What is matter? No, not what's the matter.
I know you're doing fantastic since you're watching this. I meant: what is matter?
[BILL NYE THEME plays. So funky.]
Science rules!
Matter is everywhere.
It makes up this (glass of water),
this (fridge),
this (avocado),
and this (Karma the cat)!
Everything's matter. Even you are made of matter,
because you matter.
Matter is any substance that has mass and volume.
In other words, anything that has weight and takes up space.
There are three different types of matter
Solid,
liquid,
and gas.
Now, what exactly is a solid?
Solids come in all sorts of shapes and sizes.
Normally, solids cannot change shape.
This is because the molecules that make up a solid are "frozen in place".
But, if we were to take a look at a solid through a really, really magnified microscope,
one so small that we could see the molecules,
it would look a little something like this: (gestures to the janky whiteboard setup).
As you can see, the molecules are packed together in neat little rows.
This means that although the molecules can vibrate, they cannot move past each other.
This means that the solid
cannot be compressed. [BILL tries and fails to compress a rock. Silly BILL.]
Liquids are different from solids because the space they take up, or the volume they occupy, take the shape of its container
Although liquids don't have a specific shape, they have a distinct volume.
If I try to pick up water it slips right through my hand,
since it is able to flow.
A liquid also can't be compressed since their molecules are still pretty close together.
However, they don't stay in the same place like solids do; liquids can slide or flow past each other.
Out of the three states of matter, gases have the most energy.
Their molecules move at high speeds
which allows gases to expand freely,
filling the shape of its container.
Gases don't have a fixed shape or volume;
since the molecules are so far apart,
they can be easily compressed.
[LAURA dances to "Matter is Everywhere". So cute uwu]
♪ Matter is anything that takes up space, now ♪
♪ Matter can be big or small, it's all over the place, now ♪
♪ Matter can be something you feel or something you see ♪
♪ Or it can be invisible, like the air that you breathe ♪
♪ Matter, Matter is Everywhere! ♪
Now that we know what is matter, what isn't matter?
BACKGROUND VOICE: So not everything is matter? You lied to us??
B: Well, you see...
Although there are a lot of things that are matter,
There are also a lot of things we see and use every day that aren't in fact matter.
BV: Is light matter?
B: No!
BV: Is sound matter?
B: Nope.
BV: What about fire?
B: Nope.
BV: What about emotions?
B: [chuckles] nope.
BV: How about time?
B: Nope.
Matter must have atoms take up space or volume.
You can't always trust your senses to identify matter, though.
Only smell and taste are reliable because they detect chemical compounds.
Let's take fire, for example. Fire isn't a solid liquid or gas, and it isn't matter.
It is actually a process involving and matter and energy.
Matter is involved since fire is the result of the combustion reaction between oxygen gas,
which is matter, and the substance being burned, such as methane gas,
which is also matter. The many different components of fire itself are not matter.
The light produced by the flames and the energy produced are energy, not matter.
The flames you see from the fire are the result of an oxidizing chemical reaction that releases heat.
Oh, hi! Didn't see you there.
Oh I wasn't talking to you. I was talking to the invisible gas.
We all know that gas is matter.
To be defined as matter,
it must have volume and have mass.
But, how can we actually show that gas has mass?
For today's experiment, we will be needing a beaker filled with some vinegar,
some paper bags on the end of a stick like this, and some baking soda.
As you can see we are taking vinegar,
and baking soda (or sodium bicarbonate),
and this results in a reaction that produces:
sodium acetate,
water, and carbon dioxide (which is our invisible gas).
You can't see it but it's actually there!
Look! The carbon dioxide,
the invisible gas, is filling the bag which weighs it down.
This is because carbon dioxide is denser than air.
Now, you know that gas actually has mass!
Hi! Welcome back to "Cooking with Carrie".
Today, we'll be making my grandma's famous fried ice!
To start, we'll need a stove and a frying pan.
Turn up the heat to high heat,
[beep beep]
then add your main and only ingredient: ice.
[Wow :0 what a large block of ice]
The ice is a solid, meaning it's molecules are packed together tightly and vibrate due to their low energy.
When we heat them up, like we are in the pan,
the molecules get more energy and vibrate more rapidly.
Eventually the ice changes states from a solid into a liquid.
This particular change of state is called melting.
Our fried ice is almost done!
As you can see, the liquefied ice (or water) is turning into water vapour.
It is changing states once again, but this time from liquid to gas (it's evaporating!).
The liquids molecules move more rapidly as the pan continues to heat up
and once it reaches a certain temperature,
the molecules move so quickly that they can no longer stick together.
This is what happens when you see steam.
Our fried ice is done! Here's the final result.
Delicious! Let's see what our audience thinks of the dish.
LAURA: There's nothing on the plate?
ERIKA: Am I missing something here?
Hey, look at this! This is matter!
[squealing]
CARRIE: Welcome back to your local news.
Joining us today is Dr. Laura Wang, a renowned chemist
in the philosophy of chemistry.
LAURA: Thank you, Carrie.
Matter has all sorts of cool characteristics.
Not only are solids, liquids, and gases different
from each other in their own unique ways,
but there are characteristic differences between each types of each state of matter.
We scientists call these characteristic differences properties.
These properties help us to describe the chemical and physical qualities of matter.
Examples of these descriptive qualities are colour, boiling point, melting point,
luster, malleability, and more.
One property of solids is its solubility.
This is a chemical property that refers to how well a substance dissolves in an aqueous solution,
which is just our science way of saying something dissolved in water.
Let's take salt for example.
It is very soluble and dissolves completely in water.
