 
WHY CANCER?

(Lateral thoughts on cancer and human reproduction)

Dr. Ittyerah Tholath

Copyright 2018 by Ittyerah Tholath

Published at Smashwords.

Other titles by the same author

Eye doctor 'out of the box' ISBN: 9781301878284 &

Bewitching BHU, ISBN: 9781370165988.

CONTENTS

Preface

Why cancer?

Notes

References

PREFACE:

We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them.

Albert Einstein.

Cancer is a frightening word for people all over the world. Modern medical, surgical, radiation and immune treatment have removed most of the thorns in cancer. But still it remains as a big medical problem and millions of people die after a lot of sufferings due to cancer. (Globally about 8 million cancer deaths per year) And millions die with cancer without knowing about it. In spite of the good awareness among the public about cancer, early detection of this deadly disease and better treatment facilities, deaths due to cancer are increasing day by day. People try to link development of cancer with various human activities and habits. As the life expectancy is increasing the number of persons affected by cancer is also increasing, because age is the most important non - modifiable risk factor for cancer. The incidence and prevalence of cancer seems to increase as mankind 'progresses'! According to American Cancer Society, every day 4830 new cancer cases are being reported in the USA alone in 2019! The latest incidence of cancer is 448 per 100000 people in USA .According to Cancer research UK, death from liver cancer in UK increased by 80% between the years 2007 to 2017. The life time risk of cancer is found to be approximately 50% in the developed western societies. And in Japan the primary cause of death seems to be cancer! The Indian share of cancer is also increasing as the country is progressing economically. According to ICMR cancer report (2020) cancer cases can increase by 12% in the next five years. And according to W.H.O, with increasing life expectancy one in fifteen Indian is going to die due to Cancer. There is a strong association between the old age and cancer and one is tempted to assume that old age itself is the cause for cancer. In another words if you can avoid old age majority of cancers shall disappear. But unfortunately greying of population is a sign of progress and throughout the world health departments are trying to increase life expectancy and reduce birth rate! Did our thinking and actions created the problem of cancer?

There are several questions unanswered or answered unsatisfactorily regarding cancer. Cancer is not only a dreaded disease but also a mysterious disease. Everybody knows that cancer is an unwelcome and uncontrolled growth. Why cancer is seen frequently in old age? Why should an uncontrolled growth occur in the body when normal growth has almost stopped? Why there is reactivation of telomerase enzyme, a eukaryotic ribonucleoprotein in cancer cells? If cancer is designed for death, why there is an increase in the apoptosis preventing protein (survivin) in cancer patients? Why there is angiogenesis in cancer and cancer growth is highly vascular like a pregnant uterus? How the cancer cells (HeLa cells) of the mortal body become immortal? How senescence cell promoting ageing but is protecting us from cancer? Why the ancestral gene regulatory networks drive cancer? Is growth a disease or a sign of life? Why the patient's T cells and immune systems refuse to act on and destroy the unfamiliar abnormal cancer rogue cells? How the cancer cells grow and escape from the attack of immune system when accidently transplanted to another unrelated healthy person? Why there is 2.2 times more chance for development of cancer in sterile men? Why the cancer develops frequently in ovaries when the ovaries stop releasing ovum? Why hormone replacement therapy (HRT) causes breast cancer in women who had undergone surgical removal of their uterus and ovaries? Why should pregnancy reprogram breast cells to reduce cancer risks? Why should cancer breast develop frequently in women who have never breast fed an infant? How breast feeding confer significant reduction (24%) in ovarian cancer risk, including high grade deadliest type? Why the birth preventing contraceptive pills enhance the breast cancers in women while they prevent to some extend ovarian and uterus cancer? Why the cancer of testes develops frequently when the man is sterile due to undescended testes? Why there is cancer of prostate in almost all centurion men? How early active sexual lives in men reduce the chances of development of cancer of prostate? Why there is 20% increase in prostatic cancer in men who have undergone vasectomy before the age of thirty eight? Why low ejaculation frequency and low sperm quality increase the risk of prostate cancer? Why there is more incidence of breast cancer when the first delivery and breast feeding is delayed more than twenty-five years? Why should a benign growth like fibroid appear more frequently when the uterus remains unused for reproduction for a long time after menarche? How tobacco could stop the growth of an infant in the womb while it can enhance growth of cancer? Why there is 53% increase in cancer of bladder in women who smoke tobacco and had menopause before the age of 45? Why tobacco smokers get still births & lung cancer, while marijuana smokers do not get lung cancers? How the intoxicating marijuana can help to cure pancreatic and brain cancers as well as reduce the risk for head and neck cancers? Why women develop cancer of uterus when Human Papilloma Virus infect and grow at the only entrance of the uterus for the sperms? Why the cancer cells have large nucleus like the sperm? Why child hood cancers are more among children if they were products of an elderly father with poor quality sperms? Why child hood leukemia incidences increase when their mothers consumed birth inhibiting sex hormones or tobacco? Why the incidences of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS0) increase due to pre natal use of carcinogens like tobacco and alcohol? Why men whose mothers smoked tobacco (a strong carcinogen) during pregnancy have lower sperm count? Why obesity causes different types of cancers? And why and how obesity disappears when cancer spreads and advances? Why hypogonadism and infertility are often associated with obesity, the risk factor for cancer? Why the Zika virus which eats fetal or infant brain cells and do not eat adult brain; but happily eat the cancer cells of brain (Glioblastoma) without disturbing the adult brain cells? Why cancer cells continue to multiply and grow while normal cells stop growth when the purpose of growth is achieved? How do you explain the dormancy of cancer cells in the body for several years? How do you explain the link between inflammatory bowel disease and cancer of prostate? Why chronic stress accelerates pancreatic cancer growth? Why there are different types of stem cells in cancer growths? What is the connection between cancer/testis antigens (CTA) and various types of cancers? Why chorionic gonadotropins are frequently produced by cancer cells? Why cancer cells rely on a metabolic pathway of glycolysis of unicellular organism for its energy requirement and growth (Ward burg effect)? And how will you explain spontaneous remission and cure of cancer? Why we are not able to prevent cancer in spite of spending billions of dollars on cancer research for last several years? While digging for better answers regarding these questions on cancer and reproduction, I stumbled on something unique. There is a definite relationship between cancer and human reproduction! There are enough old and new findings and facts about our body to prove that cancer is a failed attempt for asexual reproduction in humans. According to Sir William Bragg "The most important thing in science is not so much to obtain new facts as to discover new ways of thinking about it".

It has been shown that the p 53 gene has a role in protecting a person from cancer (Cell Report). It has a tumor suppression role as well as prevention of sexual reproduction anomalies. Congenital neural tube defects like Spina bifida, a defect seen more frequently in women, seems to be prevented by the activity of p53 gene. Pax -3 regulates neural tube closure by inhibiting p53 dependent apoptosis. [1] This gene seems to correct an error of sexual reproduction as well as prevents a fatal and defective asexual reproduction (cancer) .The p 53 genes has another reproductive function of promoting embryo implantation through inducing expression of leukemia inhibitor factor. [2]. All these observations regarding p53 gene point to a definite genetic link between cancer and reproduction. The p53 gene is protecting the organism against cellular damage and abnormal cell division. The p53 gene seems to be a reproduction (both sexual and asexual) regulating gene and in that process it achieves destruction (apoptosis) of the cancer cells.

We know that cancer of reproductive organs, especially female reproductive organs (female body is the base of human body) is much more than the cancer of other organs. This high incidence of cancer is in spite of removing many healthy reproductive organs for prevention of cancer. The incidence of cancer seems to be more in people who are not using their reproductive organs effectively and sufficiently. This phenomenon can be explained as the organism is making an attempt to compensate for the deficiency in the sexual reproductive function by adopting asexual reproduction. The reduction in sexual reproduction in humans is leading to the natural activation of asexual reproduction. Unfortunately the attempt is unsuccessful due to genetic deficiencies. The numbers of both sexual intercourse and sexual reproduction are reducing in the world day by day. We have created several institutions, laws and regulations to restrict sex and sexual reproduction. No other living organisms have such regulations on their reproductive function. Any situation, agent, or activity reducing sex, fertility and reproduction may increase the chances for development of cancer (asexual reproduction). Even a nineteenth century pathologist, Mr. John Beard had noticed similarity between the invading tumor and the trophoblast, the precursor of placenta. In fact there are lots of similarities between early embryo development and tumourigenesis both at the level of biological behaviors and at the level of molecular basis. Lloyd J Old of Ludwig institute of cancer research New York described cancer as a 'somatic cell pregnancy' and noticed primordial programs were reactivated in cancer.[3] So many links between cancer and reproductive process have been observed by many research workers at different time. They seem to have thought that cancer is utilizing the gametogenic programs for its growth and survival in human body. When we explore and link all these facts it shall become evident that cancer itself is a reproductive process which has gone wrong. And the 'sex recession' could be the major cause for the recent 'cancer inflation'!

This book is the culmination of my lateral thoughts*, intuitions and imaginations arising out of practicing medicine for several years and close encounter with cancer. As a doctor I have observed that when we arrest multiplication of microorganisms with medicines, after some time the microorganisms develop drug resistance to the medicine and continue the multiplication (Anti-Microbial Resistance). This revival of reproductive function of the microbe is achieved by mutations. Reproductive function is so important that to sustain it organisms shall do everything possible including genetic changes. And similar mutations are seen in cancer formation also. An interesting observation in the 'Molecular biology of the cell' is that "Cancer cells break the most basic rules of behavior by which multi cellular organisms are built and maintained and they exploit every kind of opportunity to do so" [4]. It means that cancer cells are behaving like a unicellular organism like amoeba probably to achieve the reproductive process of amoeba. It has been noted that the large cancer cells are eating the small cells in very aggressive tumors. (Cannibalistic cells).The gene expressions may be less complex as in prokaryotes. Even the metabolism of cancer cell is like that of multiplying yeast cells. In spite of such differences in the characters of cancer cells, usually our immune systems do not attack these abnormal cells, because the immune system knows that it is an attempt for reproduction. In this world we live there are trillions of living organisms which do not die on maturity, but divide and transform to two young organisms. A huge number of such organisms are living in our own body. Yet another relevant observation is that in a rose plant the beautiful flowers blossom from tender young branches (sexual reproduction), while we use only old branches for growing a new plant (asexual reproduction).

In medical practice clinical diagnosis of a disease is difficult in many situations, and hence often we assign few differential diagnoses as alternate possibility. We do investigations to sort out the diagnosis. Often we succeed in making a correct diagnosis, but failures are possible in spite of sophisticated investigations. While making clinical diagnosis we follow the principle of common things first. When there are confusing and uncommon features in a patient, we often believe that it shall be an uncommon presentation of a common disease rather than an uncommon disease by itself. When we make a common diagnosis the probability of error reduces. Cancer as a disease is unique and different from many common human diseases. In nature errors and incomplete development of reproduction are fairly common. Reproduction is a fairly complex process with different types of cell divisions in multi cellular organisms. In humans there are several types of errors in sexual reproduction. Doctors perform caesarian surgery when there is a difficulty or error in the process of delivery of an infant through the normal routes. There are several instances of still births, congenital anomalies of the new born, ectopic pregnancies, gestational trophoblastic diseases (molar pregnancy) etc. In fact sexual reproductive defects and errors are increasing day by day especially when the pregnancy is delayed. And the number of caesarian surgery is increasing mainly due to the sexual reproductive error. Interestingly when we correct cephalo-pelvic disproportion by caesarian surgery, the incidence of such errors is increasing. Common flowers like rose & jasmine, you see and the common fruit like bananas & pineapple, you eat are all examples of failed attempt for sexual reproduction in plants. In nature failures are frequent. When a tree produces thousands of seeds a few only become a tree. And many living organisms live only to reproduce and on several occasions the male organisms die as soon as they complete their role in the sexual reproductive process. These observations made me think that cancer is a defective asexual reproductive process of humans.

I know that it is easy to prove these associations and correlations of cancer and reproduction, but difficult to prove to everybody's satisfaction that cancer is a defective reproductive process evolving out of the deficiencies in sexual reproduction. We know that when we inherit only few genes of a biological process the inherited process could be distorted and defective. When we see several associations pointing to reproductive roots for cancer, we are tempted to believe that cancer is an attempt for asexual reproduction to suit for the changed circumstances. Linking many such interesting observations in cancer patients, with the unique behavior of cancer cells, and reproductive process in all living organisms, I have developed my lateral thoughts.

If we consider cancer as an unsuccessful attempt for asexual reproduction, many mysteries and enigmas about the disease shall disappear and a different approach for management of the disease shall evolve. This book contains a new explanation for the recalcitrant obesity of middle of the body at middle age and its link to cancer. The book also contains few fresh explanations for the spontaneous remission and cure of cancer. Besides this there is an attempt to demystify the phenomenon of dormancy of cancer. The sickness and strains of health systems throughout the world and the possible remedies also are discussed in this book. According to Alfred Russell Wallace "A full and careful study of the facts of nature would ultimately lead to the solution of the mystery". This is true as far as cancer is concerned. Just by recognizing the natural cause and mechanism of cancer development, most of the enigmas about cancer shall evaporate.

Medicine is not a perfect science like mathematics, physics or chemistry. Medical practitioners often do not have the certitude like mathematicians. In medicine one need not have all the signs and symptoms of a disease to make a diagnosis of that disease. The same disease need not be exactly like text book description in all patients and may not respond similarly to same treatment. And there could be more than one reason for development of a disease and there could be more than one right method for treatment of a disease. Often treatment is symptomatic because either the cause is not known or cause is not amenable for correction. Besides this in medical practice the right and wrong change fast, as and when new knowledge is added. "The wisdoms of today become the follies of tomorrow. Today's dogma will be tomorrow's error". This is often true in medicine. Generally medical men including me are vertical thinkers and would like to follow textbook descriptions and protocols for management of the diseases. But vertical thinking is not able explain many things in the evolution of cancer. Scientists do not grasp yet the fundamental cellular process in cancer. And they want creative thinking by young scientists to find the real cause and the cellular process of cancer. Scientific publications on cancer are increasing day by day and the number of oncologists is multiplying every year. But the number of patients with cancer is increasing everywhere rapidly in spite of banning many carcinogenic substances; hence this attempt for lateral (creative) thinking. Interpreting all the data generated from cancer research is often difficult. Cancer research is so much confusing and frustrating that one cancer researcher commented that "one should never, ever confuse cancer research with science". [5] Perhaps we need some amount of right brain thinking in cancer research. I think growth as we see in cancer cannot be intended for the destruction of an organism. Growth could be only for healing, repair of defects, increase in size, multiplication and procreation of an organism. Unfortunately there is a genetic error in this procreation process and the attempt fails. In another words the biological purpose of the growth in cancer is never achieved. Hence the cells continue to grow, multiply and spread everywhere in an attempt to achieve asexual reproduction and this aggressive growth leads to the normal tissue destruction and death.

The vertical thoughts on cancer are already available in all medicine and oncology text books and journals. Genomic instability is often related to many types of cancers. Explosion and shattering of chromosome to hundreds of pieces seems to trigger the cancer formation. The collection of random genetic mutations theory is fairly accepted as the reason for cancer. Most of the research in carcinogenesis is to find out how these mutations are occurring or to find out the nature of error in DNA replication. But why these mutations are occurring or why chromosomes are breaking into pieces is not well explained or explored. Is it really a random mutation? Are these mutations triggered by reproductive deficiency? These aspects are elaborated in this book.

Today it is only a procreation or asexual reproduction hypothesis regarding the origin of cancer. Tumor genesis has already been accepted as an evolutionary process. It has been observed that altered interactions between unicellular and multicellular genes drive hallmarks of transformation in a diverse range of solid tumors [6] Cancer has been suggested to result from an atavistic process and cancer is a re-expression of the ancestral trait. This atavistic process happens often in an attempt of adaptation and correction of the shortage of sexual reproduction and embryogenesis in humans. I am trying to prove the fact that cancer is really an evolutionary through back to the reproduction of amoeba and eagerly waiting to get my hypothesis accepted by the medical world! The hypothesis of cancer weakening and origin of Chan JCY stated 'cancer developed when cell reproduction becomes defective because of active involvement of virus genes'. He thought that cancer cells were amalgamation of genetically modified organisms [7] And the hypothesis of Ruggiero, and Bustuoabad, stated 'tumor cell would be the only one able to respond to the demand to proliferate in the organ of origins' and they felt that it was biological sense (not nonsense). [8] Cancer stem cell hypothesis is an old concept revived recently. The hypothesis was that tumor originated from either tissue stem cells or their immediate progeny. The authors claimed that there was experimental evidence also to support the cancer stem cell hypothesis. [9] I feel that all hypothesizes are partially right. And the right part of each hypothesis can be explained well through the asexual reproduction hypothesis. Cancer is biological sense and there is genetic modification to achieve the very important function of reproduction. Similarly stem cells are germ cells concerned with reproductive process. And the germ cells are attempting for asexual reproduction which is manifested as cancer, due to an error in the sophisticated reproductive process.

When cancer strikes, it is a big calamity in one's life. Management experts say that there is an opportunity hidden in each and every crisis or calamity. Is there an opportunity hidden in the cancer calamity? Can we use the killer disease to kill death and degeneration? Why not transform the crushing crab to a fragrant rose? This aspect also is explored in this book. De-evolution is a possibility, but may not reverse through the same evolutionary path or route. As you continue reading the book you shall realize that 'why cancer' is transforming to 'well come cancer' after human gene editing for asexual reproduction.

An abridged part of this book you can find as a chapter in my e book "Eye doctor out of the box" [10] published in January 2013. In the 'Eye doctor out of the box' cancer is not the main subject, where as in this book cancer is the main or central issue. In fact this book is also the elaboration and expansion of a single important sentence in my brief article titled 'Is there an alternative process to ageing and death? It was published in the Journal of American Geriatric Society in January 2010. [11]

The red rose flower on the cover page is the example of a failed sexual reproduction in plants and cancer is the example of a failed asexual reproduction in humans and animals!

Enjoy reading the book and please look for added evidence to prove the concept. If you look for it, you will find it. This is my unedited unorganized free flow of lateral thoughts. You may develop your own lateral thoughts on cancer as well. If you like the book, please do write a book review.

Dr. Ittyerah Tholath Peter.

"Creativity is intelligence having fun" \---- Albert Einstein.

WHY CANCER?

"Growth for the sake of growth is the ideology of cancer cell"

Edward Abbey.

Cancer is known as one of the dangerous diseases of the present time. If untreated it kills men and women in a terrible way. Medical men call it as malignancy and have observed that it can occur anywhere in the body at any time. There are different types of cancer occurring in different types of tissues of the body and accordingly they are named. Some of the cancers are more harmful than others and accordingly they are graded. Medical persons know that smoking, drinking alcohol, eating red meat, virus infections of reproductive organs, obesity, exposure to ultraviolet rays, radiation etc. are risk factors responsible for the occurrence of this disease. These risk factors can be modified by intention. There is another very important risk factor which cannot be modified by man so far. Age is a very important risk factor for the development of cancer. Since this could not be modified it is not at all mentioned or discussed as a risk factor in publications on cancer for the public. It is well known to all medical men that except for a few pediatric cancers the bulk of the cancers occur in middle age and old age. Scientists have accepted that almost 50% of people shall get cancer in developed countries where people live long. In the United Kingdom 65% of cancers are occurring in persons above the age of 65. And it was estimated that the number of cancer patients is expected to increase to 300000 from 250000 in Scotland alone by the year 2025. Many countries do not have a reliable record or statistics of cancer patients. In old age many people may die with cancer, without knowing about it. And in fact cancer is an important longevity health risk not only for humans but also for pet animals like dogs and cats.

The actual mechanism of development of cancer is not well understood, even after so many years of intense research. It is generally accepted that somatic mutations is the cause of development of cancer cells. A lot of new knowledge is being added every day regarding cancer and some of this knowledge about this growth for the sake of growth (cancer) seems to be knowledge for the sake of knowledge only. Robert A Weinberg wrote that we can't really assimilate and interpret most of the data that we accumulate. [5] Douglass Hanahan and Robert Weinberg wrote in a review article in Cell "Some would argue that the search for the origin and treatment of this disease continue over the next quarter century in much the same manner as it has in the recent past, by adding further layers of complexity to a scientific literature that is already complex almost beyond measure. But we anticipate otherwise:........ ultimately, the more fundamental change will be conceptual." There should be conceptual changes to explain the six essential alterations in cancer cell physiology viz. self-sufficiency, insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals, evasion of apoptosis, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion & metastasis.[12] Since the incidence and prevalence of this dreaded disease are increasing rapidly, people started imagining , thinking (both inside the box and outside the box) and trying to link cancer with whatever other things are simultaneously increasing in the society, like pollution, use of talc products , cosmetics, hair dyes, use of computer, use of mobile phone, use of new allopathic medicines, vaccination against various diseases, use of insecticides, eating fast food, genetically modified food, adulterated foods and drinks, use of motor cars and aero plane, use of plastic vessels & synthetic dress, prolonged sitting, use of microwave oven, use of atomic energy, neglect of God etc. etc. The latest being the use of solar power generators! Some of these factors may have a causal relationship to the occurrence of cancer and some of them have significant influence on occurrence of cancer. While some of them have no relationship at all. Interestingly the increase in hypogonadism, impotence and infertility, associated with cancer is often ignored while looking for the causes for cancer. Besides this many responsible and religious people feel that cancer is a divine punishment due to the sins committed by the person or his / her parents. Many religious books describe that the diseases are occurring due to punishment by God. Perhaps cancer is occurring directly proportional to the sins! (Since sins are increasing cancer is also increasing!) There is hardly any thinking to link the events in an inverse proportional manner. There are several occasions where we make correct observation but wrong interpretation by mistake or by intention. We have several experts who can interpret great religious books in a way to achieve their objectives. We have witches and wizards who interpret normal or abnormal events in nature to support their witch craft. How will you link the observation that alcohol consumption is increasing in China while population growth is reducing in China? Is there a link at all?

It is well accepted by medical persons that old age is a definite predisposing factor or risk factor for development of cancer. In old age people are less happy, they smile less & the smile threshold is high, they sleep less, they do less exercise, they often sit idle, and they are often incapable of procreation.(Interestingly old people are more religious!) It is logical to think that these attributes are also linked to the development of cancer. There are several predisposing factors identified as carcinogenic substance or carcinogenic activity. Carcinogens are in fact triggering agents. They enhance the inherent carcinogenic tendency (tendency for asexual reproduction) in humans. The trait for asexual reproduction inherited from amoeba is prevailing in every person at varying level. Because of this variability of the inherent asexual reproduction trait, the same amount of triggering factor in different individuals may produce different results. We know that in a diabetic patient the chances for infection by bacteria, virus and fungi are more. It is more pronounced when sugar level is high. Here the common factor for infection is the high blood sugar. Infection can occur anywhere in the body but certain areas are more prone to get it. Besides this the susceptibility varies from person to person. In cancer development the common factor is the drive for asexual reproduction. Where, when, how cancer occurs is influenced by various other local factors. (When you take fire or flame near good quality gun powder it shall catch fire easily, but if you take fire near poor quality or wet gun powder it may not catch fire easily.)

Over a period of time human activity has changed a lot. The food we eat, the liquids we drink, the air we breathe and the way we live - all have changed. And increasing prevalence of cancer is attributed to these changes in life style. Our activities also changed from hunting or agriculture to studies in various subjects like science, arts, commerce etc. We spend lot of time for making new inventions in various fields, for money making, for political activities, for fighting in wars and battles etc. People take lot of efforts to learn business, and learn new skills. Our entertainment activities also changed drastically. Heterosexual sex was one of the major entertaining activities in olden days for the sake of pleasure and for the sake of children. And children were considered to be the biggest asset. This 'primitive' form of enjoyment was replaced by sophisticated methods of enjoyments (The most primitive tribes in the sentinel island of Andaman in India celebrate sex with open community sex and reproduction. We know that the ancient humans were ignorant about many basic things in life and did not have a written language. They had only a basic form of communications. Naturally they did not have any of the entertainments the 'civilized' men had. Similarly ancient African tribal men attached lot of importance for reproduction and men preferred to marry women who have proved their fertility!) Sex was easily accessible and affordable for everybody. Today we have progressed and have different philosophies, religion, culture and regulations. Besides this we have many more entertaining activities like reading books, watching television, watching dramas & cinemas , watching and participating in professional sports & games , computer games, tourism , listening to music, singing & dancing, watching bull fights , horse racing , motor car rally racing, gambling, use of intoxicating substances, etc. etc. etc. ... People enjoyed imaginary stories on any form. Interestingly many people not only spend huge money for entertainment but also often take big risk for the sake of enjoyments. People pay money and spend lot of time to see horror cinemas and war films which make them tense and unhappy. How can you derive pleasure when you see wild animals eating humans? Viewers follow the emotions of gifted actors in the imaginary stories and participants of real games. Often they become tense, anxious, frightened, angry or sad and many women cry in the cinema theaters seeing tragedies. Often children cry out of fear when they see cruel seen on the big screen and keep their eyes closed. How can people be happy by seeing cruelty and murders? When the soap opera and cinema make you anxious every ten or fifteen minutes, there is no real happiness. It is unhealthy in many ways for both the mind and the body, because prolonged sitting itself is bad for health in many ways. Besides this people get head ache because watching cinema is a strain to the eyes and brain. There are several possibilities of getting an attack of narrow angle glaucoma while watching cinema. Many people even get addicted to some of these programs. Some of the games and sports can end up even in loss of life. Often cinema theaters and stadiums are overcrowded with all the problems of overcrowding and spread of infectious diseases. But these changes in human 'enjoyments' were often ignored in considering them as one of the important risk factors for cancer. Many of the present day adventurous entertainments are bound to increase the adrenaline secretions and increase blood pressure, whereas just thinking of a romantic partner reduces tension and blood pressure. If you had sex with the romantic partner the benefit shall be much more.

Today a huge section of population depends on cinema, soap opera and drama for their pleasure and entertainment. Often they see them in the night encroaching on their sleep time. Both tragedies and comedies are enjoyed. The gifted actors can induce the emotions of fear, anxiety, tension, grief, hatred, road rage etc very effectively in the spectators. And the end is pleasant in a comedy. This is similar to inducing multiple pin pricks on the body for about one to two hours, and getting good relief of the pain after taking an effective pain killer injection at the end. This is the case with comedy. In tragedy the pain is not relived and people go to bed with the mental pain. Both physical and mental pain produces unwanted hormonal changes. This type of entertainment is very often replacing sex and sexual reproduction leading to generation of stimulus for asexual reproduction in the system.

It is scientifically proved that sex has several beneficial effects on human systems. It is also observed that sex can reduce rheumatic pain. There is a release of endorphin which reduces pain of any cause. The hormones Oxytocin, Dopamine & Prolactin are released from brain during sex and orgasm. These hormones are responsible for the feeling pleasure, desire, and motivation. There are many other functions for these hormones which we do not know. However sex gives pleasure and happiness to everybody where as other entertainments may not give pleasure and happiness to everybody. It has been observed that women who receive semen are less depressed. A wide range of better psychological and physiological health indices are associated with sexual intercourse. [13] The poor, the illiterate, the blind, the deaf and dumb, all can enjoy sex.

I believe that the extensive replacement of heterosexual sex and reproductive activity with other unhealthy entertainment activity is one of the important reasons for increase in the incidence of cancer and many other old age diseases. Imagine if you have lost money in gambling, the tension is carried home and you may not be able to relax or sleep well for several days. Same is true after a defeat in a big tournament game, not only to the players but also to the fans. All of them increase adrenaline secretions and it shall have several bad effects in the system. Often the bad effects of these entertainments are carried home and they disturb sleep and even the harmony of life at home. All these unhealthy activities are indirectly affecting human sexual reproduction and the organism may try alternate method for reproduction. Recently (2020) doctors from Institute of medical science Port Blair noticed that the incidence of breast cancer is much less among the women of under developed tribal Andaman and Nicobar Island population compared to the rest of India. And they observed that the tribal women had better survival rate than rest of Indian population after treatment.

Besides this in many of our activities sexual and reproductive reflexes are stimulated as in night clubs and sexy cinemas without the desired outcome. Often in spite of stimulated sexual desire and reflexes, sexual reproduction just does not happen, defeating the whole purpose of life of any living organism. There are lots of innovations in entertainment industries. New games, cinemas, soap operas and many new programs are evolving every day to make the people happy and the producers wealthy. All these fantastic developments are at the expense of sex and sexual reproduction and they probably contribute to the factors for evolution of the asexual reproduction. Many entertainment activities like smoking tobacco, traveling, hunting for pleasure etc. are not only harmful to the individual but also to the environment and other living organisms. We spend a lot of time and energy for intellectual activities and in that process often ignore other important functions of the body. Nobody look at the risk benefit ratio when they indulge in activities for pleasure and enjoyments. In fact people can get addicted to certain types of entertainment activities. Everybody knows that alcohol and tobacco are addictive substances. The taste of alcohol is not good and smoke is irritating to the respiratory system. People use them for the pleasure they give at the end of the use. Often the addiction is so strong that the person who was consuming the substance shall do anything to get the substance. Alcohol not only changes the behavior of a person but also changes the physiology of the person. In fact the activities like watching cinema, gambling, computer games etc. also are addicting activity. And people go on doing them without control at the expense of other activities. The whole leisure time is often used for such activities and often they did not get enough time to spend with their partner and for love making. If the addiction is very strong they spend not only the leisure time but also use their working time and sleep time for such activities.

However the link between cancer and increasing life expectancy is very well recognized but often ignored for obvious reasons. (Physicians always try to increase life expectancy and Kerala has the highest life expectancy in India. Can we advise to reduce life expectancy to escape from cancer?) In fact the low birth rate (embryogenesis) and the high life expectancy are the two important risk factors which we do not want to change to reduce tumourigenesis! The health systems throughout the world are trying to increase life expectancy and reduce birth rate. If the health systems continue with the same aims, naturally incidence of cancer shall increase!

Doctors and Oncologists know that certain cells in the body start uncontrolled division all of a sudden and from this activity of the cells the cancer starts. It is presumed to be due to gene mutations. Why one cell gets mutation for uncontrolled division at a particular time is not well answered so far. However cancer is considered as a disease of regulation of tissue growth. It is often described as growth for the sake of growth. But this is not fully acceptable, because in nature everything happens with an intention or a purpose. Of course in certain occasions they may fail to do the designated job satisfactorily. When there is attack by microorganisms we get inflammation at the site and also fever in an attempt to destroy the attacking organism. When some food material accidentally goes to the wind pipe we get severe cough in an attempt to push the material out of wind pipe. When you see good food there is increased salivation and gastric secretions. All these actions in the body are with a purpose or intention and are involuntary actions. Some of the intention and purpose we may not know. Hence it will be more logical and appropriate to call cancer as growth for unknown reason or due to unknown cause. We are exploring and trying to find out this unknown reason or purpose.

Strictly speaking cancer is not a disease of the growth process usually seen in the body. Gigantism, Dwarfism and Acromegaly can be called disease of growth process. Similarly there is an excess growth of an organ like eye ball can be considered growth disorder. When there is elongation of eye balls we get myopia (short sight). When the head of an infant in the uterus grows larger than the bony pelvic out let, it could be a fatal growth disorder in the process of reproduction. In senile cataract formation as age advances the crystalline lens grows due to accumulation of dead tissue in it. But the growth disorder in cancer is of a different nature. Here it is the abnormal mitosis and it is producing abnormal cells. There are stem cells also in many of the cancerous growth suggesting that it is not just an error of growth process of a tissue but an error of reproduction and or repair process. The cancer growth is often an independent unit like a growing embryo and it can migrate from its origin to many other places in the body and grow there. Growth of an embryo is possible not only in uterus but also in many extra uterine locations. The similarity between the movements of embryo and cancer cells in metastasis was observed by Robert Weinberg, the author of the book 'Biology of Cancer'. This ability of cancer cells to move and grow independently is derived from alteration of the mitosis of cancer cells. It seems to have certain qualities of cells produced by meiosis. Besides this cancer cells have lot of similarity to sperms. The nucleus is large, independent mobility, they do not repair themselves and they look different from other cells. We know that abnormal type of cell division (meiosis) occurs in connection with reproductive process in ovaries and testes. Oogenesis is a peculiar type of cell division where unequal divisions are occurring. When we realize that the defect in cancer is at cell production level, we can understand that cancer growth is not really a growth disorder but is a cell division disorder (mitosis or meiosis disorder). In another words it is a reproduction disorder resulting in production of abnormal cells similar to the reproductive cells. The cancer cell formation is biologically similar to the transitional cell division between unicellularity and multicellularity during the evolution of the organisms. Besides this the cancer growth is not influenced by the growth hormone but by the sex hormones. Hence it can be assumed that it is a failed attempt for unconventional reproduction. Lloyd thought that cancer could be a disease of reproduction. "Although cancer is usually thought of as a disease of growth, perhaps a closer parallel would be to consider it as a disease of reproduction". What was the possible disease of reproduction he had thought off? The great learned professor's in-depth thoughts indicated that " Cancer- related activation, via mutation or epigenetic activation of master switches orchestrating gametogenesis, could provide the cancer cell with panoply of traits that, expressed in wrong place (somatic cell) and at the wrong time (adult life), would be called malignant cell". [3] The meiosis in humans is regulated not only by genes from sex chromosomes but also by genes in other chromosomes. So anybody can get cancer anywhere because this reproductive trait is available in the chromosomes of all cells of every human being. It is possible that those who inherit more genes and super genes for asexual reproduction are developing cancer early. Perhaps this way the hereditary tendency seen in cancer could be explained. Besides this there are several predisposing factors to activate the dormant process and accordingly cancer develops. Medical profession has identified several risk factors and people avoid them to escape from cancer. But the most important predisposing factor- the age- cannot be modified. When we live long without sexual reproduction, cancer (the asexual reproduction) is bound to occur.

Usually the cancerous growth is highly vascular. Angiogenesis is an important character of cancer. The pregnant uterus is highly vascular because the body is trying to supply enough oxygen and nourishment for the growing embryo. Another situation where vascularity is increasing is during inflammation due to invasion of certain area of the body by microorganisms as in boils or ulcers. This is to bring enough immune system cells and antibodies to the site of attack to destroy the invader. Since cancer is immune to immune system attack, the vascularity increase could be only to supply nourishments because it is an asexual reproductive process. And nobody consider cancer as an inflammatory disease. Gravid uterus and growing cancer are two conditions in humans where there is increased vascularity without inflammation. Similarly increased flow of blood to the organ is very essential for erection. And without erection sexual reproduction is not possible. It is evident that both sexual and asexual reproductions need increased blood flow to the structures concerned.

There are lots of similarities between early embryo development and tumourigenesis .They include invasive behavior, epigenetic regulation, gene expression, protein profiling, etc. These were discussed in detail by Yaniei Ma, Peng Zhang, Feng Wang, Jianjun Yang, Zhe yang and Huanlong Quin in their article published in the Journal of cellular and molecular Medicine. [14] Angiogenesis is an important component in both cancer and pregnancy. They state "It becomes apparent that the development of early embryo shares many similarities with cancer development in terms of both biological behaviors and molecular basis". The authors thought that this information regarding the similarities between sexual reproduction and cancer shall give better understanding to attack cancer and destroy it. But I feel this information is a valuable evidence to prove that cancer is an aberrant asexual reproductive process. The embryonic/gametogenesis theory of cancers propose that cancer arise from gem cells. And one should use these pieces of information not to destroy cancer, but to modify it into a faultless reproductive process (probably binary fission) and save us from not only from cancer but also from death and disintegration!

Hedgehog pathway is a regulator of many processes in embryonic development in vertebrates, including humans. Activation of this pathway is leading to tumourigenesis of different types in different organs. Basel cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, breast and prostate cancer are all related to the 'inappropriate' activities of this pathway. The Hedgehog pathway has also been shown to regulate proliferation of cancer stem cells and to increase tumor invasiveness [15]. Tumourigenesis and embryogenesis seems to be identical process with certain common regulators and controls. We can observe that human sexual reproduction and growth of embryo has so many similarities to the development of cancer- the failed asexual reproduction. This similarity in the cancer development is being utilized for the development of new anticancer drugs to extinguish the fatal atavistic asexual reproduction process.

We know that cancer is a predominantly old age disease. But cancer can occur in children also. They form less than one percentage of all cancers. These cancers are a bit different from adult onset cancers. They are not linked to the life style of children. Tobacco, alcohol or obesity is not the risk factors in children. In some of them a strong hereditary tendency is seen. At the young tender age asexual reproduction is rare in living organisms. Some of these cancers are arising from the embryonic tissue left behind during the formation of the child (the sexual reproduction remnants). These reproductive tissues usually lie dormant, but get stimulated by unknown reason and the child hood cancer develops.

Retinoblastoma is the most common child hood cancer of the eye. It develops usually during the rapid development of the eye in early child hood. In fact human eye develops rapidly during embryogenesis and early child hood. At two years of conception the globe reaches almost its adult hood dimension. It is perhaps an extension of the intrauterine embryogenesis process to the early child hood in the eye. When something goes wrong in this embryo genesis process retinoblastoma develops. In fact retinoblastoma arises from the retinal progenitor or transitional cells in the eye. Retinoblastoma is a unique tumor with inheritable and non-inheritable characters. This tumor arising and growing from the embryonic retinal tissue usually did not get inactivated by the p53 gene controlling cancer and reproduction. It could be an error arising out of sexual reproduction left over. This is how we can explain a child hood cancer like retinoblastoma. In another words it is a part of embryo genesis process (sexual reproduction) which had gone wrong in the eye. Meduloblastoma is another malignant invasive embryonic tumor of brain preferentially manifested in children. This childhood tumor also is arising from remnants of sexual reproduction. If the whole of embryonic tissue was properly used up in embryogenesis the tumor would not have occurred. The left overs of sexual reproduction are undergoing mutation in an attempt for asexual reproduction in children. Child hood tumors could be probably an attempt for asexual reproduction due to an error in the sexual reproduction, while old age tumors could be due to an error in the asexual reproduction due to the lack of sexual reproduction!

The abnormally multiplying cell, often known as the rogue cell is the triggering point of cancer. The activities of the cells in the body including the activity of cell division are controlled by hormones, genes and enzymes. We know that when the testosterone level in the body is high, certain tissues grow while when the estrogen is more certain other tissues grow. Both the hormones are in fact reproduction stimulating hormones. The purpose of this growth is to facilitate sexual reproduction or procreation. The growth hormone helps almost all the tissues to multiply and grow. When women who have undergone removal of uterus and ovaries, received hormone replenishment therapy (HRT) they developed breast cancer, why? The sex hormones given by the doctors could not stimulate the ovary and prepare the uterus for sexual reproduction. Hence the hormones try to develop asexual reproduction by way of developing cancer in a very susceptible and the only remaining sex organ, the breasts. When sexual reproduction does not happen in spite of sufficient sex hormone asexual reproduction happens. Even without HRT breast cancer is perhaps the most common cancer in women, because breast has dual participation in reproductive process. Breast helps in attracting the male partner for reproduction and is essential for feeding the infant. (Advertising agencies have found out that breast attracts male eye balls with in a fraction of a second) Besides hormones there are specific genes also to control growth and cancer formation.

Female sex hormone tablets are commonly used to prevent pregnancy. And the contraceptive pills are very aggressively propagated for family planning by several governments. There is an interesting observation that the continuous use of the pill as prescribed not only prevents pregnancy but also reduces the chances for development of cancer in uterus and ovary. Theoretically it should enhance development of cancer (asexual reproduction) since the pill blocks sexual reproduction. This paradoxical situation is evolving, because the ovulation is prevented in these women by artificially making hormonal changes of pregnancy with the enhanced female sex hormones (estrogen & progesterone) in the physiological system. So the body interprets this as real pregnancy and asexual reproduction is discouraged. In addition to prevention of ovulation the cervical mucus is made thick as in pregnancy and it even prevents the entry of sperms to uterus. In another words the pill prevents ovulation and pregnancy by creating a pregnancy like situation in the body. Even the hypothalamus shrinks following prolonged use of the pill. But there is no breast feeding since there is no infant and hence the body interprets it as a still birth or death of the infant. And breast cancers increase after use of contraceptive pills. The cancer protection effects as well as the carcinogenic effects of the pill are due to the creation of a pregnancy like changes in the physiological system without breast feeding. This is how we can explain the two contradictory effects of the combined oral contraceptive pill in human system.

Whatever may be the cause for triggering the formation of a cell with uncontrolled repeated multiplication, its early detection in the body is the key factor in the present day cancer treatment. If the cancer cell is detected at the time of occurrence itself one can effectively destroy it and prevent the multiplication of these cells and stop cancer formation. This is the basic concept in the early detection and modern management of cancer. There are new and modern techniques for early detection of cancer as well as for effectively destroying all the cancer cells with minimum damages to the healthy cells. We use surgical removal, medical destruction, and radiological ablation to destroy the rapidly growing cancer cells to get cure from the disease. Recently we have started immunotherapy and bio therapeutics by which our own defense systems are genetically modified and tuned to attack the cancer cells. Combination of treatment is also recommended according to the type of cancer. But the fact is that in all these treatment modalities often we do successfully treat the growth but not the cause for the growth. Because we still do not have sufficient knowledge about the real cause for the uncontrolled growth. Since the causes for the cancer are remaining in the system the cancer survivors face the risk of not only recurrence of primary cancer but also risk of a second type of cancer especially in the elderly patients.

For prevention of this disease we give publicity about risk factors and make people aware of the dangers in smoking tobacco, chewing tobacco drinking alcohol; etc. It is interesting to note that in reality as and when people avoid certain risk factors the deaths with cancer increase! This is because many of the risk factors of cancer are common risk factors for other middle age killer diseases like COPD, diabetes, heart attack, high blood pressure, stroke, liver failure, kidney failure etc. So when people stop use of tobacco, alcohol, fatty food etc. death due to these non-cancerous diseases also reduces simultaneously and they live long. Interestingly the smoking of tobacco can speed up ageing process and ageing being an important risk factor the smokers can develop cancer few years earlier than the general population.(It is well known that genomic instability is responsible for premature ageing as well as for cancer. Poisons can have a local effect as well as a systemic effect.) Safety measures at work place, home and travel have reduced many accidental deaths. Immunizations against tetanus, rabies, small pox, typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis etc. have prevented many deaths due to devastating epidemics and pandemics. Newer and powerful antibiotics have been invented to treat many resistant bacterial and viral diseases effectively. Many new surgical procedures for damaged heart, brain, liver and kidney have prevented death due to serious non-cancerous diseases of these vital organs. Similarly we have achieved almost total elimination of many killer diseases like small pox, polio etc. The improvement in economic condition and personal hygiene as well as availability of good food prevented many deaths related to poor hygiene and mal nutrition. As a result of these medical achievements old age disease like cancer becomes the biggest killer, if man survives from fatal trauma and remaining few incurable serious diseases to reach old age. In the state of Kerala tobacco use is banned in public places and lot of restriction were introduced in the sale of tobacco products. In fact sales of tobacco products have reduced considerably. But interestingly both the incidence and prevalence of cancer are increasing in the state because the infertile and impotent old age population is increasing. When man matures to old age, the inevitable death occurs often due to cancer- diagnosed or undiagnosed.

Since the life expectancy has increased, age, the most important risk factor for cancer is prominently prevailing. Increased life expectancy is considered to be the most important health parameter of a progressed nation. And every nation is trying to increase the life span of the citizens. Globally fourteen million new cases of cancers are detected every year. And many cancers remain undetected. Interestingly the autopsy studies had shown that 80% of men over the age of 70 suffer from prostatic cancer. Studies have also shown that if men were sexually very active from their young age the possibilities of development of prostatic cancer considerably reduce. An interesting Harvard study showed that incidence of lethal prostatic cancer increase by 20% in men who had undergone vasectomy before the age of thirty eight (J. Clinical oncology). When prostatic cancer occurs we treat them by removing the testes; there by the production of cancer stimulating substance is arrested. Prostatic cancers are considered to be often hormone dependent and surgical removal of testes is performed to arrest the cancer. But interestingly testosterone level is more in young people where as cancer of prostate is more in old men. Testosterone level peaks around the age of twenty in men. The lack of sexual reproduction is felt and probably monitored in the testes in the males. In spite of sufficient testosterone if frequency of ejaculation is fewer, attempts for asexual reproduction is a strong possibility. When the testes get the feedback of impotence, they may try to produce substances for stimulating other forms of reproduction (asexual reproduction), which can easily reach the connected prostate. This could be a probable explanation for development Prostatic cancer in elderly persons. Increased sex hormones, without sufficient sexual reproduction seems to be an important risk factor for cancer of prostate as well as for cancer of breast during HRT in women. Prostate cancer is much less in underdeveloped Asian countries where people are poor and their reproduction and attempts for reproduction are much more than the developed countries. When these Asians migrate to USA or Europe along with prosperity their sexual behavior pattern changes and they get more prostate cancer. A study by Anders Husby in Danish men showed that low sperm quality and low ejaculation frequency increase the risk of prostatic cancer. There is a statistically significant increased risk of prostate cancer following vasectomy and it persists for at least 30 years after the procedure [16]. We may observe that many ways prostatic cancer is linked to the male sexual activity, which in turn is related to age as well. BMJ analyzed several studies on male infertility and cancer prostate and wrote editorial highlighting the importance of male infertility and cancer of prostate. [17] The possible explanation for increase in cancer with infertility in men was found to be because of micro deletion in Y chromosome in male infertility. Another suggestion was of mutation in DNA repair gene, epigenetics and environmental modulators. But why these mutations are occurring in men who cannot effectively reproduce sexually is not well explained or explored. However prostate cancer is becoming a sign of 'civilized progressive' nation with low birth rate and high life expectancy! And prostate cancer is likely to replace breast cancer in the frequency of cancer in many developed countries.

In a 2012 study it was found that cancer is the number one killer disease in men in UK and many other European countries. In 2018 in England 868 new cases of cancers were reported every day and the prostate cancer was the most common cancer.( BBC news 27/1/2020) Perhaps in a group of hundred year's old men the incidence of cancer prostate could be almost 100%.Many old men die with prostatic cancer without knowing about its existence. Uterine cancer in women is also very much age dependent and the chances of development of cancer in uterus increases remarkably as age advances. Uterus of women and prostate of men have common developmental denominators. But interestingly very few centurion women shall have uterus in developed world, because often uteruses are removed at younger age to prevent cancer. Another interesting fact is that if a centurion with senile dementia dies due to cancer, nobody is bothered about it and often records the cause of death as old age or natural cause. We are going to a situation where the natural death in every old age person could be often death due to cancer - detected or undetected! My grand uncle died at the age of ninety five. At ninety four he was found to be suffering from cancer of large intestine and no specific treatment was given as he was very old. Everybody says he died of old age. Nobody says he died of cancer and no autopsy was done.

Besides this there could be many other conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure co existing with cancer during the old age. When the cause of death is recorded in persons with multiple diseases, often it is only one of the diseases of the reporting person's choice is noted. Interestingly in these natural old age deaths very rarely an autopsy is performed to detect the real cause of death; and even if it is performed it is done for the name sake. In such a situation one can only presume that the biggest killer disease in old age shall be cancer in spite of (and perhaps due to) modern developments in medical science. This is becoming evident even in India with a score of one million new cancer cases recorded every year. The undetected and unrecorded cancer cases could be another million. As we progress and as our life expectancy go up our cancer score also shall go up!

All efforts by public health agencies to prevent cancer are really only efforts for longevity and to postpone cancer, because cancer cannot be prevented completely especially in elderly persons of more than ninety years old. As age advances in the absence of other diseases it is the cancer which kills the humans. This ultimate killer character of cancer is emerging slowly and steadily because other killer diseases are being eliminated gradually disease by disease. Besides this when important organs like kidney, liver, heart etc. fail to function, they are surgically repaired and even transplanted with new organs. We know that when cancer develops in a centurion often surgery and chemotherapy are not done and the patient is allowed to die 'gracefully' without any medical intervention. Recurrences of same type of cancer and/or occurrence of a different type of cancer in another organ can occur as age advances after the apparent cure of the primary disease. Late recurrence of cancer several years after cure is seen because often the predisposing factor, old age is prevailing in a much stronger way. The message from this phenomenon is that cancer as a group is a totally different type of disease, predominantly a geriatric disease. If we want to prevent diseases the best way is to prevent old age, because not only cancer but also many other diseases appear after forty years of age. But can we prevent old age? Yes, if there is a desire and will there is a way for it.

