[audience clapping]
Hello, everybody.
So, it has been said that you are what you eat.
Maybe. But it is certainly true that a society is what it believes.
And, as a society, some of our most closely held economic beliefs,
the beliefs that frame our politics, our policy, and our culture,
are wrong—and, worse, they’re pretty terrible for us.
Because it turns out that virtually
all of the conventional economic assumptions 
we have made these last decades—what we teach in our schools
about how human economies work—are objectively, scientifically false.
Our behavior model, our systems model,
our theories of value and growth. For example,
we believed in a behavioral model that holds
that people are homo economicus—perfectly selfish
and relentlessly self-maximizing. It’s not true.
We can be selfish, of course, but decades of science
reveals that humans have evolved to be innately moral,
reciprocal, and cooperative. What makes us unique
isn’t our competitiveness. All animals compete.
It is our unmatched capacity to cooperate at scale,
which has enabled our species to dominate the planet.
We believed that the economy is an equilibrium system
within which, if one thing, like wages, goes up,
another thing, like jobs, must come down. It’s not true.
The economy is an ecology—a complex, adaptive,
increasing-return system where when wages rise,
for example, so do jobs.
Believing that when wages grow, jobs shrink
fundamentally mischaracterizes the economic dynamics in these systems,
in the same way as if you believed that
when plants grew, animals shrink.
This is not how the system works.
There is no equilibrium in an economy.
We believed that price equals value,
and that people are always paid their marginal product,
exactly what they are worth. It’s not true.
Price sometimes equals value,
but, please take it from a successful capitalist—
we never ever pay people what they are worth.
We pay them what they have the power to negotiate.
And, for sure, we never pay ourselves what we are worth.
We pay ourselves as much as we can get away with.
[laughter]
We believed that the availability
of concentrated capital was the principal constraint on economic growth.
It’s not true. The economy isn’t money. It’s people.
And the more people we fully include in the economy
as innovators, entrepreneurs, well-paid and well-educated workers,
and robust consumers, the faster 
and more prosperous the economy grows.
Why does it matter that all these academic assumptions are wrong?
Because they logically and inevitably lead to
a higher-level set of heuristics that has shredded our economy
and our democracy over these last decades.
Heuristics like, raising wages kills jobs.
Tax cuts for the rich create growth.
Government is always inefficient. The market is a perfect meritocracy.
Greed is good. The rich are makers. The poor are takers.
And there is always a trade-off between increasing amounts
of economic fairness and justice and economic growth and efficiency.
So here’s the thing—there’s a Nobel Prize in economics
attached to every single one of those ideas.
And they are all wrong. Because here’s the thing—
if you accept these neoliberal assumptions,
the truth is there is only one economic outcome that is possible.
The rich will get richer and everyone else will get poorer.
Orthodox economics and neoliberalism have presented itself
as science—as immutable, timeless truth. That is a lie.
That is a lie. It is weaponized pseudoscience.
Neoliberalism is a protection racket for the rich and the powerful.
So how do we change our beliefs in a way that will lead
to a more equitable society and more prosperity for all?
The latest science suggests five rules of thumb.
Rule one. The market isn’t a jungle.
It’s a garden—and, tended like a garden, markets are the greatest
social technology ever invented for solving human problems
and creating prosperity. But unconstrained by social norms
and democratic regulation, markets inevitably
create more problems than they solve.
Rule two. Economic inclusion is not this liberal luxury
to be afforded if and when we have growth.
Economic inclusion is the cause of growth in market economies.
The economy is people. The more people we include in it,
the better it works. Who’d of thunk it?
Rule three. The sole purpose of the corporation is not
to enrich shareholders but rather to increase the welfare of all stakeholders—
workers, customers, community, and shareholders alike.
Rule four. Greed is not good.
Being rapacious doesn’t make you a capitalist.
Being rapacious makes you a sociopath.
[laughter]
And in an economy as dependent upon cooperation as ours,
sociopathy is as bad for business as it is for this society.
And, finally, unlike the laws of physics,
the laws of economics are largely a choice.
So, neoclassical economic theory has presented itself as immutable,
natural law, when it is merely a collection of preferences,
narratives, and social norms. If we want a more equitable,
more just society, we need new economic beliefs.
And here’s the good news: If we want new economic beliefs,
now we know that all we have to do
is choose to have them. Thank you.
[applause]