[swish swish swish]
Look! We can't see the salt
because it has completely been dissolved in the solution.
On the other end of the spectrum a solid like flour
is considered insoluble as it does not dissolve in water.
Although learning about matter may seem simple at first,
there are actually many layers to studying them.
By studying the different properties of matter,
us scientists can discover new things about the world and uncover the hidden mysteries of this universe.
CARRIE: Thanks for joining us tonight, Laura.
Now, back to your regular programming.
Hello, I'm Bob Ross
and I'd like to welcome you to the first "Joy of Painting: Chemistry Edition Series".
As usual allow me to extend a personal invitation
to all the viewers to get your brushes and your paints
and paint along with us.
Now, with the introductions out of the way, let's get started.
Today, I'll be using an 18 by 24 inch double primed,
pre-stretched canvas, but you can use whatEver you have available.
So I thought we'd start off today with a simple little molecule that I hope you'll enjoy.
Now, let's start with a touch of the cobalt blue
and just load a little bit onto the bristles.
Pull the paint out and tap the bristles firmly
to ensure a nice even distribution of the paint.
And let's go right about here.
We're gonna make a nice outline of a circle,
and we're just gonna fill that, fill that one in.
This will be our first atom,
more specifically of hydrogen.
And we're gonna go ahead and change the color of the paint we're using.
And beat the devil out of it. [iconic.]
Now I'm gonna go up to the left of the molecule
and just give it a little line using the carbon black.
This is what you call a bond you see,
it's what attaches atoms to each other.
This allows molecules to form.
It's also there because everyone deserves a friend. :-)
Okay, now we'll go right into...
right into the bromine red.
I really like bromine red. It's a very, very warm red.
It's very nice.
Once again, just tap a little color into it.
Now, let's go up to the end of the bond and give this hydrogen a little friend.
As I like to say there is nothing wrong with having a tree as a friend.
Well in this case, it's an oxygen atom.
You want this oxygen to be a little bigger than the hydrogen,
but if it's not, don't worry about it.
We don't make mistakes. We make happy accidents.
[wow. iconic.]
Now for this other side, we're going to go back to our cobalt blue
and give our oxygen another hydrogen friend.
It's always good to have others you can rely on now, isn't it?
So what we want to do is just paint this on the other side get it nice and symmetrical.
Just like that.
So once you've got that done you can take a little bit of that carbon black
to connect the two atoms just like so.
Now for our finishing touches,
we're just going to give the oxygen a few little electron buddies.
Using fluorine yellow,
I'm going to add four dots just above the oxygen atom.
So two over here,
and two over here.
And that's it.
What we have here is an H2O molecule,
or more commonly known as water,
one of the most common liquids on Earth.
So with that we'll be ending our segment here.
Thank you for joining me today on another episode of "The Joy of Painting".
B: Good morning class.
Let's start off today's lesson with the question.
What do you guys know about matter?
C: Oh, I know! Matter's all around us.
L: They're solids, liquids, and gases.
E: Wait... that means there's five states of matter!
[confusion]
B: Actually Eric, you're correct.
In fact, there are five states of matter.
We already know three: solids, liquids, and gases.
The fourth and fifth states are plasma and the Bose-Einstein condensate.
To put it simply plasma is an ionized gas.
What does that mean, you may ask?
Well, an ionized gas is a gas into which
sufficient amounts of energy are added,
to allow the electrons of the gaseous molecule,
or atom, to break free from the nucleus,
yet still travel within it.
In this state both ions and electrons may coexist.
But after plasma is created, it no longer behaves like a gas.
It now has electrical properties and magnetic field,
emitting forms of electromagnetic radiation such as light.
L: Wow, that's so cool!
But I've for sure never seen plasma. (C: Me neither)
So what makes it matter?
B: Good question Laura!
Even though you may have never realized, plasma is all around us.
In fact, the most large-and-in-change example
of plasma around is the Sun.
That's right.
The sun's extremely high temperatures separate electrons from the nuclei
of the myriad hydrogen and helium molecules comprising of the Sun.
In turn, you see the light energy emitted by the plasma.
This is why all stars emit light: they are all made of plasma.
Everyone got it? Let's move on to the fifth state of matter, then.
The Bose-Einstein Condensate.
oooOOOooO
We would see Bose-Einstein Condensate
when temperatures reach super super close to absolute zero,
or -273 degrees Celsius.
It is made by cooling a gas that has an extremely low density at ultra-low temperatures.
L: What happens to the molecules then?
B: Since the temperature is so low, the particles also have very low energy.
All particles have energy, and its state of many depends on how much energy it has.
If you think about a solid,
the amount of energy the particles have only allows it to vibrate in a fixed spot.
Therefore, if you take enough energy away from a group of atoms,
so they have the smallest, tiniest amount of energy possible,
we get the Bose-Einstein Condensate.
They are hardly moving at all and the atoms clump together,
entering the same energy states.
From a physical point of view, the clump of atoms
become identical and the whole group starts behaving as though they were a single atom.
Oh, would you look at the time!
That's all the time we have for today's class.
See you next time kids!
♪ ERIC: Uh, someone gotta prove it to ya you assuming it’s a fluid ♪
♪ What I gotta do to get it through to you it’s superfluid ♪
♪ Quantum state equivalent to one another ♪
♪ So that vortices rotating infinitely atoms with the same momentum ♪
♪ I'm decimating, more than ever demonstrating ♪
♪ How to give an adolescent audience a feeling like matriculating ♪
♪ Never fading, and I know the entropy’s forever raising ♪
♪ Til the day that armageddon befalls it’ll be inflating ♪
♪ Cause I know the way to get em protonated... ♪