In a person's body all the tissues may not show the same amount of ageing changes. When the hairs become grey all the hairs are not simultaneously becoming grey, even though all of them are of the same age. The damages of old age vary from tissue to tissue. Certain tissues grow old faster. If a particular tissue is exposed to toxins or radiation more than other tissues that tissue shall have more ageing changes and cancer may develop in such tissues earlier. Apoptosis is part of ageing process. Body makes an attempt to prevent apoptosis by producing apoptosis inhibiting protein, surviving. And serum surviving level is found to be high in various types of cancers. Many of the known carcinogenic agents are in fact capable of inducing apoptosis and ageing damages in the body. Body reacts to the apoptosis by way of development of cancer as well as release of more apoptosis preventing agent survivin. We have observed that survivin protein is more in cancer patients [18]. In this situation it is logical to think that cancer is developing as a result of the early ageing changes induced by the toxic carcinogens. In another words cancer could be a failed attempt by body to prevent ageing and death by toxic agents, we call them carcinogens.

It is fairly well accepted that cancer has a genetic predisposition. We know that sexual reproductive capabilities of an organism also have genetic links. Even the tendency for formation of twin pregnancies in humans has genetic predisposition. (In fact identical twins are formed due to an error in the cell division and growth process of the embryo) As far as cancer is concerned, the present trend is that once people detect that they have genetic predisposition for development of cancer in a particular organ, if possible that organ is removed to avoid the deadly disease of that particular organ. In many countries uteruses are removed by doctors to avoid cancer, once the planned reproductive need for the uterus is satisfied. Even the beauty conscious ladies get their healthy secondary sex organ (breast) removed and replaced with prosthesis to avoid cancer. The fear of cancer is so much disturbing the life of humans that they take any drastic step to avoid cancer. In spite of all these preventive removal of organs cancer score is increasing in all developed countries!

The key phenomenon in cancer is the uncontrolled division of cells (mitosis). In fact the pathologist diagnoses of cancer are by observing the uncontrolled mitosis under the microscope. Depending on the intensity of this cell division cancer is graded, its severity and invasive character assessed. Anaplastic cancers are more aggressively growing undifferentiated cancer. In cancer the mitosis itself is different and the new cells formed are independent cells. Why the cells divide very actively when a person is weak, and aged with failing vital organs? Normally one should expect less metabolic activity and less multiplication of cells during old age. Of course the tissues are quite variable in their behavior and there are very few never multiplying cells like corneal endothelium and few ever multiplying cells like hair follicles. But generally there is no growth in most of the human tissues, and the height of a person stabilizes after the twenties. It is well known that as age advances senescent cells increase, they shut down and stop dividing. These cells seem to do a lot of harm to the organism leading to quick ageing process. Interestingly these cells prevent cancer formation. In another words these cells are responsible for arresting all attempts for reproduction. As age advances often humans shrink; except for the fat deposit in the middle of the body in the middle age. The height reduces, and most of the organs including brain reduce in size. The fertility also reduces. The organs where the dead cells could not be removed out of the system may swell up as it happens in the crystalline lens of the eye. The skin cells also grow, but they do not accumulate. Similarly if the secretions and dead cells from an organ could not be drained out that organ also grows in size. But these are not real growth; it is only accumulation of dead cells or products of the gland. Surprisingly certain cells simultaneously start uncontrolled growth as age advances. This genetically controlled abnormal behavior of certain cells in the old age is a mystery wrapped in riddle. Since there are several factors influencing the abnormal cell behavior it is often difficult to explain and pinpoint the reason for the growth. There are different types of errors in growth. For example when the length of eye ball is more than normal, people get short sight. Similarly many other organs of the body can have size differences giving trouble to the organisms. But the anomaly in cancer is of a different type and is not at all centrally controlled. Here the cells act or behave like a unicellular organism. We have seen that as age advances the ability of the body for sexual reproduction reduces and it may be compensated by the ability for asexual reproduction. Even in young age the human reproduction rate is reducing every year. The population growth is below replacement level not only in developed countries but also in developing countries. Population growth below 2.1 is very low when compared to the reproduction rate of almost all other living organisms. This also may have influence on cell multiplication. There are several confusing facts regarding cancer and conventional thinking could not explain the mysteries of cancer. Lateral thoughts on the causation of this terrible disease may explain many confusing facts about cancer.

About 65% of cancers are proved to be the result of DNA mistakes made by stem cells, the multi potent cells concerned with reproduction. Is it really a mistake? We know that mitosis is occurring in various organs for the fulfillment of growth, and meiosis is occurring in the reproductive organ for producing the sperms & ova to empower the organism to create the young ones. We also know that another form of cell division, the binary fission is occurring in the uterus for the creation of identical twins. Different types of cell division are occurring in the body for growth and multiplication; not for destruction. Hence I feel that this unusual cell division of stem cells is occurring with an intention for creation, not for destruction of the organism. And the stem cells are innervated for the regenerative process. It seems to be a last minute attempt by the system to empower the organism for escaping from the slow death and total disintegration. But unfortunately due to some genetic deficiencies the organism could not achieve what it wanted to achieve. But the attempt continues.

All living organisms have methods to escape from external and internal threats for existence. Organisms like water bears (Tardigrades) are known for their capability to survive extreme conditions. They have several effective techniques to survive from severe harmful conditions and they do survive from calamities which humans may not be able to perform. However humans also have several effective survival techniques and mechanisms. Brain cells are considered to be difficult to develop and regenerate once damaged. But even the brain adapts and adjusts both at emotional and psychological level as well as at physiological levels to various threats to existence of the organism. We have observed gentlemen eating from the dead body of his friend, while trying to survive from a plane crash in an isolated snow covered mountain! Here cannibalism has become a necessity for survival. It has been observed that when one hemisphere of brain was surgically removed the other hemisphere takes over many functions of the part of brain removed. It was proved that known functional networks support cognition even in highly atypical anatomy. [19] All living organisms including humans make lot of adaptation techniques for survival. When procreation is more important than even the survival of the organism, there could be very strong adaptation techniques to overcome the defect and deficiencies in reproduction. Hence attempts for asexual reproduction are a natural out come when sexual reproduction is zero or near zero.

Some of the survival mechanisms are defective and do harm while attempting to save the organism. We know that human body has in built system to heal the wounds, kill the invading microorganisms and repair the defects caused by trauma or disease. There are several occasions in the body the immune system reacts with a good intention of destroying the invading agents. But in the process occasionally we get diseases more severe than the one the body wanted to prevent. Some of the allergic diseases are typical examples of a bad effect to the body when the system acted with good intention. The annoying repeated sneezing, when allergic persons are exposed to dust, is a simple example of body trying to get rid of the dust gone to the nose and lungs. We get bronchial asthma when the body tries to prevent the entry of the harmful agents to the lung along with the air. Steven Johnson syndrome is a fatal body reaction to some useful drugs physicians administers to cure disease. Cytokine release syndromes are associated with acute systemic inflammation due the response of immune system and often produce multiple organ failures. In the latest COVID-19 the body tries to eliminate the new virus, but unfortunately in some of them when there is an overreaction people die. (Cytokine storm deaths in COVID-19). A very simple body reaction is vomiting. People vomit when the body realizes that the food they have taken has got harmful or unacceptable material in them. We have also seen that when we give medicines to patients with a good intention of healing sometimes they vomit it out. Physician's intention is to save the patient from the diseases but the body could not recognize it and pushes the medicines out from the stomach. It shows that simple as well as sophisticated reactions of the body with a good intention could go wrong in several situations. Cancer is such a situation where the body makes an attempt for asexual reproduction leading to fatal outcome.

Blood is carrying nourishment and oxygen to every nook and corner of the body. It is flowing to the vital organs through small pipes known as the arteries. When the arteries caliber size reduces due to deposits of fat and cholesterol in the walls sufficient blood cannot reach the destinations. The body reacts to it by increasing the pressure of blood in the arteries so that blood can pass through the narrow arteries and we call this as hypertension or the disease commonly known as BP. This often happens when the blood flow to the vital organ like kidney is affected. The heart tries to push blood through the narrow arteries by increasing the blood pressure. Renal artery stenosis is one of the important cause high blood pressure in young people. Nature has a good intention for increasing blood pressure but it produces certain serious bad effects. We reduce the blood pressure by medicines to avoid complications of increased blood pressure.

When there is clogging of certain blood vessel of retina, nourishment and oxygen supply are blocked , the new vessels appear in the adjacent area of retina with the good intention of supplying oxygen and nourishments to the poorly per fusing area. But these newly formed blood vessels are of poor quality and blood leaks to the inside of the eye from these tiny vessels, producing blindness. The new blood vessels grown by nature with a good intension of supplying oxygen and nourishments are destroyed with LASER by eye doctors to prevent bleeding into the eye and prevent blindness. Similarly when unwanted new cells are formed in an unorganized way, as in cancer the oncologist destroy them. Here the intention of body seems to be to procreate, unfortunately this does not materialize and a lot of destruction is done by the cancer cells culminating in death of the person. To avoid death due to the invasion of these new cells the oncologist destroy them by surgical removal, by chemotherapy or /and by radiation.

Whenever a wound occurs there is an attempt by body to heal it. Body has a built in method to tackle all the bad effects of wounds occurring to the body. When this repair process is more than the normal healing process and gets uncontrolled, we get an ugly large scar (keloid) instead of a well healed wound with a tiny scar. Here the over reaction of healing process produces an ugly scar. There could be internal and external scars. In certain occasions these scars affect the functioning of the various organs as in post-operative adhesions following abdominal surgeries. These types of paradoxes are observed on several occasions at different areas, as the body tries to react positively to some adversities or defects in the body. Healing is achieved by growth. When this growth goes wrong we get keloids.

Physicians know that human body contains various imperfect organs and process; in another words there are structural and functional errors in the body. Surgeons can repair these birth defects (reproductive errors) in certain situations. The most common and simple congenital defect of reproductive organ is phimosis and it is corrected during circumcision performed by the priests of two major religions before the boys are capable of reproduction! If the defects are irreparably large or complicated the person suffers from it and some of the sufferers may not be able sustain life for few hours. Congenital defects of important organs like heart, brain. Liver, kidney etc. often produce fatal result and child may not be able to survive. Similarly congenital absence of essential enzymes for metabolism occasionally occurs and this is leading to a crippled infant or death of the infant. Errors are possible both at the level of anatomy and physiology during the process of creation of an infant. Both environmental and genetic factors are responsible for such errors. Miscarriage and premature births, molar pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy etc. are errors of sexual reproduction. When a caesarean section is done to save the infant and mother, doctors are correcting another error of sexual reproduction. Thalidomide babies are typical example of congenital defects or errors of reproduction occurring due to the drugs. Occasionally we get even an amazing error like fetus-in-fetu. Some infants are born with milk allergy. In auto immune disease the body mistakes own proteins as foreign material and reacts to it. It is an error in the defense mechanism of the body. There are different types of errors in our sexual reproduction process. There is enough circumstantial evidence to show that cancer could be a similar error in the asexual reproductive mechanism of the body. It is against common sense to believe that growth, as it occurs in cancer, is a sign of death or to believe that growth is occurring in human body with the intention of destruction of the body.

Mitosis is a method by which the tissues multiply and often the size of an organ increase. It is very commonly seen in almost all organs during the growth period. But the mitosis occurring in cancer is often after the growth of the individual has stopped; because most of the cancers are occurring in elderly persons. When the abnormal mitosis occurs in a particular type of tissue, we observe that only that type of tissue increases. Whereas when mitosis occurs in embryonic tissue all types of tissue are multiplying as in Teratomas. In fact Teratomas and dermoid cysts can contain all types of human tissue in a disorderly fashion and can be even considered as a naturally occurring tissue culture in the body! Teratomas are cancer where different types of human tissue grow and multiply, unlike in ordinary cancers where there is only one type of human tissue multiply. Hence teratoma appears to be more close to a perfect asexual reproduction! Mitosis and binary fission are very similar cellular activity to divide and form new cells. Binary fission occurs in unicellular organisms (prokaryotes) for multiplication whereas mitosis occurs in multi cellular organisms for growth and repair. Both are cell division and after the process one old cell becomes two new young cells. The core of activity in cancer is multiplication; but this multiplication of cells and growth cannot be considered basically as a bad activity. The genuine problem is that cancer is an undisciplined, unhealthy and abnormal growth activity resulting from the mutation. And this makes the cancer life threatening. There is often more than one mutation (cancer heterogeneity) to make different types of tissue. Gene expression profiling technique is used to classify the cancer and predict the cure possibilities by arresting the growth. If we can discipline the process and modify it, instead of stopping it, great things can be achieved! According to one of the management teaching, 'when you explore every crisis you may find an opportunity as well'. Cancer is something like that. There is an opportunity unnoticed in the cancer crisis. I feel that this abnormal undisciplined growth, the cancer, is the outcome of an attempt for binary fission for reproduction, because of the deficiencies in the dominant sexual reproductive activity of humans. We can observe that due to old age, unnatural ways of life, pollution, food additives and due to diseases like diabetes, obesity etc., there is a drastic reduction in sexual reproductive activity in humans. We know that Consumption of alcohol, endocrine disrupting compounds, smoking, air pollution etc...can reduce fertility both in men and women in several ways. Smoking can cause chromosomal anomalies also leading to down syndromes. And naturally the body shall try to compensate the damages to sexual reproduction by encouraging asexual reproduction, manifested as growth in different tissues. Besides this interestingly heavy smoking of tobacco can affect color vision and the human vision shall be like that of color blind animals. In another words tobacco is capable of inducing changes in the biological system leading to a go back (to animal vision) in the evolutionary process.

We have observed that cancer can occur in young individuals also to a lesser extent. Puberty is the time when the reproductive organs mature. Those who reach puberty are in fact older children capable of parenting. But reproduction often starts much later, when they become legally adult. Due to social, religious and government regulations the license for reproduction is issued very late. It means that the newly developed capability of reproduction remains untested and unused for a fairly long time because of the delay in getting married. The uncertain period of reproduction following puberty is a cancer prone period in humans. Certain moles especially junctional nevus sometimes gets converted to cancer during this transitional period of a capable non-reproductive child to a reproducing adult. (Moles can be considered as an error in the pigmentation process of skin) There is certain amount of uncertainties prevailing when a reproduction capacity is developed in the teens; but not tested and proved due to social and legal barriers. During this period of uncertainty and growth we have observed the occurrence of many types of cancer. In fact stimulus for asexual reproduction can occur at any time. Hence cancer occurring as a result of an error in binary fission response also can occur at any time in human life. But certain periods of human life (puberty and old age) is more prone to develop this reproduction related growth disease.

It is obvious that the nature gives lot of importance for reproduction and has made man attractive to woman and woman attractive to man so that reproduction shall occur even in the presence of different type of barriers created by men. The mind and body of humans are tuned for reproduction. We have often seen that a relationship between man and woman is often more than simple friendship unlike a relationship between two men or two women. Oscar Wilde had observed hundreds of years back, "Between men and women there is no friendship possible. There is passion, love, worship and enmity possible but no friendship" This shows that relationship between men and women often have a reproductive purpose, either well exposed or concealed due to social reasons and religious regulations. Can a young man have another young woman as roommate and can live in a room with a relationship of only friendship between them? Because of the strong possibility of sexual relationship between the heterosexual roommates, which the society does not want to occur, we have separate hostel for boys and girls. We have separate schools, colleges and classes for boys and girls. We want to block the natural attraction between the boys and girls to suit our social system. We know that often the opposite sex attraction is so intense that social, religious, legal, national, geographic and economic barriers created by men to maintain discipline and avoid chaos caused by casual, illegal or antisocial sexual activity, are often shattered by the sexual drive for the sake of procreation .This inherent reproductive drive is the Achilles' heel of every young man and they sacrifice everything for fulfillment of this physiological need. Occasionally they become mad momentarily, when they fail in their effort for depositing the sperms in their favorite women. Women do not have such weakness (except perhaps during fertile period) and perhaps that is why William Golding wrote "I think women are foolish to pretend they are equal to men, they are far superior and always have been". A young woman can easily attract a man and trap him. There are several instances in history where women were used as bait to attract the foolish men for looting, extracting valuable information and or killing. Men have less ability to control emotions and they easily get addicted to alcohol and other intoxicating substances. Big conflict occurs in the mind between the natural instinct and the social regulation when a man comes in contact with an attractive young woman.

Today reproduction in humans is controlled by licensing by the society and the state! To get the license first one should become legally major; second one should get married obeying the customs, rules and regulations of the state, religion and society. License is issued often only to reproduce with a single partner. Extra marital relationship is a crime and sin. Even seeking consent for an extra marital relationship with another woman itself is a punishable offence for the male. And thirdly one should do the act of reproduction in the privacy, preferably in darkness during the night only. But privacy is eroded by extensive use of cameras and nights are illuminated with artificial lights. It is logical to assume that because of these different types of hindrances for sexual reproduction and drastic reduction in reproduction, nature is attempting other forms of reproduction in humans. Humans celebrate licensing for reproduction (marriage) with lot of enthusiasms; but when it comes to actual procreation process we are very much behind all other organisms. Where as in all other living organisms there is no celebration and no restriction for this most important function. Today humans are overburdened with lot of other assignments and often they could hardly find time for sexual reproduction. When we severely restrict the natural process with rigid laws the biological system shall invariably react to it.

Our physiological actions are generally classified as voluntary (intentional) action as per the order from the higher centers in the brain, or involuntary (reflex) action as per the instructions in the lower motor nuclear level. There are several occasions where both types of actions are working, one part may be predominant. An example is when a snake bites on your foot both reflex and voluntary action works to withdraw the foot. Similarly you breath involuntarily, you can breathe voluntarily also; but involuntary breathing is the most common and important one because breathing is a very important function for survival. Another example in the eye is reflex closure of the eye. If something is going to hit the eye the eye lid closes voluntarily as well as involuntarily. If we try to put a drop of medicine in the eye, the patient involuntarily closes the lids and the drop of medicine falls on the lid unless somebody force fully keeps lids open. Very few people can train themselves to put the eye drops themselves without the eye getting closed. Almost similar situation occurs when a young man is exposed to an attractive young lady in a secluded place or a closed room both reflex and voluntary action for reproduction can get initiated. In some persons the voluntary component is predominant and others the reflex part could be prominent. Certain people can suppress the reflex action by training. However this duel action is occurring because reproduction is a very important function of a living organism, as important as saving the life from a poisonous snake or as important as breathing. No men can withhold the ejaculation of semen once stimulated, and similarly no women can prevent the ovulation process. Women involuntarily store the sperms for few days with all nourishments in her uterus if there is a delay for the arrival of ovum. This shows the importance of reproduction and its involuntary components. People have understood this well and that is why the society doesn't want male and female teen agers to live together in a room even if they are brothers and sisters. If it happens reproduction is bound to occur as a reflex process shattering all religious and social regulations and laws. Perhaps that is why one of the former chief ministers of a north Indian state, while commenting on rape told 'after all they are boys, mistakes happen'. The former master wrestling trainer chief minister had made a right observation about the behavior of young men.

During my medical studies I heard an interesting story about three enthusiastic smart medical students. Three young, beautiful lady medical students were keenly examining a middle aged man from the village. He was a patient of hydrocele (fluid collection in the covering of testes). The lady medical students with lot of eagerness to learn read the medical examination manual and examined him in detail as per the text book description. They one by one and jointly inspected, palpated, percussed, and auscultated. They sincerely tried to elicit fluctuation and even done the trans-illumination in dim light. During the process, to every bodies embarrassment the patient had erection and he ejaculated. The semen spilled over the dress of one of the attractive medical student. This emission of sperms have occurred as a reflex due to the unintentional stimulation of the private parts of a man by three young beautiful lady medical students maintaining good privacy as per medical examination guide lines. The patient never wanted to 'insult' the young aspirant enthusiastic future lady doctors. He did not have any control on ejaculation and the involuntary attempt for reproduction just happened.( women also do not have control on ovulation) This can happen to any young man irrespective of the fact weather he is a poor peasant or a powerful president of the country. This shows that reproduction is a very strong instinct in humans and works both involuntarily and voluntarily. (Nature has made reproduction a reflex process so that any young lady can easily extract the male component for reproduction at any time she needs. Whereas a woman is handy caped that she can reproduce only few days in a month) Today the physiological reproductive reflexes and instincts are often blocked by the ethical and morality concepts. This blockade of reflexes may not be effective always and we get many 'social mishaps'. Men often suppress the effect of contact or noncontact sexual stimulation by their willpower. Erection without ejaculation sends wrong messages to the higher centers. Repeated exposure and frequent suppression of the reflex may lead to a complete absence of the reflex during such exposures. We know that when a person starts smoking the lungs try to expel the harmful smoke by reflex coughing. But as and when the smoking becomes frequent, the reflex coughing just does not happen. The smoker thinks he is a great experienced smoker by virtue of the suppressed reflex! Similarly a good cook makes very tasty food, but often he shall not have desire to eat it and there is no salivation on seeing the food he cooked because during the repeated cooking of the food his reflexes were suppressed. He may not enjoy the good food he has cooked while others eat and enjoy the same. This is the usual way the body reacts to suppression of reflexes repeatedly. Alternatively it is possible that the voluntary controls shall wither away and the man act according to the physiological reflex with rebound strength.

Procreation is the ultimate aim of nature, and sexual pleasure is the incentive given by nature for the reproduction; as honey is given to the bees to do the pollination. The opposite sex attraction for reproduction is felt so intense that the smell, sound and even the picture of a fertile young lady attracts men. When sex starved soldiers in barracks invade and occupy a country they commit unimaginable sexual crimes. When the sexual drive of men is regulated by social systems, religious rules, national and international law; men behave differently depending upon the circumstances, his mental status, education and culture. Some of them fall in love on the first sight of the lady and there is a flow of poetry to express their love and the events ultimately leading to procreation with the consent of the partner. Another group of very sexually active persons brought up in a different culture and mental status break all social barriers and laws to procreate with or without the consent of the female partner. They commit rapes and even murder the female partner to avoid detection of the crime. Animals never do this to the partner, an exemption being the eating of the male partner by the large female Australian spider (sexual cannibalism). And this is for the sake of eating a protean rich food for the growing embryos. In animal world often the male is stronger than the female, but the male rarely attack the female. The male animals may fight one another for sexual reasons but never harm the female partner before or after mating. (Interestingly humans call men who have committed rape and murder of the lady partner as animal! When the man uses little bit of force for the fertilization process, the women is interpreted as the prey like a deer and man as a tiger eating the deer.)The murder following rape is occurring because of our social and legal system, not because of the biological instinct. Majority of men want to see the smiling face of women not a crying face of women. In fact the women smile more commonly than men. And young men do a lot of things for a woman to smile!

Both the types of sexual behavior are expressions of extreme sexual attraction and male drive for reproduction by sexually driven men of different characters in a highly reproduction regulated society. Because of the adverse reactions from our civilized society towards pre-marital and extra marital sex, we often see men buy sex with their hard earned money whenever necessary by approaching female sex workers to satisfy the sexual or reproductive drive. (Extra marital relationship by itself was a criminal offence in India when this book was first published) Another way people react to highly regulated sex is by becoming homosexual or gay. Still Another group shall opt for masturbation or sex with robots or sex toys of their choice at the privacy of their own home, to avoid trouble from social, religious and law enforcing people and agencies. These perverted sexual acts do not produce children and the reproductive function suffers. There are several instances of legally minor children procreating after both the boy and girl enjoying sex. Rarely consensual sex partners verify the age of female partner before the sexual act, and when the partner turns out to be below eighteen the male is in trouble. When both the partners are below eighteen, it is still another illegal act and punishable by law, committed by legally minor teen agers because of sexual attraction and reproductive drive. The state and society interfere in this mutually consented reproductive act because they are legally minors and incapable of making right decision! The interesting fact is that the attraction of males towards female starts even before the boy is legally mature. Perhaps the sexual drive is at the peak in the teens and on several occasions we have boys capable of parenting are committing rapes probably because of the high level of testosterone and the strict social regulations. Today in many parts of the world humans block the intense attraction and sexual reproduction by different ways. And due to the repeated blockade the biological system reacts by developing alternate method of reproduction. When this attempt becomes unsuccessful we are getting cancer.

Humans had recognized the capabilities of young women to attract men even in the prehistoric periods. The old epics and history are full of stories of using and misusing this opposite sex attraction power. In Hindu mythology a beautiful divine young lady was send to earth to disturb the prayer and penance of a pious meditating sage. When she danced in front of the elderly determined sage chanting god's name with closed eyes, he got attracted to the beautiful lady and stopped his penance and worship. Menaka, the beautiful young lady from heaven became pregnant from the very pious elderly sage. It is the example of the great attractive power of woman and her influence on man. The action of the determined pious sage is like a reflex action without thinking about the consequence, just like one is closing the eye when something is coming to hit the eye. (Imagine the consequence in today's situation if Menaka was only of seventeen years old. In India we have several laws to block the opposite sex attraction and avoid 'unwanted' sex and reproduction, but we see very often these laws are broken. When the desire is strong for sexual reproduction all social laws and regulations are broken. In modern India if a man stare or just close one of his eyes looking at a girl the police can arrest him and even bail may be denied for this offence. He may be even punished by imprisonment for the sexual offence! I had patients who wink one eye involuntarily due to the facial nerve disease, demanding correction of the deformity due to the social problems. ) Every Indian knows this popular mythological story depicting the weakness of men in front of attractive women. Every day several new events are reported and much more are not reported from all parts of the globe where opposite sex attraction has progressed in spite of the manmade barriers, leading to devastating effects in the personal, religious and sociopolitical spheres of activity of the individuals involved. Many fights, battles and wars have occurred out of this strong emotion and attraction of man towards beautiful woman. Many royal men have abdicated the throne for marrying a particular attractive woman. If Menaka, the beautiful divine lady deputed from heaven could exploit this phenomenon of sexual attraction thousands of years before Christ in a forest hut in India; Monika, a modern management trainee could do the same two thousand years after Christ, in a sophisticated administrative office of the world's most powerful nation, under a table. Both young ladies utilized the strong natural attractive force of woman over man for their advantage.

Honey trapping is an important technique employed to get important information from men through attractive women. It is often used in modern international spying and smuggling to neutralize key men in police, defense and customs. In fact using beautiful women to attract men was practiced by ancient Indian emperors. Around 300 B.C. Mourya emperors of India used poison damsels (visha-kanya) to kill the enemy men. These girls were trained to kill the enemy with poison. They were employed to attract the enemy men and give poison in alcohol and kill them. Governments at different times utilized the strong sexual or reproductive attraction of men towards women, to tackle the enemy easily. It means that men are created in such a way they shall take great risk and forget all regulations to reproduce and procreate.

Everybody knows that if a half-naked woman dances on the street corner the pick pockets can make a good collection from the crowded men watching her performance. There are several occasions where powerful men were black mailed because of their foolish act due to the high level of testosterone. The fact is that people are often reluctant to accept that the sexual attraction for reproduction has an involuntary component. Similarly for stag hunting urine of doe in heat with pheromones is used by hunters to attract the stags. When the stag gets the smell of the female urine it takes big risk to reach the doe, ignoring all the signs of a hunter around. When the stag advances hoping to make an attempt for fertilization and reproduction it gets a bullet in the chest. Both in animals and humans the inherent reproductive attraction (an instinct) is so powerful that the males take any risk to achieve the very important reproductive function of the body.

When there is consensual sex between man and woman, the man usually do not bother to get a written consent nor verify the age of the partner and may get into the trap. He could get punished for rape if the woman said that it was against her will and consent. We have observed many 'forbidden' and punishable procreative activity between brother and sister, father and daughter, grandfather and granddaughter, step parents and step children, mother and son, teachers and students, patients and doctors, judges and advocates, police officers and criminals, minors and majors, slaves and masters, priest and devotee, bishop and nuns and even human gods and their worshippers etc. etc. Because all living organisms including man are tuned to reproduce whenever possible to sustain a healthy species on the globe by natural selection. Often men tend to forget all the other important relationship existing with the female partner and proceed for reproduction because of the strong natural instinct in all males. Recently In India we had report of a fifteen years old boy raping his fourteen years old sister. Such reports are rare, but such incidences are not rare! (The smell of pheromones secreted by the female attracts the entire male community of the species irrespective of their preexisting position in family and the society.) Besides this the logical part of brain shuts down during sex. The lateral orbitofrontal cortex shuts down as fear and anxiety can interrupt arousal and performance of the reproductive act. [20] But still majority of men and women control their sexual feeling because of the culture, ethics taught from child hood, the religion and the laws and regulations of the state.

Interestingly a good number of people express their suppressed sexual feelings by reading and enjoying books describing extra marital relationship or by viewing cinemas showing extra marital relationship. Most of the box office successful cinemas have an extra marital or premarital relationship. Many 'good' People are often interested in gossips regarding somebodies extra marital relationship. Publishers know that books with a seminude lady on the cover are sold off fast. We have noticed that both married and unmarried people use sex specific perfumes to attract the opposite sex persons. And when they get attracted often reproduction is denied because of social and religious reasons. It shall be interpreted in the physiological system as a gross inability of the organism to reproduce in spite of favorable circumstances. This behavior of frequent stimulation of the reproductive instinct and final denial of sexual reproduction can naturally generate stimulus in the biological system for alternate method of reproduction.

According to Christian mythology in the garden of Aden, God created a companion woman, the Eve from the rib of Adam. He did not make another man as a companion to Adam. This shows the great importance of man to woman relationship. He only regulated the consumption of fruits from certain trees. He neither regulated nor prohibited sexual relationship between Adam and Eve, who was created out of a rib of Adam. So reproduction and sex are very important in all religion and God has not regulated it. But religious leaders want to create regulations and restrictions so that the controllers and regulators shall have the power to punish many violators of the rules. We know that the violations of these regulations are very common. In most of the living organisms there are more than hundred percentage excess reproductions to compensate for the premature death of infants and children. All the organisms including humans are tuned for excess reproduction. Today couples want to reproduce one child and take all efforts to see that child survives in spite of many serious congenital defects and deficiencies in that child. These reduction and shrinkage of sexual reproduction can naturally lead to opening up of new paths for another form of reproduction.

It is a well-known fact that the capacity of female to attract male is much more than the capacity of male to attract female. This is because nature wants the male to go to females and impregnate maximum number of females for producing genetically different types of children so that there is better scope for natural selection and survival of the really best among the off springs. Males are genetically programmed for searching and seeking females for impregnating them. Nature's way of treating genetic diseases of a species is by eliminating the defective gene by natural selection and elimination of the defective product from the excess numbers produced at its starting point itself. Whereas doctors are destined to treat the patients with genetic diseases, give medicines and make them live long more comfortably by controlling all the bad effects of the disease using all the available methods. As a result they reproduce children with defective genes leading to the rapid multiplication of defective genes. We can observe that there is a rapid increase of genetic diseases in the community, as medical science has become more efficient in extending the lives of such patients with diseased genes. Nature tries to make the human species healthy by eliminating diseased members, while humans try to become themselves healthy by controlling and/or eliminating sufferings due to diseases in the individuals. When we treat genetic diseases with non-genetic measures, both the incidence and prevalence of the genetic disease increase! We know that the number of sperms produced by man is many times more than the number of ovum produced by woman to cover up for various types of losses and sustain the all-important reproductive activity. The natural selection process starts even at the level of sperms. Only the smart sperm gets the chance to survive. Even if some not so smart sperm with genetic defects could fuse with the ovum, the uterus and the system recognize it and expulse the fetus by a miscarriage. If by mistake two sperms enter the ovum miscarriage is a strong possibility. And one in five pregnancies ends up in miscarriage. There is a selection and correction process in the biological system right from the beginning of reproduction. Often doctors change this natural selection process, as doctors are duty bound to relive sufferings of each and every patient and extend life as long as possible.

Nature wants maximum reproduction and survival of the fittest in all organisms. Menaka after attracting the pious elderly male sage did not cheat the nature; she produced a beautiful baby Sakunthala while Monika hoodwinked nature and did not produce a baby! It shows in modern times sexual acts often do not produce the result as wanted by nature. Man has separated sex from reproduction and started enjoying only sex. In mythology a child born on a relationship outside marriage was not an outcast from the society and people did not insult the child or the mother. Even kings married the girls born out of extra marital relationship. Many important personalities in mythology are in fact illegitimate children born out of pre-marital or extra marital relationship. Today the society looks down on children born outside religious or legal marriage for no social fault on their part .The change in the attitude of the society against the pre-marital and extra marital relationship is one of the reasons for considerable reduction in procreation in humans and many 'sexual crimes'. We have suppressed both the attempts for sexual reproduction as well as the actual sexual reproduction. We have developed several drugs and devices to arrest reproduction and kill the baby in the womb. And this practice is being continued for last several years in many countries. Naturally it may lead to attempts for other form of reproduction. The two well-known examples of extra marital relationship from two different continents at two different time periods reflect the change in human attitudes towards reproduction over a period of time. We can observe that at the same time there is no reduction in the sexual drive of men of different status, age and religion. There are thousands of such events occurring daily in every country throughout the world. These events show that no law and regulation can prevent the opposite sex attraction created by nature for the sake of procreation. The attractive force is so powerful and occasionally fatal that it can deflect and destroy all other forces on its way. The sexual emotion of men often can shatter all the social norms, sacrifice his personal gains, achievements, social reputation and many ambitious future plans of the persons due to the strong desire (instinct) and the natural priority given to the mating activity. We have seen great intelligent management experts who often calculate risk benefit ratio of everything they do; often forget this management principle when they encounter a beautiful woman in an exclusive surroundings or even in the workplace. They try to derive sexual pleasure without thinking of the big professional risks involved and the subsequent consequence. Similarly in situations where sex and reproduction are denied as in army camps, jails, monasteries, students hostels etc. young men and women go for homo sexuality and lesbian love making because the natural drive for sex and reproduction is so strong that people utilize all sorts of method to release the suppressed reproductive desire and instinct. And the biological system recognizes that the reproduction is insufficient and natural selection process is not functioning well in humans. A biological reaction is bound to occur. If the biological reaction is very strong it may break all the biological laws of the organism.

According to Geoffrey Jefferson, the brain surgeon 'man is a prey to sexual urges and may make a fool of himself'. All these happen because human body and mind are designed and developed for procreation or reproduction. For all living organisms reproduction is one of the important functions like breathing, eating and excreting the waste products etc. Unfortunately the social, religious and legal regulations are so stringent in some of the countries that if a man stares at the face of a fertile woman with a desire for reproduction, it is considered as an offence! Even reading pornography books or viewing such movies is prohibited. These types of strict regulations lead to some of the violent reaction of the suppressed emotion in men. Many great men had tried to understand the reasons for this attraction of male to female. Those who could resist this sexual attraction to women and provocation by women are considered to be great men by the nation and society; but on nature's point of view those who have suppressed the natural reproductive drive may not be so great. These people claim that they have achieved extreme self-control. Some of the biographies of great men give interesting details of how they had trained themselves to resist all the provocations by young beautiful women around them. They conquer desire to become great. Adultery, infidelity, rape, illegal sex, pre-marital sex etc. are much more than what is recognized reported and documented. In another words all the regulatory barriers are broken much more frequently than what is documented. The single action for reproduction is differentiated and segmented and given different names for regulating the process. We have seen that all categories of people commit these sexual acts ('sex crimes') and even minors commit rape. Recently in the state of Maharashtra in India a ten years old girl was 'raped' by a twelve years old boy and she became pregnant! There are several occasions where men commit 'rape' of even female dead bodies! Most of the ancient religious books also describe sexual act violating all the social and religious regulations and the ultimate fatal consequences. The Bible also describes an instance of rape happened thousands of years before Christ. One of the sons of King David pretended that he was sick and when his beautiful sister came to look after him, he raped her. Even though the rapist knew that it was against the religious regulations, law of the land and he might be severely punished, he could not resist the attraction of a beautiful lady (own sister) and committed rape violating all the norms of the society. Finally he was killed for his 'crime'. This shows the intensity of the emotion attached to reproduction. All the barriers created by society, state and religion are no match to the sexual drive of men and they proceed with mating even if there is risk to his own life. Similarly women also know that socially unacceptable sex can lead to making them a social outcast and may have to deliver a child with lot of pains. Yet many young women enjoy sex with attractive men against the established laws and regulations.

But the fact is that in spite of such strong build in instinct for reproduction and strong sexual emotions leading to even unlawful and illegal sex in humans, today procreation does not happen sufficiently due to various reasons and the whole intention of nature has been repeatedly defeated on many occasions. The single act of sex for reproduction was segmented by humans to two. Today humans can have sex without reproduction and reproduction without sex. We are able to manipulate each one separately against a natural process. It will have effects in the biological system. (Suppose you taste good food and drinks like tea tasters and spit it out there will be bad effects in the gastro intestinal system. And you may take food through tubes without tasting there shall be effect in the biological system.) There are many barriers created by man to prevent reproductive activity and these are against natural activity of any living organism. As per the law and as per convention procreation in humans has to be done secretly (as if doing a crime!). If there is no scope for secrecy, there is no procreation. The very important function of a living organism just does not occur in humans if there is no privacy! Lack of privacy is another barrier for sexual reproduction in humans. When we create different types of barriers for sexual reproduction the system shall make attempts to overcome them and shall try another form of reproduction.

In fact nature is very liberal as far as tools for reproduction are concerned. Millions of sperms are produced by the men and hundreds of ova are produced by women so that there is a sufficient surplus to compensate for any loss or error in the process. In spite of all these efforts procreation does not occur satisfactorily in the developed world. Humans give more importance to a comfortable disciplined orderly life with social respect and recognition than 'mere' procreation .Today men are trained and groomed to sacrifice the natural instinct of procreation to gain social respect, professional recognition and fulfill political or religious aspirations, to become powerful, influential and rich persons. Scientists have proved that brain often applies brakes on many male desires to earn social respect. One such situation often seen is, when the brain applies brakes while the mind of a man proceeds for socially unacceptable and or legally punishable reproductive activity. Great men train themselves to apply brakes on sexual thoughts and often have an obsession to conquer the sexual desire. Such repeated braking of reproductive drive and desire can produce emotional, physical and hormonal changes in the body. As a man grows up he has been exposed to several temptations for sex and reproduction but resists all of them due to social, legal, ethical and religious reasons. (Interestingly the often criticized religious law of covering the whole female body from top to bottom reduces temptations and reduces the need for such brakes!) When such desires are suppressed it may lead to mild to severe changes in the body depending upon the amount of sex hormones in the body, the mental status, personality of the exposed person and the intensity of the desire. Millions of sperms created by body for reproduction are kept unused by suppressed desire. While in sleep these controls are released and men occasionally get nocturnal emission. Whenever you do anything against the natural process reactions are bound to occur. The frequent application of breaks on the natural desire and instinct for procreation could be still another reason for development of the alternate route for procreation (binary fission manifested as cancer) to get activated. We have seen in many persons the cancerous growth reducing and almost getting cured by positive thinking and enjoying life and fulfilling all the suppressed desires. An important component of positive thinking and enjoyment is sexual activity with or without reproductive outcome. UK's health service advocates 'sexercise' not only to burn calories and but also to stave off cancer. They have found that orgasm shall release hormones which shall make you healthy as well as beautiful or handsome. Sexual pleasure is the best and most natural form of entertainment as well as relaxation method easily accessible in nature. Humans have restricted it and heavily substituted it with many other forms of entertainments. There are people who have never experienced this great sexual pleasure due to the regulations and restrictions. These modern entertainments give some momentary pleasure much inferior to sex and often do not relax the body and mind.

Whatever happens, however severe the punishments are, the opposite sex attraction and it's after effects shall continue, because of the sex hormones and reproductive genes in the body. Research workers have shown that just a single dose of testosterone impairs the cognitive reflections in man. A marginal increase in testosterone level in blood in women is linked to development of Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, a disease characterized by increased pressure inside the skull and brain. When testosterone level in elephants goes up more than sixty times the normal, the animal becomes almost mad to impregnate a cow elephant and the cow elephant in heat responds to the call of the bull elephant, while all other animals run away from the aggressive bull elephant in musth. It is considered to be an announcement by the male elephant that he is healthy and ready to impregnate a cow elephant. Testosterone not only enhances functioning of male reproductive organ but also acts on the brain to facilitate reproduction. Not only elephant but also other animals have similar behavior at a lesser degree. Even the buck (male deer) is dangerous during the rutting season. Testosterone can make the male to do anything for impregnating a female because; reproduction is a very important function of all living organisms. Testosterone induces courage and it is very essential for erection. We know that anxiety and fear can cause erectile dysfunction. Today even menopausal women use testosterone for increasing libido, improve stamina and energy. It is a wonderful hormone which enhances sexual desire and performance both in men and women and is normally produced both in men and women. Testosterone is often misused by both male and female athletes to get a bold, aggressive, focused and enhanced performance ignoring all the risks involved in doing so. Body builders use it for the growth of the muscles. We have seen several situations where gentlemen without any criminal history, committing 'sexual crimes' forgetting the implications of their sexual act in their lives, in the partners lives and in the society at large. In our social system even a formal request by a man for sex with a socially undesignated, legally immature and or emotionally unwilling woman is a sex crime. Many men try for sexual pleasure knowing well that they shall be severely punished and put in the jail as per the law of the land. As per government statistics alone ninety three women are getting raped every day in India, in spite of the government and private agencies to monitor and prevent sexual 'offences' against women. Interestingly a recent hospital based New Delhi study shows that every third man above forty years of age is suffering from lack of libido. If this was not the case, perhaps the number of rapes could be much more! Once upon a time one of the chief ministers of the south Indian state of Kerala remarked that in western world rape is like 'taking a cup of tea'. Perhaps what the humorous chief minister was intended to tell was that it was such a frequently committed crime. The sexual harassment laws are so stringent in India that in another south Indian state recently a governor (head of a state) has to apologies to a lady journalist for touching her cheek without her prior consent. Once the 'sexual offence' was proved in India men get severe punishment as per criminal law from the state machinery, there is isolation from the social circles, and loss of government job etc. Men take big risk, sometimes even life risk to mate with attractive women with or without their formal consent. Not only men but also Gods commit rape! Recently in the north Indian state of Haryana one popular 'human god' committed rape and was convicted by the court. The followers protested and killed thirty-six persons and burned several offices and vehicles in spite of the police and army were deployed to prevent riot. It shows that every male member of the species is under the influence of testosterone shall attempt reproduction against all sorts of hindrances. But the physiological fact is that the human reproduction rate is reducing every day almost everywhere in the developed world. In spite of such strong natural drive for reproduction, if sexual reproduction is not happening sufficiently, an attempt for another form of reproduction is a natural outcome.

All women know that child birth is pretty painful. They also know that there are many life risks related to child birth. But these facts do not prevent women in getting pregnant. To get a child (reproduction) many women are prepared to take any risk. Interestingly where maternal mortality rate is high birth rate is also high. This shows that basically women are not at all afraid to become pregnant or to give birth to child. To full fill the natural reproductive drive women are prepared to take often life risks. I do not ignore the fact that many women are bit afraid of the cruel social system when the pregnancy is against the social order. The fact is that both men and women are genetically tuned to reproduce and take big risks to achieve the programmed procreation process. Men have more powerful instinct for sex and reproduction than women and this is being regulated and severally restricted by society and religion. Trying to stop an instinct in any organism is dangerous and biological reactions are bound to occur.

Much consensual sexual intercourses are occurring between men and women below the age of eighteen because even at seventeen she can attract men and boys. In spite of the criminal implications men and boys continue to do this. It is known that the drive for reproduction is so strong that men and women can even have sub conscious sex in sleep (sexsomnia). Sexsomnia is much more common in men than women, perhaps because of the reproductive advantage. We can see that, in the animal kingdom while the males take great risk to fertilize the ovum the females take great risk to protect the young ones evolved out of the ovum. This is the nature's inherent technique for creating and growing a healthy new generation. Nature has tuned men and women for procreation and shall not tolerate any form of disturbance to reproductive process either due to disease or due to age or by law. Nature makes woman very attractive to men during ovulation time. It also increases the sexual urge in women during this period. Nature wants better utilization of valuable sperms. Nature also makes woman unattractive during the pregnancy by way of emitting repulsive smell, vomiting and morning sickness, unattractive shape etc. so that the product of conception grows in the womb undisturbed by the male sexual drive during the pregnancy. It is a well-known fact that the miscarriages are much less in women who had morning sickness and vomiting. At the same time nature does not want the men to waste the sperms as well as time on the already conceived woman.

It is interesting to note that because of frequent exposure to pregnant women, and attending deliveries, often the male Obstetricians have less sexual drive in their personal life. The peculiar smell of hormones and amniotic fluid has a repulsive effect on men. Young house men when posted in labor rooms during their training period experience considerable suppression in their sexual drive due to the visuals in the labor room and the exposure to the peculiar smell of amniotic fluid , secretions and hormones emitted from pregnant women. Nature wants optimum use of the valuable sperms because reproduction is a very important function of an organism. To conserve the sperms nature makes unproductive women unattractive to men, and they even develop hairs on the face of post-menopausal women! The skin of women gets aged relatively faster after menopause than that of men of the same age. The skin becomes rough and non-elastic with several wrinkles on the face. Thirty percentage of skin collagen of women is lost within five years from menopause. After menopause there is marked reduction in sexual desire for women. At the same time life expectancy of women shall remain much more than that of men. This means that the nonproductive women should not be able to attract men, and at the same time should live long to look after the children already produced! Nature is hundred percentage reproduction and procreation oriented, while humans often give little importance for reproduction and procreation. Hence as and when sexual reproduction suffers, the body shall make attempts for asexual reproduction as an alternative for sexual reproduction.

We can learn a lot of things by observing the nature and the life of other living organisms. In the animal world males take lot of pains to find out and reach the female for procreation. They utilize all their senses to locate the female and travel long distance to mate. The pains males are taking for procreation in different species are quite variable. Sexual cannibalism is common among insects, arachnids and amphipods. And it is almost always the female is eating the male so that the embryos (new generation) shall be strong and healthy. [21] Interestingly in certain groups of spiders (Australian red back spider, & Golden orb web spider) the male spider takes a sort of 'suicide mission' for fertilizing the eggs. Once the male fertilize the eggs in the female the male seems to offer himself to the female and shall be eaten by the much large female spider. The purpose of the life of this male spider seems to be achieved by fertilization of the eggs. The male spider by becoming a protein rich food for the female enhances the growth of the embryos. And the nature makes sure that the protector of the young ones shall be strong and well nourished. This sacrifice of own life by the male Australian Nephila spider for the sake of reproduction and growth of a healthy new generation is the fine example of the pains males take for reproduction. We do not know whether it is a sacrifice of the males or the inability of males to assess the life risk due to the suppression of their cognitive ability by the testosterone in these male spiders. The huge size difference between male and female spiders does not deter the reproductive process in these spiders. (The female is often five hundred times larger than the male!). This is just to show the great importance of procreation in nature's design and the peculiar methods nature is adopting to achieve the all-important procreation in different species. It seems that the new generations are more important than the life of a male spider! When one male spider is eaten by the female thousands of young healthy spiders shall be born from the sperms supplied by it before its death. The protein rich food the female spider has consumed after fertilization enriches the young ones. We can assume that nature shall go to any extend for the creation of a healthy new generation. The real life story of the Australian red back spider is the extreme version of poor male life expectancy and the example of a very strong natural instinct for reproduction in living organisms. The great commitment for procreation, the astonishing courage to face a five hundred times larger female and the extreme sacrifice of the male red back spider is something remarkable among living organisms. Imagine a situation where a sexually charged man, making love with a woman bigger than an elephant and the woman, swallowing the man alive after the copulation! When the reproductive drive is very strong and testosterone level is very high men may even attempt to rape a larger and stronger woman. Such a relationship is possible in nature because reproduction is a very important function of an organism and there are many involuntary and reflex components in the procreation process which is often guided by the instinct. To achieve this function of procreation organisms take any risk including life risk. Among the spiders interestingly the male wood spider seems to be a bit smarter than Australian red back spider. Here the male spider presents the female spider one of the insect it had captured as protein rich food and thereby often escapes from being eaten by the large female spider after the act of fertilization.

