[ ♪ Intro ]
When you hear the term ‘hysteria’, you
might think of a frenzied group of people
— like shoppers on Black Friday.
But for a long time that word meant something
different.
Hysteria was a mental condition attributed
specifically to uterus problems, and it became
a sort of catch-all diagnosis for any women’s
health problems doctors couldn’t figure out.
The term — which even came from the Greek
word for uterus — was coined by the physician
Hippocrates around 500 BCE.
But it was acknowledged as far back as in
Ancient Egypt, a thousand years before then.
It’s no longer recognized today, but it
has a complicated history full of strange explanations.
Including one that said that the uterus just
sort of wandered around the body, causing problems.
Sometimes you’re just extra thankful for
modern science.
Even doctors today can’t always figure out
what’s going on with a patient based on
their symptoms.
And, unsurprisingly, this happened a lot more
when we didn’t really understand the human body.
So for thousands of years, stumped doctors
wouldn’t just admit that they didn’t know
what was happening, and they would diagnose
their female patients with hysteria.
The list of symptoms for this condition could
include almost anything, including anxiety,
melancholy, bursts of emotion, headaches,
tremors, and even convulsions.
Anything they couldn’t figure out got lumped
in, and physicians throughout the ages came
up with some… surprising explanations for
hysteria.
Up until around the 20th century, almost all
of them blamed the uterus.
This might seem somewhat silly now, since
we know that the uterus mostly deals with
reproduction — nurturing and housing fetuses.
But, at the time, physicians didn’t really
know how all that worked.
So the most popular explanation — and the
weirdest — was that hysteria was caused
by a wandering uterus.
Apparently, someone’s womb could just get
bored and… move around.
It could crush their intestines, lungs, or
heart, or create an empty cavern in their
body — all of which would supposedly cause
those random symptoms.
One Greek physician called this phenomenon
“uterine melancholy”.
The good news, though, is that this wandering
uterus could be easily cured or prevented.
Many believed that it was caused by these
women not having a regular sex life, or not
being pregnant often enough.
So the solution was either to have more babies
or to have more sex in general.
According to the societal standards of the
day, they just had to get married first.
So real simple cure.
Another — arguably stranger — cure was
to use different scents to put the uterus
back in place.
For some reason, physicians believed that
it was attracted to pleasant smells and repelled
by foul ones.
So if your uterus happened to wander too high
up into your body, you could sniff something
unpleasant — like ammonia-containing smelling
salts — to drive it lower.
Or you could use vaginal perfumes to coax
it back into the right spot.
Because that’s totally how that works.
Starting in the 1700s, some researchers decided
that hysteria was neurological and had nothing
to do with the uterus, but it took a lot longer
for the public to catch on.
Even during the late 1800s, many women carried
around smelling salts to revive them when
they swooned and fainted — the idea being
that the wandering uterus had caused them
to pass out.
In reality, it probably had nothing to do
with their reproductive systems.
Historians believe that anything from tight
corsets to societal pressure could’ve been
responsible for all the swooning back then.
But if nothing else, smelling salts are pretty
good at reviving unconscious people.
Smelling salts are actually a mixture of ammonium
carbonate and perfume.
So when you waft them around, they release
ammonia gas, which can irritate the linings
of your nose and lungs and cause you to suddenly
inhale.
That will likely snap you back to consciousness,
no uterus-adjustment required.
There were other quick fixes for hysteria,
too.
Around the 1870s, a device was invented to
help women who couldn’t get enough sex in
their lives: the vibrator.
Widespread views on hysteria finally started
changing around 1890 or so, when everybody’s
favorite psychoanalyst rolled in: Sigmund
Freud.
Freud had learned about this condition from
other prominent teachers.
And after finding a few case studies, he helped
popularize the idea that hysteria was neurological,
and therefore must apply to all sexes.
But then, in true Freud fashion, he suggested
it was caused by someone not having a mature
enough libido, which led to them not having
enough sex.
Which is also just not a thing.
Although most people abandoned the uterus
idea after that point, hysteria didn’t really
fall out of pop culture — at least in the
West — until 1980.
Then, it was removed from the third edition
of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders.
The DSM is the manual clinicians use to guide
their diagnoses, so once hysteria was out,
it was no longer considered an ‘official’
condition.
Today, many of the symptoms traditionally
associated with hysteria are linked to things
like clinical anxiety or depression instead.
And hysteria got replaced by a kind of catch-all
diagnosis called conversion disorder.
That’s when a patient has definite neurological
symptoms, like paralysis or blindness, without
any discernible cause.
But one thing’s for sure: it definitely
has nothing to do with your uterus getting
up and walking around your body.
Feels like that should have been something
we could have figured out in those hundreds
of years that we thought that was a thing.
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow!
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[ ♪ Outro ]
