaze.
The city waterworks soon burned to a ground,
ruining the water mains and leaving the city
with no options but to evacuate as many panicking
residents as they could and wait for the fire
to burn itself out.
It did, eventually, but not before 300 people
were killed and 73 miles of roads, 120 miles
of sidewalk, 2,000 lampposts and 17,500 buildings
had been destroyed, resulting in $222 million
in damages (a third of the city’s valuation
at the time).
6.
St. Louis (1896)
Tornadoes generally strike more rural areas,
since the regions most prone to twister-spawning
weather conditions tend to lack the major
waterways along which cities are often built.
St. Louis, Missouri, however, smack on the
Mississippi, has the profound and unenviable
distinction of being a dinner bell for funnel
clouds.
In the last century and a half, well over
a hundred tornadoes have struck the metropolitan
area directly, causing widespread destruction
and thousands of deaths.
The two costliest twisters in American history
both struck the city.
The most expensive of the two, part of a larger
outbreak (as is often the case), slammed into
the eastern part of the city in May 1896,
well before modern Doppler Radar technology
had been developed and before even rudimentary
sirens.
The local weather services had only predicted
light thunder storms for the afternoon.
By the time barometric pressure plummeted
and black-green cumulonimbus clouds appeared
on the horizon, it was too late: a monster
touched down in the middle of the city, then
one of the country’s largest, and proceeded
to wreak havoc.
At least 255 people were killed, more than
1,000 were injured, and as many as 12,000
buildings were damaged.
Total damage estimates at the time exceeded
$10,000,000 ($4.65 billion today).
5.
Galveston (1900)
The “Wall Street of Texas,” as the former
capital of the Republic of Texas had once
been nicknamed, is now most notable by far
for the massive hurricane that brought it
to ruin on September 8, 1900.
The storm began off the west coast of Africa,
gained steam as it headed towards the Caribbean,
and grew into a monster by the time it hit
the Gulf of Mexico.
Although the storm’s existence was known
to the United States, words like ‘tornadoes’
and ‘hurricanes’ were discouraged so as
to avoid public panics.
Furthermore, trajectory updates from the Belen
Observatory in Cuba, believed to be among
the world’s finest meteorological institutions
at the time, were buried due to tensions rising
from the Spanish-American war.
Thus, the city of Galveston was woefully unprepared
when the Category 4 (a retroactive assignment)
monster made landfall there.
The city was flattened, causing the 2020 equivalent
of over $1 billion in damage, and between
6-12,000 people lost their lives (the most
quoted figure is 8,000).
This makes it, by quite a significant margin,
the deadliest natural disaster in the history
of the United States.
4.
San Francisco (1906)
San Francisco is currently facing a public
housing crisis due to the out of control price
of rent.
But that’s nothing compared to what happened
to the city in 1906, when a 7.9 magnitude
earthquake destroyed nearly 80% of the city’s
buildings, ended 3,000 lives and left as many
as 300,000 people (roughly 75% of the city’s
population at the time) homeless.
This particular slip of the San Andreas fault
had been coming for years, rattling the Pacific
coast with impending foreshocks.
But there’s simply no way the public at
the time, with 1906 detection methods, 1906
disaster relief systems, and buildings up
to 1906 codes, could’ve adequately prepared
for the quake that shook the city (and several
surrounding ones) for 42 seconds at 5 in the
morning on April 18.
Notably, the shaking itself only caused about
10% of the damage that forced hundreds of
thousands of survivors to live in tents for
months and led to widespread rioting and looting
as public services broke down.
The other 90% was caused by numerous fires,
themselves the result of ruptured gas lines.
It remains the deadliest natural disaster
in Californian history.
3.
Warsaw (1944)
Neither the Germans nor their Soviet opponents
on WWII’s eastern front had invested into
the long range, four-engine bombers the western
Allies had in abundance, which allowed the
latter group to deliver unprecedented amounts
of damage from the sky.
So, the cities that were destroyed here were
crushed with ground forces (there are exceptions,
like the August 1942 Stalingrad bombing which
immediately preceded the battle of the same
name).