Perhaps sexual cannibalism is seen in the worst form among praying mantis, the nature's perfect predator. Praying mantis is considered as a symbol of truth peace and calm. But the fact is that it is a very intelligent aggressive creature and can kill and eat much bigger insects and even small birds. The often larger female mantis eats the head of the male mantis even before completion of the copulation and the reproduction process can continue by the head less male since the movements are controlled by ganglion! Once the female get the genetic material transferred it may eat the remaining parts of the male mantis. In all the organisms including praying mantis and Australian red back spider the males go in search of female to deposit the sperms and to sacrifice their lives for the health of next generation! It is not the female hunting for the male prey. It shows that in all these organisms reproductive function is the most important function. All other systems work to achieve reproductive function, the final purpose of existence of the organism. For the male praying mantis the gonads and reproduction are more important than the head! Both the Australian red back spider and the praying mantis happily sacrifice their lives for the procreation process. In other living organisms also this trait is evident and the male life expectancy is much below female life expectancy. Everything in nature seems to be for evolution of a healthy new generation. Even if the male organism is large and strong as we see most of the living organisms, the male never kills the female partner after depositing the most important genetic material in the female. If this is done the whole purpose of procreation is defeated. (Perhaps the only exemption among living organisms may be the man who kills the woman after the rape!). During the human fertilization process, thousands of sperms are sacrificed while one sperm fusses with the much larger ovum. Here the reward for the failure of the sperm is death! Similarly many young men sacrifice many important things in life just to introduce few sperms in a woman. It is interesting to observe that in all these organisms with sexual cannibalism the males have a life up to the fertilization of the ovum. It means that development of a new generation is the whole purpose of life in all these living organisms. In Octopus, wasp and in many other living organisms as soon as males finish their role in reproduction their lives end, whereas females have to deliver the young ones and protect them during the infancy and hence females get an extended life. (After fertilization the male octopus goes on eternal sleep while men get good sleep for the day by the effect of the hormones!) It is evident that in nature reproductive function is the most important function. Organisms have an instinct for reproduction and they may do anything to achieve reproduction. Interestingly the males of deep sea angler fish can live only if they find a females and fuse with them. Humans often suppress their instinct and reflexes for reproduction to get social respect and to avoid punishments by the systems. Is it not surprising that while many organisms sacrifice their own life for the sake of reproduction and protection of the young ones, humans get their reproductive organs removed to prevent cancer?! In all living organisms including human female role in sexual reproduction is much more than male role. But unfortunately many a times the female embryos were destroyed in India due to social and economic reasons! We know that the incidence of cancer is much more in ovaries than in testes in spite of surgical removal of several healthy ovaries and uterus to prevent cancer. Humans restrict and regulate their sexual reproduction, whereas nature even sacrifices the adult, often the males, for the sake of new generation. In this situation of strictly controlled sexual reproduction of humans, nature is making attempts for another form of reproduction - the asexual reproduction. But unfortunately the process is not yet perfected and it is manifested as cancer. And such failures and errors are not uncommon in living organisms. We can observe many imperfect reproductive processes in many other organisms.

In the war and war games we often see many sacrifices. In the game of chess we sacrifice everything including the bishop to save the king. In the real war also many soldiers are sacrificed to win the war. When a war occurs between pathogenic bacteria and the humans, millions of leucocytes (WBC) are sacrificed to win the war against bacteria and to escape from the infectious diseases. Reproduction and procreation are as important as a war in the organism and sacrifice of the male for the new generation seems to be the norm in nature. Males incapable of reproduction are ignored and allowed to die in many living organisms. Females often take life risk to protect the young ones. Evolution of a young generation seems to be the whole purpose of any living organism. When humans distort it, attempts shall be made by nature to enhance reproduction by other methods. When one such attempt fails we get cancer.

In the beehive different duties are assigned to different members of the community. The male bees are fed with honey brought by the female bees as long as they are able to fertilize the queen. The lazy male bees enjoy life. But these male bees are often pushed out of the hive after they are finished with the fertilization of the queen. Here the males without the capacity to fertilize the female are destined to die without food. The most important bee in the hive is the queen which is laying the eggs. The ordinary bees are bringing honey for the males, the queen and the young ones. Bees are very important insects in the world not because humans extract honey from beehives, but because of their great reproductive role in nature. These tiny insects are responsible for pollination and reproduction in many plants. The Mother Nature's reproductive techniques are very unique. Without doing the fertilization of plants bees cannot survive. The role of bees in food chain is very important. If the bees do not reproduce sufficiently, we may have famines! If the plants say that we do not want the bees to steal our pollen grains and honey and develop protective measures, many plants and bees shall disappear from the world! If bees disappear and become extinct in due course many plants and even humans shall disappear from the earth, because of lack of grains, fruits seeds etc... Reproduction of bees is important not only for the existence of bees but also for the existence many other living organisms. Extrapolating from the sexual behavior of musth elephant, Australian red back spider, praying mantis, and bees we can explain certain types of behavior of men in our society who violate all man made laws and regulations and risk everything they have just for mating with their favorite women. This behavior of men seems to be part of an animal instinct (or the instinct of all other living organisms). Men sacrifice everything to deposit few sperms in a woman sometimes even against her will! The biological fact is that organisms are conditioned to reproduce at any cost so long as they have the capability to do so. If one method is not functioning well to achieve this important function, another method shall naturally evolve.

In most of the species male is larger and stronger than the female (unlike the Australian spiders and octopus). Here again male takes great risks to protect the females under his influence and continue to fertilize them as long as he can. The male fight attackers with full vigor and may even sacrifice its life in the fight (if the opponent is stronger) to continue the fertilization process. Usually these females do not refuse fertilization by the male. But if they refuse force is used by the male and occasionally it may lead to even death of the female as it happened to a female elephant recently in the forests of Kerala. Such events very rarely occur among most of the animals because often fertilization by male is not opposed by a healthy female. Interestingly in humans testosterone often distorts normal thinking of the men. And he may even murder the unwilling woman and commit suicides! This once again shows that in nature's design reproduction is more important than the life of the organism.

Deaths associated with reproduction do occur in humans also, but for a different reason as murders and suicides after an incident of rape or as 'honor' killing following the pregnancy of unmarried women. The reproductive activity meant and designed for the happiness and pleasure of the organisms is distorted and misused by humans in many ways giving lot of pains. And murders are also committed to destroy evidence of socially unacceptable reproductive activity. Killing and ill-treating the fertilized female, peculiar to humans is only because of the legal and social issues. There are several occasions of mutilating women's face and body by men when they refuse a socially and or religiously unacceptable reproductive activity. As we have 'progressed' and created several legal, social and religious barriers to the reproductive function, the frustrated men have started gang raping the females and finally murder them to avoid detection of the punishable sexual act. Often these men are not seasoned criminals or murderers; but commit the crime out of fear and under the influence of the excess testosterone in the system? It has been proved that just an injection of testosterone impairs the cognitive abilities of men. It is painful to note that the pleasant act of sex is used to induct physical and emotional pain and even used as a method of punishment in certain areas in the world. Humans use forcible sex against the will of a woman as a method for punishing the woman for social 'crimes' in tribal village family courts in certain areas of India even today ! During riots and war women's body become the battle ground. In animal world a healthy female very well recognize the importance of male sperms and usually never refuses the offer from the male if they are healthy and not pregnant already. But the 'civilized' humans are trained to behave differently! When men try to fertilize women using some amount of force the female partner is described as a 'prey'. It is interesting to note that in spite of several rape and murder of women, the fatal complications of child birth, and poor access for women to good food and health care, and several types of discriminations women still live long. The life expectancy of men is less than that of women. (Of course it is not as low as that of male Golden orb web spider, praying mantis or octopus!) The men's heart is in fact weaker than those of women and failures and attacks are more in men. The great evolutionary purpose of male is accomplished much before the evolutionary purpose of females. Even the male brain becomes old faster than female brain at least by three years. We have more widows than widowers in the society. Of course the wives are often two or three years younger than the husband. But most of the widows die several years after the death of their husbands. Elderly women are more immune to many constitutional diseases than elderly men. The only exemption is the cancer of female reproductive organs. And the wives of widowers often might have expired due to cancer of reproductive organs! All these female advantages happen because the females have more roles to play in the reproductive process and are supposed to feed the infant and protect the child till it matures enough. As per statistics 85% of centurions are women and 90% of super centurions are women. It is interesting to observe that a woman, who naturally had a child after the age of forty, had four times more chance to become a centurion. We can observe that nature gives long life to women for production and protection of the infant. Nature is always interested in the healthy growth of a new generation. If a woman deliver an infant after the age of forty and breast feed the newborn baby sufficiently she can probably become a super centurions as per the statistics! Prolactin & the love hormone Oxytocin are abundantly seen in lactating women and may be responsible for extending the length of telomeres and life of these elderly mothers. Prolactin not only enhances milk production but also enhances the efficiency of immune system. People become old and weak when immune system becomes inefficient. Similarly oxytocin not only helps contraction of uterus following delivery, but also improves the social connections as well as improves the health of the brain. When the baby sucks mothers' breast oxytocin is secreted and milk is released. Interestingly the oxytocin released to the brain stimulates for further secretion of oxytocin. So a vicious cycle oxytocin secretion may be continued in these elderly mothers helping them to live long. The message is that if a woman wants to be healthy and live hundred plus years, try to get pregnant at the age of forty and breast feed the infant as long as she can! Perhaps the effect of high level of prolactin shall prevail and this also may be helping her to live beyond hundred years. Interestingly the latest data (2019) on conception rates for women in England & wales show that teenage pregnancy rate continue to reduce and the women getting pregnant after forty has doubled since 1990. Whatever may be the cause for these late pregnancies, these women are likely to live sixty years more after the delivery! Prolactin & oxytocin seem to prolonging life in a pleasant way. In fact both prolactin & oxytocin are released during sex and orgasm. Usually cancer, one of the important killer diseases of old age, does not attack these elderly mothers because they were actively participating in reproduction and infant care even after 40 years. Women have more probability of escaping from even infective diseases like the Corona virus attack and the number of deaths of women due to COVID -19 is just half the number of deaths of men. Hence it is evident that in spite of all adversities and discriminations, women live long for reproduction and protection of infants - the most important functions of any living organism. When we drastically regulate this very important biological function of reproduction, the biological system shall try to develop methods to overcome the shortage in sexual reproduction. An alternate method for reproduction shall naturally evolve. And we have the half developed asexual reproduction process manifested as cancer!

Similarly we know that a woman should be healthy to nourish the embryo and the infant. There are several occasions where the chronic diseases of the pregnant ladies are going to a remission status and the remission may continue throughout the lactation period also. In bronchial asthma there is less intake of oxygen. Ladies suffering from chronic bronchial asthma get relief and often the disease goes to a remission stage during pregnancy so that the infants get sufficient oxygen through the placental blood. Nature takes all efforts for reproduction and infant care. The bronchial asthma which was not responding to medicines can get temporarily cured during pregnancy and lactation. The recent COVID -19 also shall not produce pneumonia in pregnant ladies. Most of the pregnant ladies just carry the virus without any symptoms. Nature always takes so much care to make the reproductive process successful. If still the procreation does not occur sufficiently other methods are bound to evolve. In that process of development of asexual reproduction, perhaps the intermediary step is cancer.

It is very evident that females in all the species are more important in the reproduction and care of the infant. Naturally they have an extended life and more capabilities for survival. In fact the ovum is much bigger than the sperm. The base of human body is coming from the ovum. The sperm only makes minor modification to make it male or female. (It is interesting that the fusion is taking place with objects of unequal size and different shape. The sperm is assimilated in the ovum like the male spider is swallowed and assimilated by the much larger female Australian Golden orb spider or like the deep sea angler fish where the small male fish becomes part of the female body!). The sperm is so small that it is visible only under a microscope. The sperms are so feeble that they cannot survive in the abdominal cavity because of a small increase in the temperature. In a male embryo if testicles are removed it grows as a female body even with the male chromosomes, where as if the ovaries are removed in the female embryo still it grows as a female body only. It means humans have a female base, because female is more important in procreation and protection of the infant. The male reproductive organs are in fact modified female reproductive organ. It shows that everything in nature seems to be procreation oriented. In this design the role of mail is just to supply the sperm. In most of the living organisms the offspring may not even know who the father is. But humans have distorted this important function of procreation to suit social and religious regulations. It has become a male dominated action. Unfortunately today humans often reluctantly perform this reproductive function, and it is done secretly as if doing a sin or a crime. If you do not maintain secrecy and perform reproductive function publically you may be punished with heavy fine and imprisonment. And talking about reproductive functions is considered to be indecent act. Writing about reproduction and sex is indecent and photographs, paintings and sculptures of sex and reproduction are considered to be indecent. And sex organ should never be exposed for others to see. Even the exposure of pubic hair is an offence! We regulate not only sexual reproduction but also even talking about sex and sexual reproduction. When there is so much suppression of this important function there shall be an attempt for an unconventional type of reproduction which is manifested as cancer.

Another interesting fact is that, though the 'civilized' women resist and refuse to accept sperms from the undesirable men against her will, her reproductive organs know well the great creative value of the sperms deposited in it. The immune system of woman shall not attack the sperms entered in her body. The main reproductive organ, the uterus stores the male sperms with good nourishments up to forty-eight hours if the ovum is not readily available for fertilization! The uterus takes so much care that the highly heat sensitive sperm survives in the uterus in the warm abdominal cavity of a woman for few days. Interestingly the women do not have any control on this process of storage of sperm by uterus for fertilization and procreation. The storage and care of sperms in the uterus do occur even if the women do not like the man who deposited sperms with or without her consent. And the women cannot arrest the release of ovum from her ovaries. In another words laws may prevent rape and illegal sex and severely punish the offender, but no law can prevent the uterus in preserving the 'illegal sperms' for fertilization of a delayed ovum for procreation! (Women organizations want to increase the severity of punishment for rape and even recommended life imprisonment or hanging to death for the instilling of few drops of semen at the entrance of the ever receptive uterus! Is it not surprising that while nature gives incentive for reproduction, often the society and government reward with capital punishment!). All these physiological facts high light the great importance attached to the reproductive function and procreation in all living creatures including humans. But humans frequently denounce this function and often gentlemen are asked to conquer desire. My intention of high lighting these interesting facts is purely medical and only to make you fully aware that in nature reproduction still remains as the very important function of any organism. What is physiologically right need not be legally, socially, morally or religiously right. The concepts of right and wrong shall change when people understand the real scientific facts. The various laws created by man also shall change as the reality is exposed. In spite of several artificial distortions and regulations by the nation, religion and society; the strong instinct (many reproductive actions are reflex in nature) for reproduction prevails in humans like in any other living organism. But today reproduction and attempts for reproduction are severely insufficient for the process of natural selection and survival of the fittest. Naturally there shall be an attempt to correct the deficiency in reproduction.

Despite the fact that reproduction is a very important function, even the modern medical men do not give sufficient importance to this function. The medical men often give more importance in reducing reproduction. The most commonly removed healthy organ from the body is the uterus. Women without uterus, ovary or breast are becoming more common in our society because of the medical intervention with scanty respect for reproductive organ. There are several occasion where both healthy testis are removed in men for retarding the growth of cancer somewhere else. In another words surgeons remove often reproductive organ than any other vital organs because these organs are considered to be of no use after the 'targeted reproduction' is achieved. When reproduction becomes irrelevant for humans reproductive organs are considered as an unwanted organ. I was surprised to learn that In India in the state of Maharashtra women get their wombs removed to get rid of the nuisance and inconvenience of menstruation. (Womb –wrenching story, Business line, 28th Sept.2019) Surgical scalpels seem to have more attraction to reproductive organs especially the uterus and ovary because of the human cancer phobia! Besides this in many occasions reproductive organs are made nonfunctional to prevent reproduction as in fallopian tubectomies & vasectomies. When humans make so much effort to stop sexual reproduction an evolution of an alternate process is inevitable!

It is interesting to observe that humans abort healthy embryos from the uterus often without any valid medical reason ('MTP').Often there could be social or economic reason for the termination of pregnancy and arresting the reproductive process. But it gives lot of psychological strain on the lady because she has arrested the reproductive instinct. Interestingly often humans struggle hard to save the life of a premature infant with several developmental anomalies in the neonatology ICU. This tendency of destruction of a healthy embryo in the uterus and saving an unhealthy infant in the ICU shows the amount of interference and distortions humans are making in the natural form of procreation. The natural selection and survival of the fittest process is completely distorted in humans. In nature the survival of the fittest process starts right from fertilization process itself. The long term effect of such distortions in the natural selection process is disastrous to human species. Humans are fast becoming an unhealthy species. The life expectancy is increasing because of medical interventions, but the quality of extended life of many humans is deteriorating. The unhealthy people in the society are increasing as and when the doctor population increases! As we progress many people are unhealthy due to genetic defects even from childhood.

As you know the reproductive function of bees is very important for not only bees but also for other living organisms. The main activity of the bee community is procreation (collecting honey is only to feed the young ones and feed the queen mother). The queen is the all-important bee in the hive. The only activity of the queen is to lay eggs and the only activity of male bees is to provide the male sperm. The whole bee community is living for the queen which lays eggs. The other female bees do all the work so that the young ones and the queen get enough food for the procreative activity. Bees are considered to be a very hard working community. If you observe it carefully you shall understand that all the hard work is done to produce, feed, and protect the young ones. Here also male has the only role of supplying the sperm and the male bees happily live in the hive eating and drinking the honey and pollen grains brought by the female bees. But once the assigned duty of fertilizing the queen is accomplished completely by the male bees they are pushed out of the hive and allowed to die. Throughout nature, in all living organisms there is strong instinct for reproduction. Reproduction seems to be the only important activity for which the organism is living! As soon as this function is executed the old has to disintegrate and new young one emerges. This phenomenon of disappearance of old for the new is immediate as we see in binary fission and gradual and variable in sexual reproduction.

We have many migratory birds traveling long distance to warm climate areas of globe for reproduction and for bringing up of the young ones. They have a natural instinct for this long and risky journey for reproduction. They mate after a long journey to the warmer area, produce the young ones and remain in the warm climate until the young ones grow sufficiently for long distance flying. It is evident that the nature is so much interested in the procreation process of every living organism. And the systems in living organisms are tuned and conditioned for reproduction even in hostile climatic conditions. When nature takes so much care in procreation, any interference in the process shall produce genetic changes to overcome the hindrances as we see in the bacterial drug resistance. Mutations for development of another form of reproduction occur in humans also, but unfortunately the mutations were not sufficient to achieve the alternate form of reproduction. The half-baked reproductive process is manifested as cancer!

We have tortoise taking lot of pains to travel to land from sea just for laying the eggs in warm climate. They take lot of risk during their journey on unfamiliar hostile land. Many of them loose even their life in this process .But still they go on doing it because it is a very important assignment in their life, perhaps even more important than their own life! Nothing can prevent the travel of the ocean turtle to the land for laying eggs. The young turtles hatched out of the eggs move to the ocean immediately. All these reproductive activities are performed by instinct. Similar reproductive instincts shall be present at varying intensity in all organisms including humans. In certain people the instinct could be very strong leading to several types of sexual crimes.

We have several seasonal plants where the life of the plant ends with the production of seeds for creation of the next generation. There are many animals whose lives end as their reproductive capacity is lost. Humans by improved medical techniques have extended their life expectancy very much beyond their reproductive capability. Besides this as humans 'progress' the importance of procreation is reducing day by day. The priority goes for studies, professional achievements, skill development, money making, gaining political power, to get gold medals in sports and games, to watch cinemas, sports and games etc. For humans 'time is money' while for other living organisms time is for progeny and enjoyment. All these 'civilized' activities suppress the animal instinct (the inherent instinct of Australian Golden Orb web spider or praying mantis!) in men. As a result the non-reproductive period in human life cycle has increased considerably. In a sexually reproducing organism if the sexually reproducing period reduces markedly the system shall try to evolve an alternate method of reproduction. When humans give least importance for pro creation by sexual reproduction, nature or the physiological system is seeking for asexual reproduction by reactivating the dormant traits and hidden genes in the system. This is the most probable reason for the increasing number of cancer patients in the world today. And the incidence of cancer shall further increase as the society 'progresses' and try to reduce sex and the sexual reproduction!

Nature wants maximum diversity also and this is evident from the fact that the opposite sex attraction prefers and often seeks diversity of mate. The polygamy, polyandry, adultery, and prostitution were in practice because of the diversity drive of men to the tunes of nature. All mythologies are full of such diverse sexual relationships. We can assume that they were common and acceptable as normal at that point in time. There were many children born out of such relationship and they were not out cast from the society. The Hindu temples where gods were worshiped had 'devdasis' in many places in India. They were talented women serving to the sexual needs of the devotees. These free women were respected and had lot of privileges in the society. According to mythology talented beautiful free women were there in heaven also and were known as Apsera. During the Muslim rule of the country there were several courtesans to dance and sing in the palaces and were entertaining the princesses and young men of the ruling family. With the arrival of British rule the colonial Victorian morality concepts were introduced to India. Today devadasis are considered as prostitute or sex workers and the practice is abandoned and banned by law; but the demand for such service is still persisting. Indians were practicing diversity in sex; more frequently during the previous centuries and it was legally and socially more acceptable at that point in time. In spite of the strict un-touch-abilities prevailed in India there were several instances of sexual relationship between higher and lower caste (untouchable) and birth of children out of such relationships. It is a well-known fact that the sexual desire reduces considerably after few years of starting a new relationship or marriage, but interestingly it gets reactivated with a different partner. But people do not start a different relationship due to legal, social, religious and economic reasons. The social and legal acceptance of having additional sexual partners is less today. Besides this fear of incurable deadly sexually transmitted disease make men and women suppress their desire for diversity in sex. And they apply brakes to the natural desires and thoughts to gain religious and social respect. In fact the natural selection process shall be more effective when there is diversity and maximum mixing of genes. Due to social, religious, health and political reasons these practices were abandoned by humans and blocked by law. But surprisingly it is still practiced secretly in many places due to the very dominant basic sexual instinct and desire for diversity. There are several occasions in nuclear families where men go in search of women disregarding the religious and social customs and an efficient legal system, often ignoring a beautiful loving young wife at home. And rich gentlemen divorce good wives after five or ten years of successful marriage paying huge money to start a new affaire. This craving for diversity of partner inherent in men is because nature wants different combination of genes for better natural selection. But the pity is that even the small group of men and women practicing extramarital relationship often defeat the nature's purpose by using birth control devices and avoids pregnancy to keep the relationship secret and avoid detection by social and religious watch dogs.

Extra marital relationship in nuclear families is more frequently practiced by the male than the female partner. The nature has tuned men for multiple sexual partners because of the tremendous 'reproductive advantage' in men seeking new partner. If a man had sexual relationship with seven different women in a week on each mating each woman could get impregnated and can produce seven or more infants. But if a woman had sexual relationship with seven different men in a week she could produce only one infant or two (if twins occur) in spite of the multiple mating with different partners. A man can father hundred children as some of our mythological characters, but a woman cannot. This natural reproductive disparity could be the reason for the predominantly male seeking extra marital relationships. It is evident that the physiology and behavior of living organisms including humans are tuned for maximum reproduction. In many mythologies also we see several gods and great men having many wives /husbands; perhaps the maximum number of wives and children may be in our own mythology. In fact the concept of nuclear family is for the protection and care of women and children. Children grow up in an unnaturally protected environment in nuclear family. Nuclear family is against the male sexuality. There were many men who were unhappy with nuclear family system. But they did not express it out of fear of social outcast and punishment by the state and religion. Recently following the COVID -19 lock down, there were many instances of men becoming violent in the nuclear families. When men started spending eight to ten hours extra per day at the nuclear family due to lock down, domestic violence and murder of women increased throughout the world! And in Kerala there were instances of domestic violence ending up in murder of the female partner. It shows the weakness of the nuclear family system and the frustration among men. In USA thirty five women accused Mr. Bill Cosby of sexual assault. Probably many women who had an affair were not accusing him to avoid publicity. There could be many other unreported instances of men who had different types of sexual relationship with many women in different parts of the world. The desire for multiple partners is inherent in humans for better reproduction. But the social system does not allow multiple partners. Hence certain groups evolved a less violent alternative \-- the wife swapping parties, practiced without disturbing the fragile frame work of nuclear family! The play boy magazine with nude photos of beautiful women, started by Hugh Hefner was well supported by not only bachelors but also family men. Why should a family man buy a play boy magazine? Seven million copies of a single issue of the magazine were sold in 1970. The craving to see nude photos of opposite sex person is seen usually only in men, including the married men of the nuclear families. The magazine was described as 'one of the great social forces in the 20th Century in USA'. The founder Hugh Hefner himself did not get married. And he spent most of his adult life happily with multiple girlfriends till his natural death at the age of ninety one. Today he is enjoying his eternal sleep by the side of Marilyn Monroe! Men are genetically tuned for multiple sex partners, and gentlemen suppress their desire to become great in the society and to avoid punishments. It is evident that the human physiological system is tuned for maximum reproduction, but human social system is for minimum or no reproduction. And hence attempts are being made for asexual reproduction.

It is interesting to note that male can be easily aroused by the presence of a female and is ready to do his duty for procreation, whereas a female can be easily aroused only during the fertile period so that she can participate in the reproductive process. These facts once more establish the great importance of procreation in the human physiology and nature's ways to achieve it. But today this important physiological function is suppressed and degraded. Human reproduction is reducing day by day due to lack of natural sex at home, frequent gay/lesbian marriages, sex controls, birth control, MTP etc. Besides this most of the common forms of the present time human entertainment involves sexually arousing the people without actual reproduction as in night clubs. Cabaret dances, Cinemas, pornography etc... As a result the body gets a wrong message of gross inability of the person for sexual reproduction in spite of the close contact with an opposite sex partner. When the body system realizes the absence of procreation in spite of close contact between men and women it shall turn to other forms of reproduction. The effect of orgasm or the absence of it, on human physiology is not well understood. It is shown that many centers (genital sensory cortex, motor areas, hypothalamus, thalamus, and substantia nigra) in the brain get an impulse and light up due to orgasm and simultaneously the lateral orbitofrontal cortex become less active.[19] The involuntary activities going on in the brain are much more than the voluntary activities. Besides this there are hormonal changes including increase secretion of prolactin and oxytocin from pituitary gland during coitus as well as during lactation. It is known that prolactin has many known and unknown functions in the body including enhancing immune system. The body can monitor many ways a person's sexual activity. Nature naturally reacts to any gross deficiency and inability for sex and orgasm by attempting asexual reproduction. Hence the most primitive form of reproduction - binary fission - is being attempted whenever there is a deficiency in sexual reproduction. When this attempt fails due to lack of appropriate genes it is being manifested as cancer! In another words cancer is the fatal asexual reproductive error in the human physiology. (Even in the well-developed sexual reproduction process in humans, we get several fatal errors. Some of them medical men can correct by caesarian section and save the mother and child).

There is an interesting description of extra marital relationship even in the holy Bible. Abraham, one of the great prophets of God had extra marital relationship with the servant maid as requested by his wife Sarah since he did not have a son. Here the reason for the relationship was to produce a son. This was socially and religiously acceptable at that point in time. And Abraham succeeded in his effort. (Genesis 16) Bible also describes about two daughters having sexual relationship with their father (Lot) to produce children since there was hardly any scope for them to get married. And they even intoxicated their father with wine and succeeded in their effort to produce children from their own father. (Genesis 19)Here a child is very important even without a husband. In the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu there is a very old custom for curing infertility. In Thirichancode temple childless couple prays for eighteen days and if the lady could not conceive, she can have sexual relation with another man visiting the temple to get herself pregnant. Can you imagine such a behavior in modern world? This shows that in olden days both in India and outside major religions diluted the all important moral codes regarding sex for the sake of reproduction. A child was more important than the 'sexual morality' for the ancient Asians. And for many kings a son is more important than the wife (queen) and many of them married repeatedly thinking that the woman is deciding the sex of the baby. Interestingly In this twenty-first century in US when a fertility specialist doctor used his own semen for artificial insemination in the absence of a healthy semen donor, he was sued by the lady after thirty years, when the child detected the professional secret through the DNA study! Today also we have several extramarital and premarital relationships, but it is for the sexual pleasure not for a child .And couples avoided the birth of a baby by all means because of the social stigma. We can observe that today the nature's purpose of reproduction is defeated again and again both in marital relationship and extra marital relationship! Nature wants frequent mating and maximum reproduction, while humans attempt for minimal reproduction. When humans severely restrict mating by young men and women due to social, cultural or religious reasons, visible and violent reactions like rape, is a strong possibility. According to government records (NCRB) ninety one rapes are reported per day from India during 2018. There could be many more unreported. Over and above this an invisible and ill understood reaction is also occurring in the physiological system - an attempt by nature for asexual reproduction. And this is manifested as cancer. We know that rapes and cancers are increasing day by day probably because of the very strict regulations in sex and sexual reproduction.

It is a well-accepted fact that good sexual pleasure - the incentive for procreation - is good for physical and mental health and such people live longer than unmarried persons with little sexual activity. In plants often sexual reproduction starts in young branches and asexual reproduction is attempted in old branches. As reproduction is a very important function perhaps the whole purpose of some plants growing old is to develop capabilities for asexual reproduction. In another words in the process of development of asexual reproduction capabilities the plant is growing old. It is well known that sex shunts dangerous mutation out of our DNA. Please remember that 'dangerous' mutation can produce cancer. When sexual reproduction is reduced in old people, asexual reproduction is attempted to compensate for the lost reproductive capabilities. Most of the chemotherapeutic agents for cancer and radiation destroy the human fertility also. Some of the interferon used for cancer therapy can inhibit the reproduction of human papilloma virus. In another words most of the therapeutic agents for cancer are working by inhibiting reproductive process of the living organisms. It means that they destroy both sexual and asexual reproduction like the antibiotics administered to the body destroying both pathogenic and useful bacteria. Fortunately the particular combination of drugs (ABVD) specifically destroys only asexual reproduction (cancer). There is an interesting observation of enhancement of ovulation in women when this drug combination was administered. Perhaps the enhancement in sexual reproduction process by the drugs is due to the body reaction to the suppression of the cancer growth. It is common sense that when one form of reproduction or attempts for reproduction is selectively suppressed, other form of reproduction could be naturally activated.

My intention of high lighting these 'sexual aberrations' and peculiar types of behavior by sexually stimulated men and animals is only to emphasis and enlighten you about the extreme importance of procreation and reproduction in the life of any living organism including humans. I do not justify sexual adventurism or do not intent to torpedo the present social and religious order. I am neither a social reformer nor a preacher of atheism. With the prevailing 'cancel culture' people shall be scared to express socially and religiously unacceptable truth. I feel that social changes are bound to occur over a period of time as scientific realities are gradually exposed and accepted by the society. To day you can watch many man made unnatural distortions in human reproductive function. For humans it is more than an important function of a living organism. There is lots of false prestige attached to this important function and it has to be performed under the strict guidance and regulations of the society and religion. Many people think that these social and religious regulations are separating humans from animals; and they discard the genetic theories of differentiation between the ape and human. When nature takes so much care and enthusiasm about procreation of living organisms by giving one of the greatest pleasures in life as an incentive for reproduction, we can logically assume that if a person is unable to do sexual reproduction either due to old age or diseases or social customs, certainly there shall go a signal regarding the failure of this important function. It can trigger signals in the system for alternate type of reproduction viz. the binary fission, a time tested asexual reproduction process, now being manifested in humans as cancer.

In binary fission one old cell divides and becomes two young cells. The building blocks of our body are different types of cells. It is possible that when these building blocks of one's body divide and get organized we can get two young bodies. Binary fission is primitive and is meant for the unicellular organisms to multiply. The HeLa cells derived from cancer have this character and these cells are eternal. They have more chromosomes and telomeres are being repaired as and when they are shortened by division. Similarly the canine transmissible venereal tumors are unique cancers transmitted by coitus in dogs [22]. In fact the tumor cells had originated from a single canine source thousands of years back. They are still living and spreading on different dogs as a parasite. Here the cell division shall not produce shortening of telomeres. Tasmanian devils also have similar transmissible cancer. I feel that cancer with increased telomerase activity cannot be for extinguishing life but should be to give new life. We can assume that this good old reproductive technique (binary fission) is kept in reserve for humans by nature and is being expressed as cancer due to evolutionary errors and mistakes occurring during the biological process. These errors are occurring because of the shortage or complete absence of appropriate healthy genes for binary fission. We know that errors are common in human physiology and anatomy. There are several instances of errors in human sexual reproduction. And some amounts of self-corrections are occurring by miscarriages when there are serious genetic errors. Similar self-corrections are possible in cancers also.

Men and women have the genes and strong desire not only for sexual pleasure but also for parenting children. They eagerly try to get sons and/or daughters and love them, protect them, feed them and educate them. I have seen a domesticated quiet hen becoming aggressive when it sees a threat to the tiny chicken it is mothering and protecting. The hen fights with vigor and takes considerable risk while fighting with much bigger and stronger attackers to protect her offspring's. Humans, animals and even plants like Coco de mer palm of Seychelles derive pleasure in protecting and caring the young ones and consider it as their most important duty. Humans also know that their sons and daughters may not return a fraction of the love and affection towards them when they grow old. In the animal world the young ones rarely recognize their father. In humans also the firm emotional attachment is often to the mother only. And as they grow up they may not continue their initial attachment to the mother. Today many fathers think that their sons are their sons till they get wives; but their daughters are their daughters till the end of their life! This again shows the enormous sexual drive of sons (men) due to the genetic tuning for reproduction. There are several occasions where the sons even turn hostile to the parents after marriage due to silly reasons. Knowing well all these historical facts and the realities in life, men and women still want to parent children because of the nature's great design for procreation, achieved by incorporating several genes in all organisms to reproduce, protect and love their young ones. There seems to be hardly any genes in living organisms to love the parents! The reverse flow of love from son to parent is due to the teaching and training only. All these facts confirm once again the great importance of procreation and protected growth of a young new generation in all living organisms including humans. In this situation it is nothing but common sense to assume that when one method for procreation does not work well, definitely there will be a strong attempt for another method for procreation. If you look at cancer from this procreation angle the real nature of cancer shall be clearly visible and many unanswered questions about cancer could be explained and answered.

We all know very well that when an elderly person falls he or she can develop fractures in the leg bones. But very few people know that an elderly person with osteoporosis can fall due to pathological fracture of neck of femur. They are falling due to fracture and not fracture due to fall. Similarly everybody knows that when a person develops cancer anywhere in the body he becomes sick, physically and emotionally depressed. But very few know that when a person is sick, unhealthy and unable to perform the basic duty of reproduction he can develop cancer in an attempt for alternate method of reproduction! The desire and will to live longer as well as the cheerful nature of the person and active sexual life shall reduce the chance of development of cancer. There is a concept that when we become old our sexual desire and reproductive capabilities reduce and often stop functioning. Another way of looking at it is that, when our sexual desire and activity reduce as well as ovulation stops we become old and prone to development of cancer. Many surveys have shown that in modern day's incidence of cancer is increasing at alarming rate. Similarly many surveys have also shown that men and women have natural sex less frequently now- a- days probably because of other entertainment activities, sports & games, alcoholism, drug addictions, money making, higher education, learning new skills, busy life style, etc. Besides this fear of adverse reaction by the society, fear of loss of social status, fear of religious out casting, fear of punishment by the state etc. also lead to abstaining from extra marital and pre-marital sex . A recent BPAS survey showed that teen age pregnancies are fast reducing in UK. In 1969 it was 47 per thousand and in 2016 it was only 18.9 per thousand. Over and above the reduction in pregnancies, some funny rules and regulations are restricting heterosexual activity indirectly by way of encouraging homosexuality. Certain societies and governments encourage homosexual activity defeating the great purpose of nature - procreation. Even gay marriages are legal and accepted by several nations and 'progressed' societies. With the introduction of the idiot box and computer, sex and reproductive attempts at home has reduced considerably. Modern men spend lot of time to acquire new knowledge and are eager to use this knowledge for money making, political power and social recognition. Hence even married men and women get much less time and chance for free sex. It is interesting to observe that many religious leaders call themselves as 'fathers' or 'mothers' without producing a single infant of their own! Besides this birth control techniques practiced by couples reduce the reproduction further. In fact the humans have strangulated the very important function of reproduction by the changed life style, licensing, social customs and religious regulations. It is evident that longevity and marked reduction in sexual reproduction are the two important causes for increase in cancer in the present time. Over and above this many more cancers, which were unrecognized in olden days, are recognized because of awareness and better facilities for detection. We know that if cancer has already developed good physical and mental health helps to retard the growth of cancer. We can assume that when the human physiological system is preparing for a shut down due to serious disease like HIV, Chronic renal diseases, and heart failure attempts for reproduction occurs. Since these patients are weak and sexually inactive asexual reproduction gets stimulated. In a situation where there is not sufficient genetic tuning for binary fission as in humans, an inefficient and genetically defective attempt for binary fission occurs in the weak and unproductive persons resulting in the cancer formation. To make perfect transition from sexual reproduction to asexual reproduction is not a very easy process. It is possible that the incidence of cancer (aborted asexual reproduction) could be inversely proportional to the sexual reproduction. We should realize that in nature when one essential route is blocked partially or completely the other route shall try to open up! Several centuries back our life expectancy was short, but people were sexually active till the end of their short life span. According to some studies human natural average life expectancy is only 38 years! In such situation there is hardly any chance for cancer development.

Marijuana or cannabis is known to make people happy and there is decreased depression in marijuana users. [23] Those who smoke marijuana there is no increase in lung cancer in spite of the smoke and tar going to the lungs. Results from a pooled analysis provided little evidence for an increased risk of lung cancer among habitual or long term cannabis smokers [24]. Similarly a population based case control study of marijuana use and head & neck squamous cell carcinoma suggested that moderate marijuana use is associated with reduced risk of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma! [25]However the interpretations of the effect of marijuana on cancer and human reproduction are not very easy, because the plant contain several active ingredients in varying concentration. Some of them have opposing actions and the concentration of the active ingredient varies for different sub groups of the plant. Interestingly moderate use of marijuana make people happy and less depressed so that the possibilities of sex and attempts for sexual reproduction shall be more in marijuana users. Many women use marijuana to enhance sexual desire and enjoy sex better. Marijuana seems to enhance sex and sexual reproduction unlike tobacco and the smoke from marijuana does not produce lung cancer.

Reproductive organs of the body form less than ten percentage of the body mass. But cancer of reproductive organs including breast forms more than thirty percentages of total cancers occurring every year. Besides this the chances of development of cancer in reproductive organs are more if sexual reproduction was absent, insufficient or faulty. The sum total of breast cancers, ovarian cancer and uterine cancer in women could be more than half of women's total cancers. This is without considering the benign uterine growth fibroid. Over and above these often in elderly women uterus and ovary were removed in early middle age due to some other diseases or for prevention of cancer. When all these facts are put together the real number of growths occurring in reproductive organs are very high. Breast cancers are much more common in childless women as well as women who have not breast fed the child. As we have reduced births and breast feeding the breast cancers are becoming more frequent. In India there is 39 % increase in breast cancers from 1990 to 2016. Women who have undergone repeated miscarriage or abortion are also more prone to develop uterine cancer. Similarly testicular cancer is the most common solid cancer in young men. And for the old men it is the prostatic cancer. When we analyze these facts and figures, the link between reproductive process and cancer shall become very obvious and clear.

In men with undescended testis there is hardly any chance of generating viable sperms because of the relatively high temperature in abdomen. In such individuals there is very strong possibility of development of testicular cancer, the aborted attempt for asexual reproduction to compensate for absence of sexual reproduction. Similarly in testicular dysgenesis syndromes where semen quality is poor testicular cancers are seen frequently. These are examples of cancer occurring in young men where body is trying to compensate for the inability in sexual reproduction due to unviable sperms. Michael Eisenberg etal [26] had observed 2.2 fold increased risk for cancer in azoospermic men. Agents (alcohol, tobacco etc.) and activities (watching TV, excess use of mobile phone and lap top etc.) which affect erection, the quality and quantity of sperm also predispose for cancer. These carcinogenic things probably first reduce fertility and afterwards these young men get cancer due to the inhibitory effect on reproduction. Similarly in women when there is reproductive failure and the ovary is not functioning well as in poly cystic ovary the chances of development of ovarian cancer is more. Cancer is found to be more common in infertile young women in a study of 64345 women of child bearing age. One in forty-nine infertile women is likely to develop cancer. The main author (G.Murugappan) of the article published in the journal of human reproduction thinks that there could be some common underlying mechanism responsible for infertility and cancer which she does not know. [27] In fact it is not a common mechanism, but the infertility is making women more vulnerable for other method of reproduction (cancer), since reproduction is a very important function of a living organism.

My late grand uncle, a retired school teacher with a sense of humor often said "half the food you eat is for your health and the other half is for the health of the doctor". Over eating and obesity is known to produce various diseases like diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, osteoarthritis, etc. etc. Hippocrates had observed, "Persons who are turning very fat are apt to die earlier than who are slender" (Aphorisms sect. II). And we know the reason why these diseases occur in obesity. Obesity is known to predispose cancer also. But how does it happen? It can predispose cancer more than one way. Different ways the association of obesity and cancer can be explained. It is possible that before the development of cancer in many persons, fat is often getting deposited in the body as reserve food and energy for the externally inactive but internally very active transformation process – the binary fission. (The worms or caterpillars before the pupa stage are veracious eaters, and are very fatty. They store the food in their body for usage during transformation. The butterfly emerging from the pupa is lean and light weight unlike the caterpillar. The fat was utilized for transformation). The fat is produced and accumulated for the utilization of the growth for transformation. We have observed that obesity is a predisposing factor for cancer of breast, bowel, esophagus, pancreases, uterus, kidney, gall-bladder, and thyroid. Obesity is only associated with early stages of cancer. In reality it is not obesity predisposing cancer, but the body prepares itself for cancer (asexual reproduction) development and transformation. People have a natural obesity ('caterpillarisation') tendency in the middle age, and health conscious people struggle hard to prevent it. Obesity is becoming endemic due to the life style changes and increase in the reproduction free segment in the human life span. Absence or insufficient sexual reproduction induces changes in the metabolic process. The body gives priority for fat deposition over energy use for the absorbed food when the sexual reproduction rate is low. In another words during middle age fertility reduces due to various causes leading to obesity and obesity leads to further reduction in fertility. Adipocytes produce interferon leading to changes in metabolism and the obesity increases further. This cycle continues ultimately leading to an attempt for asexual reproduction (cancer).Prevalence of male hypogonadism is increasing since last ten years and it is often under diagnosed. 'Hypo androgenic metabolic syndrome' is developing in men due to deficiency in testosterone. And an important component in the syndrome is obesity.[28] As the incidence of hypogonadism and obesity increase the incidence of cancers also increases because the attempts for sexual reproduction has reduced drastically in these men. There is association of obesity with both congenital hypogonadism and acquired hypogonadism. Obesity causes infertility and infertility causes obesity. And cancer evolves from this vicious cycle. Interestingly those who smoke marijuana, the weight gains are less compared to nonsmokers of marijuana. (Marijuana smokers usually have very active and pleasant sexual life) Cross-sectional epidemiological studies in humans indicate lower prevalence of obesity in cannabis users. There seems to be an inverse association of cannabis use and obesity [29].

In spite of considerable reduction of food intake by dieting, often the middle of middle aged people swells up with fat. At the same time when there is low intake of food to reduce weight they feel weak and tired. In a lady on menopause when the entire stored ovum for sexual reproduction is finished, perhaps preparation for asexual reproduction and de-evolution start. The first step towards asexual reproduction could be the rapid 'caterpillarisation'.Obesity is becoming more common and obesity related cancers are increasing as the world progress. Today obesity is considered to be a major risk factor for cancer. The common cancers associated with obesity are endometrial, esophageal adenocarcinoma, colorectal, post-menopausal breast, prostate and renal. [30]Interestingly the obesity is usually in the middle of the body and most of the obesity related cancers also starts from the organs (pelvic organs) in the middle of the body!

Similarly there is obesity in young persons with hypogonadism due to the inborn inability for sexual reproduction. There are several patients of hypogonadism obesity syndromes associated with genetic defects also. All these are evidence of involuntary actions in the body to establish the alternate reproduction in hypogonadism. Prior to the planed transformation and procreation (cancer) the fat is stored in the middle of the body. The belly fat is the most resistant to dis appear by diet control. But as the asexual reproduction process (cancer growth) progress the person loses all the fat stored and he/she becomes thin and emaciated. In fact while obesity precedes cancer, unexplained weight loss is an important sign of advancing cancer. It is evident that obesity is not the cause for cancer, because the internal cause of the disease cannot reverse as the disease progress and spread. Obesity is actually the preparation of the body for cancer. Besides this recently research workers from Flinders University Australia have shown that obesity improves survival rate of patients with different types of cancers. Old age is a definite cause for cancer and age does not reverse as the disease progress. Similarly tuberculosis is a disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculi. As the disease progress the bacterial count in the body increases; it does not decrease. Same is true for genetic diseases. If a gene is responsible for a disease, that gene does not disappear as the disease progress. When one gets myocardial infarction his coronary arteries do not dilate. Hence obesity is not the cause but only the preparation for cancer. It is also known that once the body is well prepared with obesity the spread of cancer is faster in such individuals! The secretion of lubricants before sexual intercourse is not the cause for reproduction but only the preparation for sexual reproduction. Interestingly if the preparation by fat deposit is reversed by bariatric surgery the chances of development of cancer reduces. [31] We know that during the winter, in cold countries people have lot of fat deposition in the middle part of their body for protection from the climatic condition. It shows that adaptation in fat metabolism is common in the body according to the external and internal environment. It has been noted that lipid turnover in the fat tissue decreases during ageing process and as a result there is weight gain even with exercise and low intake of food. There is a process in our body which regulates fat deposition and body weight independent of food intake and exercise. There is a switching of metabolism in middle age. The important publication by Peter Arner tries to explain how fat mass is increasing in middle age. [32]. But the publication does not explain why fat is being deposited or why the switching of the metabolism is occurring. Here the purpose of this process and fat storage seems to be to store more energy for the transformation and binary fission process later. As the caterpillar stores energy before the pupa stage, humans store fat before the transformation and asexual reproduction. The energy requirement in old age and middle age is relatively less, but storage of fat is occurring in the middle age. When there is abundant regular supply of fat as in keto diet the body realizes that there is no urgency in storing fat and part of the stored fat is consumed. Unfortunately due to the lack of appropriate genes the attempt for the transformation and multiplication fails and it is manifested as cancer. We interpret the obesity as a risk factor for cancer. But the molecular mechanisms underlying the process are poorly understood. In fact obesity is only a preparation for cancer or an adaptation for transformation and asexual reproduction! As one individual is different from another individual in appearance, behavior, genes etc. the manifestations may not be exactly the same in every person. Smokers are usually less obese than nonsmokers, but due to very strong suppression of sexual reproduction they get cancer even without much preparation of the body for transformation. We know that lean caterpillars also transform to butterfly!

There is a general concept that sex shall burn out lot of calories. In fact the calories burned by sex are not high even for the active partner. The wrong notion has come because people have observed that sexual intercourse can prevent obesity to a great extent. Sex prevents obesity not by burning calories but by changing the fat metabolism. The body shall realize that there is no need to store fat for development of asexual reproduction since the person is active in sexual reproduction. Hence weight gain is prevented by sex is a right observation, but plenty of calories are burned during the process is a wrong conclusion! We see many middle aged men & women who do regular exercise burning much more calories, accumulating fat at the middle of their body. The fact is that Caterpillarisation process is prevented to some extend by repeated attempts for sexual reproduction. And the obesity disappears as the cancer grows consuming fat in an attempt for asexual reproduction. It is unusual for a risk factor to disappear due to the disease or the disease correcting the risk factor.

