I remember when I was first starting out
as a psychologist my father gave me a
piece of advice that he'd gotten from
his mentor and he said remember people
don't come to you with their problems
they come to you with their solutions. So
now if I see someone for instance who
has a rage problem or a problem with
criticizing themselves or overeating I
think how was raging or overheating a
necessary solution to some problem that
they faced? So if you're wondering how
could raging be a solution to a problem
well let's say when that person was
young his father would target his
younger brother with aggression
and the one way that that child figured
out to protect his younger brother was
to engage dad with his own anger
so that he himself became the target so
the problem then would be little brother
getting hurt the solution would be the
rage. So these learned solutions exist
within these little maps of reality that
teach us through experience what to
expect from life and how I should
respond and we call those little maps
are schemas. There's two parts
to a schema
it's what to expect and how I've learned
to respond to best protect myself or
protect my group or get what I need. So
these schemas are by default unconscious.
Why, because they exist in something
called implicit memory. If you learned
about this in school remember
explicit memory would be like learning
and remembering what the capital of
France is. Implicit memory would be more
like learning to ride a bike. So let's
say when you're learning to ride a bike
your brain is having experiences that
teach us things for instance when I feel
a slight shudder on my right side I need
to slightly lean left. Now that is not
consciously learned but it is stored and
useful to our capacity to ride a bike
later on even if we couldn't verbalize
that that is something that we learned.
In the same way we learn how to ride
a bike we learn the motions of
being human and they're not conscious
again because they exist in the same way
that learning how to ride a bike exists -
an implicit memory. Now until about 15
years ago scientists believed that
implicit memory couldn't be changed so
therefore our field look for ways to
override or control that
implicit learning and forms of therapy
like CBT were created to teach people
how to use logic or develop a logical
idea and try to control the more
implicit knowing or override it so that
that implicit knowing wouldn't have so
much control and they could regulate
their emotions and behaviors more
effectively. That creates something
called incremental change which is a
good thing. However, now we know we can
actually go into the implicit learning
or memory itself and update it. When
we do that we get transformational
change.
So by transformational change, I mean
when the symptom or struggle disappears
and remains gone without continued
effort or a lot of maintenance. So let's
look then about how to change implicit
memory but first just go over again how
memory gets stored in the first place. So
an event or learning happens and for a
short time stays in short-term memory. If
it's trivial or not important to us then
we will forget about it but if it seems
important to our future survival or if
it's emotionally charged then it
will be more likely to go into
long-term memory which it does through a
process called memory consolidation. You
see memory exists a
neural net that holds a pattern like the
pattern holds the elements of that
experience or memory together and
secures them into play
and in fact it's through the
consolidation process that that sort of
gets secured in so that that pattern can
be stabilized. So just to give a metaphor,
which is just a metaphor, so don't take
it too seriously, but it's something like
you know in our computers and we have
the information, we're editing the file
and then we close the file.
We may even condense it into a
zip file but then it's in a less
editable format. So implicit memories are
like that, they're a little enclosed and
in order to change them there's a way in
which just to use a metaphor it's like
to unzip them, open the file and then
bring them back into more a format that
is workable for making edits. So as I
mentioned scientists used to believe
that once these implicit memories are
secured into place that they
could not be changed, but in the early
2000s they started to wonder well does
memory really just consolidate and
that's it or does it ever open again for
new learning and if it did open up
possibly through simply being activated
it would need to be
reconsolidated to get secured back into
place. So they began,
starting with the assumption that
reconsolidation maybe is a thing and
seeing if they could interrupt it
through using a protein synthesis
blocker, since actually the process of
consolidation happens through protein
synthesis. If indeed the memory did
need to be reconsolidated after being
triggered then a protein synthesis
blocker would interrupt the
reconsolidation and therefore disrupt
the memory and actually that's what they
found. They found that they could
condition a mouse to fear a bell, so
that's implicit learning, fear
conditioning would be an example. Trigger
that memory by sounding the bell,
introduce the protein synthesis blocker
and then thereby disrupt the
mouse's ability to reconsolidate
the association between danger and bell
and through doing that, through that
chemical method, they found
that the fear conditioning
actually could be erased. The fact
that it might be possible to change
these memories is really good news. Now
if you're thinking it sounds kind of
scary, like Eternal Sunshine of the
Spotless Mind, kind of thing, it's not
like that at all. We're not trying to
change people's autobiographical memory
or their conscious recall of the
events of their life. More what's being
targeted is the unconscious beliefs
about the nature of reality and how I
must respond that were gleaned through
those experiences, again to update our
schemas. So now that we've had about 15
years of memory consolidation research
under our belt, it's pretty clear the
sequence of experiences that the brain
needs in order to activate memory
reconsolidation without the help of