But the destruction of Warsaw by the Nazis
in late 1944 stands out even in a theater
of combat defined by a complete and total
disregard for human life, property, and dignity.
This wasn’t the result of a conquering army
acting out its bloodlust before officers regained
control, since the city had already been occupied
for roughly five years at this point.
No, like most Nazi atrocities, the razing
of Warsaw was premeditated and administered
by the state, in this particular case to exact
revenge on the Poles for their failed but
costly August 1944 rebellion.
While Stalin held his Red Army on the east
bank of the Vistula and watched, the Nazis
took forces desperately needed at the front
and handed them the strategically worthless
task of dismantling the Polish capital, along
with its historically precious collection
of medieval libraries and cathedrals, brick
by brick.
Roughly 90% of the city was razed to the ground
with a combination of artillery, dynamite
and flamethrowers, a higher percentage than
any other metropolitan area in the war.
2.
Tokyo (1945)
Any of the cities that were bombed into oblivion
during the Second World War would be fair
game for a list like this, but lots of them
(Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Dresden, etc.) are mainly
notable because of their destruction.
So instead, we’ve decided to take this opportunity
to discuss Operation: Meetinghouse, the March
1945 US bombing raid against the Japanese
capital.
It wasn’t the first assault against the
city (the April 1942 Doolittle raid, which
was only effective enough to serve as a propaganda
win for the then-struggling US, has that honor).
But it was the deadliest, by far.
In fact, it was the deadliest bombing raid
not just against Tokyo, not just of the Pacific
War, and not just of World War II, but in
all of human history.
Yes, it even beats out the two atomic bombings
that, along with the declaration of war against
Japan by the USSR, brought the conflict to
an end a few months later.
There’s a simple reason for this: the bombs
used in Meetinghouse were incendiary devices,
which bring destruction and death not through
a direct blast effect, like most bombs, but
instead by starting uncontrollable wildfires.
The attack lasted less than three hours and
involved fewer planes than many of the other
mass raids that characterized the final years
of the war, but it still razed eastern Tokyo
to the ground, killed between 90-100,000 people
and left more than a million homeless.
In typical World War II fashion, the vast
majority of the victims were innocent civilians.
Emperor Hirohito later cited his post-bombing
tour of the city as one of the main reasons
he later overruled his military council and
decided to ‘endure the unendurable’, and
surrender.
1.
Belgrade (Just…
Constantly)
You’d think being situated along the fertile
banks of two major commercial waterways and
being the gateway between continents would
be an envious position for any city.
All regional trade would have to pass through
its gates, which should result in immeasurable
wealth, prestige, and power.
Unfortunately, it also means that all invaders
have to pass through town at least once, too.
Enter Belgrade: current capital of Serbia
(formally Yugoslavia), where the Danube meets
the Sava.
Europeans can’t get to Turkey (and therefore,
Asia) without passing through, and Asians
can’t get to Europe without doing the same.
So you can see the problem here.
Here’s a quick rundown of its history: early
farmers were conquered by the Celts, who lost
the area to Rome, who lost it to the Huns,
who lost it to Rome again, who lost it to
the Ostrogoths, who lost it to the Eastern
Romans, who lost it to the Avars, who lost
it to Attila the Hun, who lost it to the Byzantines,
who fought the Avars, Hungarians, Gepids and
Bulgarians for the place over the course of
roughly 400 years.
Later, armies from all three crusades passed
through, before the Serbian empire took the
land and lost it to the Hungarians.
Then the Ottomans took and destroyed it, enslaving
its Christian inhabitants, and held the land
for quite some time before both the Allies
and the Central Powers fought ferociously
over the territory in WW1.
A few years later, the Nazis rolled into town
with plenty of high-powered explosives before
losing it to the USSR, which collapsed and
left the area to be ripped apart by the breakup
of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, at which point
it was bombed back into rubble by NATO.
All in all, Belgrade has seen 115 wars and
has been razed to ash not once, not five times,
not 10 times, but 44 times.
Maybe it’s time to move to somewhere
more peaceful, like Baghdad.