Another way of linking cancer with obesity is through the impotence and sterility route. It is well known that obese persons are less active in reproduction and obesity is considered as one of the cause of infertility both in men and women. Both sex and sexual reproduction are affected in many ways due to obesity. And infertility or diminishing sexual reproduction is one of the causes of cancer- the unsuccessful attempt for asexual reproduction. It is known that stress & strain can produce obesity and obesity can cause infertility. Obesity can predispose cancer as well. Similarly regular exercise reduces obesity, improves quality of semen and reduces cancer. There is enough circumstantial evidence to prove that reproductive malfunction is an important predisposing factor for cancer -- the other form of reproduction. Just like many other diseases (like cataract, hypertension, cirrhosis liver etc.) there could more than one etiological factor for the development of this abnormal reproductive activity we describe as cancer. That is why we get cancer in many young people also without failures in sexual reproduction. However such cancers are much less when compared to middle age and old age cancers. We know that the flowering (failed attempts for sexual reproduction) of Rose and Jasmine occur even without cutting and removing the old overhanging branches. But on cutting and removing the old overhanging branches responsible for asexual reproduction, the attempts for sexual reproduction, (flowering) get enhanced. Similarly in women when frequency of attempts for sexual reproduction (sexual act) reduces they even get menopause early, because the body realizes that the probability of pregnancy leading to reproduction is very low or nil. Hence the woman just stops ovulation early as continued investment in ovulation would not be adaptive. [33] At the same time the body does not want to abandon the most important function (reproduction) just because of stopping the ovulation and try for asexual reproduction. We know that women get most of the cancers after menopause, often in the nonfunctioning reproductive organs.

A recent Chinese study published in Journal of diabetes has observed an elevated risk for cancer development in type 2 diabetes. They have observed the elevated risk in eleven types of cancers in men and thirteen types of cancers in women. And the highest risk was for cancer of prostate. We know that in diabetes fertility is low and in diabetic men erectile dysfunction is common. Naturally the body shall try for asexual reproduction and they get all sorts of cancers. Another way to interpret the interesting observation is linking it to the ageing process. Diabetic age is often added to the chronological age to get the forecast of the age related diseases in diabetic patients. It means that the diabetic persons become old faster than normal persons. And cancer, the age related disease is appearing in such population earlier in their chronological age. Prostatic cancer is very much linked to age and in this study the effect of diabetes is more pronounced in prostatic cancer.

We know that growth hormone is responsible for growth in animals and humans and sex hormones are responsible for growth of sex organs. The sex hormones are also responsible for sexual desire in men and women. The sexual act normally leads to procreation of the organisms. The same sex hormones (both male and female) responsible for procreation are effectively stimulating and enhancing the growth of cancer in many organs. This dual role of sex hormone as facilitator of sexual reproduction as well as of many cancers also points to the hidden reproductive roots of cancer. And sex hormone is not a pathological agent but an essential ingredient of human body for normal physiological actions. Interestingly growth hormone usually does not enhance cancer growth. If cancer was a growth disorder it should be enhanced by growth hormone not by sex hormones. Testosterone is a very strong reproduction enhancing hormone and it not only enhance reproduction but also makes the person blind to all adverse consequence of the reproductive act. Here is one more circumstantial proof for the link of cancer to reproduction.

The female body and mind derives pleasure in breast feeding the infant. In spite of this incentive provided by nature many women due to wrong notions do not breast feed the baby. When the baby is not breast fed, the hormonal glands and sensors in the body do not consider or understand that the baby has survived after the birth. A woman cannot stop the flow of milk voluntarily to the child while the child is sucking; the flowing of milk is an involuntary action. Just like many other important functions of the body this also has a reflex or involuntary component. If the milk has not flown out of the breast sufficiently to feed the infant the body shall interpret that the baby is not living and it is a still birth. In another words it is interpreted as a failure of sexual reproduction. During milk production the cells develop two nuclei. When there is no milk production the two nuclei formation usually does not occur in the breast cells. Interestingly if two nuclei formation occurs in cells without milk production it could be the starting of a growth. To get the hormonal feed back to the female body that the infant is surviving after being born, breast feeding is very essential. Breast feeding also has a built in hormonal mechanism to delay the next pregnancy (ovaries do not produce eggs) till the infant grows sufficiently. Hence the mothers, who have not breast fed the infant, develop cancer, the other form of reproduction, to compensate for the non-survival of the infant of the sexual reproduction! If women has started breast feeding in the late teens the protective effect is much more than breast feeding in the thirties, because nature accepts the fact that the woman has started effective procreation early and there is hardly any need for asexual reproduction. (Women have sexual reproductive capabilities from early teens but the state regulations block it and society encourage late licensing for reproduction). Interestingly cancer of male breast is extremely rare in spite of the absence of breast feeding, because male breast has hardly any role in reproduction! It is in fact the hormonal signal that the child delivered by the mother is surviving, is preventing the occurrence of cancer to a great extend in the mothers who have breast fed the infant. Breast feeding not only reduces breast cancer but also reduces the risk for ovarian cancer by 24%. The longer the breast feeding the benefit is more. [34]The hormonal feedback from breast feeding is also responsible for the absence of ovulation in breast feeding mothers. It shows that the body even curtails the important reproductive functions of the mother for the bringing up of the new born infant! In male body this hormonal feedback of active reproduction is received immediately after ejaculation since the male role of reproduction ends with the supply of sufficient sperms; whereas women shall not get the full hormonal feedback by fulfilling reproductive function just by ovulation, fertilization of the ovum, or by delivering an infant. We know that women do not get orgasm as a result of ovulation; but men get orgasm on ejaculation of sperms. Often women do not get orgasm even at the end of sexual act but they do get pleasure on breast feeding the infant. When women breast feed the infant the body gets hormonal feedback that a child is alive and is being looked after by the mother. Perhaps nature gives full rewards to women only on completion of all the assigned duties! And cancer breast in women is almost eliminated by breast feeding early and caring the infant sufficiently. Women who have breast fed a child after the age of forty may live much longer years to look after and give care to the late born child. The longest lived human (122 years) is a woman. Breast feeding reduces not only cancers but also reduces other serious diseases like nonalcoholic fatty liver in women. It is nature's interest to protect the caring mother. Our philosophers and philanthropists say pleasure is in giving not in receiving. Perhaps in nature also the donors get more pleasure, health and happiness than the receiver! Feeding mother is protected from not only cancer but also from many other diseases.

Often male duty in all organisms is limited to impregnating maximum number of females and there is tremendous procreation drive in males. For satisfying the natural reproductive drive men spend lot of time and money and also take great risk. They often sacrifice their respect in the modern society, violate the religious rules, sacrifice their social dignity & career and even break the criminal laws. When the natural drive and instinct for procreation is strictly regulated or blocked by various rules, laws and conventions, many unexpected things can happen. One such thing was exposed recently in Kerala, the most educated state in India. We had a sensational criminal case of forty two educated influential persons raping a sixteen years old girl. Many cases of sexual crimes committed by respected people are being exposed every day. Even 75 years old women are being raped! Why these 'respected and educated' people did these sexual offences? Often the whole of Kerala is considered as a huge metropolitan city. In big cities of the world often existed red light streets and brothels, but Kerala does not have licensed brothels! And prostitution is illegal. Socio economically Kerala is well developed as any European states. But there are no red districts as in Amsterdam or Hamburg. Germany alone has got about four hundred thousand sex workers for a population of 83 million people. Even if you consider prostitution is an evil and sin it is a much lesser evil than rape of minors and murders. The Indian mega city Kolkata has not just a red light street but a red light district (Sonagachi) where more than eleven thousand prostitutes work day and night to full fill the sexual needs of men from Kolkata. These women of Sonagachi satisfied the reproductive instinct of men of Kolkata without actual reproduction. This 'deficiency' could be one of the important reasons for the ever increasing sexual crimes, rapes and murders in Kerala! There are several similarities in appearance, food habits and thinking between people of Bengal and Kerala. Both the states had several red governments, but red streets and red districts are only in Bengal! In Kerala even minor children are raped by relatives and killed. And interestingly Kerala is the only state where women are more than men. In many countries and states prostitution is not a criminal offence. Perhaps by allowing prostitution (the oldest profession) the incidence of many serious sex related crimes could be reduced. As per the Second World War records the imperial Japanese army required at least one 'comfort woman' for every seventy soldiers. These women were forced to work day and night for the army men. A modern alternative to development of brothel services could be sex toys and robots for sex. (According to a UK study, published in Time magazine, soon one out of five sexual intercourses shall be with the robot!) Just by increasing the severity of punishment for sexual offence the incidence of such crimes could not be reduced because male sexuality is a very powerful instinct in all the living organisms including humans. And a sexually charged man is almost blind to the grave legal and social consequence of his act. When there is an incompatibility between the ethical codes and male sexuality (due to the extreme importance of reproduction,) perhaps the only solution could be robots for sex. This may perhaps reduce social evils like rape but unfortunately shall not improve on human reproduction. When reproduction is such an important function in an organism, we can assume that any deficiency can lead to a correction by the alternate method of reproduction. Attempts for asexual reproduction shall be inevitable when sexual reproduction and/or attempts for sexual reproduction are absent or insufficient.

Sexual drive in a man is an instinct and passion, while sexual drive in a woman is only a desire for pleasure and instinct for mother hood. We see men and sexually matured minor boys raping women knowing well that it is a criminal offence. But we don't see any woman raping a man. Why? They too have desire, and they also enjoy sex. Their physical weakness is not the reason, because now- a- days there are many methods to overpower physically strong people. Erection and ejaculation are reflex process which man cannot control. Even if a woman rapes a man the chance of punishment is very remote. Still women do not attempt for raping men. Because women have only desire for sex not an instinct for sex. Only when there is an instinct and strong reflexes, man is not bothered about the social consequence of his action and have sex with anybody, anywhere at any cost! The male sex hormones can block the rational thinking of a sexually stimulated man. We have observed that when testosterone level is more than six times the normal, a bull elephant becomes aggressive and mad. In sexual cannibalism the female is not hunting for the male, but the male is coming to the often larger female and offering himself after or during the transfer of the genetic material. Organisms are designed to reproduce the young ones and it is the most important function of a living organism to be executed before its death. Hence organisms are genetically tuned to achieve the reproductive function at any cost. Hence one can be pretty sure that when sexual reproductive drive is suppressed, asexual reproductive attempts shall evolve in order to achieve reproduction at natural level.

During my studies I had an interesting experience. On a Saturday evening one of my friends was going out from the men's hostel in a hurry. On my enquiry about the purpose of his leaving hostel in a hurry, he answered that he was going to 'evacuate the poison'! I just did not understand. So he elaborated that he was going to a favorite prostitute and invited me to join him. He further explained that when the 'poison' remained in his body, it did a lot of harm. I could not accept his detoxification theory at that point in time. I thought that he was fooling me with a lie, because he was a well behaved student with good academic performance. But today I feel that there is some truth in what he was telling.

Another possible reason for relative increase in rapes in Kerala is under reporting of rapes in other parts of the country. Similar offences were occurring in many other places also but they were not yet come to the court of law, because they were 'extinguished' before reaching the court. In USA there was an interesting case where thirty-five women accused that a single man (Cosby) had sexually assaulted them. These sexual offences are happening, because these respected men could not control their instinct and natural sexual feelings. And they sacrificed their position in the family & society, money, health (sexually transmitted diseases) and even the profession just for depositing few drops of semen in a female body! They know well that they are committing a crime punishable by prolonged period of imprisonment and fine. These men were taking such big risk perhaps just like the male Australian Golden orb web spiders or male praying mantis who were sacrificing their own life for the sake of procreation. The examples of these acts of men once again prove the importance of sex and reproduction in humans and the powerful natural instinct for procreation in men. Naturally when sexual reproduction is insufficient or absent, the physiological system shall make attempts for another form of reproduction. In Kerala both rape and cancer are increasing! In fact both are different types of reaction to the suppressed sexual reproduction.

In the teens we see that almost all the activities of the youngsters are influenced to a great extent by reproductive or sexual thoughts. Interestingly in the high schools we teach them everything under the sun except human reproduction. Even if there is some lessons are there in the curriculum on human reproduction, often teachers skip or shorten it. Teachers are often not interested to answer questions from the students on the subject. Even without any formal education on sex and reproduction we see that sex influence work of youngsters' especially in arts and to a lesser extend in science. Quite often men not only pay their hard earned money but also take the risk of getting serious sexually transmitted diseases, to deposit few drops of semen in women. In the world more than ninety percentage of sex workers are women and there are hardly any male sex workers to serve the women. According to recent study the sex worker business even in a conservative, economically backward, highly religious society like India is 8.4 billion dollar per year. This shows the magnitude of male sexual drive in India and the money they spend and pains they take to satisfy the natural procreative stimulus. In the highly religious and spiritual society of India great men try to conquer desires, but we see several failures. And we don't see many more. Interestingly often women do not pay for sex. They have a natural drive and instinct for mother hood and caring & feeding an infant. Proper caring of children need lot of money also in our present social system. We know that often women prefer wealthy high income men as partner while men often want sexually attractive beautiful women as partner. In fact women can very easily get the sperms to produce a child, but to get enough money power and muscle power to look after the child is more difficult. Everything in nature seems to be reproduction and infant care oriented!

If we observe the animals and plants we shall realize that the whole purpose of a male plant (or male flower) or animal is to fertilize the female. Men living after stopping reproduction are not biologically relevant. Once this function is executed completely often nature is not interested even in keeping the male alive! The system shall show signs of senility and disintegration. But situation is different in the case of female. The female has to survive not only to produce but also to protect the young ones and nature has made arrangements for that. In our society girls get less nourishing food, often women are ill-treated, assaulted and even murdered for silly reasons. Besides this there are lots of life risk related to pregnancy and child birth. But still the average life expectancy of women is few years more than that of man and majority of centurions are women. Everything occurring in nature seems to be aimed at reproduction and care of the young ones. So when the very important natural sexual reproduction process is blocked or severely controlled another form of reproduction is very likely to evolve. And cancer is the half-baked asexual reproduction of humans.

Today some of the cancer phobic women try to escape from breast cancer by keeping them 'breast free' by mutilating a beautiful body. We do not know how the nature shall understand it and react to this new situation. When we get an occasion to watch the changes occurring in pregnant breast less women, perhaps we may get some clue how nature is going to respond to breast less pregnant women. Breasts have two important roles in women's reproduction; they help to attract the mate and feed the infants. Besides this it is the most important secondary sex organ \- sometimes even more important than primary sex organ. Removing such an important organ due to the fear of cancer is the most unnatural act a woman is doing.

Cancer could be a failed attempt of nature for asexual reproduction (binary fission). It seems to be influenced by the absence or defect in sexual reproduction. Old age, when sexual reproduction is the least is the time for asexual reproduction or cancer. Reproductive dysfunction - not just the production of an infant but also its early survival is taken into consideration while triggering cancer formation - should be considered as one of the important risk factor for the occurrence of cancer. Often it initiates in the non-functioning or mal functioning primary or secondary reproductive organ itself, as we see many of the cancers are in the reproductive organs.

The founding father of psycho analysis Dr. Sigmund Freud has found that sex has got very strong influence on the mental health of an individual and explained many psychological problems on the basis of sexual experience of the individual. This shows the tremendous influence of sex and procreation on mental health as well as physical health. In nature sex is always for reproduction. Man has segmented it and we have sex without reproduction and reproduction without sex. It appears that both the body and mind of living organisms are created for reproduction. Many of the reproductive process are involuntary and are reflex action in all living organisms. Man is only a modified animal and ten percentage of genetic change is sufficient to convert a man to an ape. We may assume that a regular good sexual activity and procreation can prevent mental diseases, cancer and many more diseases. And our mental diseases and cancers are increasing in spite of better health facilities.

Dr. Freud had also observed the tremendous attraction between opposite sexes violating all social norms and described the peculiar relationship of sons to the mothers. He called it Oedipus complex. We have observed sexual relationship between son and mother, between daughter and father, sister and brother, and between cousins, uncle and niece etc. If you observe the people around you a mild form of Oedipus complex is always seen and this is suppressed because of the strict social norms prevailing in the society. The sexual and procreative attractions are so intense that when they are repeatedly suppressed occasionally mental diseases occur. In spite of the great social values we have injected to our children from child hood we do not allow our grown up sons and daughters in the teens to sleep together, because we are afraid that all our moral teaching shall be shattered in front of the natural reproductive drive. If a female body rubs with male body sparks of passion and emotion is generated and neither of them have any control on this natural phenomenon intended for reproduction. It is paradoxical that this great scientist, who high lightened the importance of sex and reproduction, had to subject himself for mercy killing to get him liberated from the pains and sufferings of cancer, the aborted asexual reproduction. Sex is only a way to achieve reproduction, as sexual pleasure is the incentive for reproduction. The physiological development of human body and mind completes only after procreation is achieved. Both for mental and physical health reproduction and procreation are very essential.

Psychological stress is also known to predispose cancer formation. Scientists are struggling to find the real link between stress and pancreatic cancer. Even in animal experiment stress was found to be a cause for cancer of pancreases. (Cancer cell) It is so obvious that when there is stress, there is less sex and reproduction. It was observed that chronic stress accelerates pancreatic cancer growth. Unfortunately scientists still don't look at this reproductive link and they try to find answers for the association by other routes like stress induced neural activation and beta- adrenergic signaling.[35] It is known that 'anxiety is the enemy of pregnancy.' Psychological stress and tension in life affects sex and sexual reproduction in many ways. Sex is reduced because of reduced libido and erection problems. And even if there is sex fertility is reduced in stress full situation due to poor sperm quality and the increase in salivary alpha amylase. Hence the stimulus for asexual reproduction is generated in the system to reactivate the dormant asexual reproduction. This is manifested as cancer and is the simplest way of explaining stress and psychological tension as a predisposing factor for cancer.

An organism has to perform certain basic functions for survival. It has to inhale oxygen, it has to eat food and drink water, it has to get engaged in fight or flight and it has to procreate and multiply. When threats occur to any of these basic functions, body reacts to it in different ways. When oxygen content in the air inspired is less, more red blood crop cells are produced. When food is not available, metabolic rate reduces, growth reduces and stored fat is utilized for energy. When water is not available sweating and urine production reduces. When the eyes accommodate (contraction of ciliary muscles to focus the image on retina) too much, the eye ball elongates to reduce the strain on the ciliary muscles. When there is not sufficient energy for fight and flight, adrenaline is released to increase the pumping of blood to different organs. When there is lot of exposure to sun, the skin develops more melanin to protect the internal structures from the radiation and when this continued for few generations it becomes a part of the racial character. Whenever I started using a new pair of shoes, initially there is some pain and redness on the foot (shoe bite). After few days it disappears because the body has made the skin at contact point thicker and rough so that I shall not have any pain while using them. Similarly I was walking and playing bare foot during my school days and I could walk bare foot anywhere comfortably. Now I am so much used to using shoes and I can't walk on the road without shoes. The skin of my sole is not hard enough to withstand the rough surface of the Indian roads. The hard soles of my student days had disappeared. Many of the body functions work not according to our desire but according to the feedback it gets from the system. A body builder cannot get his muscle developed just by eating protein rich food. He has to exercise the muscle so that the body gets the feedback that developing the muscle is important for the work of the organism. And body builder gets good muscles only after doing exercise. In another words you have to cheat the body by artificially generating a need for developed muscles.

The nature changes its strategy according to the feedback it gets from different sense organs. It can make or reverse the process according to the feed backs from the sense organs. And both the feedback and the remedial actions taken are involuntary process. It also means that nature goes to any extend to protect and procreate. Nature has made man attractive to woman and woman attractive to man to fulfill the reproductive need of the organism. But in spite of taking so much effort and care for getting sufficient procreation, if sexual reproduction and breast feeding of the infant for its survival do not occur satisfactorily, an attempt shall be made for another form of reproduction. The human reproductive cycle is of around twenty eight days. If the attempt for procreation by sexual contact is not occurring at least once in twenty eight days, perhaps body can recognize that there is something wrong with this important function and shall react to it. ( It seems that frequent prior exposure of female body with male body fluids even have a protective effect on Pre eclamptic toxemia and the life of the infant in the womb). Cancer seems to be a reaction of the body to the deficiencies in the procreation, one of the basic needs of any living organism. Here procreation is being attempted by another route – the asexual reproduction route. But unfortunately, due to the absence of appropriate binary fission genes, instead of development of two young individual, a cancerous growth occurs. In cancer often one particular type of tissue alone multiplies very vigorously in an attempt for reproduction leading to the formation of cancer. And the intended asexual reproduction fails half way. If all the tissues of the body grow in a proportional way perhaps asexual reproduction could have occurred!

We have observed that in the human body, often one function or one process is achieved by more than one way. And more than one organ may be involved in the physiological process. Breathing, the most important function of body can be done through the nose and through the mouth and we have two lungs. The digestion starts from mouth and stomach have separate enzyme and acid to digest food there. The duodenum has separate enzymes to digest the small intestine and large intestine participates in digestion and absorption. This way if one area fails the other areas can take over most of the function of digestion and absorption. There are different methods for utilization of the food absorbed. There are different metabolic cycles to achieve the end products or to generate energy. Excretion of waste material also achieve by different process performed by kidney, sweet glands, rectum etc. The function of information collection by brain is achieved by all the sense organs, of course the eye collect maximum information. And we have two eyes. In the eye drainage of aqueous humor is an important function. And this function is achieved by several methods. If the person is blind, his other senses are better developed automatically. The defense of the body from attacking microorganisms is achieved by the antibodies and white corpuscles of blood. It means that most of the important functions are achieved by more than one ways. Hence one can logically expect that there could exist more than one way for reproduction in humans also as seen in many other living organisms. And once one method is not functioning well, the other method shall try to take over the function. But, the fact is that we are not able to recognize these inefficient other methods of reproduction. We know that in biological systems often there could be more than one right ways (equifinality). Hence there could be more than one right way for reproduction for any living organisms including humans. But unfortunately the second right way is not fully developed and hence difficult to recognize it as a reproductive process.

Recently a friend of mine had a trip to an exotic beach during the summer vacation. He was swimming in the sea along with his young son. All of a sudden the sea became rough and the child got drifted far from the shore. My friend followed him in an attempt to save his son. During this daring attempt both of them drowned. The intention of the action was to save the boy but the outcome was loss of two lives. When the dead bodies of the father and teen age son were noticed at the sea shore by police they investigated it as a homicide. The onlookers were questioned. When they could not succeed in hooking anybody, they thought that it was a suicide, another criminal offence, and tried to find reasons for suicide by questioning family members. They could not find any reason for suicide. Finally the police accepted it as a case drowning by accident. Police men are trained to look for crimes in every unnatural death.

Police investigating unnatural death and doctors investigating on deadly disease like cancer have the same mind set. Police is looking for an external agent or a crime. And try to find it in every death. Similarly doctors are looking for pathological agents like bacteria or substances like alcohol or tobacco producing the disease. And try to find them out in every disease of the body. Now you know why the creator of Sherlock Holmes was a doctor- Sir Arthur Conan Doyle! The mind of a doctor often works like the mind of Sherlock Holmes. In fact many diseases can be diagnosed by the careful observation of the patient as Holmes made the observations. During my final year practical university examination in medicine I was allotted a patient with clear instruction from the super smart tough external examiner that not to touch the patient and I have to give the diagnosis. It was a patient with Parkinsonism and I could give the correct diagnosis from inspection and observation alone without touching the patient and I had to explain and prove the diagnosis to his satisfaction. It was not a very difficult thing if you knew the subject. Both police and doctors try to find out the culprit from observations and investigations. Hence often sensible vertical thinking doctors may think that a serious killer disease like cancer could be due to an external agent. And he/she is very unlikely to think that cancer is the outcome of an error of reproductive function of the body.

You might have noticed that Sherlock Holmes observed not only people and events happened, but also animals and events that did not happen. He solved the mystery in 'The adventure of Silver Blaze' (1892) because the watch dog did nothing during the night of crime. It did not bark in the night. It was a curious incident in the crime location. The watch dog of the human body is the immune system. The efficient immune systems do react even on a minor infection like a pimple or common cold. These systems did nothing, when the very aggressive cancer invaded and destroyed the body. Is it not a curious thing? The logical conclusion is that cancer is not an external aggressor. It means that the immune system knew that cancer is an asexual reproductive process which had gone wrong. That is how the cancer mystery is being solved now. It is interesting to note that a nineteenth century detective story by a doctor is helping to solve the mystery of cancer in this twenty-first century! One of the important evidence to prove the reproductive hypothesis is the observation of the curious behavior of human immune system towards cancer or the evasion of immune surveillance by the cancer. The absence of the expected fact is also an important piece of evidence. Today the research on immune evasion of cancer is mainly to find out the mechanism of immune evasion by cancer. The reason for immune evasion by cancer was often over looked. In fact the masterly inactivity of immune system should be investigated as in the adventure of Silver Blaze. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, being a doctor and the creator of the detective character Sherlock Holmes, had emphasized that mere observation was not enough to solve problems. He had highlighted the great role of imagination based on the observation in solving crimes. Perhaps a bit of imagination is required to solve medical problems too!

Many people thought that cancer is due to the attack of our body by virus. (Howard Temin & David Baltimore.) When the former US President Nixon declared a war on cancer the doctor's approach was to finding out the enemy and interestingly there was enough money to spot the enemies and kill them! When there was no definite proof for an agent causing cancer, doctors thought that there was some in fighting in the body and rouge cells were doing suicidal mission. Cancer was later considered to be a smart aggressor capable of hiding in the body and resisting all medicines and devises physicians employ to eliminate it. But it was soon realized that cancer is not an external criminal agent attacking human body. Perhaps we can consider it as a prodigal son behaving eccentrically giving trouble to the system. But the actual fact is that it is an error in the execution of a salvage mission (Trans fission) to save a man / woman from death and disintegration. And I feel that the cancer patient dies in a faulty attempt to create two young individuals! We know that similar situations often occurs if one tries to pull out a person with naked hands to save him / her from being electrocuted. A wrong and faulty method to achieve right things could end up in such disasters, where two lives are lost. When a bad or harmful event occurs usually we assume that it has happened out of a bad intention. It could be an undesired outcome of a good intentional defective work. We should be able to recognize these mistakes or errors in our system. We have to make the change in the conceptual stage to manage cancer in a better way. We know that there are several inborn errors like the inborn errors of metabolism or congenital developmental errors like a hare lip or accessory mammary glands in the milk line in humans. In fact several characters of other living organisms are found in humans as a developmental or evolutionary anomaly.

When unwanted bacteria enter the gut we get diarrhea. The body is trying to expel the bacteria and often it succeeds. With few loose motions the alimentary system gets cleaned up. But when it fails, lot of fluid and electrolytes are lost in the cleaning attempt and the person dies of dehydration if not supplemented by I.V. Fluids. So even the simple diarrhea is an attempt by body with a good intension to clean up the gut, but can occasionally produce disastrous result, if not medically intervened at appropriate time.

There are several occasions the body reacts violently even to good food out of miscalculation and wrong interpretation. Nuts and shell fish are nourishing and tasty, but in certain people the body reacts to them violently. Even death is possible if such good food is consumed by sensitive persons. The food allergies are increasing in the world day by day. It means that several types of errors are occurring in human physiology leading to devastating diseases and death. And the error need not be manifested at birth. Cancer could be one such disease occurring due to the defects in the body function or a failure of salvage mission. The biological sense of cancer hypothesis of Raul A Ruggiero and Oscar D Bustuoabad state that cancer is an attempt for repair of defective organ and it is a biological sense (not nonsense). Tumor cell is being developed in the organs in respond to the demand for proliferation and repair of the defective organ. [8] I also agree that it is a biological sense. And the purpose is to achieve an important biological function – asexual reproduction.

There are many auto immune diseases affecting the health of an individual. There are inflammatory disease affecting joints, thyroid, colon, and even the common type one diabetes is considered to be auto immune disease. The number of auto immune diseases is increasing day by day. Here the immune system attack own body tissue, mistaking it as a foreign agent or material. Due to this type of errors or mistakes in the immune system of our body, several diseases and even deaths are occurring. The diseases occurring due to errors in human physiology are increasing day by day, due to various reasons. Cancer could be such an error in procreation process often leading to death.

There are several occasions of sudden death when a person hears a bad news. Hence on several occasions doctors do not convey bad news to the patients and conveyed to the close relative. Why sudden death happens with bad news? Bad news produces a flight or fight like reaction in the body. And the stress hormone adrenaline is released into the blood to prepare the person for a flight - or - fight response. Unfortunately the heart could not with stand the extra load and it fails. The person dies due to the failure of the good intentional reaction of the body intended for preparing the person to face a calamity. It is not a suicide by the person on hearing bad news. As we know one cannot voluntarily stop his or her heart. Cancer is also such a phenomenon of calamity occurring due to a failed good intentional body reaction due to the deficiencies in sexual reproduction.

Let us take the example of the common migraine head ache. We all know that when there is psychological stress and strain in susceptible individual an attack of migraine is precipitated. In psychological stress the brain needs more oxygen and sugar to analyze the problem and to find a solution. To facilitate this, the arteries carrying blood to brain dilates to increase the blood flow to the needy organ. The dilatation and stretching of the carotid arteries produces severe head ache. So what is done by the body system with a good intention turns out to be a disease. Cancer is such an attempt for asexual reproduction to compensate for the deficiencies and defects in sexual reproduction.

We know that there are many causes for head ache. Hypermetropia (long sight) and astigmatism are important eye diseases causing head ache. In both the condition the images formed on the retina of the person are blurred and not distinct for the analysis by the brain. The brain attempts to rectify the image by contractions of the ciliary muscles for better focusing of the image. When it fails repeated attempts are made. When this is beyond the capability of the muscles there is fatigue resulting in head ache. In effect the patient gets the additional problem of head ache over and above the blurred image. In this situation we help the brain to see better by correcting the refractive error with appropriate glasses and the patient gets sharp images on retina. The patient's head ache dis appears. This is a situation where the attempt for correcting the blurred vision fails, patient gets another disease - the chronic head ache. We have seen that one of the important methods of treating diseases by the physician is by helping the body to achieve what it could not achieve by the natural process. Cancer is also a natural method of the body for reproduction and multiplication. This attempt fails with disastrous outcome. It is the responsibility of the physicians to assist the body to achieve what it could not achieve due to the deficiency in the genes. Physicians should be able to provide necessary genes for asexual reproduction to cure cancer, as we provide spectacle for correcting astigmatism and long sight ( hypermetropia) to cure head ache.

Disseminated Intravascular coagulation (D.I.C.) is also a similar phenomenon where a fatal disease is occurring while the body is attempting to stop bleeding from a serious injury or from major surgeries. The blood clots to prevent bleeding from the wound but the coagulation process spreads to several small vessels of important internal organs and ultimately all the blood factors responsible for clotting gets completely consumed and severe bleeding occurs often leading to death. Death could be prevented only if sufficient fresh blood or coagulation factors were transfused immediately. Here also body reacts to the trauma and the bleeding to prevent death due to bleeding. But as a result of overreaction and faulty technique the coagulation mechanism and the whole process for prevention of bleeding get collapsed leading to profuse bleeding and damages to vital organs. DIC is a disease process where the body tries to prevent bleeding and damages to the person, but the patient dies due to an overreaction and depletion of coagulation factors. Similarly cancer is also a disease where the body is trying to cure procreation defect and deficiency arising out of impotence and or sterility, but it is leading to death of the person instead of creation of babies. Correction is possible by providing all the necessary genes for asexual reproduction.

Another common interesting event is loss of life by drowning or the process of drowning itself. When a person is drowning, he or she breaths in water by reflex action. The drowning man knows well that he cannot get oxygen from water, but still the lungs inhales water. The person dies in an effort to breath in air, the most important function of the body. He or she cannot voluntarily prevent breathing in water; even though he/she knows very well that breathing in water is fatal. Similarly suppose your urinary bladder is full and there is no toilet nearby you may hold on for some time after wards you shall empty the bladder and pass urine in a place not designated to pass urine, even if your decency shall not allow it. The strong reflex can overrule your decency. There are several body functions which you cannot control beyond a particular point and undesirable outcome is possible when you control the important body functions. We can assume that the reproductive function also has a reflex growth component. The reflex action may not be as strong as in breathing, since breathing is a much more important function of body. But when such reflex component of reproduction and growth (cancer) gets activated it could be fatal like the breathing in of water during drowning! When a drowning person inhales water the oxygenation does not happen and he dies. Similarly when cells start growing for the sake of asexual reproduction without necessary genes, reproduction just does not happen and he or she dies due to uncontrolled growth of cells. It is not a quick reflex action as breathing in water, but a slow procreation reflex action in cancer leading to death.

There are several reflexes in the human system for protecting the important organs and life of the organism. Failures and errors of these attempts always do not mean death. When a small dust particle (foreign body) falls in the eye it gives lot of irritation and watering from the eyes. The body is attempting to wash of the foreign body from the eye by producing excess tears. Often the foreign body gets washed off. But it can fail in some situation. The attempts for washing out continue and the person gets continuous watering from the eyes and seeks medical help to get the foreign body removed. Here the failure did not lead to a fatal outcome but gives lot of inconvenience for the person. There are several minor and major diseases in the human system resulting from the body's attempt to protect an organ, to achieve a function or save the life of the organism.

Even some of the psychiatric diseases are attempts to compensate for some deficiencies in the 'wellbeing' of the person. When the mind recognizes a fact or pseudo fact that the person is not getting sufficient attention and care different types of psychological diseases appear in order to get more attention. These attempts by the mind to get attention turn out to be a mental disease. Similarly nobody wants to die and disintegrate completely. People are afraid to think of death and complete disintegration. Certain groups of people 'invented' that they are totally different from animals and after death human souls are living forever. This philosophy gave lot of relief from fear of death. (In Hindu philosophy animals also have souls) Today many people spend their whole mortal life in this world for attaining a good life (immortal life) for the imaginary souls in heaven. To compensate for a physical or psychological deficiency (real or imaginary) the body and mind always reacts. The result could be either successful elimination of the problem or failed attempt, resulting in different types of diseases. Humans have 'successfully' invented religion to escape from the fear of death and to explain the unknown. And they are taught that every living organism has to die in order to send the soul back to the great creator of universe. The soul based ethical codes made good people better and wicked people less wicked.

Recently there was an interesting observation on epidemiological analysis that heart failure is predisposing cancer or cancer is common in persons with preexisting heart failure. The authors of the publication think that the biological data lend support to the hypothesis that heart failure is an oncogenic condition. [36] Why should there be a link between these apparently unrelated diseases? One of the possible explanations was that low grade inflammation is causing both heart failure and cancer. This explanation does not seem to be acceptable. It is evident that these chronic patients in heart failure shall be inactive in sex and sexual reproduction. (Often doctors advise against pregnancy and delivery because of the weak heart) This is triggering asexual reproduction manifested as cancer. Another explanation for the association could be body is trying to salvage the person from imminent death by trying to develop transformation. In heart failure, heart is not able to do its function efficiently and there is much higher risk of instant death. The systems in the body recognize this risk and try to do remedial measures. It is possible that in an attempt to save the body from death and degeneration from a failing heart, the binary fission genes are activated. Binary fission in humans being an inefficient and under developed process; it is manifested as cancer growth! This is the way I try to explain the observation published in Circulation.

Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell divisions occurring in the body normally for growth. Binary fission, a similar cell division also occurs in the body during the formation of identical twins in women's womb. When the zygote, formed after fertilization of the egg with the sperm, undergoes binary fission identical twins are formed in the uterus. The tendency for identical twins formation is genetically determined like cancer. Perhaps we can get some useful DNA foot prints or genetic link between identical twin formation and cancer, helpful to regulate and control the process of mitosis in cancer to achieve binary fission. As per the theory of biological evolution, humans had evolved from unicellular organism like amoeba. It is nothing but natural to expect some genetic remnants or markers of binary fission in humans. Because of this amoebic heritage the body makes an attempt for binary fission. The genes commonly involved in cancer are associated with the evolutionary events of humans from unicellular organism. As age advances and as the system shows tendency for fatigue and failures, it tries to rejuvenate by dividing. It is also possible that when the organisms cannot effectively reproduce due to poor sexual activity in old age, a stimulus for alternate method of reproduction may evolve. According to Darwin's theory of evolution, complex organisms evolve from more simplistic ancestors. And Dollo's law of irreversibility states that evolution is irreversible. But these laws are not followed by many organisms. According to Safia Siddiqui et.al [37] in Cancer Research and Therapeutics, Cancer cells follow anti Dollo's law. There are many examples of violation of Dollo's law in nature. Salamander having larva stage is one of the examples of exemptions or violations of Dollo's law. It is evident that the cells in cancers show signs of de-evolution to unicellular organism. Where there is more de-evolution to unicellular organism there is more aggressiveness in the cancer. It is known that some extend of de-evolution is possible, but may not follow the same route of evolution. We have seen many atavistic process and organs in humans. Hence we can assume that cancer could be an atavistic reaction of the body for reproduction due to reproductive deficiency in old age especially after the menopause in women.

Cancer is not occurring due to an error or accident in cell division or somatic mutation. If that was the case there should be more errors when there is more cell division. Bigger animals with more cells in the body should have more probability for development of cancer. Similarly animals living long should have more probability to develop cancer. But this is not true. Humans having 1000 times more cells and live 30 times longer than mice have almost same amount of probability of development of cancer. Just because of the increase number of cell division cancer is not increasing. There is no link with body mass or life expectancy of different organisms and cancer. Peto observed this paradox. Peto's paradox clearly indicates that cancer is not an accident in cell division. Interestingly in humans the incidence of cancer is more during the old age, when growth and cell divisions are less. Hence we can assume that cancer is occurring with a strong intension for reproduction, and not by any accident in the process of cell division. In another words tumourigenesis is an active process not a passive process occurring due to any biological accident. The truth is that tumourigenesis is a failed asexual reproductive process. The Petos paradox is because of accepting an untruth as truth.

The atavistic theory of cancer postulates that the biological origin of cancer can be found in the early transitional phase from unicellularity to multi cellularity. And it has been demonstrated that ancestral gene regulatory networks drive cancer. "In broad terms the atavistic theory predicts upregulation of genes with unicellular evolutionary origins and down regulation of genes that evolved after the advent of multicellularity." Kimberly et all predict that cancer will overexpress genes and process with unicellular origin, while simultaneously under expressing multicellular pathways that promote cellular cooperation. They observed that many of the hall marks of cancer are reminiscent of unicellular life. And they suggested that cancer represent a type of throw back of ancestral trait. [38] The ancestral trait reappears because of the regulation that suppress them or restrict them become disrupted. And Trigos et al proved at molecular level that atavistic transformation is the core element of tumourigenesis in seven solid tumors. They proposed altered activity of genes at the interface between multicellular and unicellular region of human gene regulatory networks activate primitive transcriptional programs. It was observed that genes originating in unicellular ancestors of humans show divergent expression patterns in cancer. [6] The atavistic process is usually occurring when there is an absence or marked reduction of sexual reproduction in humans. Hence the real reason for the occurrence of this atavistic process is to compensate for the sluggish sexual reproduction (embryogenesis) of humans, not to extinguish or destroy the living organism.

It was observed that the testes antigens (cancer/testes antigen) are seen in various types of cancers. The connection between gem-cell specific genes and tumors were baffling research workers. In a brain storming session of cancer scientists, they concluded that during cancer development a program borrowed from organisms phylogenetically much older than humans, which existed before the differentiation of sexes, is working. [39] But why this program was borrowed is not explored well. Interestingly all the research in medicine and oncology is to find better and more efficient methods to destroy the cancer cells, not to transform the cancer to binary fission process. The presence of cancer/ testes antigens strongly suggests that cancer is an atavistic reproductive process. And if cancer could be transformed to a faultless reproductive process we could eliminate not only sufferings due to cancer but also sufferings due to senility.

The immune system of the body defends us against the attack of the body by microorganisms. There are always microorganisms waiting to attack the body everywhere. Some of such organisms are permanently stationed in the body in the intestine, throat, nose, skin, and eyes. At a time when they realize that our defense system is weak they attack our body. We have many situations where immune system is weak and deficient. When the body realizes that the immune system is weak and cannot fight effectively the external invading organisms, it tries to undergo binary fission for rejuvenation and to escape from the fast approaching death due to the attack of microorganisms. But unfortunately this attempt for rejuvenation turns out to be cancer formation due to the lack of appropriate genes. This is one of the ways we can explain the frequent occurrences of cancers in old age and in immune deficiency diseases.

In real battles situation we have seen the armies retreat tactically when they realize that the enemy is strong at that point in time. We have seen that during battles when a weak fort could not defend the invading powerful army, the imamates in the fort often escaped through a hidden passage. As far as human body is concerned the escape route for survival had some inherent genetic defect in construction and ends up in disaster known as cancer! We know that multiple cancers occur in HIV infection. HIV being a very serious disease of immune system the attempt for binary fission is so intense that the patients can get different types of cancers in multiple tissues. Similarly the weakness of immune system occurs to a lesser extent as a part of ageing, hence the incidence of cancer also increases as age advances. Shortening of telomeres occur in smoking tobacco, one of the strong carcinogenic agents. It is known that telomere shortening is one of the predisposing factors for cancer. Tobacco has a local effect as well as a systemic effect. We know that APOBEC, a protective protein helping to fight viral infection is also responsible for development of certain types of cancer - a disease out come in an attempt for protection from death. All these data point to the fact that cancer is really an unexpected fatal outcome of a faulty protective process or a survival attempt by the weak organism before the death and disintegration, probably triggered by shortening of telomeres. And several mechanisms work for preventing telomere attrition in cancers.

Interestingly cancer very rarely occurs in the heart even in HIV patients. Throughout the binary fission process, heart has to continue pumping the blood with nourishment and oxygen for the splitting activity of other internal organs. Even if the individual is in an externally inactive stage during the binary fission process there could be lot of internal activity until the internal organs gets divided as a caterpillar in pupa stage. Probably heart is the last internal organ to undergo division during the binary fission process. We can consider that development of multiple cancers in HIV patients and frequent occurrence of cancer in elderly patients are the outcome of attempts to save the immune compromised individual from sufferings and death, by way of undergoing binary fission.
Cancer is an example of a good intentional reaction of the body leading to disaster. We can consider that cancer is an evolutionary disease and is the result of an inefficient and distorted response for the development of binary fission. Humans have inherited the binary fission trait from the amoeba. I feel that the development of identical twins in humans is due to the inherited binary fission trait. We know that binary fission is occurring in the uterus during the process of development of identical twins. We have incidence of twins incompletely separated during the attempt for binary fission and these twins are separated later surgically. It shows that division for multiplication is a natural method and could be incomplete due to some errors in the process. Even at the level of a single molecule DNA, division precedes replication. I know that to prove these links and concepts about cancer beyond doubt we may need few more high quality evidence at genetic and molecular level. We have enough circumstantial or observational evidence to show that cancer is due to atavistic transformation. There is some amount of molecular level evidence to prove that cancer is an atavism or an evolutionary through back to binary fission. We know that cancer is not just the growth of a particular type of tissue alone. All cancers have a vascular as well as neuronal growth essential for development into a full-fledged embryo. But something is missing. And when we get stronger molecular level evidence to confirm the asexual reproduction possibility the whole management of the cancer shall take a different direction. Unless and until we look for such evidence we do not find it. (We know that aberrant DNA methylation is a genetic process common in ageing as well as in cancer.) Perhaps the conversion of cancer to asexual reproductive process in humans shall become easier, when we can artificially induct the binary fission process for a simple multicellular organism in the laboratory.

A very simple way of explaining cancer is that it is like a disastrous flood occurring when the river over flows due to heavy rain. Whatever objects are on the way of flood waters are washed off and destroyed. All the trees which were growing on the banks were enjoying the good amount of water in the river during the summer. Now they are uprooted and washed away to the ocean by the flood. We blame the heavy rain for the disaster. If and when a dam is constructed at higher level the flood water is stored and released in a controlled way for irrigation and electricity production, the heavy rain becomes a great blessing. The dirty water is purified and used as drinking water. Similarly if we try we can redirect and convert the flood of new cells occurring due to the eccentric and uncontrolled mitosis of cancer, to the binary fission process and escape from old age and death. The broad principle is the same. As we convert the dirty destructive flood water to various uses including as drinking water by constructing a dam in appropriate place, we can convert the destructive shower of new cancer cells to an infant. The details defer since we have to deal with different types of cells and have to be evolved out of research. But the present day cancer treatment is in a different direction. What the oncologists are doing is selective destruction of multiplying cells, which is equal to an attempt for evaporation of flood waters during heavy rain due to ignorance and inability to store it and utilize it in a productive way. Since right now we do not have the technology to redirect the cancer cells to a reproductive process, we have no other choice other than the destruction of the aggressively multiplying cells with the available tools and know how.

Traditionally rainy seasons are unhappy periods in the year. People could not go to work and there were lot of sufferings due to poverty and diseases. Many deaths occurred due to starvation, respiratory diseases and floods. People wanted to get rid of the rainy season and children sing 'rain, rain go away'. They often celebrated the end of rainy season and disappearance of dark clouds. But now the situation has changed. Today in our state when it rains heavily, there occurs minor flood and even some loss of property and life due to flooding the low lying areas. But people on the whole are not very sad about the rain and unemployment; but often happy when it rains heavily, because all our water reservoirs and dams are getting filled by rain water. There shall be enough water for irrigation, drinking purpose, and to produce electricity. Agriculture and manufacturing shall flourish following heavy rain and floods since we could divert most of the flood waters to the reservoirs. The collected water is utilized for various human activities in a regulated way. This is possible because we had the technology and ability to construct huge dams and utilize the water properly. Today neither the children nor the adults sing 'rain, rain go away'. Similarly when we have the appropriate technology for converting the flood of dividing new cells of cancer to the process of binary fission, we shall be happy whenever growth shall start in certain parts of the body. It means that when we upgrade our knowledge about the cellular multiplication process and develop appropriate technology to correct and modify the uncontrolled growth of cancer the whole attitude towards cancer shall change. It shall become an important event for celebrations like a child birth!

We know that the water in the sea get vaporized due to sun's heat and forms clouds. When the clouds condense we get rain. But the outcome of condensation need not be always rain. It can be snow, it can be hail storm, it can be thunder storm etc. There is lot of uncertainties regarding where the condensation should occur, when should it occur, how much it should occur etc. It is influenced by the wind, the geography, the position of earth in relation to sun etc. Same is true about cancer. It is an aborted attempt for asexual reproduction. But there are uncertainties regarding where it should occur, which form it should be, and when should it happen. There are genetic, age, environment and lifestyle factors influencing the occurrence of cancer. Accurate predictions are difficult because there are many variables which decide the final manifestation of this faulty asexual reproduction. We take several measures to prevent damage from rain, snow and hail storm. But nobody attempts to prevent the heating up of sea water by the sun, because we need the rain for the survival. Same is true about asexual reproduction. We don't want to stop the attempt for asexual reproduction. We need a fault less perfect form of asexual reproduction for prevention of extinction of the species and avoidance of sufferings due to cancer.

We know that animals and plants adjust themselves to the changes in the environment. Everybody knows that the chameleons change the colors according to the surrounding background to catch the prey and to escape from being caught as a prey by larger animals. Many animals have a skin, hair or feather color to suite the environment by birth like the snow white polar bear, the green parrot, different colored frogs etc. Similarly the camels changed their metabolism to conserve water in desert. They store water to overcome any water shortage in the desert. All desert organisms have adapted themselves for life in desert. These adaptation processes are involuntary and initiated by changes in the genes. The organism has no control over these processes. Adaptation to suit the environment and living condition is absolutely essential for the survival of all living organisms. Humans also shall try to adapt to the extreme reduction and often absence in sexual reproduction. In an attempt for adaptation to asexual reproduction we get cancer.