chemical aids. So first, you
have to bring that memory into an open
state. That is accomplished first by
activating the memory again. It's called
a reactivation, so triggering it and two
by introducing an experience or
information that disconfirms, that
proves the belief held in that memory is
incorrect. So once that happens
there's about a five hour window where
that memory becomes what is called
labile. That means it's open to being
changed. If in that time-frame
an additional experience comes that once
again disconfirms - they call it dis-confirmation
or error prediction but it
proves that that original perspective our belief about reality cannot be true
when that comes then that information is
taken in and either
completely changes or at least just
updates and tweaks the original schema
before it gets once again reconsolidated
in a new format that more accurately
maps to the reality of the present
moment. So to summarize, the two key
ingredients are reactivation and
disconfirmation and there's all sort of
deep therapies that really help people
transform their implicit beliefs whether
they think about it in terms of memory
reconsolidation. When we look at what is
happening always what you find is both
reactivation and disconfirmation. So for
instance, forms of therapies where the client is guided to feel once again what it felt like to be young
and to enter into that old reality and
to feel it consciously like I'm not safe
if I share my feelings. That would be
reactivation and then the therapist is
actively there, not judging their
feelings making it safe to have their
emotions and even calling their
awareness to that like "notice how is it
though for me to to be not judging you
right now" and that would be a
disconfirmation in that moment, that schema
that says "if I have my feelings I'll be
judged so it isn't safe" actually could
get updated. Or therapies that do inner
child work where you visualize
your self at a certain age and really go
in and ask "what is the view of
reality that I learned at that age" and
really making that view of reality
conscious, that would be reactivation and
then perhaps the client themselves
imagining going to that inner child
and telling them their version
of reality or just proving a different
version of reality through being able to
show up. So that that schema "that I'm
alone" or "I'm not lovable" can be erased.
So that would be activation and
disconfirmation. When the brain vividly
witnesses two realities, the reality from
the schema and the reality of what's
actually happening in the moment and
those realities cannot actually both be
true at the same time it kind of freaks
the brain out a little bit. It's like an
error message gets sent but in a good
way so the brain says wait a second, I
guess my predictive model is not doing
such a great job predicting reality
it may be time for me to update it.
Now that's not going to happen if that
original model isn't activated first
that's why these things have to have a
felt or visceral component to them.
If it's just cognitive that isn't
enough or if we're having all these kind
of disconfirming experiences like "I
don't believe I'm valuable but I'm being
valued by all these people," it may not
necessarily land on the original memory
or the neural net that holds that
memory unless we first activate
that original net, really let it be felt
and conscious. Then as new information
comes in if it feels like valid
compelling information like through a
lived experience or irrefutable proof
then that can come in and actually work
to change the original schema. So when a
reorganization happens on that implicit
level like that it produces
transformational change which is much
more powerful than simply having to
force ourselves into new behavioral
habits, against the will of some
deeper part of our mind that's saying
"don't do that if you do that it's going
to lead to a bad outcome." If we don't
address that original belief
then it's like we're constantly fighting
an uphill battle.
now it's Bruce Ecker who originally
linked or noticed a link between what
he calls transformational change and
memory reconsolidation research so he
started out just trying to understand
transformational change which he did
through videotaping his own session and
reviewing hours of videotape of his work
as well as clinical material from other
people's work. He wasn't the only one
doing this, Diana Fosha, among others
were really trying to study what
actually produces change in sessions but
he was the one to notice and outline a set of steps that were always
present when the client had a
therapeutic breakthrough and once he
delineated those steps he noticed these
are the same steps that happen in memory
reconsolidation
almost the same words. So this is a
cutting edge paradigm shift
to within our field and I hope more
research is done and more training is
done in these methods because I have a
prediction that we're about to have a
leap forward in terms of the
effectiveness of psychotherapy which is
really exciting and kind of about time.
So if you're wondering how to use these
steps in your own therapy that I go over
in the How to Get the Most Out of
Therapy video, but before we end this
video let me give the take-home point
which is - while our deep early learnings,
the ones that we developed during
childhood and at that time perhaps
protected us, but now cause us pain or
at least stuckness, while it's not so easy
to change those, now we know they
actually can be reliably changed as long
as the steps of memory reconsolidation
take place. Now I don't mean to make this
sound like a magical fix or super easy.
It does take work but if we have the
principles in mind we can be more
strategic about how we approach that
work. Again, with the first step of really
activating our implicit knowings, knowing
what in our heart of hearts does our
brain believe and letting that be fully
online and conscious and then second having
experiences that disconfirm or at least
update that original view of reality so
that our approach to reality can
transform. So how to buckle in
and direct yourself toward the goal of
transformation using memory
reconsolidation will be the topic of the
next video.
