[Sun] Flares to full!
[Earth] SHIELDS UP!...
HA!
[Sun] FIRE EVERYTHING!
[Earth] There's a crack in the shields!!
WHAT DO WE DO?!
Hey sunny dispositions, Trace with Julian
for DNews.
The Sun and the Earth are in a constant battle,
thanks to the Sun's tendency to be an unfathomably
large mass of incandescent gas...
Yes, absolutely, it's a gigantic nuclear furnace
where hydrogen is built into helium...
At temperatures of millions of degrees!
But as a result… the sun is constantly releasing
highly energized particles blasted away from
these nuclear reactions.
Mostly these particles are protons and electrons
with some alpha particles (the nuclei of helium),
and heavier charged particles thrown in like
the nuclei of magnesium, sulfur, iron, neon,
carbon, and titanium among others.
Sometimes, the sun gets excited and releases
a mass of superheated, charged plasma -- called
a coronal mass ejection or CME.
We've talked about them before.
They're crazy.
And that's when the Earth's magnetosphere
is really challenged.
These CMEs can be strong enough to damage
satellites, force airplanes to change course
to avoid them, disrupt electronics on the
ground, and force astronauts to stay in the
shelter of the International Space Station.
The main thing stopping those pungently radioactive,
highly charged particles from hitting you
and me on top of the head, is the Earth's
trusty magnetic field… generated by the
movement of iron through our mantle.
The magnetosphere works like a shield, protecting
us from harmful CMEs and other charged particles,
but our shield system has a crack in it!
That's right, new research from the GRAPES-3
muon telescope reads like a battle report
from Star Trek.
Trace's Log, Stardate: June 22, 2015.
A plasma ejection from the sun struck the
planet at 2.5 million kilometers per hour.
The energetic collision caused a compression
of the magnetosphere between 2 and 5.5 times
the width of Earth itself… causing magnetic
storms and radio blackouts all over the planet.
We suspect the Romulans are involved.
No we don't.
Trace out.
Okay, lemme 'splain.
A muon telescope is a cosmic ray detector.
It's designed to keep an eye on cosmic rays
breaching the magnetosphere -- it's looking
for cracks.
And it found one.
The magnetosphere is powerful, but not perfect.
According to the data, published in Physical
Review Letters, the GRAPES-3 spotted a 20
giga electron volt collision with the magnetosphere
and then some leakage!
A CRACK IN THE FIELD!!!
REVERSE THE POLARIZATION!
Sorry.
For perspective, the Large Hadron Collider,
the world's most powerful particle accelerator
can hit a top energy of about 26 GeV when
accelerating only few protons at a time.
This solar assault lasted for 2 hours at 20
GeV and coronal mass ejections are filled
with plasma stretching half the distance from
Earth to the sun.
Luckily for us down here under the shield,
it deflected the burst of solar plasma…
But CMEs aren't the only thing attacking Earth
at any given moment -- there are also cosmic
rays.
To keep up the Star Trek references, the Sun
is like… the Romulan Fleet, but cosmic rays
are more like a few shuttlecraft or escape
pods.
They're from other galaxies, black holes and
the like, and while they're few, they are
also constantly trying to leak down to us…
This is where the "crack" comes in.
When the CME assaulted the magnetosphere at
such high energy, our field deflected it.
But while it did that, some low-energy cosmic
radiation leaked through!
At that point, the energy was likely absorbed
by molecules in our atmosphere before it hit
you or me.
In fact, the muon detector doesn't directly
detect cosmic rays or coronal mass ejections
at all.
Instead, it detects muons -- subatomic particles
-- that are created when cosmic rays hit the
molecules of air in our atmosphere!
So GRAPES-3 detected this burst of activity
(the crack) that normalized after the CME
ended; shield integrity is nominal.
Even though we're okay down here, astronauts
on orbit are less so.
People in space are bombarded with cosmic
rays!
Unlike some larger energetic particles of
a CME, cosmic rays can penetrate the walls
of the ISS (and the astronauts inside).
There's even a name for when one flies through
an astronaut's eyeball...
It's called Cosmic Ray Visual Phenomena -- and
the ray basically causes the rods and cones
to activate, creating a sparkle or spot.
Astronaut Don Pettit describes it like "dancing
faeries."
Of course, long term exposure to cosmic rays,
like on a trip to Mars, could cause permanent
damage to brain cells.
Not good.
Luckily for us, the mantle keeps turning under
our feet, generating our magnetosphere shield,
and keeping us safe from both CMEs and cosmic
rays… and from brain damage.
Mostly.
Mostly.
Worried about radiation messing with your
brain?
Find out how exactly this invisible thing
affects your DNA here.
What's your favorite Star Trek episode?
Tell us in the comments and please make sure
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