It is interesting to watch the plants around us and their behavior to insults and injuries by humans. Unlike many animals they cannot run away from dangers but they react to threats in their own ways. The classic fight and flight reaction of animals may not be possible, but they empower themselves to escape from the dangers. If there is water shortage they reduce the leaves to reduce water loss, if the sunlight is blocked they turn to another direction where there is sunlight so that they can produce food, and if water and food is given in a particular area of the ground more roots go to that direction to get maximum benefit. Adjusting to adversities is inherent in all living organisms. Lack of reproduction is a major adversity of humans and the organism is trying to react to it by attempting asexual reproduction.

If the bark of the old hanging twigs of rose plant got removed by repeated rubbing on the ground small roots starts emerging from the chronically irritated spot ; an attempt for asexual reproduction. If the skin of an old man is irritated chronically, a new growth (cancer) arises from that area. When the skin of a young man rubs with the skin of a young woman the sexual reproductive reflexes are generated. There are lots of similarities between plants and humans. The old branches of rose plant attempt for asexual reproduction and the young branches try for sexual reproduction. Similarly the old person often develops cancer (asexual reproduction) and the young person produces children by sexual reproduction. But unfortunately often we do not consider plants as an intelligent being and consider very much inferior to animals and humans. And we usually do not want to compare humans with plants. But plants are important members of the living organisms. Individually and collectively they are very strong living organisms.

Mathew Hall in his philosophical botany book "Plants as a person" tries to prove that plants are individuals and to a great extend his concepts seem to be true. From the garden you can learn many things if you observe the plants carefully. It is interesting to watch the changes in each plant overnight. Gardening reduces loneliness and often helps to develop a relationship with plants. I have noticed that if we love a plant in your garden it loves back and we get some pleasure from gardening! They have an invisible brain and heart. After all plants, animals and humans belong to the extended family of living organisms. We consider that plants are inferior to humans and animals because they do not have a visible brain, a heart and red blood. But the fact is that they are superior to humans in many ways. They can make food from the air; they can pump fluids to the top (more than 350 feet in redwood trees) without a formal pump like a heart. And they need not die of losing fluid when a branch is cut. Unlike humans they can seal off the wound easily and grow another branch to replace the lost one. There are many plants larger than humans and taller than humans. Many plants can live much longer than animals and there are trees more than five thousand years old and still continuing to live! They can transform an old twig to a new plant by adding new roots to the detached twig or branch. Similarly they can add a young stem to old root and become a young plant. Many things plants can do which animals cannot do. Humans think they are superior because they can kill a plant easily. But bacteria belonging to the plant kingdom can move freely and are very powerful organism. They attack humans forming large groups and kill us. In many occasions our defense system fails to stop the attack by the bacteria. In spite of several antibiotics and immunization programs these tiny plants can produce serious diseases and kill the humans. In fact we can learn many things from the plants behavior and pass on the knowledge to the next generation for further enhancement. Richard Powers, the author of the recent (2019)Pulitzer Prize winning novel "The Overstory" , also looks at trees as persons and considers that the two legged, four legged, furred, six legged, many armed, slithering, leaping, branching, acorn - bearing, rooted, shooting - all belonging to one family.

In my garden I have a mango tree, a curry leaf tree (karivepallai), a banana plant, a bougainvillea plant, a jasmine plant and a rose plant. There is also a banyan tree outside my garden. Flowering is the common feature for all the plants. The mango flower leads to a mango fruit and a new mango tree can grow from the seed inside. The banana plant also flowers and gives banana bunch but a new banana plant cannot grow from that banana instead of that the plant (the part we see as plant) dies of with the ripening of the fruit. From the stem (the real plant) below the surface a new plant (the sexual reproductive organ) grows.

Why do the trees and plants produce tasty fruits? If you ask a priest he may say that God has created them for humans to eat. If you ask a biologist he/she shall say that it is for procreation and shall explain the process. When animals eat the fruits the seeds are distributed to far of places and they germinate from the animal droppings and often procreation occurs in far off places. The religious truth may not be same as scientific truth. Interestingly some of the fruits may not have seeds and some of the seeds are not of good quality to germinate. Banana fruit usually cannot produce a seedling. It is only a stand by sexual reproductive process for the plant as there is an effective asexual reproductive process in banana plant. We have seen that the farmers destroy the budding bulbs of the banana plant to get a better yield of bananas. If the bulbs (asexual reproduction part) are destroyed the bananas (sexual reproduction parts) shall be larger. When you artificially suppress the asexual reproduction of plants the inefficient sexual reproduction gets a boost.

The rose, jasmine and bougainvillea shall have beautiful flowers but often no seeds to grow new plant, instead of that a piece of stem has to be used for procreation. We select flowers for our use according to their aesthetic value; often they cannot produce a seed or seedling. Whatever may be the esthetic value of these beautiful flowers their biological value is negligible since these flowers are not an efficient tool for reproduction. While mango tree fulfills the evolutionary biological purpose in flowering because it can procreate, many other plants in the garden do not achieve anything for themselves by flowering. It is difficult to assume that these plants are flowering for the sake of bees to take honey or for the sake of humans to eat banana or to make bouquets, garlands and wreaths with the flowers. If we observe the nature, we can find that there are many living organisms with similar ineffective and incomplete reproductive process over and above the regular main and effective reproductive process. The mighty banyan tree and the tiny curry leaf tree can reproduce from its seed as well as from its roots. It means that this organism has two functioning reproductive methods. As we know that in biological systems there could be many right ways. So it is a scientific truth that biological organisms can have more than one right method for fulfilling the various functions including reproduction. At the same time it is possible that one method may be defective or incomplete. There are flowers which cannot produce seeds and flowers which can produce seeds but not seedlings. Cancer in humans can be compared to the rose flower, jasmine flower bougainvillea flower or banana flower. In the rose plant, jasmine plant and in many other plants the older branches are tuned for asexual reproduction and younger branches are tuned for sexual reproduction. Similarly among humans cancer, the incomplete form of asexual reproduction is more frequently seen in older individuals whereas sexual reproduction is seen frequently in younger individual. The circumstantial evidence from nature confirms the fact that cancer is an incomplete and imperfect procreation activity of humans, to compensate for the shortage in sexual reproduction. I strongly feel that cancer could be an asexual reproductive mechanism in the process of evolution, due to the neglect and distortions of sexual reproduction by humans. Our religion, philosophy and culture give least importance for sex and reproduction while in all other living organisms reproduction is a very important function.

Today cancer has perhaps more similarity to the flowering of the commonly seen bamboo plant as far as the outcome is concerned. Normally bamboo reproduces by asexual method. Occasionally they reproduce by sexual method too. Interestingly when the bamboo plant flowers with abundant number of seeds spread all around, the plant dies. The organism dies as soon as it has executed its duty of sexual reproduction. Nobody calls flowering of bamboo tree as a plant disease even though with flowering the organism dies. Because of this peculiar phenomenon of flowering (sexual reproduction) of this plant leading to lot of destruction; in many parts of the world flowering of bamboo trees is considered as a bad omen which can bring in disaster and agony to the humans of that area. It is interesting to observe that the life of many plants and animals ends with the reproduction and procreation, the final aim of the organism. The life of octopus and certain types of spiders often ends soon after reproduction, pointing once again to the great importance of reproduction in the life of a living organism. Similarly the male bees are allowed to live only as long as they can fertilize the queen of the hive. It means that end of re production leads to the end of life for many plants as well as animals. It also shows that the main purpose of life in all organisms is to procreate and once that is achieved the organism prepares to disappear with the satisfaction that it has fulfilled the designated evolutionary duty. Humans live much beyond their sexual reproductive capacity and the system try to develop asexual reproduction, but could not achieve it.

It is surprising to note that some of the cancers have a flower like appearance and often the morphology of certain cancerous growth is described in surgery textbooks as 'cauliflower like growth'. Does it means that morphologically also certain cancers are looking like a reproductive organ of a plant? An incomplete asexual reproductive activity is having morphological similarity with the sexual reproductive organs of plants is probably accidental but surprising! If we can revive this incomplete reproductive activity of humans by incorporating and editing the genes and super genes to a complete and perfect an asexual reproductive process (the binary fission) we can have one more type of reproduction and eliminate the stings of cancer and death.

The mango tree has only one natural reproductive process - the germination of the seed; but humans have created an additional one by grafting the twig of the tree to another plant. Rose has got a natural asexual reproduction process. It is by the growth of a new plant from a long old piece of stem when it comes in contact with the soil around it. But we have developed other reproductive process for the rose. We have developed budding technique for procreation of the favorite type of rose plant of our choice. During budding we select the root stock often from a wild rose with weak flowering (weak sexual reproduction) and the scion from a good flowering type, but weak asexual reproduction. This technique is so popular that the young generation is not even aware of the natural reproductive process of rose plant. Besides this plant scientists are able to convert the aborted attempts for reproduction to real reproduction using micro nutrients and hormones. In the lab scientists can produce banana seedlings from the bananas and rose seedlings from the rose seeds. They use this technique to create new verities of plants. We eagerly develop different additional methods of reproduction in plants; why not at least correct this atavistic reproductive process of humans to escape from the sufferings of cancer and death?

When we successfully graft a small branch of a grown up mango tree to a seedling, the new young mango tree starts to flower and produce fruits much earlier than a seedling arising from the mango seed. It means that the branch grafted has carried the reproductive character and capability of the grown up mango tree to the seedling and we get mangos much earlier than the mango trees grown from seeds. This shows that reproductive function is not central to the plant but embedded peripherally in all the parts of stem .We get fruits in all tiny branches of grafted mango seedlings much early and the reproductive function is carried out by the very young grafted mango plant. Even though the roots of the plant are young the stem starts producing mangos in the young branches originally grafted from an old mango tree. This character of grafted mango seedlings further establishes that the reproductive drive is very strong in all organisms. The fact that the roots of the plant are young shall not block or hinder the reproductive process. It means that living organisms try to do the procreation whenever and wherever possible even if the organism is very young.

There is another interesting relevant example from plant kingdom of plant behavior worth analyzing. We have learned that procreation is one of the basic purposes of all living organism including plants. Our agriculturists and peasants know that when certain plants are pruned, they start flowering and start giving abundant number of fruits and seeds. My father used to cut the old branches of the rose plants in our garden, and I have observed that new tender branches arise from the plant with lot of flowers. When the old branches are cut it cannot grow and bend to grace the ground. Only when the long old branch touches the ground roots can arise from that portion leading to formation of a new plant. When this asexual reproduction is blocked by man by way of cutting short the stem, the plant tries to enhance sexual reproduction by flowering abundantly. But, unfortunately there are some snags in this process of sexual reproduction and usually rose seedlings do not develop from these flowers. We get beautiful fragrant flowers, but for the plant it is a wasteful reproductive experience. In the vine yards also a similar biological phenomenon occurs. When the planter cut the old branches more grapes are produced.

Recently when I cut and removed the trunk of a flowering karivepallai tree (Murraya Koenigi) several new seedlings started growing from its roots all around. By cutting and removing the trunk of the flowering tree it got the message of threat to its existence and sexual reproduction. The tree started reproducing from its roots. Every organism tries to reproduce by alternate method when one method is blocked partially or completely, because reproduction is a very important function of any living organism including human.

Similarly when we cut the branches of certain varieties of mango tree flowering occurs on the new tender branches. We had many mango fruits on the new branches started growing from the cut end. Mango tree does not have asexual reproduction. But still this happens in certain verities of mango tree. Perhaps when we cut the branches of a tree or plant probably a message of a danger to the plant is also generated. The tree perceives a threat from external sources and it cannot run away from the threat. So it reacts to the possible life threatening situation by quickly executing its primary duty of procreation so that even if the tree dies its seedlings can grow, The plant which was reluctant in flowering start flowering and producing seeds. Traditionally our agriculturist knew this and utilized this character of certain plants. They shall not kill the plant but only repeatedly insult it to generate the flowering (reproductive) stimulus and use the abundant number of flowers, fruits and seeds for their benefit. One way or other all living organisms make all out efforts for reproduction and procreation.

The agriculturist employed an interesting technique in banana cultivation too. They plant the bulb of the banana plant and they water it and manure it. Along with flowering (the emergence of the young bunch of banana) small new plants evolve from the mother plant. The peasants destroy these new bulbs so that they get bigger and better bananas. Similarly once they harvest the banana bunch they remove all the bulbs arising from the stem. They plant a single treated and dried bulb for the next season. In another words they destroy and discourage all asexual reproduction by the plant to get a better crop of bananas (sexual reproduction). Throughout nature one type of reproduction gets activated when the other type is suppressed. Or when one form of reproduction is very active other form may be dormant. And one can artificially enhance one method of reproduction by suppressing the other.

Another interesting observation among plants is the enhanced reproductive responds when you artificially block the reproduction by plucking the unripe or tender fruits and seeds from the plant. If one does not allow the mangos to mature by plucking all the tender mangos to make pickles in one season, the next season the plant produces much more mangos. Similarly if we pluck tender coconuts without waiting for maturity of the seeds, or if you use the coconut flower bunch for making toddy instead of allowing the nuts to form, the plant tries to produce more coconuts to compensate for the loss of fertile mature seeds. Certain agriculturists pluck the tender areca nuts for making special preparations. They get better crop of areca nuts in the following year. It means that the controlling centers of mango trees, coconut trees and areca nut trees get the message that their attempt for reproduction was unsuccessful. Reproduction is possible only when the fruits and nuts are ripe for germination. Hence they produce more nuts and fruits during the next season. This may be a reflex action or a deliberate intelligent action of the plant against the loss of opportunities for reproduction. Our agriculturist knew this natural reproductive reaction of the plants, when the reproductive attempt was stopped artificially at halfway. And they use the technique to enhance production and profit. These facts about living organisms show how important reproduction is and how they are genetically oriented to compensate for any defect or short falls in the targeted reproduction or threat to their own existence. Humans also repeatedly stop reproductive desire and attempts at its origin, half way or quarter way due to several reasons. Gentlemen conquer temptations and desire. There could be natural reactions in the human physiological systems, when such conquer of desire happens frequently and repeatedly in our day to day life. One such reaction could be an attempt for asexual reproduction – the cancer.

The agriculturist use different types of fertilizers for growth of the trees & plants and better yield from them. For growth fertilizers like urea and ammonium sulfate are used. For getting good seeds and fruits potash phosphates and ashes are used. It means that certain fertilizers boost the sexual reproduction of plants. Certain other type of fertilizers is used for better asexual reproduction. We have seen in humans certain food enhances the development of cancer. First class protein from meat enhances the asexual reproduction (cancer) of humans! Processed meat means instant nourishment with amino acids to help asexual reproduction. Food has a definite influence on the reproductive process of all living organisms. And this influence of food we see in formation and growth of cancers also.

There is an interesting description in Bible of Jesus getting annoyed when he saw a fig tree without fruits and seeds. Trees are created for making fruits and reproduce next generation. Of course humans can consume the fruits and use the seeds to make seedlings. He wanted to cut and remove the tree if it was not producing good fruits and seeds. Production of fruits and seeds is a divine desire. Humans should encourage trees to produce fruits and encourage sexual reproduction. This is a universal truth and seems to be the desire of the creator. It is applicable for humans also.

Here is an interesting and uncommon example from the animal kingdom. Tasmanian devil is a carnivores Australian wild animal on the threat to extinction. The animal multiplies by sexual reproduction, but the reproduction seems to be insufficient to sustain the species. The Tasmanian devil mother can feed only less than 10% of offspring it produces. That is more than 90% of the young ones starve and die without breast milk. Often all the young ones die of starvation! Nature tries to increase the reproduction to prevent extinction and tries asexual reproduction also. Unfortunately these attempts to multiply by asexual methods fail and cancer frequently occurs in these animals. In fact cancer is uncommon among wild animals in the forest. But Tasmanian devil is an exemption because the infants are not able to survive due to shortage breast milk. The facial cancers of Tasmanian devil often lead to death contrary to nature's intension. This is another example in animals where attempt for binary fission (asexual reproduction) is failing resulting in death due to cancer. Is cancer a warning sign before extinction of an organism multiplying insufficiently by sexual reproduction? It could be. We believe that we are super intelligent and can resist all possibilities of extinction. This may not work if we do not use our intelligence to develop additional mode of reproduction. Just like the life span of a person there is a life span for the species. Millions of species have become extinct even before the emergence of human species. The process is continuing. I believe that the increased incidence of cancer could be a warning sign before the extinction of human species, like the cancer development of Tasmanian devil. It was noticed that dinosaurs' fossils too showed evidence of bone cancer and metastatic cancer. Perhaps dinosaurs also had reduced sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction was attempted to prevent extinction! But the attempt failed and the species became extinct. It is obvious that the risk factors like tobacco, alcohol, processed food or pollution were not there for these animals to develop cancer. It means that lack of sufficient reproduction is the key factor responsible for cancer. Probably soon Tasmania devil will become extinct. And if humans did not develop asexual reproduction we shall be following the Tasmanian devil to extinction. Human birth rate is intentionally made very low. Hence reproduction rate is below replacement level in many countries. Besides this failures and errors in sexual reproduction are increasing. Cancer means attempt for asexual reproduction due to the deficient sexual reproduction. But unfortunately the attempt for asexual reproduction also does not work. This deficiency in both sexual and asexual reproduction is perhaps the most deadly combination leading to the extinction of the species. In another words cancer could be a sign of imminent extinction of the species and humans can act upon this important information and slow down the extinction process by developing faultless asexual reproduction.

Unfortunately the extinction process of humans shall be enhanced by our health system which treats genetic diseases with non-genetic methods. No other living organism has a health system improving the health of an individual at the expense of the health of the species. The aims of our health systems are high life expectancy, low infant mortality and low birth rate. When we achieve them we shall be nearing the extinction stage! Perhaps humans untouched by the civilization may survive during the mass extinction. Intelligence shall not prevent us from extinction. Good gene qualities, ability to change as per the changes in the environment and good reproductive capabilities shall retard the journey to extinction. A very intelligent human if falls into deep waters shall die if he did not know swimming, whereas less intelligent animals can save themselves from drowning when they fall into deep waters. Neither Intelligence nor physical strength shall save you from drowning, but if you use your intelligence to learn swimming you shall be saved. Even Einstein would have been drowned since he did not know swimming. The situation of extinction is almost the same. If we use our intelligence to make necessary changes in our genes we shall survive from extinction. It is absolutely essential to eliminate the hereditary disease producing genes from the human system. Our thinking has to change. And it is foolish to believe that with extinction of humans it will be the end of the world. In fact many organisms shall live and flourish in the world after the extinction of humans. Perhaps they shall be better off without any trouble from humans!

Besides the physical and genetic changes in humans there is a strong psychological change developing contributing for the extinction of the species. There are many humans enjoying homicide and suicide! Often such crimes are committed for trivial reasons. There are many trigger happy youngsters shooting and killing several innocent people. Humans enjoy seeing fights and killing. There are many participants and spectators for the boxing events. Carnivorous animals kill only for eating while humans kill one another often for no valid reason. Psychiatric diseases leading to suicide and homicide are also increasing. The human, who claims as a super civilized creature kills for enjoyment! We have created a hostile society where the rules and regulations make people frustrated and often the frustrations end up in suicide. There is lot of intolerance and humans have started reacting violently even for minor errors and mishaps. A staff nurse in UK gets good salary and remuneration and a fairly good position in the society. But interestingly in the NHS alone more than three hundred nurses committed suicide during the last seven years. This type of reactions is seen across various other professions also. Unemployed people also commit suicide because they don't have a profession and income. Even minors are committing suicide. According to reports the suicide rate has gone up by fifty percentages among Scotland youth. In 2018 there were 784 cases of suicide in Scotland alone. In UK suicide kills 6507 persons in 2018 and kills more young people than all types of cancers put together! I do not know the statistics of many other places. It could be very much similar to UK statistics in other countries in the developed world. In India according to government statistics 133000 people killed themselves in the year 2015. Every forty seconds one person dies by suicide in this world. And interestingly there are unsuccessful attempts for suicides more than twenty-five times of the actual suicides. Besides this on several occasions suicides are not reported to avoid legal formalities and social stigma. The inability to tolerate minor unhappiness is making people extinguish life – own, others or both. In nature all other living organisms do everything possible to live and give life to a new generation, while humans extinguish own life often for silly reasons. Many young people commit suicide. And the common cause of death in the age group 15 to29 is suicide! It means that a good number people commit suicide before starting reproduction. Religious people think that when they commit suicide only the perishable, unimportant body is disintegrating and their imaginary all important soul is escaping to a better place, probably heaven. Interestingly many persons pray to God before committing suicide and homicide! Over and above this many humans intentionally abstain from reproduction. Many of them think that reproductive function is a non-essential function of the body. These changes in the human behavior regarding terminating own life prematurely; committing homicides and abstaining from reproduction also shall contribute to the extinction of human species soon.

According to the UN department of economic and social affairs the growth of world population has slowed down and world population is going to reach 9.7 billion in 2050, if the same growth is continued. It has been noticed that 55 countries in the world is experiencing a reduction in population of more than one percentage due to sustained low level of fertility. Off these 26 countries may show a reduction of at least ten percentage! And there is excess of death over birth in these countries. The latest study published in Lancet [40] showed that global population was projected to peak in 2064 at 9.73 billion and decline to 8.7 billion by 2100. Interestingly the Chinese population shall decline by 48%! This is the pattern seen in all developing countries and every country is trying to become a developed country. As and when the countries develop they also shall go for negative growth and marked reduction in fertility. Finally all the countries shall become developed and shall be in the negative growth of varying extent due to low fertility. This shall be the beginning of the visible part of the journey towards extinction of human species! Perhaps the extinction shall start from the most developed country where there will be huge old vulnerable population. We have seen that the tiny corona virus could kill so many people in the developed countries with lot of vulnerable geriatric population.

Statistical analysis also shows the strong probability of human extinction. When compared to the other living organisms on earth humans number is very small. And human existence has happened at random. According to Bayes' theorem and formula, our extinction is inevitable and shall happen soon. Brandon Carter first proposed the dooms day probability on statistical analysis in 1983 (The Carter Catastrophe). Many mathematicians & philosophers agreed and supported it. We know that if an Ebola pandemic develops a huge number of civilized people shall be wiped out from the surface of globe. Our advanced technology in fast transportation of men and material across the contents and distant islands made us more vulnerable to contagious diseases. Perhaps some primitive people may survive a pandemic of dangerous infectious diseases, in isolated islands like the Sentinel Island of Andaman's. The Corona virus pandemic is a warning about the possible extinction by killer viral diseases. And we have seen that the old, unhealthy vulnerable population is disappearing very fast. Suppose the fatality rate was bit high in COVID, a vast section of population would have disappeared by this time. But the fact is that even without a pandemic of killer viral/ bacterial disease human extinction is possible. The right combination of wrong events can occur at any time. Hence converting cancer to a faultless asexual reproduction is a very important assignment the scientists have to undertake. If we develop an asexual reproductive process fast, perhaps the statistical probabilities for human extinction may change. We may be able to postpone the Carter catastrophe. Today humans are getting less interested in opposite sex partners. And in this situation asexual reproduction is very important for survival of the species at least for few thousand years more.

Cancer the additional, but defective reproductive process of humans, develops when the body is insulted by toxic substances like alcohol, tobacco, repeated trauma or virus diseases, which are interpreted as a life threatening situation and the body tries to react to it by developing binary fission to escape from early death and disintegration. Reappearance of a trait or process that has disappeared several generations back is a well-recognized event during the process of evolution. Many of these toxic agents are also known to produce sterility and /or impotence temporarily or permanently. This fact further enhances the process of development of cancer- the asexual reproduction. Unfortunately the attempt for reproduction by binary fission does not work and it finally ends up in cancer. The body tries different types of mutation to evolve a perfect asexual reproductive process. When we treat cancer, the failed binary fission, with radiation and destroy the targeted cancer cells another type of cancer appears since the basic causative factor for development of binary fission remains. Besides this the additional insult to the body is interpreted as threat to survival due to the spilled over radiation treatment. Radiation is the cause for cancer and also radiation is the treatment for cancer!

When a living organism cannot do asexual reproduction sufficiently and effectively nature makes more attempts for sexual reproduction. This we have observed in rose plant, grape wines, Jasmine etc. Similarly when an organism cannot do the sexual reproduction effectively nature makes attempts for asexual reproduction. We have observed that the nature shall make all possible attempts for procreation in living organisms by all possible methods, because procreation is a very important function of any living organism. The living organisms share many common physiological processes. The evolution of humans from monkey was not a completely perfect process. The vertebral column is not modified sufficiently to take up all the strains of walking on two legs and prolonged sitting. The intervertebral cushion easily gets damaged due to the weight bearing. And many humans walking on two legs get severe back pain. Similarly humans often sleep in supine position unlike the animals. The animals either sleep on the side or on the less protected belly. The humans sleeping in supine position easily get sleep apnea because of falling back of the relaxed larynchial wall to the airway. We think when a person is snoring he is getting sound sleep. In fact it is the other way. Because of breathing problem in sleep he is snoring. The recent COVID -19 pandemic has taught us that on a four leg position you get better oxygenation as well as better drainage of accumulated dirt and fluids from the lungs. There are several instances of evolutionary deficiencies and errors. Please try to "Look deep into the nature you will understand everything better" (Albert Einstein), including cancer.

Doctors struggle to arrest the reproduction of pathological organisms with different antibiotics and other medicines but the organism modifies and reroute its reproductive activity and continues to multiply in spite of the strong bacteriostatic agents. We call this phenomenon as development of drug resistance by the microorganisms. We are able to suppress reproduction by using drugs (antibiotics) for a short period; later organisms develop drug resistance and start reproducing. This recovery of reproductive process is increasing day by day. The organisms are making genetic changes and mutation to continue with the most important function of the organism. Bacterial infection of our body is in fact the process of bacterial reproduction and multiplication in our body. Our strong medicines and immune systems fail because of the inherent strength of reproduction in these unicellular organisms. We know about nineteen different methods are used by microorganisms to sustain reproduction when humans attack them with antibiotics. There may be many more because for a microorganism perhaps reproduction is the only aim in their life! Reproduction continues even in the smallest organisms like bacteria and virus against many natural and manmade barriers like the human antibodies, antibiotics and bacteriostatic drugs etc... And the super bugs are formed. The microorganisms survive and sustain reproduction often by mutation. We can learn a lot of things from the making of the super bug. In fact this survival technique is the basic character of all living organisms including humans. The mutation and genetic changes occurring in cancer is comparable to the mutation occurring in bacteria and virus for the sake of reproduction during the process of development of drug resistance. Mutation and genetic changes for the sake of reproduction seems to be a natural phenomenon, whenever there is deficiency or disturbance in the procreation process. In humans probably the sensors are in the reproductive organs like ovary, uterus, breast, testes and prostate. And they give information about the deficiency in sexual reproduction and the stimulus for mutation is generated in the system. The intention or purpose of the mutation is reproduction, but the method is imperfect and defective leading to the development of a fatal disease process, we call as cancer. Even in the bacteria the mutation for reproduction fails many times. But they continue to try different mutations. And finally when they succeed and perfect a mutation, the drug resistance develops. Perhaps hopefully before the sexual reproduction completely stops in humans, the asexual reproduction shall get perfected with appropriate mutations!

Dormancy of cancer cell is another mystery. We often see development of cancer after its cure for several years. One of my friends had breast cancer metastasis after cure for sixteen years following removal of the affected breast and chemotherapy. Oncologists describe it as recurrence of cancer or late metastasis. It is still a mystery how these cancer cells remained in the body for so many years without any symptom. We know that unicellular organisms transform to cystic stage when there is a hostile environment. Perhaps cancer cells also follow the same mechanism when humans attack them with anticancer drugs or by radiation. Cancer cells have many characters of unicellular organism. Another possibility is that the cancer treatment could destroy only the fully developed cancer cells. The precursor cells for cancer are remaining in the body and they later get activated because the stimulus for cancer or asexual reproduction is remaining in the system. We know that during sexual reproduction process, before an ovum is finally formed in the ovary several precursors are formed by modified cell division. Oogenesis is an important event in sexual reproduction. And it involves a series of modified cell division and there are several precursors before the fully developed ovum is released. It is possible that there could be some precursor cells before asexual reproduction (cancer formation) also. Pathological analysis of organs has shown that cancer cell is born from normal via a series of pre malignant states. We know that oogenesis could be temporarily suspended due to several environmental factors and can recover from it when there is a favorable environment. Similarly tumourigenesis could be suspended for some time by medicines which later get reactivated. This is another possible explanation for recurrence of cancer after several years and the dormancy of cancer cells in the body following cancer therapy. The dormancy of cancer cell also points to the fact that cancer is a reproductive process failed to achieve its objective.

Human reproductive system is known to do self-correction whenever there is an artificial obstruction to reproduction. The uterus constantly attempts to push out the birth blocking loop deposited in the uterus by the family planning doctor. Same is true about ligations of the fallopian tube and vas done as a family planning procedure. If the surgeon did not cut and remove a piece of vas or fallopian tube, over a period of time recanalization occurs and the tubes open up. And the birth blocking surgery shall fail. Interestingly the open arterial system develops blocks at different places as age advances, but it will never open up by itself. This shows the importance of the tubes concerned and connected with reproduction. The blocks and obstructions are possible at physical level as well as emotional level. Today in spite of frequent exposure and accessibility to suitable mate, often reproductive attempts are blocked by way of conquering of the desire due to social and religious reasons. When humans fail to make sufficient attempts for sexual reproduction, when humans block the passages of sperm & ovum, and when humans destroy healthy embryos in uterus (MTP), self-corrections are bound to occur at a different level for development of asexual reproduction. But due to the deficiency of asexual reproduction genes these attempts fail and the growth is manifested as cancer. This could be another possible reason for increasing the incidence of cancer.

Both sexual and asexual reproductions are very important functions of any organism. Cancer, the defective asexual reproduction of humans is also resistant to all attempts to eliminate it from the body. Even though it is a malfunctioning asexual reproduction it is resistant to removal and destruction. Oncologists make all out efforts to eliminate cancer, but it reappears even after several years. Chemotherapeutic agents often fail to eliminate the process completely. Prof. Paul Workman of Institute of Cancer Research thinks that drug resistance is the biggest challenge we face in cancer treatment. It means that cancer is behaving like the pathogenic bacteria developing drug resistance to antibiotics by mutations to preserve their reproductive function. Even the failed asexual reproductive activity is having many characters of a successful sexual reproductive process.

Reproduction being such an important function in all organisms, if there is a failure or defect in conventional dominant procreative activity in living organisms including humans, an impulse or a message or a stimulus for alternate procreative activity shall be generated in the system. Of course I agree that humans are not ordinary living organism. Today we have culture, religion, philosophy, social customs, ethics, rules and regulations, etc. But in spite of this uniqueness of humans, physiologically all living organisms have many identical characters. The procreation process is often neglected in the busy schedules of modern men and women. And many other activities get priority over procreation. Our work culture and working conditions often do not give sufficient importance for our reproductive needs as a living organism. Our civilization, culture, religion, science etc.., have tampered with the natural reproductive process of humans over last thousands of years. Sexual ecstasy leading to reproduction has been substituted by musical ecstasy, dancing ecstasy, drug ecstasy, meditation ecstasy, etc... The infertility rate is increasing every day. And interestingly a good number of infertile men and women are not at all bothered about it and do not seek medical help. It is well known fact that among men above forty a good number of them have erectile problems also. Besides these physiological and pathological factors, the human procreation is so much modified and distorted by the social rules, work schedules, religious concepts, and government regulations that the final birth rate is reducing day by day throughout the world. And many governments encouraged low birth rate. Finally we grow old in this highly reproduction regulated society without sufficient sexual reproduction so that attempts for asexual reproduction are made. And it is manifested as cancer.

Humans have tremendous thinking power and have developed interesting philosophies also to stop reproducing. It is surprising that one such philosophy evolves out of fear of cancer and sufferings! David Benatar in his book 'Better never to have been' argues that human life is full of sufferings and one should not reproduce to push new persons to sufferings. Interestingly it states "40% of men and 37% of women in Britain develop cancer at some point. Those are just terrible odds. To inflict them or another person by bringing him into existence is reckless". There are many more reasons to stop reproducing and suppressing the biological instincts of this very intelligent unique living organism - the human. I do not intent to discuss all these funny arguments and reasons in favor of stopping reproduction because it is beyond the scope of this book. Whatever may be the reason the truth is that reproductive rate is progressively reducing in almost all countries due to various factors. Both the real reproduction rate (birth rate) and attempts for reproduction (sexual intercourse) rate have considerably reduced in humans of all nations and all religious groups. The philosophy we have developed against sexual reproduction shall have implications on the physiology of the body.

Different tissues in the body react to this deficiency in procreation, and the more receptive tissues go for multiplication in an attempt for asexual reproduction. We know that cancer of certain tissues is more common than other tissues. The reproductive tissue of women seems to be more susceptible for development of growth, an important component of reproduction. Female breast having multiple roles in reproduction is a very susceptible organ for development of cancer. I believe that this procreative reaction of the body and the attempts for alternate method of procreation are manifested as cancer formation often in reproductive organs themselves.

The important reproductive organs in most of the animals are paired. It means that if one fails the other can do the procreation and related assignments. The nature often keeps something in reserve in all functions ( 2/3 rd. kidney is in reserve, with one lung many can live comfortably, even if one eye or ear is lost one can live comfortably). Hence there should be an alternative process in reserve for the important function of reproduction. Testes, ovary, and breast are all in pairs. Both the paired organs function simultaneously and if one fails the other can easily takes over the extra load. Even the all-important heart and liver are only one. Interestingly as far as breast is considered even the males have a pair of breast. Why should males have breasts? The male breast also can have milk and can feed the infant in a difficult situation if the appropriate hormones play their roles to develop the male breast. Medical men know that male breast also can produce milk in certain circumstances. When the male breast develop and start lactating medical men call it as gynecomastia. Both male and female breast look the same up to puberty. Perhaps nature's intention is that if the mother is not feeding the infant father can feed the infant after making the hormonal changes! At birth both male and female infant have identical breast. Human body is basically female in nature and in fact male gets a modified female body. The ovum is much bigger than the sperm. And more than 90% of a person is coming from the mother. Nature just cannot understand that humans have developed feeding bottle to feed animal milk as an alternative to the mother's breast feeding the infants. Mother Nature does not expect humans to steal the milk of a feeding cow mother! In fact humans are now trying to milk the cow by manipulating the endocrine systems and creating pseudo pregnancy. (The pregnancy free lactation). In the absence of sufficient milk in mother's breast if the infant sucks the father's breast, perhaps hormonal changes may occur over a period of time because of the female base of human body. If the practice continues for few generations perhaps a day may come that the male (fathers) can breast feed the infant and supplement mother's milk! Prolactin hormone is produced both in the male and female pituitary. All these are visible evidence for Mother Nature's ways of taking care of procreation, caring the infants and keeping always something in the reserve for facilitating the survival of a healthy and robust human species. But unfortunately many of our activities restricting sexual reproduction are making the human species weak and unhealthy.

In the sexual reproductive process and care of the infants the role of female is much more than that of male in all living organisms including humans. The ovum itself is much bigger than the sperm. The infant is carried in the reproductive organ of the mother for a fairly long time. After delivery also the infant is fed and protected by the mother. The male role is only to supply the tiny sperm for sex differentiation of the infant. It seems that in asexual reproduction also female reproductive organ takes maximum participation. Cancers of female reproductive and sex organs are much more common than cancer of any other organ. This is happening in spite of removal of the healthy ovary, uterus, and even breast in women to prevent cancer. Here is another indirect proof to consider cancer development process is an aberrant asexual reproductive process. And it is often manifested in the reproductive organs of the dominant reproductive partner.

Mankind has progressed a lot from the prehistoric period to modern times in all spheres of human activity. It appears that each step in economic and industrial progress is at the expense of natural sex and reproduction! Men have invented many new methods for amusement and enjoyment, but the fact is that natural sex is the biggest causality in this process. We have powerful promoters for all entertainments like cinema, television, music, drama, sports& games, tourism, food, and even for drinking water, but there is hardly anybody to promote sex at home except for few manufacturers of birth control devices. Perhaps sex is the queen of all entertainment and we may find a veiled queen in many of the popular entertainments. But the interesting fact is that there are many people to discourage sex and reproduction. Even the condom manufacturers who encourage sex are doing so only for selling their birth control products which prevent reproduction! Survey and research from Nissan and Loughborough University in UK had shown that men in Europe preferred football to sex. In India it may be Cricket! According to Dr. Martha Newson from center for study of social cohesion Oxford, devoted football fans experienced dangerous level of stress. The salivary alpha amylase increased during the stress in both male and female fans. (BBC news 24/1/2020). These devoted young fans, (both men and women) did not know that when they purchased a ticket for the football match, they were paying for many diseases including cancer! Today no game is a play. Games are big business. Naturally all business tension shall be there with all the stakeholders. If a committed fan is experiencing dangerous level of stress, the players and team managers shall have much more stress. Paradoxically with commercialization, the games which were played for stress relief are giving lot of stress and psychological tension to everybody involved now- a- days!

Our tradition, culture, customs, etc. do not give sufficient importance for sex and reproduction. According to university of Chicago general social survey 23% of young adults (18 \- 30 age groups) had not had sex in the past one year. Interestingly for men it was 28% and women 18%. In 2008 only 9% youth did not have sex last one year. Another survey showed that today Britons had less sex than they were in 1990s because of internet. All these findings show that we have very effectively substituted the natural drive for sex and reproduction with sports, games or use of computer and internet. According to another study in Britain every eighth women and every tenth man were infertile. Besides this between 1973 and 2011 there was 52.4 % decline in sperm concentration in the western men from Europe, North America, New Zealand and Australia. There was no significant decline in sperm concentration in South America, Asia and Africa. The study was published in Journal of human reproduction. [41] Interestingly the incidence and prevalence of cancer were less in in South America, Asia and Africa. There are several diseases affecting sex and reproduction in humans. Some of them were associated with development of cancer as in Peyronei's disease [42]. Besides this a recent study from Europe showed that bowel cancer rate was increasing in young adults. It becomes evident that when men and women cannot effectively and sufficiently participate in sex and the sexual reproduction, nature is attempting asexual reproduction which is unsuccessful and manifested as cancer due to the shortage of genes for asexual reproduction.

In India also infertility rate is going up. Please remember once upon a time in India we had Valsyayana who wrote Kamasuthra to promote and enjoy sex and procreation. Today we have deviated from this Indian culture to such an extent that even talking about his book itself is an offence! The importance of procreation is progressively reducing and birth rate is on a declining process. The biological instinct for reproduction is being suppressed. Several communities have birth rate below one per couple and may disappear over a period of time. During young age at a time when the hormonal drive for sex and reproduction is high, people give lot of importance for education and learning. During this highly fertile period of youth they get engaged in education and skill development for better living. Often the society discourages and prohibits sex during studies. There are no promoters for reproduction during studies and training periods. Usually people start reproduction only after securing a good job with sufficient income. Today employment and good income is a pre-condition for reproduction in humans. No other organism have such pre condition for reproduction.

Interestingly we have strong and influential promoters for both spirit and spirituality since there is lot of money in both of them for the promoters. We have seen that both spirit and spirituality alter the mental status of young men and women. Both of them kill the natural instinct for sex and reproduction in humans many ways. Religion and society punish the woman if she becomes pregnant or participate in the reproductive process in a way not accepted by religion and society. When you have sex at home nobody can make money out of it! An apparently harmless activity like viewing a naked photograph of a lady and deriving happiness and sexual drive out of it by a young man is spiritually wrong and is an unethical practice in our modern society. There is no objection to nude paintings or sculpture of women by male artists. Don Christian, (British author and photographer) says 'female nude model is the God's most beautiful creature on earth'. In the ancient Greece there was a beautiful prostitute named Phryne (toad) who escaped from capital punishment by the learned male judges just by exposing her beautiful body in the court room. The judges did not want to extinguish a beautiful body. Women's body is created in such a way that it should be attractive for men so that there shall be enough reproduction. Even the mythology says women were made as companion for men. Many classic paintings of reputed artists show beautiful nude women. But unfortunately watching paintings and photographs of nude women by men and getting stimulated for reproduction is unethical! Our ethical codes are many ways regulating the sexual reproduction.

In the Indian sub-continent when a woman deviates from the social norms of the community or religion, and indulge in sex and reproduction she might be killed even by her own brother or father to safe guard the 'honor' of the family. Sex between men and women of different cast is considered to be a big social crime. The watch dogs of religion mutilate the female face and body for reproduction violating religious regulations. Consensual sex against the written and unwritten laws of the society may often lead to loss of life to the partners in reproduction. The society wants to regulate and suppress the natural sexual drive of young men and women. In humans all attempts for reproduction outside the social norms are punished by the society and/or the state. Is it not curious that when one member of a family executes the basic function of a living organism, the honor of the whole family and members of the society is irreparably damaged? These strict regulations on sex and sexual reproduction in the modern society also are leading to the attempt for an alternate method of reproduction manifested as cancer.

The consumption of alcohol and tobacco is increasing day by day. Even the governments sell alcohol to get money for 'developmental' activities and to reduce tax rates! The governments also discourage reproduction by giving incentive for producing fewer children. Drinking alcohol is well known to predispose cancer. It could be because it reduces sexual and reproductive drive as alcohol is a central nerves system depressant. It also leads to poor sperm quality and affects ovulation there by reducing sexual reproduction in both the sexes. Even drinking wine (in spite of the high concentration of antioxidant) is known to predispose for cancer. All these attempts of suppression of sexual reproduction in humans can trigger the message for an alternate method of reproduction. And our incidence and prevalence of cancer are increasing day by day.

Today sex is taboo with many religions and often the priests and clergy remain unmarried. They are trained to abstain from sex. Besides this there are rules and regulations forcing men and women to abstain from sex and reproduction during sacred months and during certain religious rituals. This anti natural sex attitude is followed not only by priest but also by many pious persons. They are abstaining from sex and often some of them even consider sex and reproduction as a sin. There are many great men and philosophers obsessed with the idea of conquering sexual desire. Punishing the body and suppressing bodily desires for the sake of soul is a cardinal principle in many religions. We may observe that in humans sex and sexual reproduction reduce due to different spiritual reasons because religions of all colors and hues have tremendous influence on the society. In nature, for all organisms reproduction is a very important function. Hence this strict regulation on sex and reproduction shall naturally lead to attempts for an alternate reproduction in humans.

Psychiatrists say that loneliness is a problem even in the highly populated country like India. There are enough people around the lonely person, but there is hardly any connection between them. One of the connecting links is sexual desire and reproductive urge inherent in people. But this feeling is suppressed in the young people to gain social respect and to achieve educational or professional goals. Many young people suffer from loneliness in crowded cities! If one has a romantic partnership with the opposite sex person, loneliness shall disappear. But people are afraid of the systems created by humans for controlling sexual activities. When we suppress voluntarily the reproductive desire and reflexes, our own system shall try involuntarily for an alternative process for reproduction - the most important function of an organism. Hence it is not surprising that incidence and prevalence of cancer in young persons are also increasing.

Often religious rituals have roots in denying normal physiological needs and suppressing reflex actions to attain high status in religion. Fasting and suppressing the hunger and thirst is a common religious ritual. Denying sex to young people is a part of many religious rituals. To worship the sun god people are asked to look at sun resisting the natural blinking reflex to get abundant suns energy. When somebody is able to block the natural reflex and look at sun for a long time he/she is considered as a hero. Often their ability to look at sun continuously without blinking is celebrated. The ophthalmologists know that this light energy from sun shall burn the retina and throughout the life they will be reminded of sun's energy in the form of a permanent scotoma (blind area) in their visual field! Recently a school student approached me for treatment of defective vision caused by solar burn of retina. She was asked by her teacher to worship sun by looking at sun without closing the eyes. Often these poor victims are made to believe that the sun has blessed them with his permanent image in their vision! Sun gazing by blocking the physiological blinking reflex is done by learned adults also to understand and to find out the effect. Either way the reward is a permanent central scotoma . The physiological reflexes are for a particular purpose, often for protection or procreation. There are reflexes for smooth functioning of the various systems of the body including the reproductive system. Humans block these reflexes for silly reasons and often land up in problems. When the Laws of nature are violated repeatedly bad effects are bound to occur. And gradually the people are realizing it and are modifying their thought process.

In olden days the Brahmins (priestly class) in Kerala used to have frequent casual sex with ladies of Nair families (a cast below the Brahmin cast) and this activity was socially acceptable. The Nair families often happily received the high cast Brahmin men for a casual sexual affair (Vely) with the ladies in their house. There was enough number of children from the visiting fathers in the family. The children had less psychological problems because they had enough brothers, half-brothers and cousins to play and they learned to compete from child hood itself. Only the healthy, intelligent and fittest survived. These children of Brahmin fathers grew up as Nairs. The Nairs followed a matriarchal inheritance for obvious reasons. In these joint families women enjoyed higher status and were allowed to take rest during their menstrual periods. Often men did the house hold work including cooking during the women's rest periods. Due to the mix up of genes of two different casts, the Nairs became healthy, intelligent and wealthy whereas the high cast Brahmin community did not have the benefits of mixing of genes. In Europe also there were examples of talented people evolving out of mixing of genes. The most notable one is the famous Italian polymath Leonardo da Vinci, an illegitimate son of an aristocratic man in a peasant woman. Brahmins with same cast marriage and patriarchal inheritance with only one member getting married to Brahmin woman could avoid splitting of their wealth, but there were lots of mismanagement of wealth. Besides this the system was very cruel to Brahmin ladies in many ways. Many Brahmin ladies could not get married at all since only a single Brahmin man from a joint family can marry Brahmin women. Other men in the joint family can have only 'vely' with Nair women. Hence occasionally unmarried Brahmin ladies became pregnant from non-Brahmin men out of casual relationship. These pregnant women were made out cast from the community and their children were ill-treated. As we see in the world, whenever there is cruelty to a group of people there will be a reaction. The nature and the severity of this reaction depend on many factors. Different types of reaction did occur in the joint families system and finally the system collapsed and was abandoned. But we can learn many things from that system prevailed in Kerala once upon a time.

Whenever there was a mix up of genes, the high priests of many religions could not tolerate it. They often react to such mix up. And these pregnant Brahmin ladies were ill-treated and made out cast from the community by the head priests to maintain the purity of the Brahmin cast. Similarly the Parsi community in India is a rich industrial group and they are trying to maintain the purity of their genes leading to sterility and shrinking of the population. (We know that the communities in USA are rich and strong because there is a mix up of several types of genes and is considered to be the melting pot of different cultures. They knew that diversity produces creativity.) Recent Indian scientific study by Kumarasamy Thankraj from Hyderabad India had shown that endogamy can lead to male infertility due to deletion of genes from the Y chromosome. They have noticed that 29.4 % of infertile Indian men had deletion in Y chromosome. (Hindustan Times, Health 21/4/2019) And we have seen infertility is one of the causes for cancer. According to Tony Joseph, author of the book 'Early Indians', endogamy started in India around two thousand years ago. Consanguinity and related genetic diseases are also common among Indians. As a result today the socio economic status of some of the 'genetically pure' higher cast became so bad that government has started reservation even for the higher caste poor Hindus also! In India endogamy is practiced by many religious and ethnic groups resulting in infertility which is leading to cancer. One more reason for our cancer score to go up.

The lower cast people of Kerala tolerated some amount of mix up of genes and were not that strict about mixed marriages. Today Inter cast marriages are encouraged by the government .But the society is resisting it. The society and people of almost all religion and cast accepted and followed the birth control schemes of government. But the inter cast and inter religious marriages programs of the government are not well accepted by the society and religion. Most of the people preferred same religion and same cast marriages only, in spite of the government incentives. The combination of the acceptance of birth control and the rejection of inter cast marriage is causing low sexual reproduction rate and is indirectly contributing to development of asexual reproduction manifested as cancer. Today the good old system of Vely does not exist and sexual activity has reduced considerably among married as well as unmarried men and women of the nuclear families in Kerala. Besides this with the abolition of joint family system there is a drastic reduction in number of children in each family. The social stigma against extra marital relationship is so strong that the offenders of this 'social crime' even commit a much bigger crime - the cold blooded murder- to hide their extra marital activity. We have seen that not only men but also women commit multiple murders to prevent the public exposure of their extra marital sexual relationship. This shows the inherent reproductive drive in every man and woman, their attraction for a different partner and the risk some of them are taking for extra marital relationship. Recently the high court of Madras gave permission to a mother to keep the column under the name of father vacant, in the application form of her child for admission to government institution. She has to take up a legal battle to avoid a wrong entry in the application form. The court perhaps might have realized that 'no entry' is better than a 'wrong entry'! Everybody with a realistic approach can understand the importance of matriarchal society, and possible errors and mistakes in patriarchal inheritance. There is lot of cover ups in extramarital relationship due to the social stigma. Often the male sexuality is very much suppressed. In fact both men and women get bored in monogamy. The suppressed desire for extramarital relationship occasionally produce violent reactions and even murders occur. Any social system without considering the physiological needs of humans is bound to fail. There seems to be gross incompatibility between the present social system and the human sexuality and physiology. As a result attempts for sexual reproduction are reducing and attempts for asexual reproduction are increasing.

The walls of Khajuravoo temple silently proclaim the importance of sex in all its diversities. It seems that polyamory, polygamy and polyandry were flourishing in India. The Kerala society today thinks that nuclear family is the holy cow. And there is no social system better than nuclear family. We know that in Hinduism sex is divine and 'Lingum' is often worshiped. But interestingly many Hindus practice lot of restrictions in sex and reproduction due to religious and non-religious reasons. In fact the nuclear family system is originally the Christian social system which later spread to other religions. In India it was socially and religiously acceptable to have common wife for brothers and common husband for sisters. Today in Kerala almost all religious groups follow nuclear family system resulting in lots of restrictions and limitations in sexual and reproductive activity. It is well known that endogamy leads to male infertility and the infertility leads to attempts for asexual reproduction. Besides this the shift in the social system with insufficient attempts for sexual reproduction could be an added reason for frequent attempts for asexual reproduction (cancer)!

Doctors of different systems of medicine often instruct their patient to abstain from sex as a part of the treatment schedule. This gives a wrong message to the public that sex is bad for health. When we compare these restrictions and regulations of human sexual drive with the natural behavior of the Golden Orb Web spider which go to the extent of sacrificing the life of male partner for the sake of reproduction, we realize that as a living organism we are severely neglecting the sexual reproduction and give least importance to procreation. In many ways we are suppressing all the natural efforts for procreation. Today many of our concepts, rules, regulations, devices, food, work schedules, ethics and way of life; all are in fact making men and women impotent and/or sterile temporarily or permanently resulting in reduced attempts for sexual reproduction. It has been observed that better education and glamorous jobs for women make them less fertile and some of them struggle to get pregnant or to get an infant of their own. There is a sort of psychological impotence and sterility in our society. Our social norms, religious and ethical codes are often incompetent with the physiological needs and psychological characters of humans. Youngsters who have maximum drive for reproduction, are taught that sex is bad for health and should abstain from it until they finish studies and get married.( During my schooldays I used to spend the vacation in my mother's house in a village. With lot of curiosity I had secretly observed the domestic watch dogs and the domestic bulls being castrated for making them healthy and useful for the work they were supposed to do.) The message is that to be healthy one should avoid sex and reproduction. These negative statement and behaviors give a wrong message that sex is bad and 'sex is injurious to health'. We write plenty of poems about love and lovemaking, we watch and enjoy innumerable number of cinemas and dramas on young couples in love, we write & sing love songs, and we read lot of love stories; but when it comes to actual love making we are much behind other living organisms and even behind our own forefathers. In our present society sex and reproduction are possible only after getting the license by way of marriage. The license is possible only after the age of eighteen. In India we have abolished child marriage which was legal and widely prevalent once upon a time. During that period in time sexual reproduction started as soon as the couples were capable of doing it. Today, although sex under the age of eighteen shall produce healthy children, in India it is a criminal offence and punishable. Interestingly young men who have started reproduction in teens have less chance for development of prostate cancer. We know that the product and producers are perfectly healthy in the teens! Please remember that the world's richest entrepreneur and inventor of the leader ship style of 'Bezonomics' and fly wheel technique to successfully manage huge organizations (Jeff Bezos) is the son of a minor teenage mother. My grandmother got married at the age of twelve. My wife is only sixteen years younger to her mother. All of them lived a normal life. In most of the countries in the world marriage or license for reproduction is obtained only when a 'suitable' partner is selected according to cast, religion and race etc. In India usually the parents of the bride have to pay often huge money as dowry to get the license and start the reproduction. In certain other parts of the world the men have to make payments to the father of a young lady partner to start on reproduction. Even after getting the license for reproduction with lot of difficulties humans have to do it secretly and privately. But privacy is fast evaporating from our society with piercing eyes of people around us and innumerable number of cameras in every nook and corner of our towns and villages. There are many people without a private place to sleep. And chances for sexual reproduction are reducing further. Reproduction is preferably performed in the night when we are already tired after the day's work. Another interesting fact is that because of the secrecy clause in licensing nobody can get stimulated for reproductive act from the visual stimulation arising out of another couple in action. The mirror neuron mechanism of brain just does not work to enhance the most important function of humans. Even talking about sex and reproduction is restricted. Whatever I have written about human reproduction in this book could be even interpreted as indecent. (Interestingly it is acceptable to use the reproductive organs of plants - flowers- to worship all sorts of Gods and honor important guests!) Many words concerning reproductive organs and the process are considered bad words which decent people should not utter. All these restrictions and regulations of this very important natural process give an impression in young minds that sex and reproduction are unethical and are bad activities. Humans block, restrict and regulate not only own reproduction but also that of domestic animals in a cruel way – all done with good intention! We do many things thinking that they are good, but later they cause unexpected bad consequences.

Interestingly now a days, the nights are reducing because of extension of day's activities to night and by illuminating the nights with powerful electric lights. Over and above this the night shifts in work places to increase industrial production is affecting the human sexual reproduction. We have even killed the free flowing naturally exotic moon light more than one ways! Today due to our 'progress' we are far behind other organisms regarding reproduction and eliminating bad genes from the genome by natural selection. In the modern world couples take license for reproduction after wasting several fertile years and finally often find that they are infertile. With lot of infertility treatment a couple in thirties or forties may get an unhealthy child with genetic problems. They do all efforts to make the child survive there by defeating the natural selection process also. Perhaps humans have the distinction of voluntarily and involuntarily abstaining from reproductive process, the most important function of any living organism. And nature attempts for another form of reproduction leading to development of all sorts of cancers. Please remember no other physiological function of humans are so much tampered and restricted by the laws of the state, social rules and religious regulations. All the religions teach us to suppress and control the natural bodily desires for the sake of soul.

We know that teenage is the time when people are at the peak of sexual desire and they can be easily sexually stimulated. During this period their all activities can have a hidden sexual motive. A gentle touch is sufficient for stimulating the imagination and emotion of sex and reproduction. They often think of an opposite sex friend and she or he dominates in all their activities. When they are so much filled with sexual feelings, our social systems do not encourage sex or reproduction at this stage. This very sexually active period of human organism is utilized for other 'boring activities' because of several reasons. The society wants them to learn new skills, acquiring knowledge and getting employed for an earning to support the conventional nuclear family. In fact pre condition for procreation is sufficient income to support a nuclear family. By the time people complete studies get employed and qualify for procreation, the reproductive drive in these couples has considerably reduced. Although one can get legally married after the age of eighteen, often marriages occur much later after 'wasting' several years of highly fertile human reproductive age without sex and reproduction. It is interesting to observe that every year, the marriage age is rising along with the economic development. Many educated women in India think that they were pressurized by their parents for the marriage during the young age of twenties! And there is hardly any premarital sex in Indian middle class families. Today more than fifty percentage of young men and women remain sterile and/or unmarried in the developed world temporarily or permanently. Without the license for reproduction, these young people suppress their reproductive desire and capabilities. If somebody expresses his desire for a pre-marital or extra marital relationship he may be punished. Consensual sex with a promise to marry can be a criminal offense in India. (In all other living organisms one partner - often the male- invites the other either by sound or jester for sexual reproduction.) Ultimately after obeying all the rules and regulations of the state, religion and society, few of them start active reproduction at a time when the sexual drive has considerably reduced due to ageing and various other factors. Couples spend less than one percentage of their time for reproduction and love making. More over the time spend progressively reduces as time passes on. In such a situation reactivation of the dormant procreation process is nothing but a natural outcome of such neglect. Over and above this, often when sufficient desire and sexual stimulation occurs that emotion is abruptly stopped because of various types of regulations. We know that watching pornography picture and video have increased tenfold due to the easy accessibility to such sites through computer and mobile phone. But this is not matched with increased reproduction because often people get satisfied with watching alone either because of inaccessibility to the partners or because they fall asleep before the act. Today the important health signs of development seem to be low birth rate, low sex rate, high cancer rate and lot of people in the old age homes! Due to several factors the strong natural drive and desire of human for reproduction is often suppressed, diverted and /or aborted. In such a situation an attempt for another form of reproduction is a logical outcome in any living organism including humans.

There is no organism on the globe which intentionally refuses to fulfill this physiological duty of reproduction or voluntarily withdrawing from reproductive proposals without sufficient health reasons! The reproduction rate in almost all living organisms is very much higher than that of humans; some of them are more than thousand times higher than human reproduction rate. In nature when a living organism is young it makes repeated attempts in sexual reproduction and when it is old it may indulge in asexual reproduction. Even among mammals human reproduction rate is much less than many other mammals. Many mammals deliver multiple infants and have several nipples to feed all of them. Physiologically human reproductive rate is lower than many other organisms. Over and above this we made several regulations to reduce the reproduction rate further. This aversion, suppression and diversion of sexual reproduction of young humans can have tremendous impact on the human physiology. Today we have a culture where talking about sex and reproduction are considered to be an indecent act. We have religions and Gods who want humans to abstain from the contact of opposite sex person, from sex and from reproduction so that all their energy and effort shall be used exclusively for the worship of God. We have laws which can easily interpret a consensual sex as rape and punish the man with rigorous imprisonment. The consent for consensual sex by a lady to his superior or employer is invalid and the sexual act is interpreted as rape. Suppose this law was in force in USA the sexual crime committed by the impeached former US president would be a rape! Consent by a female partner is invalid if she is of less than eighteen years old, if she is a junior to the man in work place, if she is an employee of the man, if somebody has influenced her to give consent, and if she was under the influence of alcohol or any drugs at the time of consent or influenced by a false promise of marriage. It means that a smart advocate can easily manipulate a consensual sex as rape. Even asking for a consensual sex is an offence! There are enough laws and regulations to block sex outside the legal marriage. Rape does not mean a violent sex. There are several occasions where both partners enjoy sex, but still it could be rape legally. Suppose seventeen years old 'girl' enjoy sex with a nineteen years old 'man' according to the recent modified Indian law (P.O.S.C.O.) the man has committed a very grave non- bail- able offence. He may be even hanged to death! But in spite of the strict laws, the rapes in India are increasing because reproductive drive is an instinct and is a very strong physiological process in all living organisms including men. And we know that the reproductive drive is the maximum in young age. The successful repeated blockage of the natural reproductive drive of men by the society, the religion and the state is perhaps contributing for an unconventional, unsuccessful alternate reproductive process. Perhaps the gradually evolving asexual reproduction (binary fission) could be the ideal one for the present day humans who suppress their sexual reproduction! There is always a tendency for organisms to adapt to any changes in the environment.

Often we see what is physiologically right may be legally, socially and religiously wrong. And the society and religion have got more influence on the individuals than the physiology and science. Life after death is a strong belief in all religion and there is no scientific proof for it. And on several occasions scientifically correct decisions are not acceptable for the religion and society which give lot of importance for the life after death. According to Dr. Jacob John, "when confronted with evidence contrary to belief, people tend to discard evidence and stick to belief" [43]. With the recent COVID -19 pandemic, people seems to have more acceptances for the scientific evidence and scientific truth. When the Corona knocked at the door, the head priests of Kerala took an intelligent matured decision to stop all religious celebrations including the holy week ceremonies. And the vast majority of people are following the scientific methods rather than religious methods to escape from COVID-19. Surprisingly some of the political leaders of great nations ignored the valid medical advice and landed up in trouble. Sadly science denial is done not only by illiterate people, but also by educated persons. And often errors in scientific methods are exaggerated and used to discredit the whole scientific process. In this prevailing situation I will not be surprised if majority of people reject my concepts, because so far there is no absolute proof of asexual reproduction for humans.

The most natural relaxing and pleasant entertainment activity is sex; the incentive given for reproduction. It gives lot of enjoyment, pleasure and ecstasy. It is not harmful to health, (in fact it is beneficial to health). It gives relaxation of mind and body. It is not expensive, and it is easily accessible if not blocked by funny laws and regulations. Ancient Indian culture gave lot of importance for sex and encouraged people for maximum sexual activities and reproduction. Today this most natural pleasure and entertainment are severely regulated. Men are advised to conquer desire. Erotic literature, pornography and blue films are prohibited. Even the video recordings of sex between legally married husband and wife cannot be shown to the public. Due to the denial of sex and sex linked entertainments, young unmarried people go after smoking, alcohol, drugs, gambling, computer games, horror cinemas, adventure tourism, games & sports, etc. And all these activities have strong promoters and are often injurious and harmful to physical and mental health. They often suppress sexual reproduction. The governments sell lottery tickets, toxic substances like alcohol to avoid illicit liquor, and give license to sell tobacco and alcohol. Several governments encourages gambling to increase tax collection for the government. Interestingly many governments shall not give a license for sex toy shops or brothels, even though many unlicensed unhealthy brothels exist. Sex between two healthy persons irrespective of their cast, religion or race is not injurious to health. In India when men and women get the license for sex and reproduction in their thirties or even forties they are already habituated or addicted to homosexuality or other forms of harmful entertainments ( use of intoxicating agents) and diversions( gambling, computer game, cinema etc.). Having lost the interest in natural heterosexual sex many marriages end up in divorces, leading to complete stoppage of the legally and socially allowed reproduction also.

Humans have recognized the harmful effects of unnatural life style. They have recognized that natural food is better than artificial food and natural ways of life improves health. Walking is considered to be better for health than using an automobile. Many people are discarding plastic utensils and go for mud or ceramic utensils. People go for cotton dress instead of synthetic fiber dress. There is a tendency to go back to nature in all areas of human activities. Pre historic men lived most of the time out door. Many of them might not have a dwelling place at all. They did not know reading and writing. Modern men spend most of the time indoor and activities are mainly reading and writing often in computer or telephone. Their requirement is effortless near vision. The body and the eyes tune to this requirement by increasing the length of the eye balls so that they develop short sight and can read and write without any effort ( without accommodation) and may not require reading glasses even after forty years of age. We see short sight very commonly in children of the new generation. Hence the public health authorities encourage children to play out door so that short sight development can be arrested. People have even realized the harms of bacteria phobia and too much of hygiene, because when the hygiene standard goes up allergies and asthmas increase. In Australia young children are encouraged to play in mud and mingle with nature to avoid food allergies! Normal behavior of any living organism is to start reproduction as soon as they are capable of doing it. Natural normal behavior of living organism, normal height and normal weight shall perhaps prevent cancer to some extent, provided you are planning to live only to the extent of natural life without medical intervention! It is evident that physiological and anatomical changes are possible in the living organisms including humans according to the behavior and the environment. One such change could be development of asexual reproduction in humans, because total reproduction and attempts for reproduction have considerably reduced during the human life span, and the reproduction free period in the life span has abnormally expanded.

As far as pleasure and relaxation are concerned sex is the most natural form of entertainment and gives maximum pleasure. It is rejuvenating and is a healthy method of relaxation. But sex is condemned as unethical and illegal procedure unless performed by legally married husband and wife in absolute privacy. There is hardly any serious attempt to go back to this most natural way of pleasure and entertainment. Sex at home is being heavily replaced by other unnatural entertainment activities and such unhealthy activities are increasing day by day. Besides this many such entertainments kill the natural reproductive reflexes! These persistent and continued deviations from natural sex and reproductive activity, in spite of the extreme pleasure and ecstasy attached to it, create an ideal circumstance for evolution of an alternate method of reproduction – the asexual reproduction. We know that gene mutations frequently occur when there is deficiency or defects in reproduction. People who could suppress the normal physiological reflexes are considered to be great men! And many great men train themselves to do it. We should realize that every successful attempt to conquer sexual desire shall possibly lead to the generation of a message of failure of sexual reproduction in the physiological system. And when this is practiced for several generations genetic changes for asexual reproduction are inevitable.

The unconventional asexual reproduction in humans is in an early stage of evolution and right now it is imperfect, and in the natural course it may take thousands of years to get it perfected. When the asexual reproductive attempt fails, it is manifested as cancer. In another words the frequent and repeated applications of break, suppression and diversion of the natural inherent sexual reproductive feelings and drive, by an ethical and religious mind, shall have a cumulative effect on the human reproductive system. We have seen that for the sake of reproduction and bringing up of healthy infants, both male and female organisms are genetically tuned to sacrifice anything including their own life. The alterations and unnatural changes humans have made in human sexual reproduction are not for the sake of better and healthy reproduction, but for the sake of religion, society culture or for the nation. When sexual reproduction reduces for several consecutive years, we can logically assume that the system shall seek for other forms of reproduction to compensate for the suppressed sexual reproduction. It may result in attempt for binary fission (asexual reproduction) and our incidence of cancer increases. The extent of influence of this deprivation and suppression of sexual feelings on cell division and cancer formation could be quite variable. Besides this there could be several unknown factors also responsible to initiate a 'reproductive reaction' in human body. We know that allergic reactions occur in human body when we get exposed to different types of allergens. But everybody shall not get it and the reaction varies from person to person. It could be itching, or vesicle formation or systemic hypotension or bronchial asthma. The mechanism could be similar in reproductive reactions too, but may not be as abrupt or acute as an allergic reaction. Different types and grades of cancer develop in the body depending upon the susceptibility of the individual and the organ or tissue. If the present trend of suppression of sexual reproduction continues perhaps humans may even transform to an organism reproducing by asexual method and the sexual reproduction shall become nonfunctioning as we see in many plants (Rose, Jasmine, Bougainvillea etc.) with beautiful flowers but no seeds or seedlings!

As physicians we know that in nature anything which is not used for a long time (for a few generations) shall stop functioning. If a normal eye of an infant was kept closed without allowing it to be used, the visual function deteriorates considerably and this defect developed by non-use of an eye in infancy and childhood cannot be corrected by any method later in life. This condition is described in medical literature as amblyopia. And in amblyopia interestingly there are no structural defects in the eyes. In another words a structurally normal eye stops functioning in amblyopia. Similarly when the sex organs are mature for reproduction and if not used for reproduction they shall possibly become nonfunctioning soon and the person can become sterile without any structural or anatomical defect in the organs? Besides this there is disuse atrophy of sex organs. Regarding organs the medical dictum is "Use it or lose it." (If a healthy person lies down for one month without using his legs and tries to walk after a month he is sure to fall and the legs and the physiological system do not function properly.) Humans can live with 1/3 kidney functioning and the rest is in reserve. But in the body one kidney is not kept unused. Instead of that each kidney is used below its capacity, because if we do not use an organ it shall not function later. Same is true with many other organs. So any organ or process not used for a long time shall not work in human system. We can expect unimaginable evolutionary changes in human reproduction, if the rampant neglect of sexual reproduction and the obsessions with conquering sexual desire continued for few centuries! When a country is conquered tremendous political and social changes occur in that country. Similarly when an important instinct is conquered tremendous physiological changes occur in the system. Over and above this the all-time busy modern men and women get hardly any time for love making and often try to buy children or to take uterus on lease. Already we have an increasing number of individuals who are neither men nor women. The transgender people are increasing day by day. So much so the society has accepted it as a special group (transgender), besides the male and female. And often they cannot have sexual reproduction. Besides this incidence of infertility and impotence are increasing (even without any visible anatomical anomaly) especially in the developed world. Men and women are getting interested more in homosexuality and lesbian love making partially because of the social and legal blocks for heterosexual activity. Today even the most religious society in India unnatural sex is being accepted as a norm and same sex marriages are allowed! The good thing about the religion is that no sensible religion encourages unnatural sex; but they may advice to abstain from sex. In fact it is the circumstance which makes people to go for unnatural sex. These people not only abstain from reproduction but also behave abnormally and extinguish themselves more frequently by way of suicides. (LGBQ teens are more than 3 times as likely to attempt suicides according to US study) All these unnatural sexual behaviors and drastic reduction in sexual reproduction are impending signs of development of total suppression of sexual reproduction, and switching over to asexual reproduction. Many a time's human behavior is against sexual reproduction. Even talking about sex and reproduction is indecent. Even doctors avoid discussions on sex and reproduction (a very important body function) with their patients and colleagues! When an important active physiological function of an organism is continuously suppressed, it is nothing but natural that a dormant substitute shall get activated. Unfortunately the process is not yet perfected and now it is manifested as cancer.

In children when the eyes are not used for viewing distant objects frequently and are used often for seeing near object the eye balls gets elongated to make reading and writing comfortable. This leads to short sight. Now ophthalmologists advise outdoor activities for children to avoid short sight and to reduce progression of short sight. Children hooked to telephone and computer games get their eye ball elongated to make near viewing effortless. But they may not be able to see distant objects clearly. It means that the body always tries to adapt to the changed situation. Short sight (Myopia) has become a common disease in the developed world. Similarly if sexual reproduction is discouraged by various means body shall try for asexual reproduction because reproduction is a very important function of any living organism. In the western world there is a decrease of sexual activity in young men. The sexually inactive people in the age group of 18 to 24 years old men increased from 18.9% in 2000 -2002 to 30.9 % in 2016-18 in USA. A similar trend is seen in 25-34 age groups and 35-44 age groups. And this was considered to be due to the changes in life style and use of internet. [44] If the neglect of sexual reproduction continues perhaps we may totally discard sexual reproduction and adopt asexual reproduction. I feel that we are half way to this process through the cancers we develop! If we do not complete the process we shall neither have sexual reproduction nor asexual reproduction! This is a very dangerous situation. And human extinction shall be the outcome.

When women get menopause early there is more chances of development of cancer. If these young menopausal women were smoking the chances for development of bladder cancer increases further up to 53 %!( Mohamed Abufaraj European Association of Urology Congress, Barcelona).Here an agent (tobacco) which is known to reduce fertility is acting on a young woman who was ovulating. And later the young woman is not able to produce ovum due to early menopause. The combination of the relative sterility and miscarriages due to tobacco and the absolute sterility due to menopause creates a double impact on the sexual reproductive system. As a result often attempts are being made for asexual reproduction. (Tobacco can cross even the placental barrier and hence when consumed by pregnant women it can affect the fertility of the female infants in the womb!) Hence it is not surprising that the combination of early menopause with use of tobacco leads to bladder cancers in 53% of such women. Even the relative young age is not able to protect these women from bladder cancer. The interesting study is only about bladder cancer. There could be cancers in other organs also.

Humans are the only primates who undergo menopause. Among mammals only certain types of whales (Baluga whale) undergo menopause. It means that most of the organisms are living only as long as they can reproduce. Hence when women live several years more than their sexual reproductive period, attempts shall be made for asexual reproduction by the biological system. Perhaps if women produce babies every two or three years from menarche and breast feed them for one or two years they may perhaps continue with ovulation till their death! Each pregnancy and lactation can save twenty five to thirty ova since there is no ovulation during pregnancy and lactation. Hence every pregnancy, child birth and breast feeding can perhaps extend the reproductive period of a woman by about two years. Even if 99% of follicles undergo atresia in the ovary, there will be enough follicles to produce sufficient number of ovum and extend the reproductive capability of woman. The biological system does not expect the organisms to live long without capability for reproduction. In an unprotected environment human average life expectancy is only 36 to 38 years! When sexual reproduction is not possible in women the asexual reproduction shall make an attempt to evolve. But unfortunately all the genes for asexual reproduction are not available in human systems and cancer develops. In another words our successful birth control programs and our successful efforts for extension of life span of women are partially responsible for the post-menopausal cancers in women!

It seems that the link of reproduction to abnormal growth exists not only to the malignant growth but also to the benign growth. We know that fibroids of uterus develop frequently when the first pregnancy is postponed. It means that when you idle an important sexual reproductive organ for several years from the menarche, a natural attempt is being made by body for asexual reproduction in the form of a benign growth - the fibroid. The nature prepares the uterus to receive an embryo every month and when it repeatedly fails to achieve the objective an attempt could be made for asexual reproduction. Often these women could become sterile without any anatomical defect of reproductive organ. Similarly benign growth (enlargement) of prostate occurs when male sexual activities are reduced and prostatic secretions are not utilized for the fertilization process. We know that the possibility of development of prostatic cancer reduces if men were sexually active in the very young age. As per the available statistics if the marriage (licensing for sex and reproduction) age of men and women go up further and further, the number of prostatic cancers and uterine fibroids shall increase! All ready prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in the developed world and in England the incidence of prostate cancer seems to overtake the breast cancer.

Deletion or translocation of sex determining genes from Y chromosome causes disorders of sex development. And failure of gonadal development results not only in infertility but also increased risk of germ cell tumors. Loss of Y chromosome or ectopic expression of Y chromosome genes is closely associated with several somatic cancers also. [45]. Recent study coordinated by Juan Ramon Gonzalez of Bioinformatics group showed that complete loss of the Y chromosome occurs with ageing in some men. And these men are likely to get cancer frequently. It was also noted that there is significant loss of Y chromosome specific genes in human prostate cancer [46]. The chromosome relevant for sexual reproduction is found to be linked to cancer development also. These findings once again show the relationship with reproduction and cancer-- the failed asexual reproduction. It is evident that as and when sexual reproduction becomes absent or insufficient with or without chromosomal changes, asexual reproduction starts appearing to compensate for the lack of reproduction. Unfortunately due to the lack of all genes for asexual reproduction the attempt fails and it is manifested as cancer.

When humans evolved on earth there was only self-healing, as we see in all other living organisms. Many systems of medical therapy evolved for assisted healing of the defects and diseases over a period of time. As a result the life expectancy gradually extended beyond the ages of active sexual reproduction. We can assume that pre historic humans with low life expectancy were sexually active until their death. Modern medical science has reached the present status by making constant changes in the concepts about the causation of diseases, about the management strategies of the disease, and about the surgical techniques employed to cure the disease or disability, over a period of time by continuous research. There were several corrections and modifications in the management of diseases over a period of time. These changes are occurring much faster nowadays and the medical text books become obsolete within five years of their publication. Hence one need not be surprised to know that the present concepts about cancer could be wrong! And I feel that we are overdue for a change in several things in human biological system.

When I started my medical career peptic ulcer of the stomach was considered to be due to excess hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Tons of antacids to neutralize the hydrochloric acid were consumed by millions of patients with and without prescription throughout the world for getting relief from the pain and sufferings from the disease. The patients had good relief of symptoms with the antacids. Many surgeries (G.J. with Vagotomies) were performed to reduce the acid secretions in the stomach when medical treatment was not effective. The stomach ulcers healed and patients became symptom free following surgery. We assumed that acid is responsible for the ulcer. There was strong medical evidence for performing the surgery to reduce acid production from the stomach. After such the surgery many patients had cure of peptic ulcer. (Most of the patients got antibiotics after surgery to prevent infection.). In fact patients, physicians and surgeons were happy with the treatment of peptic ulcer. Now we know that the peptic ulcer is caused by the bacteria (Helicobacter pylori) and antibiotics can kill them and cure the disease. What was thought to be right for several years was proved to be wrong. Medicine after all is an imperfect science and heavily depends on common sense. Often many disease management strategies have evolved out of trial and error method. And many quacks are 'successfully' practicing medicine out of their common sense!

In fact it is common sense to think that an ulcer anywhere in the body is most probably caused by microorganisms like bacteria. Suppose a very lazy, but intelligent classmate, who rarely opened the medical text books , during his examination had guessed (out of common sense) and described in the answer paper that peptic ulcer of stomach was caused by bacteria, he was sure to fail, because it was the truth unexposed and unrecognized at that period in time. This had really happened in the surgery viva voce examination in 1968.After finishing a case of tuberculosis ulcer, when the examiner asked about the cause for peptic ulcer the smart answer was "peptic ulcer was caused by peptic bacteria." His guess work was wrong at that point in time, but now it appears to be true! Unexposed and unproved truths are wrong or lie and only when we extensively and meticulously explore, truth can be exposed. Same is true about cancer. Today many characters of cancer and non-cancerous growth remain unexplored and unexplained. Cancer cells of multicellular organisms behave like unicellular organism. Why it happens? Cancer cell have large nucleus. And the sperm is just a large nucleus with a tale. Common sense says that cancer growth is for extension of life not for extinguishing life.

Every physician knows that when we make clinical diagnosis of common disease the chances of it becoming correct are much more than making the diagnosis of a rare disease. Suppose the disease is occurring only in 0.5% of population. And the confirmative test for the disease is 99% accurate with 1% chance for false negative and 1% chance for false positive, the probability of having the disease when the test is positive is only 33%! (Bayesian Basic). This low probability in spite of positive test result is because the disease is not common. When the concerned disease or event is very common, the probability shall dramatically change. Now we know that more than one reproductive process is fairly common among living organisms. We know that errors are very common in sexual reproduction of humans as well as of many other living organisms. We also know that when one method of reproduction is curtailed organisms often make attempt for another type of reproduction which may or may not succeed. And common sites of cancer are in the reproductive organs. Besides this cancer is occurring commonly when sexual reproduction of humans has reduced considerably or absent. There are frequent link between incidence of cancer and reproduction. In this background of several commonalities of attributes of cancer with reproduction; I feel that there is strong statistical probability for cancer to be an aberrant unsuccessful asexual reproduction process, often with fatal outcome.

We try to escape from cancer by changing life style, changing eating habits, stopping smoking and even by surgically removing some of the organs, (mainly reproductive organs) which are likely to develop cancer. I am sure as soon as we shall know the whole truth about the etiology and pathology of the disease the whole management strategy shall change. We the modern men often fail to realize the fact that nature's most important expectation out of any living organism is abundant procreation and survival of the strongest and healthiest among them. This is evident from the fact that nature goes to the extent of using more than one type of reproductive technique in many species so that even if one technique fails other should work. In many plants where an active asexual reproduction exists, an inefficient sexual reproduction also coexists as we notice in banana plants, rose plants, jasmine plant etc... The flowers which cannot produce seeds or seedlings are the examples of failed sexual reproduction in plant kingdom and the cancerous growth we see in animal kingdom are the examples of failed attempts for asexual reproduction. We may observe that procreation is so much important function of any living organism that an alternate arrangement is often available in the biological system. This alternate method may or may not be functioning efficiently. Some species can very easily alternate between sexual and asexual reproduction depending upon the environment and this capability is known as hetrogamy. So nature is full of examples of achieving the very important reproductive function one way or other. But our parents, teachers, religious heads, philosophers and great states men give less importance for procreation and do not consider it as the main purpose of human life at all. In fact often they preached to conquer the sexual desire. They have taught us different principles and philosophies to explain the purpose of human life for the sake of creating a good disciplined ethical and compassionate society and to do service to God. Many religion and their fanatic followers cannot accept humans as a modified animal. They teach us that God has created man exclusively and directly. We learn these great religious principles from our child hood in religious and ethics classes. And they are deep routed in our minds. These teaching are very relevant and useful for a peaceful social living of humans and they exert great influence in our thought, action and character building. Fear of any God makes people better citizens. But life scientists should realize the basic physiological truth about any living organism and the thousands of similarities of humans to animals. As I learned medicine I observed that drug trials are done on animals first to know the effect of the medicine. There are various animal models for drug trials because the action of medicines on animals is very much similar to the action on humans. Religious people cannot accept Darwin's theory of evolution of humans from animals. So long as we have huge number of blind believers of God, devil, ghost, spirits, souls and religion, democratic governments also may not approve Darwin's theories. But scientists should not behave like priests or illiterate people. (Scientists know that if we change ten percentage of genes of an ape it shall become a human; and vice versa! They also know that man created different types of gods for his wellbeing and security!).We have started gene therapy in inherited eye diseases like Labours optic atrophy where diseased genes are replaced by healthy genes. Gene therapy is also tried in some of the cancers. Similarly if we want some of the genetic qualities of animals to be transferred to human or vice versa science can do that also. Religious principles, social customs, and government rules & regulations need not be according to the scientific truth. People accept this contradiction. Similarly we know that religious truth are not acceptable in the scientific documents .In a death certificate, a legal medical document, can a doctor write the cause of death as 'the soul wanted to leave the body hence he died' or can he write 'God decided to call back the soul and hence he died'? Legal documents want scientific explanation not religious explanation for death. Scientifically the purpose of a living organism is to be a part of the healthy life cycle of the species and refine the genes by repeated multiplication and natural selection, so that after each generation emerges stronger and healthier new generation . Only the strong, smart and healthy organisms shall survive; the weak, inefficient, defective and unhealthy shall perish often before they start reproduction. Humans are not an exemption to this rule and laws of nature; but using our intelligence we can modify the process for our benefit and reduce the pains and sufferings of the defective and unhealthy persons.

Procreation is very important in nature, but may not observe the classic pattern always. We have plants procreating from seeds, bulbs, leaves, stem, and roots. We have separate male and female plants as well as single plant producing male and female flowers. We have animals changing from male to female or vice versa according to the need. We have seen even cross breeding between different species. We have mammals laying eggs and breast feeding the infant. We have birds flying thousands of miles to warm climate for procreation. We have reptiles living in water coming to land and laying eggs for producing their young ones. We have fish and snakes delivering infants but not breast feeding. In all these distinctive reproductive activities there is a strong element of instinct and unexplainable behavior by the organism. When so much natural variations are possible for procreation in different species we can expect the coexistence of an ineffective or faulty method of reproduction in humans as a part of evolution. There could be traits of many reproductive processes existing in a single organism and what is suitable to the environment is getting activated. This process is probably regulated by the genes. We know that genes are responsible for the normal physiological activities and the normal anatomical structure of the living organisms. We can assume that the probable reason for this diversity in procreation is due to the changes in the genes of these organisms. We have seen organisms making genetic changes to achieve many important functions. Reproduction being the most important function genetic change to compensate for the deficiency of reproduction is a natural outcome. Hence once we make necessary changes in the genes artificially, binary fission in multicellular organisms shall be possible.

In all organisms reproduction is the most important function and different methods they use to achieve it. Besides this naturally occurring variations in reproduction of many plants and animals, man has already made several changes in the reproduction of plants and animals by way of grafting, budding, layering, cloning etc... We are cross breading and even making unique living organisms by changing genes. We have created animals which can give human milk! We find the seeds in grapes are against our taste we made seedless grapes, perhaps one day we may make seed less mangos and achieve reproduction by grafting or cloning only. That means we have the basic knowhow for altering procreation methods in other living organisms and we do change them according to our need. But surprisingly we are reluctant to scientifically interfere with our own reproductive process. And we consider death is inevitable for humans.

I have brought forward relevant evidence to suggest that cancer is a failed attempt for asexual reproduction. Doctors and scientists see this evidence but seem to be reluctant to interpret it properly. Recently there is an interesting observation that women going to bed early and getting up early (larks) have 40 to 48 % less chance of development of cancer of breast. Why this happens? Why the incidences reduce to almost half just by going to bed early and getting up early? It is evident that those who go to bed early have more chance for attempting sexual reproduction before going to sleep. This naturally reduces the attempt for asexual reproduction! I feel that the lack of sexual reproductive acts is influencing cancer not the timing of going to sleep. This aspect was not analyzed in these studies. Similarly there are many diseases including cancer associated with people regularly going on night duties. It is explained as the effect of change in the biological rhythm. These persons may be sleeping in the day time to compensate for the loss of sleep in the night. But there shall be hardly any possibility of sufficient sex and sexual reproduction, since for sex you need secrecy and the partner readily available. (Often the partner could be on duty during day time) Besides this women on regular night shift develop early menopause. These deficiencies in sex and reproduction probably generate stimulus for asexual reproduction in the biological system.

Similarly there is another interesting observation that those who take food late in the night get obesity. Those who take food late in the night are going to bed only late in the night. They are not going to bed early and getting up to take food late in the night! That means they are having sex less frequently. No survey has bothered to verify this aspect. It means those who go to bed late can have obesity as well as cancer. Cancer and obesity are linked in many ways.

Chorionic carcinoma is a highly malignant cancer arising from the placenta, an important structure of the sexual reproduction process. It is very aggressive like the placenta on uterine wall. Interestingly this cancer is commonly seen when the sexual reproduction process fails. It is well known fact that chorionic carcinomas are often associated with molar pregnancy, miscarriage, abortion, and ectopic pregnancy. In all of them the body system has failed to produce an infant by sexual reproduction. Hence naturally the system makes an attempt to achieve reproduction by another route. When this attempt also fails due to the deficiency in specific genes, we get a very malignant cancer known as Chorionic carcinoma in the uterus. A very small percentage of this cancer may be seen in other reproductive tissue like ovary and testis. However the strong association of chorionic carcinoma with the failed sexual reproduction indirectly supports the asexual reproduction hypothesis.

Cancer is the faulty and inefficient binary fission process of reproduction of amoeba occurring when the person becomes weak, immune systems get collapsed and he/she cannot perform the evolutionary duties especially sexual reproduction. Even the metabolism of cancer cell is different (aerobic glycolysis) from the natural human metabolism. Chan JCY also noticed similarities between ancient eukaryote cells and cancer cells in several aspects including metabolism. He thought that the mutation and defect in cell reproduction is due to virus attack. [7] And it has been shown that anti-protozoal and anti-fungal drugs like Miltefosine are effective in inducing apoptosis and destruction of cancer cells also. Molecular biologists feel that Interpreting the activity of genes in cancer according to their evolutionary origin may provide insight into common mechanisms driving tumourigenesis. [6] Still, perhaps we may need some higher quality evidence at molecular level to prove and start reproducing by binary fission. Recently we have recognized certain other links of cancer with reproductive dysfunction. An interesting observation by Pastuszak et all was that men with Peyronie's disease and erectile dysfunction have got higher risk for development of cancer of stomach and of testis. [34]. similarly it was observed that the brain of a fetus (the product of sexual reproduction) and cancer of brain (product of atavistic asexual reproduction) are identical in certain ways. The Zika viruses eat the brain cells of the unborn infant as well as the brain cancer cells (Glioblastoma). And they do not eat adult brain cells. [47] Perhaps brain cancer and fetus brain taste similarly for the virus. The virus seems to attack only the emerging product of sexual reproduction as well as the product of asexual reproduction. Humans still do not accept the link between cancer and reproduction, but the zika virus seems to recognize it! In the vast plant kingdom also we know that certain insects and microorganisms specifically attack buds, fruits and developing seeds (embryogenesis) only. They may not attack the tree or the matured leaves. Tender leaves, seeds and seedlings are easily destroyed by microorganisms. It seems that certain virus infection can precipitate the development of cancer while certain other virus can cure cancer? But most of the cancers are not linked to virus infection. They are often related to defect and deficiency in sexual reproduction caused by various factors.

Spontaneous cure of cancer is another mysterious event occasionally occurring in cancer patients. The body has got several methods to cure the diseases and defects. All those who get serious diseases like small pox and malaria do not die even without treatment because there is an inherent method in the body to kill the invading organisms as well as to rectify the errors like cancers or auto immune diseases. The modern medical science only helps the body systems to act upon the disease to cure it. If the inherent disease protection system is weak the medicines may not act well. Similarly if the inherent diseases protection system is very strong no medicine is required to cure the disease like cancer- the aberrant asexual reproductive process. Cancer may be extinguished at its origin itself before we know about the disease. If the cancer protection gene (p 53), which is also responsible for correction of sexual reproduction, is very active spontaneous regression of cancer is a possibility. Perhaps p53 can cut off the blood supply to the aggressive growth so that apoptosis or death of the cancer cells can occur. The recent publication on colorectal cancer suggested that the ageing cell were trying to block malignant progression probably through anti-tumor immunity gene [48]. It means that when the aging cell recognizes the error in the asexual reproductive attempt, it tries to extinguish it. If this process of self-correction is somehow enhanced spontaneous cure of cancer can occur.

Virus infection to the cancer patients could be another reason for spontaneous remission of cancer. Zika virus and Rubella virus or any other similar virus infection can destroy the cancer cells! Zika virus is known to eat up the cancer cells of Glioblastoma without disturbing the normal adult brain. Even the oncolytic therapy for brain cancer is a possibility with Zika virus [47] Rubella virus and Toxoplasma Gondi are known to destroy embryonic brain and eye tissue with minimal damages to the other structures. There are different microorganisms having affinity to human reproductive tissue. Interestingly there is no placental barrier to prevent the organisms reaching the cancer tissue. Hence there could be many more unknown agents capable of reaching cancer, and destroy it. (Fortunately or unfortunately most of the elderly population has antibodies against Rubella and Toxoplasmosis.) Cancer being a defective reproductive process, as and when such infection with affinity for reproductive tissue occurs; the cancer may be eaten up without any significant damage to the other structures of the body. And the cancer patient may not notice the infection since they may not feel any symptom. This is another way we can solve the mystery of spontaneous remission in cancer.

A third way to explain spontaneous remission is by the destructive side effects of other drugs the patients were using. There are several analgesic, sedatives and tranquilizers capable of damaging a fetus in the uterus especially in the first trimester. Opioid use is found to be linked to loss of pregnancy. The drugs, which are prohibited from giving to pregnant women, when given to cancer patients may have some destructive effect on cancer, the defective reproductive tissue (somatic cell pregnancy) [3]. Interestingly these drugs can easily reach cancer cells since there is no placental barrier. So cancer patients taking these types of embryo toxic drugs may get their cancer eliminated and may experience spontaneous remission. Even the commonly used steroids can help spontaneous remission by suppressing the body defense against the organisms specialized in eating embryonic tissues (cancer). Even drinking several cups of coffee in first trimester of pregnancy is found to disturb the growth of embryo! Placebo effect of the drugs also can contribute spontaneous remission.

Another possibility is that many people develop auto immune reaction due to unknown reason. If such auto immune reaction occurs in cancer patient, the aberrant reproductive tissue shall get destroyed resulting in spontaneous regression of cancer. Over and above this there could be a reduction in the root cause of cancer itself. If the patient is making frequent attempts for sexual reproduction, the asexual reproduction process could be suppressed or even stopped by the biological system!

We know that often an event occurs when more than one factor acts. It is possible that more than one factor may be simultaneously acting in the spontaneous cure of cancer too. A right combination of different factors already noticed can enhance the process of spontaneous remission. Another possibility is that spontaneous cure may be just a delayed spontaneous recognition of the favorable responds to the multiple cancer therapy already undertaken. There is no miracle involved and it is probably only a late recognition of a normal healing reaction. These are some of the ways we can explain spontaneous disappearance of cancer with the available knowledge. There could be many more unknown factors evolving as we work on cancer as a defective reproductive process. Besides this there are several instances of wrong diagnosis of cancer – clinically, as well as histopathologicaly. Interestingly the phenomenon of spontaneous remission of cancer is indirectly supporting the asexual reproduction hypothesis too. The presence of a phenomenon scientifically unexplainable with the existing hypothesis itself shows that the present concept about cancer could be wrong. We know that during sexual reproduction there are several occasions of spontaneous failure of the embryogenesis manifested as sudden miscarriages. Similar factors may be working in the atavistic asexual reproduction process also. And spontaneous remission could be a similar to spontaneous 'miscarriage of asexual reproduction'!

Reproductive system is one of the important subjects in medical studies. But today practicing doctors while taking detailed history of a patient hardly make enquires about the sexual life and reproductive activity of the patient. (If you ask it to an unmarried person even violent reactions are possible!). When a person is not engaged in the reproductive function for several months or years many effects are bound to occur in the body. If one is not taking sufficient nourishing food body reacts. If one is not able to pass motion every day body reacts to it. If one is not getting good air for breathing the body reacts. If one is not getting sufficient water to drink the body reacts to it. If one is not getting sufficient sleep the body reacts to it. Same is the case with reproduction. Whenever there is a deficiency or defect in the normal functioning of any system, the body shall react to it. Physicians often make enquiries about functioning of all other systems. Very rarely physicians take sex history. This aspect is not given sufficient importance in the day to day practice of medicine. Because of the social stigma attached to discussions on sex and reproduction, often sexual matters are not discussed even between the patient and doctor! The patients as well as the doctors are shy to discuss about this important function of this very intelligent living organism. Perhaps once the link between reproduction and cancer get established beyond doubt the situation may change.

We also know that certain types of cancers can be effectively treated with Sildenafil (Viagra); the medicine prescribed for erectile dysfunction and for enhancing sexual activity in men. A drug which is enhancing sexual activity in men has been recommended for Off- label use for prostate cancer, breast cancer, and multiple myeloma, since the drug can produce apoptosis in these cancers. [49] Is it the increased sexual activity (attempt for reproduction) inducing apoptosis of cancer cells? Perhaps a modern super computer with appropriate software can analyze better all the interesting data regarding the relationship between sex, reproductive activity and cancer. There are not many surveys specifically to analyze the effect of sex on cancer. And often the pattern evolving may not be very confirmative as in climate change studies. The weather forecasting was often wrong before the era of super computers. Now the forecasts are fairly accurate. Similarly if the available data regarding sex, reproduction and cancer are analyzed in a super computer many surprises are possible. There are several variables with mild to moderate carcinogenic effect. Many scientists have admitted the confusion prevailing about cancer research and expressed their inability to assimilate and interpret all the data regarding cancer. "We lack the conceptual paradigms and computational strategies for dealing with this complexity". [5] More than thousand scientists studied cancer in detail to develop very effective treatment for cancer. They realized that cancer mutation is a ten thousand piece jigsaw. This recent global genomic project unraveled cancer's complexity at unprecedented scale. These are in-depth learning of various cancers from different parts of the world. [50] When we do vertical thinking with these data genesis of cancer could be confusing. When we do little bit of lateral thinking we shall understand that reproductive signals in the body are very powerful and are capable of making several types of mutation in an attempt for asexual reproduction. We should realize that we have multiple types of errors in sexual reproduction and treatment for each one is different. Many of them still we cannot treat and cure. Similarly multiple types of mutations are there in cancer. These mutations are happening in an attempt for perfecting the asexual reproduction.

I know that in the court of law it is often difficult to prove a case of murder without the retrieval and identification of the dead body. Similarly without actual asexual reproduction in human proving the reproductive hypothesis beyond doubt is a bit difficult. However, when retrieval of dead bodies was impossible, murders were proved on the basis of other strong evidence. We have other strong evidences to prove the reproductive etiology for cancer. And there is fairly high probability of existence of an alternate process of vestigial reproduction in all living organisms including humans. We have vestigial organs like appendix, coccyx, accessory mammary glands, etc. and the idea of an additional reproductive process for humans was evolved based on these embryological facts. We have genetic and biological evidence to prove the reproductive roots of cancer. Hence I hope that the asexual reproduction hypothesis can be proved without achieving actual asexual reproduction. It can be achieved only when we proceed in that direction.

We have reduced birth rate, we have reduced infant mortality rate, and we have increased life expectancy, but did not extend the age of menopause. (In fact menopause is often pre-ponded by removing uterus and ovary in young age often to avoid cancer!) We have increased the minimum age for marriage also. We are getting lot of opportunities for higher education and sophisticated skill development. They get priority over marriage and reproduction. As a result the incidence of cancer has increased. To sum up the rapid increase in the 'sexual reproduction free period ' in human life span is the major cause for the evolution of repeated attempts for a perfect asexual reproduction, which is unfortunately manifested as the killer disease, cancer. This has happened due to the will full reduction in sex and sexual reproduction as well as due to the unnatural extension of old age. The human life expectancy was increased with all sorts of medical interventions. Now if we convert this rapidly spreading killer disease called cancer to an effective method of asexual reproduction, humans can live young and healthy.

Once we know all the hidden medical truths about cancer and once we are able to reprogram the cancer stem cell, an ideal effective methodology for binary fission shall evolve. When these genetic changes are made in human genome we will be able to change the ideology of cancer cell from growth for the sake of growth to, growth for the sake of binary fission and rejuvenation. With proper genetic corrections cancer could be a tool for reversal of ageing. Please remember growth is always a sign of life and not a sign of death; but in untreated cancer death occurs due to an error or aberration. We are destroying the cancer because the growth is unregulated, misdirected, unorganized, uncontrolled and imperfect. Why should one destroy growth, an important sign of life? Why not correct the error and control the growth? When an organism is young it grows for increasing size and when the organism is matured it should be growing for increase in number. Hence cancer could be a manifestation of atavism, an evolutionary through back to binary fission. Cancer seems to be a malfunctioning build in safety device in humans to escape from the degenerating and unproductive old age. We know that in a rose plant the old branches try for asexual reproduction while the young branches try for sexual reproduction. (If you plant and water a piece of old branch of rose it shall grow and become a new young plant. Interestingly if you plant a tender young branch it cannot grow into a new plant.) But the attempt for sexual reproduction by the young branch fails since rose flower cannot produce seedlings. Due to the several unfavorable circumstances for sexual reproduction in humans, alternate method of procreation is being attempted, but unfortunately it fails and cancer develops resulting in human sufferings and death. In fact in humans, during the old age there is not only frequent tumourigenesis but also production of Methylmalonic acid (by product of propionate metabolism) which act as mediator of tumor progression to enhance the growth. [51] We should be able to recognize these peculiar types of body reaction to the various deficiencies in sexual reproduction. We have observed the various types of reactions in other living organism for achieving reproduction. (We know that when the bacteriostatic drug induced deficiencies in reproduction of microorganisms, the reproductive method changes and gene mutation also occurs. Elephants, the largest organism on land becomes violent when the sex hormone level goes up more than six times the normal due to lack of sexual reproductive activity). Cancer is perhaps such a violent reaction for the sake of reproduction. We should be able to modify cancerous growth, and convert this killer disease to two new lives! When we do that, cancer the big health problem of present time shall transform into a solution to many health problems especially the geriatric diseases. We shall be able to convert the cancer crisis to a great opportunity.

With genetic manipulation we shall be able to transform cancer, the killer disease to a magic remedy for age related diseases like cataract, Osteoporosis, dementia, Alzheimer's etc. This genetic manipulation is becoming further relevant because cancer has started showing signs of drug resistance to conventional cancer therapy. When we achieve the conversion, we shall come to a stage that new growth is the solution to the problem and no more a problem by itself! Believe me, humans can divide and survive if they borrow or steal the whole of binary fission genes from amoeba and transform the cancer. 'Once you get the genes everything is possible', because genomic imprinting is a well-known barrier to the evolution of asexuality in all mammals. The process of division of multi cellular organism to two young organisms is in fact a combination of two naturally occurring process – the transformation process of multi cellular caterpillar to butterfly, and the binary fission process of unicellular amoeba. The slime mold (Dictyostelium) can undergo binary fission like a single cell amoeba as well as sexual reproduction by fusing two cells to form a giant cyst and form spores. In deep sea angler fishes the male fuse with female permanently by making even immunological changes in the system and continuously supply the sperms for reproduction. [52] Interestingly more than one small male fish can fuse with a large female fish and become a part of the female fish! So there are different kinds of multiplication and transformations in organisms in nature and there are specific genes for all such activities because reproduction is a very important function of the organism. There is sexual cannibalism as well as sexual parasitism. When we look deep into nature we see that there is fusion as well as fission to achieve reproduction. Hence we are not devising anything unnatural and new for humans; we are trying only to elaborate and mix two or more existing biological process. There is transformation to young individual and there is fission also. Perhaps we can call this new reproductive process of formation of two young organisms as 'binary trans fission'. We have to do it for our own health, happiness and long term existence on earth.

It is important to have an additional mode of reproduction for the long term existence of humans on earth, because the human fertility rate is progressively reducing and there seems to be a lot of natural and manmade calamities in the pipeline. Humans do a lot of things for increased productivity in plants and animals. We produce different types of hybrid seeds and create new species of plants and animals by manipulating the reproduction of other living organisms. Guava plant normally reproduces from its seeds (sexual reproduction). We can artificially produce seedlings by asexual reproduction (air layering). It is often practiced in all horticulture farms and gardens. I too have done it in my own farm attached to my residence during my student days. I removed a circular piece of the bark from a small twig of the guava tree and kept fertile soil & coconut husk around it for few weeks. One has to wet it daily with water and occasionally with urine and there should be sufficient moisture in the soil throughout the period. And evaporation was prevented by using a plastic paper or water proof clothes to cover the coconut husk. After few weeks I could see roots coming from the area where from I had removed the bark. The piece of the twig with roots was cut and on planting it a new guava plant was born. Here we are creating asexual reproduction for plants which are primarily reproducing by sexual reproduction. Why not try asexual reproduction for humans also? I know it is not as simple as layering of guava tree. The process shall be difficult and different, but the broad principle is the same - addition of asexual reproduction for a living organism reproducing regularly by sexual reproduction. Genetic deficiency is the main barrier for asexual reproduction in mammals and it is a sort of going back in evolution. But asexual reproduction for humans is becoming relevant because humans are progressively losing interest in sexual reproduction and human interest in sex is often hijacked by many other activities!

We take lot of interest to mix up of plant and animal genes to get the best combination. But when it comes to our own reproduction, the interest is progressively reducing and reproduction rate is falling. Today nobody dares to borrow animal or plant genes and incorporate them in human genome. There are 'ethical issues' also. No religion may agree to do such transfer of genes. Once asexual reproduction occurs in humans many religious principles have to be rewritten. Previously this was done when blood transfusion was achieved, and when heart transplantation was performed. Now no sensible sick person rejects the blood or organs of persons from another religion. People know that if a miss matched blood from a donor of same religion was transfused, the patient shall die; whereas a transfusion of matched blood from a person of rival religion shall save the patient. All the propagators of cast and religious segregation know well that it is neither the religion nor the cast that matters, but the matching of blood and tissue matters if one has to survive after blood transfusion or any organ transplantation. Hence once successful gene transfer is achieved for the betterment of the society; the religious leaders also shall change their laws, regulations and views. The interpreters of religious books can twist the writings whichever way they like. (They know that religion is for human not humans are for religion.) And the blind believers follow them. A knife is used by the surgeon to save a life and a criminal to extinguish a life. And we do not ban making of knifes! Those who preach and practice superstition shall never agree that their belief is a superstation. It is up to the scientist and rationally thinking citizens to expose the true nature of such superstitious beliefs.

In Kerala today almost every attempt for sexual reproduction in humans is illegal and punishable with imprisonment and fine, except the consensual sex by the legally matured and married husband and wife in absolute privacy. Ancient Indians were never like this. They had much more sexual and reproductive freedom. The morality concepts of mythological heroes and heroines are much different from that of the 21st century middle class Indians. According to Indiresan, former director of IIT Madras, "Our country is officially called Bharat in memory of a great king Bharata who was by modern standard, strictly speaking, is the illegitimate son of the illegitimate daughter of a prostitute" (Business line 11/09/2012). Bharata was a great and highly respected emperor and ruled our country several years efficiently. His illegitimacy was not at all an issue in ruling this country. Many other heroes and heroines of different mythologies are found to be products of unethical and illegitimate relationship according to the present concepts of ethics. Not only in mythology but also in history we see that the emperors and kings of the world had many children from different partners. And the rich and noble followed their rulers in reproductive activity! Many of the low cast Indians could not often afford a marriage. And the only entertainment or pleasure they could afford was consensual sex. Historically sex was a dominant activity of the population. It is surprising that in this land of Kamasuthra, Ananga Ranga and Khajuravo temple, today the morality of the modern society is hanging on sex and reproduction and even talking about sex, sex organs and human reproduction is not well accepted by our civilized society. In fact ancient cultures gave lot of importance for sex and reproduction.

In Bhutan, at the northern end of Indian subcontinent a fifteenth century monk considered 'happiness lies below the navel'. Bomina (night hunting) was a custom where young men made love with or without the consent of the lady and was socially acceptable at that point in time. In Bhutan even today people paint a giant phallus on the outer walls of their homes. There are several paintings and wooden carving of phallus in the temples and monasteries for worshipping. Infertile women worshiped it to become fertile. Since the erection process has so much psychological and involuntary component people might have thought that it was divine and was controlled by the God directly. There were lot of superstations regarding the erectile dysfunctions and thousands of rhinoceros were killed for their horns to cure the erectile dysfunction! Besides this without erection the physiological reproductive function could not be achieved. Interestingly the erectile dysfunction is increasing in the modern society due to various reasons. And today erectile dysfunction is about25% in men below the age of 40, 40% in men above 40 years and 70% in men above the age of 70! The Massachusetts study showed 52% of partial or complete impotence among men between 40 and 70 years of age. And the prevalence of complete impotence triples as men reach seventy from forty years! [53] It was shown that persons with erectile dysfunction are less productive in the workplace and enjoy poor quality of life. Besides this erectile dysfunction could be a cause for psychological problems in young men. The ancient Indians knew well the importance of erection. We see that In Indian culture there is lot importance for erect penis and in old Indian statues we see many erect penises where as in western statutes and idols often un-erected penis is shown. In spite of worshipping lingum and phallus the sex and fertility is reducing even in India. Since the incidence of erectile dysfunction is increasing, and fertility is reducing the attempts for asexual reproduction (cancer) are increasing to compensate for the reduction in sexual reproduction. However it is evident that when sex organs become progressively dysfunctional without simultaneous full development of the asexual reproduction process, the extinction of humans shall become inevitable!

In the south Indian state of Kerala there is an ancient townships now known as Kodungaloor. In this ancient township there is a very old Devi temple where during the annual festival devotees sing sexy songs, often about phallus to please the goddess. Many devotees take a rooster (the symbol of male sexuality) to the temple while going to worship the goddess. In fact the old Greek and Sumerian civilization also had given lot of importance to sex and priests were teaching and training young men and women in sex and reproduction at the temples. In another words sex was divine in old civilizations, both for enjoyment and for reproduction. It is a historic fact that there were trades connection between the port city of Kodungaloor (Muserious) and old European civilizations. However it is evident that in good old days Indians both in the south and in the north gave lot of importance to sex and reproduction. All old religions and cultures had special gods and goddesses for love making, sex and reproduction. Today staring at women, asking permission for sex (with or without reproduction) from a woman or just touching the body of a woman is a much bigger immorality than lying, theft, cheating, bribery and assault! Even murders are glorified by certain religions and society if done to protect the 'honor' of the family or religion! Often suicides are considered better option than loss of 'honor' due to illegitimate pregnancy in women. There were several instances of unmarried women getting pregnant in different mythologies, but they did not commit suicide. In fact many of them delivered children who became very powerful characters in the mythology. Perhaps proven fertility could be an additional qualification for the future brides in a society where children were the biggest asset for the parents. The present ethical code of India is very much influenced by the catholic culture of Portuguese as well as Victorian and protestant culture of the British who ruled India for more than a century.( In fact Jesus was very much for marriage and sex. He even provided high quality vine when there was a deficiency of vine in a marriage celebration. He saved the prostitutes from capital punishment and allowed her to apply perfumed oil on his feet and wipe it with her own hair. Bible also says that head of the church should be a family man. But one of the disciples of Jesus, St. Paul (the confessed enemy of Jesus) discouraged marriages and sex. Interestingly while catholic Christians follow St. Peter- a family man, they encourage men and women to abstain from sex for the sake of full time service to the church and the God.) The first English translation of the book, Kamasuthra was published in England in 1883 by Sir Richard Burton. But the British considered the Kamasuthra as a filthy paganism, while the German (Richard Schmidt, 1897) translated it to German and Latin languages and the book was fairly well accepted by the society (Blink, Business line May 26, 2018). But for the Indian society today this ancient book is continuing as filthy paganism or pornography. When the modern civilized society condemn and discourage many of the sexual reproductive acts, the human body shall naturally try for asexual reproduction. Interestingly the Europeans who introduced strict nuclear family regime to India are gradually shifting to a social system of living together and multiple sexual partners. All these facts show that ancient people including Indians had given more importance for reproduction and sex than the people of the present generation. Hence naturally there are more attempts for asexual reproduction which unfortunately fails.

Modern society often considers man and woman equal in sexuality and reproduction. But unfortunately they are neither equal nor identical in their sexuality and reproductive role. We have seen that men are tuned for impregnating maximum number of women, and they take huge risk to achieve this physiological objective, whereas women are tuned to take care of the infant, before and after delivery. They take huge risk to protect the young ones. The first part of reproduction namely courting and instillation of the genetic material in women is predominantly a male assignment and instinct, while the second part namely feeding and protecting the embryo and the infant is predominantly the female assignment. In sexual reproduction process the tiny sperm runs to fuse with the huge ovum majestically waiting in the uterus for extending the life of both. When these diversities are ignored and men and women are forced to follow an almost identical pattern of behavior in the procreation, lots of strains are created in the physiological system. The social system is trying to bend the physiological system. The physiological system is bound to react. And we see these reactions manifested in different forms. One such manifestation is cancer, the failed asexual reproduction.

Reproduction, one of the important functions of any living organism, could become a sin and / or a serious crime in humans on several situations. And humans have only one functioning method of reproduction. So when we severely regulate this only method of reproductive function, the organism is bound to react to it. One should consider that there is a strong involuntary and reflex component in the reproductive function. In fact just like any other living organism, humans also do many things to attract the opposite sex; but the pity is that once they get attracted often the reproductive activity is denied due to various reasons resulting in hormonal changes and emotional trauma. Such repeated braking of sexual emotions may lead to permanent psychological and physiological changes in the system. Humans try to acquire greatness by conquering desire and defeating important physiological reflexes and process. An average person is conditioned to conform to the social norms. Today there is a short fall in population growth in many developed and developing countries. It is estimated that by the year 2050 the elderly population of the world shall double. And the number of young individuals is progressively reducing in the population not only in Japan but also in many other developing countries, due to the apathy, distortions, suppression and neglect in the sexual reproduction. Often the marriages are delayed in the busy schedule. Interestingly many ambitious information technology professionals forget to get married! There is a lot of competition in every profession. Young men and women work with lot of emotional tension in the dead line driven work culture. Even though young unmarried men and women work together for ten to twelve hours, any expression of a sexual desire by a young man in the work place is punishable by law interpreting it as sexual harassment of woman. The young men with high levels of testosterone are genetically tuned to take high risks for procreation. Some of them may 'misbehave' and land up in trouble. Often these people work with lot of emotional tension to achieve an unreasonably high business target. They hardly get time for relaxation of mind and body. Even a consensual intercourse between a superior gentleman and a subordinate lady is considered as rape, a serious criminal offense. Same is true if a male employer or owner of an establishment have consensual sex with a female employee. The consent given by the lady has no legal validity. This is just an example of the interference by the modern democratic governments and institutions in sex and human reproduction. In India all institutions should have special internal complaints committee (ICC) to investigate and punish the men who make any attempt to initiate the reproductive process. In human species sex and sexual reproduction is so much regulated that the organism is making attempts for asexual reproduction. This happens in the tissue or organ which is more suitable or susceptible for development of reproduction in that particular person. And we get different types of cancers.

Many young professional couples have started thinking that producing children is a big liability economically and professionally. According to a survey in USA the average cost for bringing up of a child in middle class families up to the age of eighteen is $ 245340 (TIME. Sept. 2014).In India also the expenses shall be proportionately high as a percentage of our average income in rupees. There are interesting reports of post natal depression among husbands of nuclear family due to the high cost of bringing up of a child! In fact often middle class Indians look after their children beyond eighteen years and hence the expense is further higher. Beside this direct cost on children, the couples think children shall interfere with their promotions in the profession and in their final remuneration and earnings. They often postpone the pregnancy. The number of women getting pregnant in the forties has increased in UK & UAE, according to recent data. Pregnancies in all the other age group had reduced. The present social system has reduced considerably the reproductive time period in human life cycle by starting reproduction as late as forties. Besides this many couples avoid producing children altogether and enjoy the double income no kid status. When you compare this attitude of modern couples to people lived few centuries back you shall realize how much we have curtailed our reproductive function. In all mythologies children were the biggest asset of parent .Today they seems to be a liability for parents. The transformation of a major asset to a liability is a serious thing. When such interference occurs to sexual reproduction, nature shall be attempting for asexual reproduction. There is a feeling that asexual reproduction is only in plants. But this is not true. Changing circumstances and changing attitudes may initiate changes in reproduction of humans. In fact if you look deep into nature you can see many insects and fish reproducing by asexual method.

We know that several evolutionary changes do occur in organisms according to their needs and behavior. If the eye of the flat fish can migrate from one side to the other, and if the deep sea fish silver spinfin can see colors in darkness amazing adaptations to suit the environment is possible in living organisms. Hence it is possible that the sexual reproduction of humans can transform to asexual reproduction because of the human neglect of sexual reproduction! Perhaps we are in the transitional stage. Today about two percentage of insects can reproduce without male by asexual reproduction. The tape worm, a parasite living in the intestine of humans is a hermaphrodite. The latest report in BMC Biology from university of Sydney and Koyoto is about termite reproduction without male. The authors found six colonies of Glyptotermes Nakajimai termites multiply asexually without males. And phylogenetic analyses indicated a single evolutionary origin of the asexual population, with divergence from sample sexual population [54]. In nature there are several types of reproductive process to suite the local circumstances. Organisms can even switch over from one type of reproductive process to another type of reproductive process. And there are genes for all sorts of reproduction.

Transformation from sexual reproduction to asexual reproduction is possible by different mechanisms. And this reproductive transformation is considered to be a very significant event in the evolutionary process, but the molecular mechanism is not well understood. Recently parthenogenesis was reported in a sub group of honey bees (Apis mellifera capensis) from South Africa. The authors considered "Thelytoky (virgin birth) has unleashed new selective pressures and evolution of trait such as social parasitism, invasiveness, and social cancer." It was also observed that mutation in a single gene (GB 45239) can cause thelytokous parthenogenesis in these honey bees by disrupting the final stage of meiosis [55].Probably humans may need more mutations to achieve parthenogenesis. Parthenogenesis is common in squamate reptiles. It is common in invertebrates and occasional in all vertebrate groups. And it is more frequently seen in captive vertebrate animals.[56] It means that asexual reproduction (parthenogenesis) is successfully attempted in animals with regulated sexual reproduction in captivity. Chunfang Liu et.al observed "p53 deficiency could endow tumor cells with imitated embryonic development through activation of abnormal oogenesis and then parthenogenesis, which may significantly enhance the tumor's ability to establish independent life cycle and immortality" [57]. Hence cancer could be a failed attempt to achieve parthenogenesis (asexual reproduction) and even immortality. It is known that genomic imprinting is an accepted barrier to the evolution of asexuality in mammals. If the genetic changes are made binary fission and immortality for humans shall be possible!

It becomes evident that in the process of evolution, humans also may multiply asexually if the present severe regulations, restrictions and controls are continued for sex and sexual reproduction. We know that just the XX & XY chromosome combination alone shall not differentiate the sex. Even sex reversals are seen in several organisms. It has been shown that sex alterations are possible according to the gain or loss of enhancers regulating SOX9 genes. Hence there are several possibilities of body reaction when the important function of sexual reproduction is severely restricted. We know that woman's body is the base of human body and woman reproducing without the contribution of sperms from man is a possibility in the near future. Parthenogenesis can occur not only in small insects but also even in large organisms like Komodo dragons, hammer head sharks etc. (Queens University Belfast-Science Daily 23rd May 2007) Perhaps in this evolutionary process cancer could be the precursor of this asexual reproduction in women. The function of oocyte is to generate embryo by fertilization or by parthenogenesis activation. And parthenogenesis activation was observed in ovarian cancers. We know that vast majority of cancers are seen in female reproductive organs in spite of prophylactic removal of many healthy female reproductive organs. Parthenogenetic embryo like structures in the human ovarian surface epithelium (germinal epithelium) cell culture in postmenopausal women with no naturally present follicle and oocyte were reported recently. The authors concluded that the discovered cells expressed embryonic stem cell markers, gave rise to embryoid body, oocyte and blastocyst like structure, and might be involved in human reproduction and formation of ovarian tumors. [58] In the post-menopausal stage when there is no ovum for sexual reproduction the ovary may try for asexual reproduction, since reproduction is a very important function of an organism. And some of the failed attempts for parthenogenesis can be manifested as cancer.

The human reproductive rate seems to be reducing to such an extent that we are in negative growth in many countries and if this is continued we shall soon disappear from the surface of the globe because of the extreme reduction in reproduction rate alone. In olden days we used to wish married people to have many children. And often bible was given as a wedding gift among Christians. Now days we give them birth control books & devices as wedding gifts! Bible says "be beautiful, multiply and fill the earth and subdue it". (Genesis1:28) But Neither the Christians nor the Jews follow this guideline of the old testaments. Nature is always for excess of reproduction and survival of the fittest. Nature aims at a healthy future generation while humans try to improve the health and extend the life of the present generation. We try to measure the health of a community by the number of centurions in that community. Kerala a small state in India could reduce the birth rate considerably and have today 2230 centurions alive according to the recent electoral records. The state is considered to be enjoying very high health standard, but the cancer score is also very high in this state. A small country like Japan has about seventy thousand centurions alive today! And their sex rate and reproduction rate are low, but health standards are high. We consider that this community has high health standard even though the cancer and genetic diseases in such communities shall be high. Often physicians, who themselves having many diseases are seeing individuals with multiple geriatric diseases in these 'progressed' communities with plenty of centurions,.

Recently some of the young Japanese models declared that they shall have sex only when they want to have a baby. These youngsters were abstaining from sex for last several years! Many a times when they think of a baby it might be so much late that the fertility rate could be low. Young men in developed world take testosterone and anabolic steroids to improve their appearance and have strong and heavy muscles. It shall have a rebound effect in the pituitary. Pituitary, the band master of endocrine system shall get the wrong information that testes is in over drive. As a result the production of FSH & LH hormones are stopped often leading to sterility in these strong, handsome muscular men! (Mossman - Passy paradox.) Interestingly this effect is passed on to the next generations also! (Evolutionary – dud). Reproduction rate is reducing in humans day by day due to several reasons. The sexual reproduction rate of many other organisms in the world is thousand times more than that of humans. That is why they get the diseased genes eliminated by natural selection process. When few generations of people are put to extreme difficulties and hazards without any medical help the survivors shall be real gems, genetically. When Jews survived four hundred years of slavery at Egypt and the terrible exodus, a strong, healthy and intelligent community evolved. There was no birth control at that time. The only entertainment for slaves was sex and reproduction. And the mothers could not give sufficient care for their children. Only the fittest children of slaves could survive. After the prolonged years of slavery in Egypt, they had further problems in Europe especially in Germany. When the Jews survived the persecution by Hitler the community became small and strong, because all the inefficient and unhealthy genes were eliminated due to the cruelty and tough living condition of Nazi concentration camps and outside. All the weak and diseased who could not withstand the terrible torture perished, often without reaching to the reproduction stage. Only the very intelligent and smart Solomons and Davids could survive the holocaust. Today this small community which survived all these starvations and tortures has contributed several Olympic gold medalists and several highly intelligent scientists including Albert Einstein. In fact the community has suffered a lot to get their genes refined. They are a very strong nation now. All these strength they have gained shall be lost if they have a comfortable life for few centuries with a one or two child norm! I am sure they are intelligent enough to evolve alternative methods to refine their genes. When we medically interfere with nature's law, the way we do it now, we can extend life of the people with genetic diseases, but shall have an unhealthy future generation. If we genetically interfere to correct the defective genes perhaps we shall have a healthy society without affecting the future generation. Hence gene editing is very important to eliminate genetic diseases bypassing the tedious and painful route of natural selection process. Nobody wants to go through the horrible experience of Jews to get their genes refined.

We are in a liberated economy and have almost abandoned the license raj in India, because of poor quality of product and the shortage for manufactured products. When the license for production was made easily available without restrictions the quality of products improved and there was no shortage for finished products. Only the best few manufacturers could survive the competition. In fact this economic principle was borrowed from nature – the natural selection and survival of the fittest principle. In another words to eliminate inefficient industry as well as to eliminate diseased genes the ideal method is to allow only the best to survive by natural selection! But the natural selection process in humans is much more painful than that of the industry and it takes a lot of time to complete the process. To shorten the duration of the process and to be compassionate to the sick, genetic interference is essential. By gene editing we can have a relatively healthy society without the pains of a prolonged natural selection process.

Recently the economists have started to realize that as children are disappearing from the society, the present economic growth shall vanish soon. Perhaps the reduced birth rate can be compensated by developing simultaneously asexual reproduction to achieve economic growth. There are several examples in nature where living organisms attempt to multiply by more than one method and some of the organisms have more than one functioning method of reproduction. If humans want to give priority to education, skill development, money making, sports, games, arts etc. over sex and reproduction, it is better to develop the dormant asexual reproduction process. When sex and sexual reproduction rate is reducing rapidly, having one more method of reproduction increases the chances of survival of humans during any gigantic natural or manmade calamity or disaster! In fact the world seems to be rapidly moving towards a nuclear war. A combination of negative growth of population with nuclear war shall be a great threat for survival of humans. Nuclear war not only kills instantly a vast number of populations, but also makes much more people sick and infertile. Besides the threat of a nuclear war there are possible threats from microorganisms. We have viruses specifically eating embryonic brain. We know that Mumps virus can make men sterile. It is possible that a minor mutation can occur in the mumps virus at any time and it can easily transform to a fast spreading voracious sperm/ovum eating virus. Mumps, Measles and Rubella are similar viruses. Measles virus is capable of destroying our immune system (Immune amnesia by measles). There is a genuine threat that these viruses can have genetic transformation and shall be able to make either men or women sterile. This pandemic could be like the COVID-19 pandemic leading to sterility in young men. Testes being immune privileged site viruses can easily hide in the testes and destroy the sperms or sperm producing structures. If there is no immediate death threat people may not take the attack seriously and preventive measures could be unsuccessful. In such situation the humans may be wiped out slowly from the surface of globe without any death due to the disease or a devastating atomic war! (Already the incidence of mumps is increasing among university students in UK. There are almost three times rise in confirmed mumps cases in Northern Ireland. And in UK this year the number has more than doubled. And the public health authorities do not know clearly why vaccinated people are getting mumps. The MMR vaccine can protect only 88% of persons. Besides this there are lot of objections and resistance for immunization process from certain social group.)A silent sterilization of men is a real possibility. And if humans have to survive such situations of sterility due to a mutant aggressive mumps virus or any other similar virus infection, a second method of reproduction is very essential. There is urgency to achieve it because the calamities are fast approaching us. We know that certain tiny grasses as well as the mighty Banyan trees reproduce by sexual as well as asexual methods. And both the plants can survive against many hostile conditions. So possessing two functional reproductive methods will be of a great advantage for humans and there is nothing unethical in it. Since we have already made many sexual reproduction processes in the society unethical antisocial and even criminal, the sexual reproduction has considerably reduced. A need is felt in the system for an alternate mode of reproduction and attempts are being made for it; but unfortunately they are unsuccessful.

If you considered cancer as an expression of atavism, or an evolutionary throw back to the amoeba, converting cancer to an additional reproductive process (binary fission) is the most suitable and desirable method for prevention of sufferings and death due to cancer as well as for prevention of the greying of the population. A reproductive growth with reactivated telomerase, a eukaryotic ribonucleoprotein complex, to compensate for the drastic distortions and reduction in sexual reproduction is the real reason for the development of cancer in humans. Telomerase can synthesize telemetric DNA and prevents shortening of telomeres on cell division and makes the cell immortal. And telomerase is present in almost 85% of cancers. [59] Why should this happen in a killer disease developed from our own cells? And cancer occurs predominantly when the organs start failing to perform due to the ageing process. Oncologists try to use telomerase inhibitor to destroy cancer. It should be the other way. The immortal character of cancer can be borrowed and assimilated by the human system, to make human immortal. The gene suppressing cancer growth (p53) is responsible for apoptosis and reproductive function also. One of the duties of the gene seems to be starting of apoptosis and cell death where ever necessary. Since cancer is a defective and uncontrolled cell multiplication in an attempt for asexual reproduction, p53 gene is arresting this process by apoptosis to avoid death of the organism due to a faulty reproductive process. If cancer was not a faulty reproductive process p53 shall not bother to arrest it. "Beyond the tumor suppression function p53 has other physiological functions like promoting embryo implantation through inducing expression of leukemia inhibitor factor. By this mechanism p53 regulates reproduction in mammals which is reminiscent of its ancestral function in germ cell protection" (Wenwei Hu et all, Nature) [2]. It has been shown experimentally that abnormal gametogenesis, induced by p53 gene deficiency promotes tumor progression and drug resistance in cancer. The results of the animal study support the embryonal /gametogenesis theory of tumors and reveal the pivotal role of p53 gene in restricting abnormal gametogenesis. Chunfang Liu et al. in the interesting article in Cell Discovery postulated "Somatic tissue derived cells regain the germ cell like fate in order to establish an independent life cycle which likely increases their independence, immortality, and survival advantage to keep seed in diverse environmental stress". "The unique function of p53 as a guardian in normal gametogenesis and reproduction not only contributes to the possible ancestral role of p53 family genes but also offers plausible explanation for evolution of p53 gene to obtain dual roles in tumor suppression and reproduction maintenance, thus filling the evolutionary gap of p53 gene family" [56] The primary function of the cancer protecting gene seems to be maintaining integrity of germ line and regulating reproduction. And in that process it produces apoptosis or death of cancer cells because, it is a defective asexual reproduction which can produce serious consequence, if allowed to progress. There is a self-correction process in the biological system. We know that in sexual reproduction when there is a major genetic anomaly in the embryo growing in the uterus, impulses or commands are generated to destroy it and expel it out of uterus. Hence as soon as serious genetic anomalies are detected by the system a miscarriage occurs. The apoptosis induced by p53 gene in cancer is corresponding to the miscarriages of defective embryo in the first three months of pregnancy. The apoptosis and destruction of cancer as well as the miscarriage of defective embryo in early stages of pregnancy are the effects of self-corrections of reproductive process by the physiological system probably mediated through the p53 gene.

I have exposed various types of evidence to show that cancer is a failed asexual reproductive process precipitated by the lack of sex and sexual reproduction. Now let us have a look how this is achieved in the body. As many important functions of the body are involuntary action, this mechanism also could be an involuntary process. Hormones and enzymes can make many changes in the physiology of humans and animals. Prolactin is an important hormone with several known and unknown functions in the body. It is well known for its milk secreting function and the blood level is very high in pregnant ladies (up to 386 ng/ml). This hormone is seen in men also in a lesser amount than women (below 15 ng/ml). And the level increases with sexual satisfaction in both men and women. Coitus, exercise, lactation, pregnancy and sleep etc, can increase prolactin level physiologically in humans. Many of these activities are known to enhance life expectancy .Probably cancer prevention and life extension functions are included among the other functions of Prolactin. Breast feeding women get cancer rarely. Among males prolactin level is high in young adults and as age advances the level goes down to even below 6.9.High prolactin level is associated with many symptoms like head ache and visual defects. But they are actually not due to the hormone prolactin but due to the effect of pituitary tumor on the brain and other hormones. Breast feeding women are happy and healthy in spite of very high level of the hormone in blood. There seems to be a link between Prolactin in the blood and the life expectancy. It is well known that the biological actions of prolactin are not limited solely to reproduction. More than three hundred functions are attributed to prolactin. Prolactin hormone is seen in non-breast feeding organisms also. It has been shown prolactin can control a variety of human behaviors and has important role in homeostasis [60]. It has been observed that prolactin fragments could be a local inhibitor of tumourigenesis, but how actually the hormone is linked to extension of life is not clearly understood. Perhaps by blocking tumourigenesis and enhancing immune system it can prevent many diseases of the old age and extend life. Excess serum level of prolactin is associated with a lot of conditions and it is not clear whether they are the cause or the effect of excess prolactin. Same is also true about decreased level of this unique hormone. However it is evident that prolactin is linked to sexual reproduction, breast feeding and to cancer, the atavistic asexual reproductive process!

There are many organisms which can replace damaged organs. Even humans can grow a full liver from a piece of healthy liver tissue. But this may not be possible with other organs like kidney or heart. Recently it was noticed that humans have the capability of repairing defective cartilage damaged by the cumulative damage in the joints of lower limb. And it was proposed that this tissue repair capacity could be enhanced for development of human limb regeneration. [61]We have some genes for growth of certain damaged organ. We do not have the complete set of genes to replace all the damaged organs. Interestingly the Axolotl (Mexican salamander) have many appropriate genes for growth and replacement of many damaged organs. And they often do not develop cancer when the organs tend to fail due to ageing. Scientists know that Axolotl is a unique organism with necessary genes to replace damaged organs. They have a tendency to go back in evolution and do not follow Dollo's law. There are other organisms also capable of repairing old age damage by reverse life cycle. Turritopsis Dohrnii, a type of jelly fish when stressed can undergo cellular trans differentiation. The Zebra fish and lamprey can repair the damaged spinal cord without any scaring and is often used for the study of human genetic diseases successfully. If we can get genes from such organisms capable of regeneration and reversal of ageing, we can also replace all the old organs and this shall lead to formation of a new young human! Probably we are nearing the immortality and death elimination as the HeLa cells have done it.

In multicellular organisms there is cooperation among cells for maintenance and reproduction. Cancer is considered to be due cheating with in this cooperative multicellular system. In cancer there is a breakdown of central features of this cooperation. Understanding cancer as a breakdown of multicellular cooperation provides novel insight into cancer hallmarks [62]. Most probably the cheating and breakdown in cooperation is occurring in an attempt to develop the reproductive process of unicellular organism. This process becomes essential because of the insufficient and inefficient sexual reproduction often noticed in multicellular organisms before the development of cancer.

These are my lateral thoughts linking many ideas, facts and observations. And I am sure one day my dream of binary fission and reversal of ageing shall be realized. Today scientists are trying to reduce ageing process by reducing telomere attrition rate and they have succeeded to some extent. But this cannot reverse ageing process it can only slow down the ageing process. People hope aging can be reversed by reprogramming DNA methylation. But these are unnatural methods with limited scope for reversal of ageing. Often the emphasis is to take vegetarian food, regular exercise and prevention of obesity. This can postpone ageing, death as well as cancer, but cannot prevent them. Once upon a time humans, (a wingless organism) dreamed of flying like an eagle and seeing like an eagle. Now we fly much higher than the eagle and see much better than the eagle through the devices we have invented. Today what I dream is to transform like a caterpillar and to divide like an amoeba. Interestingly a fossil of 555 million years old worm was discovered from Australia recently and scientists believe that from these worms humans have evolved. Humans might have evolved from unicellular amoeba to worm and from worm to monkey, ape and man with several intermediaries in between. Already there is a strong tendency for the 'Caterpillarisation' (obesity) as well as for the binary trans fission (cancer formation), in the matured middle aged human population. By adopting the natural method of reproduction of amoeba before the starting of old age we can really reverse ageing in a natural way. The right cancer treatment can reverse ageing and avoid natural death!

It has been observed that the obesity and obesity related cancers are increasing in UK & USA even before humans reach middle age. And obesity is the second biggest cause for cancer. (Cancer Research UK)."The list of cancers at increased risk of development in an 'obesogenic' environment include common adult cancers such as endometrium, post-menopausal breast, colon and kidney, but also less common malignancies such as leukemia, multiple myeloma and Hodgkin's lymphoma"[63] The pathophysiological and biological mechanisms underpinning these associations are not well understood. Now -a- days we are seeing obesity even in children much more frequently. In a study of obesity and cancer from six European countries showed that overweight and obesity increase the risk for cancer of endometrium by 70% , kidney by58% and colon by 29% [64]. The timing, degree and duration of overweight are also linked to the development of cancer. Those who develop over weight before the age forty had very strong possibilities for cancer. It also means those who have reduced fertility due to obesity for a long time get cancer early and abundantly! In fact all these are signs of attempts for development of asexual reproduction to compensate for defects in sexual reproduction. There is a rapid increase in obesity in the USA. It has been observed that by the year 2030 nearly one in two adults will have obesity in United States. [65] And naturally the incidence of the obesity related sterility and obesity related cancer shall be simultaneously high. The development of obesity is a complex process linked to reproduction and is not an exclusively eating and exercise dependent disease. Those who take keto diet with lot of fat gets there obesity reduced! (When you climb up nearer to the sun on a mountain peak the temperature reduces!) It is evident that the mechanism of obesity is not that simple. There are multiple factors influencing obesity. The recent publication on obesity in CMAJ described 'Obesity is caused by the complex interplay of multiple genetic, metabolic, behavioral and environmental factors'. And 'the brain plays a central role in energy homeostasis by regulating food intake and energy expenditure' [66]. Interestingly many of such factors causing obesity can produce absolute or relative sterility and the brain realizes the need for asexual reproduction. And the action by brain is an involuntary process targeted to enhance reproduction. Still on a natural course of evolution it may take thousands of years to complete the process of asexual reproduction (binary fission) in humans. We can speed up and enhance the natural process by genetic manipulation. I am sure this will be done. Of course I agree that it is not easy and it shall take time since some details are still missing.

We genetically modify the immune system to attack the cancer cells. And today this is considered to be the most modern method of cancer therapy. The popular CAR-T treatment in cancer is by using the modified T cells to attack the cancer cells. The general mechanism of immune evasion could be the adaptive evasion and /or the innate evasion. The immune system is not attacking cancer cells because it is an attempt for asexual reproduction. In mammals the placenta is a part of the fetus. The placenta gets attached to the mother's tissue and extracts nutrient and oxygen. Still the mother's immune system does not attack the placenta even though it is a foreign tissue. This is true even in the unrelated leased uterus of surrogate mothers. The immune system does not attack the sperms (of even the strangers) entering the uterus for the sexual reproduction. Interestingly even if there is an error in the sexual reproductive process immune system does not attack the products in the uterus. The ectopic pregnancy is a life threatening error in sexual reproduction, but the immune system does not attack it. Similarly molar pregnancy (vesicular mole) also grows in the uterus undisturbed by immune system. It means that products of faulty sexual reproductive process also are protected from the attack by own immune system. (But there is a self-correction process in sexual reproduction by way of miscarriage of severely genetically abnormal embryos. Similarly the p53 gene, correcting reproductive errors might be destroying some of the cancers as and when they develop). It has been noticed that the sexual reproductive error of vesicle formation is occurring one in thousand pregnancies and could be partial or complete mole. Suppose the women are producing only molar pregnancy after the fertilization of the ovum and the uterus is enlarging, will you still call the process as sexual reproduction or not? Morphologically or histologically the reproductive tissue in the uterus has no similarity to an embryo. Still we call it as pregnancy. Cancer is a similar situation where only errors of cell division are occurring in the asexual reproduction process. And the human immune system could recognize it and does not react to it, while humans could not recognize it! The evolutionary biologist Amy Boddy of university of California thought that the cancer cell was co-opting the genetic mechanism of invading placenta. The author and Co-authors seems to think that variation in cancer susceptibility may arise from trade-offs between reproductive competitiveness and cancer defense [67] But the fact is that there is no need to coopt the genetic mechanism of invading placenta to cancer growth, since cancer cells themselves are part of the reproductive process and the invading mechanism of placenta as well as protective mechanisms of embryo already exists in the cancer cells (the modified reproductive cells). It could be an innate immune evasion. Perhaps it is not an active immune evasion by the cancer, but a passive in action by the immune system.

In clinical practice amniotic membrane is extensively used by eye surgeons for transplantation during treatment of various eye conditions including burns and defects and deficiency of conjunctiva, conjunctival surface reconstruction, recurrent corneal ulceration etc. because of the anti-inflammatory and anti-scaring effect and presence of growth factors with the absence of tissue reaction.[68, 69] It has been shown that amniotic membrane (a part of the product of sexual reproduction) has immunosuppressive properties. [70] And the amniotic membrane is not attacked by the immune system of the recipient patient because of the existence of the protective mechanism in it. It is evident that the mechanism of suppression of immune reaction is not in the host but in the amniotic membrane because there is no reaction even on transplanting the tissue removed from a mother's uterus to a man's eyes. There is no need for any medicine to suppress the host reaction to the transplanted tissue. This explains how cancer cells are growing in another person when accidentally transplanted during surgery. Cancer cells are like the amniotic membrane immunologically. Hence it is evident that the Immune system will not attack cells of sexual reproduction as well as cells of faulty asexual reproduction of humans. Amniotic membrane and cancer cells evade immune surveillance by virtue of their common reproductive roots. There are lots of in depth studies regarding the mechanism of avoidance of immune surveillance by cancer and is now classified as one of the hallmarks of cancer. These studies were done with an intension to improve on immunotherapy for cancer. But the research has not tried to answer why cancer avoids immune surveillance. Similarly the cancer cells of canine transmissible cancer in dogs and transmissible cancers of the Tasmania devil escape from the attack of the immune system of these animals. These cancers originally formed from a dog or Tasmania devil lived thousands of years back thus spread un-interfered and uninhibited by the immune system because they are part of the under developed asexual reproductive process in these animals. In the cancer cells the telomere length is not reducing on multiplication.

Interestingly when we artificially make the T cells and immune system capable of attacking the cancer cell, it starts attacking normal cells also! Auto immune responds is one of the biggest challenges for the oncologist giving immunotherapy. Many preexisting auto immune diseases get worsened on immunotherapy. Hence why not genetically modify the cancer itself instead of modifying the immune system, so that we can develop a faultless asexual reproduction? Today genetic manipulations are frequently done for curing certain hereditary diseases. We have the genetic tools (CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease technology) to cut the DNA in a precise spot and place the appropriate genes to correct the genetic diseases. Hence doing the genetic manipulation for converting cancer is within our reach. But many people are afraid of allowing genetic editing of human genomes by scientists because of the fear of misuse. Besides this when we achieve correction of a disease or disability by genetic editing another unexpected disease may appear. This is because of our limited knowledge in gene editing. The capabilities of CRISPR are evolving. In spite of the problems inherent in gene editing molecular and developmental biologists are not afraid of editing human genes for the benefit of future generation. I feel that if we don't do the genetic editing of humans to convert cancer to faultless asexual reproductive process, with the rapidly reducing fertility rate and increased life expectancy almost everybody is going to get one or other form of cancer and suffer. By converting cancer we not only reproduce by asexual method, but also eliminate natural death to a great extend! We can substitute natural death by binary fission. When we achieve this we are in fact employing the killer disease to kill death!

Cancer therapy everywhere is primarily aimed at destruction of all malignant cells using different methods. There is a new trend of cancer therapy evolving. Here attempts are being made for transforming the malignant growth to a benign growth or the cells to senescent state to escape from the bad effects of a malignancy. The process is named as differential therapy by Mariella Filbin. I think differential therapy is perhaps the beginning of the concept of transformation of cancer instead of destruction of cancer. This change in thinking towards transforming cancer is a welcome sign. The next step could be transforming the growth to an embryo! She also noticed that the different cell types in tumor are arising from a cancer stem cell similar to normal tissues developing in embryos from ordinary stem cells. Recently Brad Bernstein from Broad institute & Harvard University observed that in a single tumor there are several types of cancer cells working. He used single cell RNA sequencing to understand this real nature of cancer. He could realize "tumors are mosaics of different cell type, more like loosely structured organ than an undisciplined mass of replicating cells" and "Sc RNA seq has revealed that cancer is not simply break down of developmental process, a glitch that produces rogue, uncontrolled cell proliferation".[71] Then what is cancer? If it is not a simple break down of developmental process for increase in size or repair, it could be an error or break down of an intentional organized process for multiplication – the asexual reproduction. An attempt for growth of several types of tissue could be for reproduction only. The body is making attempts for growth of all types of tissues essential for growth of an embryo. It was observed that cancer growth contains not only malignant cells but also apparently normal cells helping the malignant cells. Due to the genetic error one particular tissue dominates in this process in an unorganized way and we consider that it is the cancer of that particular tissue. The author has also noticed that some cells break free from the tumor and become mobile in the body. He observed that "tumors reinitiate an earlier developmental process to bring about invasive metastasis" [71].The invasive character of a mobile cell of the body points to the reproductive cell. Bernstein's discoveries are indirectly supporting the asexual reproduction hypothesis of cancer.

In clinical practice we make diagnosis often by elimination. When we find symptoms which could not be fitted into any particular pattern of a disease we do thorough examination of the patient. If still we could not fix up a diagnosis or explanation for his symptom we do detailed investigations. If there are no signs of a particular disease after the investigations, we think of the possibility of hysterical disease. In another words if patients problems are not fitting into any of the organic diseases known to the physicians often it is branded as hysterical, malingering or madness. We had once such misdiagnosis of hysterical blindness in a boy, which turned out to be a pituitary tumor. We have a similar situation here. The cancer cell is often branded as mad cell because we did not know the answer for the peculiar characters (hallmarks) in cancer cells. Recently scientists have started to notice that there was some order in the cancer cells and the cancer was like a loosely structured organ. [71] In another words there is some pattern hidden in the madness of cancer cells. The fact is that once we change the mindset, and realize that it is not a classical disease but an error in asexual reproduction, the behavior and hallmarks of cancer can be explained. And now it is neither a mad cell nor an undisciplined cell! But it is a reproductive cell which is trying to perform the sophisticated reproductive function.

Genetic manipulations can not only correct the reproductive errors in cancer but also shall help our more than two hundred thousand years old species to escape from the fast approaching extinction. More than 99 % of species ever lived on earth are now extinct! It means that about five billion species ever lived on earth have disappeared.[72] . Human is just one species among a trillion species existing on earth today. According to the draft UN report now one million species risk extinction soon. There is a limit to which a species can continue to survive when the reproduction rate is severely reduced. Human extinction is a real possibility with the deliberate and intentional birth reduction programs and the progressive reduction in fertility rate. It will be extremely difficult for any species to survive for a long time in the world by blocking the natural selection and survival of the fittest process. Humans have a progressively deteriorating gene quality. We are thinking of migration and colonization of the moon and mars, but the fact is that if we continue with the progressive reduction in fertility rate and the fast multiplication of defective genes in the system we may soon get eliminated from the earth itself! Species can survive only by eliminating the defective genes by natural selection process. When we treat infectious diseases with broad spectrum antibiotics we give vitamin B complex cap to counter the bad effect of destroying the good bacteria in the gut. Similarly when we treat genetic diseases with non-genetic method a lot of bad genes accumulate in the society. And to counter this bad effect, germ line gene editing is essential. In another words when we stop the natural gene editing process, we should do the same in the laboratories for survival. If it is not done, the humans reproducing by sexual reproduction alone shall go to extinction, due to the accumulated bad genes and ever increasing incurable genetic diseases. And a modified human reproducing by asexual method may or may not evolve. If it did not evolve, human extinction is not far away.

When we discus about extinction of a species, interestingly nobody thinks of extinction of humans. Often humans are blamed for extinction of other species. But the fact is that extinction of a species and evolution of new species is a continuous universal phenomenon. There is no exemption for a particular species. This has happened even before humans appeared on earth and shall happen after humans have disappeared from the earth. Many people think that extinction of humans shall not happen because of our huge number and our dominance in the world. Besides this there is a progressive reduction in the numbers in developed world with population growth below replacement rate. The huge numbers can protect neither a big natural calamity nor a big human made calamity. When humans explode an atom bomb, or when a big meteorite or an asteroid falls on a city it is immaterial whether the city had one million people or ten million people. This is because these killer events can destroy all of them in the area of their evil influence of heat and radiation. Fortunately, the asteroid Tunguska fell on the Siberian forest and destroyed 2000 sq. kilometers of forest only. The probabilities of a large asteroid hitting the earth are increasing day by day and recently people are more aware of it. Experts say soon a large asteroid is likely to hit the earth. We know that the recent tsunami killed more than hundred thousand people of different countries and the number could have been much more if more crowded cities were near the affected sea shore. We have a false sense of security and gut feeling when our number is more. This feeling of security is because in a democratic set up of governments, the number really matters, but in the natural calamities number has least relevance and it cannot protect. Same is true about earth quake. The intensity of the quake is not influenced by the number of people living in the area. The calamity can kill all of them mercilessly. Similarly the spread of contagious diseases like Ebola, Plague, Tuberculosis or the COVID19 are enhanced in overcrowded areas. Just the increased number of humans cannot give any advantage during the fight with the microscopic agents causing these diseases. Irrespective of the number all of the humans can get affected. Hence just because humans are more than few billions on the globe, we shall not be protected from extinction. In fact our number is not huge when we compare it with the number of insects, fish, plants etc. And extinction of species with below replacement level of birthrate, after 200,000 years of existence, is fairly common in nature even without any calamity. Besides this we have distorted the natural selection process prevailing in other organisms and made the species unhealthy. We think that we are the most intelligent creature on earth and we shall not go for extinction. The Americans exploded several powerful atom bombs on an island where no humans were living. The island has almost disappeared into the ocean. Normally we think that no organism shall exist there with the residual radiation. But interestingly there are several organisms including the very fragile corals are living there in spite of the radiation. This shows that many organisms are much more resistant to extinction than humans. We should remember that the mighty dinosaurs who ruled the earth for several centuries had disappeared from the earth. Many calamities may not kill all the humans but can make them incapable of sexual reproduction. It means that the survivors of disaster shall not be able to reproduce sexually. Many people may not even know the infertility effect of the calamity. Human reproductive system is very fragile and sensitive to heat, pollution and radiation. So people shall start dyeing without reproduction. This shall lead to a slow extinction of humans. And many scientists think that we are probably in the process of the sixth mass extinction (anthropocene) process! This extinction is considered to be a slow process. The probabilities of human extinction can be reduced if we develop a faultless asexual reproduction by replacing the defective genes in cancer and adding essential new genes.

Everybody knows about global warming and its effect on melting glaciers, sea level rising, climatic changes etc. And humans are considered to be responsible for global warming. The raised temperature can affect humans many ways. The virus, bacterial, fungal and protozoa infections can increase and huge number of persons can die in pandemics. The frozen and dormant pathogenic organisms of Siberia can get reactivated on global warming and a catastrophic pandemic is possible. It is presumed that the microorganisms killed and extinguished the wooly mammoths are sleeping in the frozen glaciers of North Pole!

Global warming can have bad effect on human fertility too. Testes the most important male reproductive organ is very sensitive to temperature changes. The sperms production, maturation and storage have to be done at lower temperature than the abdominal temperature of men. That is why this important organ originated in the abdomen has migrated out into the hanging scrotum outside abdomen. The scrotum has several methods to regulate the temperature. The testes inside the abdomen shall be two to three degree centigrade warmer than the testes inside the scrotum. If there is a fault in this migration process during the development and if testes remained in the abdomen (undescended testes) there will not be proper production and storage of sperms. And such men shall become sterile or infertile. Interestingly modern men wear tight inner wears and keep the hanging testes up in contact with the warm body. What nature has brought down with great effort is being lifted up by modern men! And progressively the semen quality is deteriorating in men. Now imagine if the outside temperature is as high as that of the abdominal temperature as a part global warming, perhaps humans can survive, but men shall become sterile! According to the Lancet count down report 2019, the globe shall be 4 degree centigrade warmer by 71 years. If we do not have an additional method of reproduction the human species shall go for extinction, as and when the temperature around the scrotum increases. Since there are several factors (natural and manmade) affecting sexual reproduction there are different ways open leading to extinction of humans. For extinction to happen it is not necessary that a huge population have to die in a calamity. If the sperms lose their mobility and become feeble extinction of humans can occur. Or if all the normal pregnancies were replaced by molar pregnancy human extinction shall be a possibility. If two sperms enter the ovum the reproductive process becomes ineffective. Our sexual reproductive system is very fragile. A minor error can topple the reproductive process completely. A calamity like the corona virus pandemic may enhance the process of extinction. Apart from the deaths due to the disease, nobody knows the effect of COVID-19 on our reproductive system especially on testes, ovary and on the embryo in the womb. We knew about the bad effects of tobacco on reproductive system only after using it for more than five hundred years! Here is one more reason for gene editing to develop asexual reproduction. And perhaps with two functional reproduction processes, the extinction process of humans could be postponed for a few thousand years or more!

Humans are over confident that extinction is not possible for human race. But the human system seems to be aware of the possibility of extinction. Perhaps cancer is being developed as an alternate process of reproduction to save us from extinction. Unfortunately the evolution is not complete. We know that HeLa cells, the cells removed from cervical cancer is surviving and multiplying for so many years. The methods for immortality and escaping from extinction are hidden in cancer. HeLa cells give the clue for immortality in humans. Presence of cancer/testes antigens in cancers is an indication for the reproductive and immortality role of cancer. According to Andrew J.G. Simpson et.al "Cancer/testes (CT) antigens are also being evaluated for their role in oncogenes – recapitulation of portions of the germ line gene-expression program might contribute characteristic features to the neoplastic phenotype, including immortality, invasiveness, immune evasion, hypo methylation and metastatic capacity" [73] The details of the link between cancer, immortality and reproduction are being studied in detail. If we develop binary fission process to adapt for the drastic reduction sexual reproduction by incorporating the genes and super genes of binary fission, natural death can be eliminated as in unicellular organisms. Substituting death and disintegration by divide and live young is possible and is highly desirable.

Health services throughout the world are trying to achieve increased life expectancy and reduced infant mortality rate. All efforts are taken to minimize death of mother and infant during child birth by surgical or medical intervention. It means we often correct errors of sexual reproduction. No health system tries to improve the genetic quality of humans. Doctors are often interested in reducing birth rate and reviving the unhealthy, abnormal and often very premature new born infants. Medical persons seem to be more interested in extending life of cancer patients without finding a cause and a real remedy. Often complete elimination or transformation of cancer is not achieved. Physicians often talk about five or ten year's life after cancer. Corporate hospitals for profit and drug companies seem to be more interested in having more 'consumers' (patients) and more income. They have succeeded in increasing the number of consumers! No other species has a health system to skew the natural selection process which eliminates bad genes. I am also a part of such health system where individual health gets priority over the health of the species. In this situation, the gene editing and transformation of cancer is very important to eliminate sufferings due to genetic diseases, cancer and senility. Hence why not we use all our resources for transforming cancer and to develop an additional mode of reproduction for humans to sustain a healthy human species?

The Chinese scientist, He Jiankui has already edited the genes of human embryo to make them resistant to HIV infection. (If this is possible perhaps scientists can make humans resistant to corona virus and many others) Cancer is a much bigger killer disease which is also common in HIV patients. The Chinese scientist who performed germ line editing in humans is being threatened by the administration and ethical solders. The ethics committees often approve abortion and killing the human embryos, but making the embryo disease resistant and perhaps more intelligent is a big offence! Thousands of 'MTP's are performed throughout the world; many of them without medical indications. Misuse of the gene editing process is an often raised alarm for prohibiting the use of genetic manipulations. We are misusing many things in the world. We can misuse a match box, we can misuse electricity, we can misuse gun powder, we can misuse a kitchen knife and even a piece of rope can be misused for suicide and homicide, but we make all these things. Doctors and quacks can misuse many medicines, but still we make medicines and patients go to hospitals for getting treatment for their diseases. In fact every medicine is a poison if used in the lethal dose. Insulin can kill if you administer it to a normal person. We make insulin and use it extensively. We do organ transplantations in spite of several possibilities of unethical practice in harvesting donor materials. There is no ethical interference in production and distribution of strong alcoholic drinks, cigarettes and other tobacco products. Besides this we 'ethically' manufacture deadly weapons like bombs, torpedoes, mines and guns. And use them only for injuring and killing thousands of people! Several fatal accidents also occurred while manufacturing and using them. Still we continue to manufacture and use them (misuse them). No ethical committee can block the polluting fireworks during the religious festivals. If some criminal thinks of burning a person with petrol on seeing a can of petrol, it is not the fault of petrol. And we do not stop producing and selling petrol. Hence, I think misuse phobia of gene editing is only a lame excuse to extinguish a very useful disruptive innovation capable of curing many serious genetic diseases. Having brought a fire engine to the site of fire will you try to stop it using water jets because it shall wet and spoil all your valuables currency, books and documents in the house? Gene editing could cure many incurable diseases. The benefits of gene editing are much more than the possible bad effects. Often there is a tendency to discard and discourage the scientific inventions incompatible with the religious principles and beliefs. When a scientific truth contradicts a religious truth violent reactions are possible as it has happened with the discovery of a spherical earth. And genetic engineering is perhaps one like that. The interesting fact is that clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) is a family of DNA sequence naturally seen in prokaryotes and is used by them to defend themselves from virus attack. We are only using a modified natural system for our own long term survival in this hostile world of microbes.

Fear and anxiety arise out of previous bad experience. We had several occasions where mentally unstable people using guns to shoot down innocent children. We have occasions where religious fanatic people killing innocent persons in suicide bombing missions. We had accidental leaks of radioactive materials with devastating damages to life and property. We had occasions of hijacking planes by criminals and killing several innocent passengers. We had eccentric doctors killing patients by injecting poison. So fear of misuse of CRISPR is genuine. But we have several remedial measures against misuse and malpractice. Today nobody attempts to board an air plane with a match box or a cigarette lighter in the shirt pocket. Air lines passengers have started using nonmetallic forks and knives. We have different methods to prevent misuse of any tool by anybody. With proper safety regulations and care, use of CRISPR by scientists should be encouraged to reduce human sufferings and eliminate genetic diseases. Nobody drives a motor bike without a helmet and nobody drives a car now - a - days without proper brakes and seat belts. If you strictly adhere to all the safety measures, CRISPR-Cas9 Nuclease technology shall be a great blessing in avoiding human sufferings.

CRISPR-Cas9 Nuclease technology is not the ultimate tool for gene editing. It looks much better than the previous techniques used. Perhaps it is only the beginning of the evolution on gene editing tools. Better techniques with less number of complications shall definitely evolve over a period of time. 'Jumping genes' (transposons & retro transposons) seems to make the gene editing easier and safer method. With new techniques many errors and complications in gene editing can be eradicated. The jumping gene possesses all the necessary chemical properties to directly insert or integrate genes without a DNA double strand break. The prime editing technique improves further on the existing gene editing techniques. And it is considered to be a very safe technique. We started flying with a crude single engine aircraft. We knew very well that if the engine of an air craft stopped functioning death was almost sure. If the engine of a motor car stopped, the vehicle stopped moving only and no passenger dies. Still we continued with the risky flying process and perfected it with many safety methods. Now it has become a safe and quick method for travel and goods transportation. We know that several people have died and shall die in plane accidents. Still we continue making new planes. Can anybody learn swimming without getting wet? We should boldly continue with the human gene editing process in spite of the teething troubles. It is essential even for our own continued existence.

Please remember that death is not inevitable for all living organisms. Trillions of living organisms divide on maturity and transform to two young healthy organisms. They are escaping from death. I visualize a hidden alternative to death in cancer. (The HeLa cells originated from human cancer are immortal) The alternative may be imperfect, but can be perfected by continues effort. As an organism become old it has to transform. In death the transformation is at atomic or molecular level where as in binary fission the transformation is at cellular level. But preventing death to humans seems to be unethical because souls can go to heaven only after death! Can an ethical committee in a society of highly religious people, allow human gene manipulations for preventing death and to remain young? The two hundred years old Frankenstein novel seems to influence the decision making of the members of ethical committees even today. Today doctors change the natural course of genetic diseases by treating them with non-genetic methods to extend life and reduce sufferings. New genetic diseases are being added frequently. About six thousand genetic diseases have been identified so far. All of them are being treated by non-genetic methods. As a result the incidence as well as prevalence of many serious genetic diseases is increasing rapidly. Hemophilia, Diabetes, Cleft palate, Polycystic kidney, Thalassemia, Short sight (pathological myopia), inherited retinal dystrophies, Schizophrenia etc. are "successfully" treated by non-genetic methods and the numbers of these patients are rapidly increasing. Recently government of India has recognized the fact that genetic diseases are increasing rapidly in the Indian population. Every year about seventy thousand babies are born with thalassemia, a serious disease with hemoglobin anomaly. And the government is going ahead with a survey to study the situation in detail. The increase in genetic diseases shall be not only in India but also in all other developing countries as the health facilities improve and when such patients in remote areas get easy access for treatment with non-genetic methods. When we treat genetic diseases with non-genetic methods perhaps there is a short term health gain and a long term health loss! Interestingly every progress in medical and surgical or obstetrical management is ultimately leading to the deterioration of human genome quality and several unhealthy genes are getting accumulated. It means that, if we do not treat genetic diseases by gem line gene transplantation the number of people with genetic incurable diseases shall increase day by day in the population and shall come to a stage that everybody shall be suffering from one or more genetic disease. The 'consumers' for health systems shall increase while the health of humanity shall become poor!

Let us take the example of congenital inheritable cleft palate and hare lip. The infant is born with a defect in the palate and upper lip. When the mother breast feed the child milk shall go to the lungs. The child shall choke and / or shall develop pneumonia. However, death shall follow due to the complications of milk going to lungs. If the defect is surgically repaired as soon as we detect it, the child can have a normal life. Since it is an inheritable genetic disease when he/she grows up and start reproducing, similar infants with cleft palate are born. The defective genes shall spread to the next generations. The compassionate and ethical society cannot leave the child with cleft palate to die. If there is facility to operate on such infants and if there are expert surgeons all such infants shall undergo surgery and escape from death due to complications of cleft palate. But when we successfully treat the child surgically our cleft palate genes in the population go on increasing! Once upon a time when we neither had the facility to give anesthesia to the infants nor had expert surgeons, these infants were dying. But the incidence and prevalence of the disease were much less than those of the present time. When we had the advanced surgical facility the incidence and prevalence of the disease are increasing. This is the paradox of treating inheritable genetic diseases with non-genetic methods. Already the incidence of cleft palate and lip is very high in Iceland. This shall spread to other developed world. Besides cleft palate and hare lips there are several similar hereditary diseases. Another common example is congenital inheritable cataract. When we replace the cataract with synthetic clear lens the patients shall be able to see well. But the defect in the genes persists and when he/she reproduces the disease is passed on to the next generation. So the incidence and prevalence of the genetic diseases increase as we try to reduce the sufferings by the conventional way. Suppose we did not have expert cataract surgeons as in olden days these patients would have remained blind and majority of them might not have reproduced genetically defective children. Today the incidence of cleft palate has increased so much that we have several busy pediatric surgeons exclusively doing cleft palate and lip corrections. Similarly when we do more caesarian surgeries, number of women capable of delivering a baby by natural ways shall reduce. Hence gene editing and germ line transfer of healthy genes are absolutely essential to have a healthy and happy society.

The health systems throughout the world are strained and the facilities are insufficient everywhere. The health problems are increasing day by day in spite the government spending lots of money for improving health facilities. More and more health personals are recruited every year. There are huge number of not for profit charitable trust hospitals. And there are several corporate hospitals. There are ever increasing number of doctors, nurses, hospital administers and technicians. But still many patients do not get sufficient care and attention. And the numbers of unsatisfied patients are increasing everywhere. This is because the population is becoming old, the genetic diseases are increasing rapidly; unhealthy handicapped infants are saved with lot of efforts and elderly people with dementia and permanent loss of important brain functions are not allowed to die! The psychiatric patients are made nonaggressive and allowed to have a vegetative life without any possibility of eliminating the disease. We get very low infant mortality rate and high life expectancy. Today medical men are working against natural selection and survival of the fittest principle of Darwin, followed by all other living organisms. (Darwin principle was documented by close observation of the pattern of evolution of other living organisms in nature) The medical system does not allow the weakest element to drop. But when this process continues in due course every living person shall be suffering from one or more diseases. The health system shall not be able to treat everybody efficiently and may break down. Many doctors themselves shall be patients with multiple diseases. Today in United States 42%of physicians describe themselves as burnout. And many physicians are severely depressed and one percentage of them attempted suicide. (Sadly 300 to 400 physicians in a year 'succeed' in their attempt.)[74]It was estimated that US doctor's suicide rate is more than double the rate of general public suicide. And it is more than any other profession! [75] What is wrong with this noble profession? In fact under reporting of suicide by physician shall be more than under reporting of suicide by general public, since physicians often effectively cover up the suicide with accidental over dose of insulin like drugs to save the family from the stigma of suicide. Most other countries follow the similar medical system and the statistics can be speculated. The unhappiness among physicians and health workers is going to increase. And physicians shall painfully realize their limitations. Increased life expectancy and reduced infant mortality rates are considered to be the signs of progress of a society. And when we try to achieve good scores in these health parameters we shall be progressing to a society full of patients - perhaps more than hundred percentage patients! Over worked exhausted physicians, unsatisfied patients and cash starved governments shall be the end result. 'This is going to hurt' [76] everybody. When a pandemic occurs the already strained health system shall completely break down. These inherent problems of global health services cannot be solved by just clapping hands. Many patients with serious diseases shall not get medical attention and shall take to a natural course. The weak and unhealthy shall be eliminated. Interestingly the society evolving after a killer disease pandemic shall be much healthier than the society before the pandemic! Oliver Cromwell had stated "nature can do more than physician". Cromwell is right as far as the health of human species is concerned. Our health system tries to increase life expectancy and reduce infant mortality and ultimately ending up in a totally unhappy society. All the major stake holders are progressively becoming unhappy with the system. Besides the treatment of existing diseases there are several invasive investigations and treatment including surgeries done to detect early and/or prevent a disease especially cancer. According to Marty Makary "On a national level if unintentionally harming of patients in the process of trying to improve their health were a disease, it would rank as No.3 cause of death in USA"! [77]. In other developed countries also there could be similar statistics of complications following health improvement treatment. Interestingly a huge number of such procedures to improve health are done to avoid cancer deaths. Recently in India one of my physician friends underwent pancreatic cyst (presumed to be precancerous) removal by an expert surgeon to avoid pancreatic cancer, developed serious life threatening post-operative complications. However he recovered after intense treatment for several weeks; but unfortunately with permanent loss of insulin producing cells resulting in life long diabetes mellitus. Cosmetic surgeries leading to life threatening complications were also observed occasionally. I had a terrible experience, when one of my young patients died following 'successful' surgery for correction of cosmetic squint. Many elderly patients want to look young at least in their appearance and undergo all sorts of surgery to look young. Even though the percentage of serious complications is low the actual number may be high because of the huge number of such surgeries being performed for the aesthetically conscious patients. Since the number of patients and quantity of medicines & consumables used are increasing fast, perhaps corporate hospitals and pharmaceutical industry may be happy with the health system. It is evident that there is something basically wrong somewhere in our health system. A change in thinking is essential for treating the health system. Suppose you don't know clearly the way to heaven and if you know very well the way to hell, will you travel through the road you know very well or will you try to find out the road to heaven? We should choose to travel to the best destination - Disease free, death free and happy young world! The right aim should be to live young without diseases. It should not be to extend life with lot of genetic and geriatric diseases. Wrong aim and achieving it is worse than right aim and not achieving it. Hence set the right aim even if it is difficult to achieve. At least you can travel in the right direction. I feel that the longevity and survival of very premature infants as a measuring rod for the health and happiness is not the perfect parameter to measure the happiness and health of a nation. If we try hard the ways and means to achieve the right aim shall evolve. We should not change the aim to accommodate our limitations. Genetic cure of the genetic diseases can prevent the disease not only for this generation but also for the future generations! Germ line gene transplantation shall reduce the pressure on health care systems to a great extent and improve the health and happiness of humans. I feel that we have the ability to do it, but do not have the will to do it.

In fact gene editing of the embryo is proposed to speed up what is being done in nature by natural selection process. In the natural course, elimination of defective genes shall take hundreds or thousands of years. And if we skew the natural process by treating genetic diseases using non-genetic methods, perhaps the defective genes shall never get eliminated. Hence human gene editing is extremely important for a healthy community as well as for the survival of humans. Inherited cleft palate is just one example. There are several similar genetic diseases and the problem is fairly large. Every day new genetic diseases are being discovered, because errors in human reproductive process are fairly common. And our efficiency in detecting genetic diseases has gone up. We had experimented with several techniques for gene transplantation. To develop these processes we had spent lot of money and lost not only several experimental animals but also human patients due to therapy related toxicity. The present technique seems to be less toxic and more effective. The huge benefits of new gene editing technique, which we have developed after intense research, should not be denied to the patients and the community due to the misuse phobia. If we don't do it the whole human species shall become a very unhealthy species and shall go for fast extinction! The genetic diseases are in fact errors of reproduction. We interfere medically and surgically to correct many errors of reproduction. Hence correcting the genetic error is ethically right and is very essential for human existence.

If gene editing is accepted universally for treating genetic diseases, germ line transfer of asexual reproduction( binary fission) genes and super genes from amoeba or any other unicellular organism to humans for converting cancer to binary fission process also shall be possible soon. Already we had identified the genome of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum.[78] Once the necessary gene transplant was effectively done, we can escape not only from cancer but also from natural death due to old age. If we can divide before the middle age, we can escape from old age and senility too. Divide and live is a better option than grow old, die and disintegrate. Probably it can save humans from fast extinction too! Often physicians struggle hard to save seriously ill old patients and fail miserably. Several doctors become emotional at their failures and helplessness while treating their close relatives. And often good literary works emerge from them. Failed cancer treatment is fairly common. Physicians painfully realize that cancer patients 'being mortal' [79] failure is inevitable in certain situations even after giving the best available medical treatment.

A possible byproduct of elimination of natural death by binary fission is the elimination of fanatic religion. Most of the suicide squad solders of fanatic religions do the killing in the name of the God they believe, for sending their souls to heaven after their death. No religion shall accept that death is the end, and life after death is the life line of many religions. When people understand that death is not inevitable, many religious philosophies shall be questioned. And all superstitions about the soul, death and life after death shall get eliminated to a great extent.

"We shall require a substantially new manner of thinking if mankind is to survive"

Prof Albert Einstein.
NOTES:

*The concept of lateral thinking was propagated by Edward de Bono, a Maltese physician in the year 1967. It means a different method of thinking for solving problems by making unusual or unexpected connections between ideas. Lateral thinking rewards the breadth of knowledge while vertical thinking rewards the depth of knowledge.[80] Often we evaluate only the depth of knowledge of a person, as we ophthalmologists usually check only the visual acuity in an eye clinic. Breadth of vision is checked only in special occasion. In fact both depth and breadth are important components of vision as well as of knowledge. Interestingly a person with very narrow field of vision with normal visual acuity is considered blind because they cannot move around with very poor side vision. In another words it is possible that a legaly blind person can have acuity of vision 6/6 in both eyes! It shows that breadth of vision is more important than the depth of vision for the day today activities of a person. Same is true about knowledge also.

Recently one of my submissions to a reputed journal on cancer was rejected because "in our view this piece does not provide sufficient depth of scientific discourse to warrant publication in this journal". And another one was rejected because "In view of the editors, the breadth of topics covered does not permit the type of critical analysis of a timely or unresolved issue in oncology that is expected of these submissions". Interestingly another journal rejected it without sending for external review and wrote "based on our evaluation I regret to inform you that we will not pursue the manuscript you have submitted for publication". Often this is the fate of articles with lateral thinking. Medical publications usually insist on accurate in depth knowledge and proven facts in the articles published in their journal. And editors would like to avoid criticism and controversies. Is it not curious that everybody wants to extend life and postpone death, and nobody is interested in avoiding death? I have realized that there is hardly any scope for any form of imagination in medical publications.

Vertical thinking tries to develop an existing pattern while lateral thinking restructures an existing pattern. And lateral thinking incorporates reasoning and imagination to develop interesting new ideas. [81] But the idea need not be completely right and may need modifications over a period of time. However thinking is the most important component in the process of acquiring and applying new knowledge. Another way of looking at lateral or creative thinking is that, to create an idea and try to verify its validity by scientific reasoning. [80] In fact the asexual reproduction idea about cancer evolved like this.

The great Greek thinker and philosopher, Socrates said "I cannot teach anybody anything. I can only make them think". This shows the importance of thinking. All disciples of Socrates became great philosophers and thinkers. And today all good management teaching institutions know that mere transfer of some data from one brain to other's brain is not the right teaching. And they try to train their students to think both vertically and laterally. But unfortunately this is not a subject in medical studies. Since the human brain has got only limited capacity, when you increase the depth of knowledge often the breadth suffers. We have seen many reputed super specialist committing blunders in other essential areas of day today life. They may have extensive in depth knowledge of their specialization, but may not know important simple things in other fields of human activity. We know that when we increase the magnification in a microscope the field suffers. And we always start with wide field and low magnification. Similarly it is better to start with lateral thinking and switch to vertical thinking where ever required! It is better to know something about everything before trying to know everything about something.

Lateral thinking is almost synonymous to 'out of the box' thinking, originated from the 'nine eggs puzzle' of Christopher Columbus, who boldly sailed to the west to reach India, a country in the east! As a seasoned explorer perhaps he might have been aware of the route Vasco de Gama had taken. But still he wanted to try an unexplored route. He used to verify the creativity of his disciples with the nine eggs puzzle before recruiting them for the prolonged exploratory voyages. In his attempt to discover a new sea route to India he failed, but he did not know that. Similarly he did not know that he had discovered a new continent. In fact his achievement was beyond his own imagination. Even the failures of the 'out of the box thinking' and actions can contribute a lot of new knowledge for the betterment of humanity. I feel that his failed expedition has contributed much more than the successful expedition of Vasco de Gama to India. But unfortunately Columbus used his creative thinking in exploration for exploitation of the poor and weak natives later. He was very cruel to the unarmed half naked native 'Indians' and this made him unpopular and unacceptable to the modern civilized society. However it is well known that 'out of the box thinking' can uncover up unexpected and unconventional solutions to many difficult problems. [82].

Lateral thinking is looking at a problem from a different angle. British colonial rule of India was a problem for every Indian. How the poor ill-equipped Indians can fight the rich and strong ruling British to gain freedom? Conventional approach is to have armed revolution with or without external help. Of course it will be leading to the death of millions of poor Indians. Many brave men tried it and miserably failed. Unconventional approach was fighting British violence with nonviolent methods. And finally the unconventional approach succeeded. But it was often frustrating and may not work always. And failures are possible. That is why today many reputed business houses have recognized the importance of creative thinking even with undesirable results and failures. 'Dare to try' awards are given by multinationals like Pfizer in USA and the TATA in India to good rational innovators even for their failed projects. And often business leaders want creative thinkers in their team, because they are better in solving complex business problems.

Safi Bahcall who promoted a biotechnology company for development of new drugs for cancer describes winning crazy ideas as 'loon shots' which is defined as ideas or projects that most scientific and business leaders think won't work. He thinks that the most important breakthroughs are surprisingly fragile. They pass through long dark tunnels of skepticism and uncertainty, crushed or neglected and their champions often dismissed as crazy! [83]

We know that often there is resistance from colleagues to accept 'out of the box' ideas and inventions. Inventions capable of disruptions may be ignored for several years due to resistance from the conventional thinking scientists and the public because of their reluctance to accept a big disruptive change. Scientists and business men often face this problem of resistance to change. A study by UK think tanks showed that the average time span, from the invention to wide spread commercialization was 39 years! [84]. Because of this huge latent period and delay for acceptance of an unconventional idea or product, it was graphically described that these ideas die in the 'valley of death' of innovation. Often lateral thinking skill is considered to be inferior to vertical thinking. I know that the hypothesis I have postulated in this book may be criticized at different level – even on moral and ethical grounds. But I am confident that finally my hypothesis will be accepted. In fact few others have already thought of the reproductive roots of cancer.

Errors and failures are common when one enters into the unfamiliar areas for exploration. Fear of failure should not prevent one from exploration with rational thinking. Failure and errors can turn out to be useful and may give significant contribution to the health and happiness of people! Failed lateral thinking projects are not the end. They could stimulate us for a better beginning. That is why we say 'failure is the stepping stone for successes'. If you have climbed more steps you should reach higher up?! Each failure shall give you moral strength to face failures and make fresh attempts with renewed courage. There are no elevators to success and nature is the best teacher. As a boy while learning to ride the bicycle, I had fallen several times. But I continued trying to balance on a bicycle again and again and finally I learned it and enjoyed the bicycle rides.

I was reluctant to write this book since my English language was poor. I was afraid of mistakes in the text language and content. Then I realized that mistakes and errors were common. Some might have more mistakes others might have less mistake. And several highly intelligent great men had committed mistakes. Besides this in nature we see several errors. So I decided to write and publish. And I have corrected and modified this book several times. I continue to modify it as and when I realized a mistake or as and when I got new information or a new idea. This is possible because it is an e book and the publishing agency is allowing it. So the book continues to grow with new information in an attempt to convince the reader about the reproductive intension of cancer and the scope for immortality for humans. I do not know whether I have succeeded or not. As you look at cancer in depth it is extremely complex and mysterious, but as you look at it in breadth it is very simple and natural. I have highlighted several facts and an absence of expected fact (negative fact) as evidence for the asexual reproduction hypothesis. Morphologically cancer may not be looking like an embryo. The molar pregnancy also does not look like an embryo. And if you have a mind set to accept molar pregnancy as an error of sexual reproduction, accepting cancer as an error of asexual reproduction may not be very difficult. I think the time for the idea of asexual reproduction has come. If you have any new idea or suggestion regarding cancer kindly convey it. I hope and believe that cancer, 'the emperor of all maladies' [85] shall soon transform to the emperor of happiness and of a new life!

I hope you enjoyed reading 'Why Cancer' as much as I enjoyed writing it. I presume that the idea is interesting. I invite you to connect with me and I would love to hear your valued comments, opinion and views. ittyoutofbox@gmail.com

"We knew, all along, that simple answers to complex questions would be greeted with mixed feeling by large community of more traditional cancer researchers. After all, if we succeeded, we might put many of them out of business." Robert A Weinberg. [5]

REFERENCES:

1) Lydie Pani, Melissa Horal and Mary R Loeken: Rescue of neural tube defects in Pax-3-deficient embryos by P53 loss of function: Implications for Pax-3- dependent development and tumorigenesis. Genes & Development, 2002; 16: 676 – 680.

2) Wenwei Hu, Zhaohui Feng, Angelika K,Teresky and Arnold J Levin: P53 regulates maternal reproduction through LIF. Nature 2007; 450: 712-724.

3) Lloyd J Old. Cancer is a somatic cell pregnancy. Cancer Immunity. 2007; 7: 19. (https://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2935741)

4) Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K and Walter P. Cancer. Chapter 23. Molecular biology of the cell. 4th edition. 2002. New York

5) Robert A. Weinberg. Coming full circle – From Endless Complexity to Simplicity and Back Again. Cell 2014 March. 157:267-271.

6) Anna S Trigos, Richard B Pearson, Anthony T Papenfuss and David L Goode. Altered interactions between unicellular and multicellular genes drive hallmarks of transformation in a diverse range of solid tumors. Proceedings of National Academy of Science of the United States of America. 2017. Jun.13; 114 (24):6406-6411.

7) Chan JCY. Hypothesis of Cancer Weakening and Origin. J. Cancer 2015; 6(5): 457-463.

8) Raul A Ruggiero, and Oscar D Bustuoabad. The Biological Sense of Cancer: a Hypothesis. Theoretical Biology and Medical Modeling. 2006 Dec. 3.43. ( doi:10.1186/1742-4682-3-43)

9) Max S Wicha, Suling Liu, and Gabriela Dontu. Cancer stem cells: An old idea – A Paradigm shift. Cancer Research.DOI:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-3153.Feb.2006.

10) Ittyerah, T.P. Eye doctor 'out of the box', e book. ISBN: 9781301878284; 2013. https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/274163

11) Ittyerah, T.P. Is there an alternative to ageing and death? J.Am.Geriatr.Soc.2010; 58:187

12) Douglas Hanahan and Robert A Weinberg. The Hallmarks of Cancer. Cell.2000, January. 100. Issue 1: 57-70.

13) Stuart Brody. The relative health benefits of different sexual activities. Journal of Sexual Medicine. April, 2010. 7( 4):1336 - 1361

14) Yanlei Ma, Peng Zhang, Jianjun Yang, Zhe Yang and Huanlong Quin: The relationship between early embryo development and tumourigenesis. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. Dec.2010; 14 (12): 2697-2701.

15) Sachin Gupta, Naoko Takebe, and Patricia LoRusso: Targeting the Hedgehog pathway in cancer. Therapeutic advances in Medical Oncology.2010; Jul, 2(4):237-250

16) Anders Husby: Vasectomy and prostate cancer risk: A 38 - years nationwide cohort study. Journal of national cancer institute, 2019; 23 May.djz099, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djz099

17) Aditi Sarma and Channa N Jayasena: Male infertility linked to risk of prostate cancer – Editorial. BMJ September, 2019; 366: 15525.

18) Gunaldi M, Isiksacan N, Kocoglu H,O Kturlar Y Gunaldi O, Topcu TO, Karabulut M,. The value of serum survivin level in early diagnosis of cancer. J. Can ResTher2018; 14:570-573.

19) Dorit Kliemann, Ralph Adolphs, J.Michael Tyszka ,Brauce Fischl ,B.T. Thomas Yeo, Remya Nair, Julien Dubois and Lynn. K. Paul. Intrinsic Functional Connectivity of Brain in Adults with a Single Cerebral Hemisphere. Cell Report 2019; 29, issue 8: 2398 -2407.

20) Sophia Mitrokostas. Here's what happens to your body and brain when you orgasm. Health, Business Insider. 26th Jan. 2019.

21) Sexual cannibalism. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_cannibalism

22) Cohen D. The canine transmissible venereal tumor: a unique result of tumor progression. Advances in Cancer Research. 1985; 43:75-112.

23) Thomas F. Denson and Mitchell Earleywine. Decreased depression in marijuana users. Addictive Behaviors. 2006.31. Issue4: 738-742.

24) Li Rita Zhang, Hal Morgenstern , Sander Greenland, Shen-Chi Chang, Philip Lazarus, M.Dawn Teare J.Woll, Irene Orlow, Brian Cox etal. Cannabis smoking and lung cancer risk: pooled analysis in international Lung Cancer Consortium. International Journal of Cancer. 2014, 136. Issue 4.https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc29036.

25) Chaihua Liang, Michael D. McClean, Carmen Marsit , Brock Christensen, Edward Peters, Heather H.Nelson, and Karl T.kelsey. A population Based Case - Control study of Marijuana Use and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Prevention Research. 2009. DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207. CAPR-09-0048.

26) Michael L Eisenberg, Paul Betts, Danielle Herder, Dolores J. Lamb, and Larry I Lip Shultz: Increased risk of cancer among azoospermic men. Fertility and sterility. American society of reproductive medicine. 2013; 100(3): 681-685

27) Gayathree Murugappan, Shufeng Li, Ruth B Lathi, Valerie L Baker, Michael L Eisenberg. Risk of cancer in infertile women: Analysis of US claims data. Journal of human reproduction. 2019; 34, issue 5: 894-902.

28) Fausto Santeusanio. Hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome in men: an association to be considered. (Editorial). Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular diseases. 2008. 18.Issue 4: 253-255.

29) Omayama Alshaarawy, and James C Anthony. Are cannabis users less likely to gain weight? Results from a national 3 - year prospective study. International journal of Epidemiology.2019; dyz044, https//doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz044.

30) Giovanni De pergola and Franco Silvestris. Obesity as a major risk factor for cancer (review article). Journal of Obesity. 2013. Vol. 2013: Article ID291546.

31) Magdalena Taube, Markku Peltonen, Kajsa Sjoholm.etal. Association of bariatric surgery with skin cancer incidence in adults with obesity - A nonrandomized controlled trial. JAMA Dermatol. October 30 2019. Doi: 10.1001/ jamadermatol.2019.3240.

32) Arner P, Bernard S, Appelsved L, Fu K Y, Anderson D P, Salehpour M, Thorell A, Ryden M, Spalding K L, Adipose lipid turnover and long term changes in body weight. Nature Medicine, 2019; 25 (9): 1385. DOI: 10, 1038/s41591-019-0565-5.

33) Megan Arnot and Ruth Mace. Sexual frequency is associated with age of natural menopause: Results from the Study of Women's Health association Across the Nation. Royal Society Open Science 2020 Jan.( doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191020)

34) Ana Babic, Naoko Sasamoto, Bernard A Rosner et al. Association between Breast feeding and Ovarian Cancer Risk. JAMA Oncol.6 (6), April.2020. (doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.0421)

35) Corina Kim Fuchs, Caroline P. Le, Mathew A Pimentel, David Shackle ford, David Ferrari, Eliane Angst, Frederic Hollande , and Erica K Sloan. Chronic stress accelerates pancreatic cancer growth and invasion: A critical role for beta adrenergic signaling in the pancreatic microenvironment. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. August 2014, 40:40-47.

36) Edoardo Bertero, Marco Canepa, Christoph Maack and Pietro Ameri. Linking Heart Failure to Cancer: Background Evidence and Research Perspectives, Circulation. 2018; 138: 735-742.

37) Siddiqui S, Singh A, Faizil N, Khalid A. Cell cannibalism in oral cancers: a sign of aggressiveness, de-evolution and retroversion of multicellularity. J. Can Res Ther. 2019; 15: 631-637.

38) Kimberly J Bussey, Luis H Cisneros, Charles H Line weaver, and Paul C. Davies. Ancestral gene regulatory networks drive cancer. Proceedings of National Academy of Science of United States of America. 2017. jun 13:114 (24)6160-6162.

39) Martin Kalejs and Jekaterina Erenpreisa. Cancer / testes antigen and gametogenesis: a new and brain storming session. Cancer cell international. 5, 4 (2005)https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2867-5-4

40) Stein Emil Vollset, Emily Goren, Chun-wei yuan etal. Fertility, motility, migration and population scenarios for 195 countries from 2017to 2100 a forecasting analysis for the global burden of disease study. The Lancet. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736 (20)30677-2

41) Kate Kelland. Sperm count dropping in western world. Reuter, Scientific America. 2017 July.

42) Pastuszak A W, Kohn, T P, and Eisenberg M, Increased risk of cancer among men with Peyronie's disease. Fertility and Sterility 2017.September.108, issue 3, e39.

43) Jacob John, T. Go prevent all manners of sickness – Jacob Chandy Oration. Christian Medical Journal of India.2019.34 (4):14-20.

44) Jean M. Twenge. Possible Reasons US Adults Are Not Having Sex as Much as They Used To. JAMA Network Open.2020.3 (6):e203889. Doi: 10.1001/ jamanetworkopen 2020.3889

45) Kido T and Lau YF. Roles of Y chromosome genes in human cancers. Asian J. Androl. 2015. May-June; 17 (3): 373-380.

46) Geetha Perinchery, Mashahiro Sasaki, Anitha angan, Vijayakumar, Peter Carrol and Rajvir Dahiya . Deletion of Y- chromosome specific genes in human prostate cancer. Investigative Urology, Journal of Urology, 2000, April (https://doi.org/10.1016/S 0022-5347(05) 67774-9)

47) Kar Yan Su, and Vinod R.M.T. Balasubramaniam. Zika virus as Oncolytic Therapy for Brain Cancer: Myth or Reality? Frontiers in Microbiology, Mini review. 2019 November. doi:10.3389/fmicb 2019.02715.

48) Sarah E Johnstone, Alejandro Reyes, Yifeng Qui. Carmen Adriaens, Esmat Hegazi, Karin Pelka, Jonathan H Chen, Luli S Zou, Yotam Drier, Vivian Hecht, Noam Shoresh, Martin Kselig, Caleb A Lareau, Sowmya Iyer, Son C Nguyen, Eric F Joyce, NIr Hacohen, Rafeal A Irizarry, Bin Zhang, Martin J Aryee and Bradley E Bernstein. Large Scale Topological Changes Restrain Malignant progression in Colorectal cancer. Cell. 2020. (Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.030).

49) Andrew Kistler, C. Sildenafil and cancer: The potential positives. Cancer Therapy Adviser. 2018, July 9.

50) Marcin Ciesilk and Arul M chinnaiyan. Global genomic project unravels cancer's complexity at unprecedented scale. Nature, News and Views. Feb.2020. 578:39-40.

51) Ana P Gomes, Didem Ilter, Vivien Low, Jennifer E.Endress, Juan Fernandez-Garcia, et.al. Age –induced accumulation of methylmalonic acid promotes tumour progression. Nature. 19th August 2020. (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2630-0)

52)Jeremy B Swann, Stephen J. Holland, Malte Petersen, Theodore W. Pietsch ,Thomas Boehm etal. The Immunogenetics of Sexual Parasitism. Science. 30Jul. 2020.

Doi 10.1126/science.aaz9445

53) Henry A.Feldman, Irwin Goldstein, Dimitrios G.Hatzichristou, Robert J.Krane, john B. McKinlay etal. Impotence and Its Medical and Psychological Correlates: Results of the Massachusetts Male Ageing study. The Journal of Urology. 1994, 151(1):54-61

54) Toshihisa yashiro, Nathan Lo, Kazuya Kobayashi, Tomonari Nozaki, Taro Fuchikawa, Nobuaki Mizumoto, Yusuke Namba, and Kenji Matsuura. Loss of males from mixed sex societies in termites. BMC Biology, 2 018; 16: 106.

55) Boris Yagound, Kathleen A Dogantzis , Amro Zayed, Juliana Lim, Paul Broekhuyse, Emily J Renant ,Madeleine Beekman, Michlael H Allsopp, Sarah E Amidor, Orly Dim, Gabriele Buchman, and Benjamin P Oldroyd . A Single Gene Causes Thelytokous Parthenogenesis, the Defining Feature of Cape Honeybee Apis mellifera capensis. Current Biology, Published on May 07 2020.Doi: https//doi.org/10.1016/j.cub2020.04.033

56) Lampert K.P. Facultative parthenogenesis in vertebrates: Reproductive error or chance? Sexual Development. 2008; 2: 290-301. https://doi.org/10.1159/000195678

57) Chunfang Liu. Zen Cai, Guoxiang Jin, Danni Peng, Bo-Syong Pan, Xian Zhang, Fuei Han, Xiaohong Xu, and Hui-Kuan Lin. Abnormal gametogenesis induced by p53 deficiency promotes tumor progression and drug resistance. Cell Discovery. 2018; 4: 54.

58) Irma Virant-klun, Primoz Rozman, Branko Cujeticanin, Eda Vrtacnik-Bokal , Srdjan Novakovic, Thomas Rulicke, Peter Dovc, and Helena Meden Vrtovec. Parthenogenetic Embryo-like Structures in the Human Ovarian Surface Epithelium Cell Culture in Postmenopausal Women with No Naturally Present Follicles and Oocytes. Stem Cells and Development. 11th Feb.2009.18 (https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.2007.0238)

59) Anderson, T.I. Telomeres, telomerase, and development of cancer. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen.1988. 118(13): 2043-6 (PMID 9656791)

60) Freeman M E, Kanyicska B, Lerant A, Nagy G. Prolactin : Structure, function, and regulation of secretion. Physiology Rev. 2000 Oct; 80 (4): 1523-631.

61)Ming Feng Hsueh, Patrik Onnerfjord, Michael P Bolognesi, mark E Easley,and Virginia B Kraus. Analysis of old proteins unmasks dynamic gradient of cartilage turnover in human limbs. Science Advances. 2019 Oct. 5.no.10.DOI 10.1126/ sciadv. aax 3203

62) Athena Aktipis, Amy M. Boddy, Gunther Jansen ,Urszula Hibner, Michael E Hochberg, Carlo C Maley, and Gerald S Wilkinson. Cancer across the tree of life: Cooperation and cheating in multicellularity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 2015 July. Doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0219.

63) Andrew G. Renehan, Darren L. Roberts and Caroline Dive. Obesity and Cancer: Pathophysiological and biological mechanisms. Arch. Physiology and Biochemistry - Journal of metabolic diseases. 2008; 114. (1):71-83.

64) Tone Bjorge, Christal Haggstrom, Sara Ghaderi, Gabriele Nagel, Jonas Manjer, Steinar Tretli, Hanno Ulmer, Sophia Harlid, Ann H Rosendahl, Alois Lang etal. BMI and weight changes and risk of obesity-related cancers: a pooled European cohort study. International Journal of Epidemiology Sept. 2019; dyz188. https://doi.org/10.1093.ije/dyz188.

65) Zachary J Ward, Sara N Bleich, Angie L Cradock, Jessica L Barrett, Catherine M Giles, Chasmine Flex, Michael W Long, and Steven L Gortmaker. Projected U.S. State – Level Prevalence of Adult Obesity and Severe obesity. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2019 December, 381: 2440 -2450. (https//www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMsa19093301)

66) Sean Wharton, David C.W. Lau, Michael Vallis, Arya M. Sharma, Laurent Biertho, Denise Campbell-Scherer etal. Obesity in adults: a clinical practice guideline. CMAJ August 4.2020.192 (31) E875-E 891; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.191707

67) Amy M Boddy, Hanna Ko Kko, Felix Breden, Gerald S Wilkinson, C Athena Aktipis. Cancer Susceptibility and reproductive trade-off: A model of evolution of cancer defense. Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. July2015; 370.Issue 1673: 20140-220.

68) Daniel Meller, Mikk Paulin, and Klaus-Peter Steuthl . Amniotic Membrane Transplantation in Human Eyes. Dtsch Arzlebl. Int. 2011. April. 108(14): 243-248.

69) Scheffer CG Tseng, Pinnita Prabhasawat, and Shwu-Huey Lee. Amniotic membrane transplantation for Conjunctival Surface Reconstruction. Amer. J. Ophthalmology .1997 Dec. 124(6): 765-774.

70) Ueta M, Kweon M.N and Kinoshita S, Immunosuppressive properties of human amniotic membrane for mixed lymphocyte reaction. Clinical and Experimental Immunology – (The journal of translational immunology). 2002. Sep. 129(3): 464-470.

71) Philip Ball. Close up views of Tumors Reveal a New cancer Biology. Scientific America. 2020. April 21.

72) Kunin, WE; Kevin J Gaston Eds., The Biology of Rarity: How do rare species avoid extinction? A paleontological view. 1997, p .110-117, .ISBN: 978 0412633805. London, Champan & Hall.

73) Andrew J.G. Simpson, Otavia I Caballero, Achim Jungbluth, Yao –Tseng Chew and Lloyd J Old. Cancer/Testes antigens, Gametogenesis and Cancer. Nature review cancer. 2005. Doi: 10.1038/nrc166

74) Kane, L. National physician burnout, depression and suicide report 2020. May 15 2020 Medscape.com/slide show/2020 life style burn out and depression-6012460.

75) Pauline Anderson. Doctors' suicide rate highest of any profession. http//www.webmedmental health/news/20180508.

76) Adam Kay. This is Going to Hurt: Secret Diaries of a junior Doctor, 2017. Picador. Amazon. ISBN: 1509858636.

77) Marty Makary. The cost of chasing cancer. TIME, Asia. 2014.183, (9) 10th March: 10.

78) Eichinger L, Pachebat J.A, Glockner G, Rajandream M.A, Sucgang R, Berriman M, etal. The genome of social amoeba Dictyostelium discoidieum. Nature.2005. 435: 43-57

79) Atul Gwande . Being Mortal: medicine and what matters in the end. 2014. ISBN.9780805095159. Metropolitan books.

80) James S. Hernandez and Prathibha Varkey. Vertical versus Lateral Thinking. The Physician Executive. 2008. May-June: 26-28

81) Lydia Usha. Creative thinking in medicine: Can we learn it from the masters and practice it? Hektoen International, August 2009. 1 (4). (htps://hekint.org/volume-1-issue-4-august-2009/)

82) Adair J. The seven habits of successful creative thinkers and innovators. In: Thomas Neil editor. The concise Adair on creativity and innovation. 2008: 77- 83. New Delhi, Viva books.

83) Safi Bahcall . Loonshots: How to nurture the crazy ideas that win wars, cure diseases, and transform industries. 2019; St. Martin's Press.

84) Gopalakrisnan, R. A biography of Innovations: From birth to maturity. 2017; Penguin, Random house.

85) Sidhartha Mukherjee. The emperor of all maladies: A biography of cancer.2010. Amazon. ISBN: 9781439107959.

"I believe in intuitions and inspirations.

I sometimes feel that I am right. I do not know that I am."

Albert Einstein.

