
Russian: 
what we're going to look at in this told
his---------------------
---------an exciting question that not just---------
interest scientists but also interest
parents and employers and indeed
any citizen of the twenty first century
and the reason is a concerns
the brain
i'd like this picture of the brain where
you can see someone actually holding
a human brain because it brings them to
just how special you are
and how mysterious the brain is
he reminds me of when i was a student at
oxford
and we had to dissect a human brain
these brings a wheeled in and paul
tsongas charlies
and you're wearing gloves because
the brain is in a
six it is
that preserves it says that you can cut
it up
but i do remember

English: 
What we care to look at in this talk is an
exiting question that not just interest scientists
but also interest parents, employers, and
indeed, and the citizens of the 21st century.
And the reason is that concerns the brain.
I like this picture of the brain where you
can see someone actually holding a human brain
because it brings home to you just how special
you are and yet how mysterious the brain is.
It reminds me of when I was student in Oxford
and we had to dissect a human brain and these
brains are wheeled in and in pots on trolleys,
and you are wearing cloves because the brain
is in a fixative that preserves it so you
wouldn't cut it up. But I do remember, on
this very special day, when I was holding

Russian: 
on this very special day when i was
holding the brain
just like in this picture
thinking
if i wasn't wearing gloves
and i got a good bit of brain tissue
under my fingernail
would that be the biggest summed it up
with
but to be in memory
would it be a hug
how could you have
hope ideal fingernail
and it was this idea of this very boring
sludgy
ferry on interesting optically but hold
on one hand
and how much translated into all the
things that we feel the special about
ourselves and about our emotions and
about humanity generate
how the one
linked to
so what did you look at in this talk
is not just
how the brain
translates into unique human person
but more
how that person how that individual
might be changing might be being
affected by the new technologies
is this a safety awaits your children
and your grandchildren
are we going to be transformed into

English: 
the brain, thinking, if I was not wearing
gloves and I got a little nit of brain tissue
under my fingernail -- would that be a bit
somebody loved with? Would that be a memory?
Would that be a hope? How could you have a
hope under your fingernail? And it was this
idea of this very boring, sludgy, very uninteresting
object that you could hold in one hand and
how that translated into all the things we
feel special about ourselves, and about our
emotions, and about humanity generally. How
the one linked to the other.
So what we care to look at in this talk is
not just how the brain translates into a unique
human person but more how that person, how
that individual might be changing, might be
being affected by new technologies. Is this
the fate of our children and your grandchildren.

Russian: 
dysfunctional creatures was no and they
should
are we going to be experiencing for the
first time
the real potential
of human individuality whatever that is
let's start
fire really looking at the basics
to try and understand what it is that
makes you so special
and there is talk what i've done
is unknown bob the key conclusions
says that whatever happens you'll know
that sooner or later
a conclusion is going to come along
the first conclusion
is that the environment is key ities all
important in making music
the person that you are
the wonderful thing about being born a
human being
is that you are born with pretty much
all of the brain cells you never have
but it is it the growth of the
connections between your brain cells
that accounts for the growth of the
brain off the past
days this interesting
or important

English: 
Are we going to be transformed into dysfunctional
creatures with now emotion? Or are we going
to be experiencing for the first time the
real potential of human individuality, whatever
that is.
Let us start by really looking at the basics
to try and understand what it is that really
makes you so special. And in this talk what
I have done is to number the key conclusions
so that whatever happens you will know that
sooner or later our conclusion is going to
come along.
The first conclusion is that the environment
is the key. It is important in making you
the person that you are. The wonderful thing
about being born a human being is that you
are born with pretty much all the brain cells
you will ever have. But it is a growth of
the connections between the brain cells that
are counted for the growth of the brain after

English: 
birth. Why is this interesting or important?
We do not run particularly fast as the species,
we do not see particularly well, we are not
particularly strong, and yet, we occupy more
ecological niches than any other species on
the planet. Thanks to so called plasticity
of our brains. Plasticity comes from the Greek
'plastikos' — to be modeled. It does
not mean our brains are made of plastic. And
here you can see what happens in the first
two years of life. The blobby bits are brain
cells and the stringy beets are the connections
between them. So we can see that at three
months, fifteen months, and two years there
is an astonishing change in the growth of
the connections between the brain cells. This
means, because it happens after birth, that
you can adapt to your individual experiences
after birth.
So even if you are a clone, an identical twin
therefore, you are going to have a unique

Russian: 
we don't know i'm particularly fossa
suspicious we don't see particularly
well win optically strong annuals
and yet we occupy more ecologically shes
than any other species on the planet
thanks to
this so-called plasticity without brains
not plasticity
comes from the greek class to cost to be
molded
it doesn't mean
up brains are made of plastic
infancy
what happens in the first two years of
life
the lobbied itself brain cells
and see
stringy bits other connections between
them and you can see that
about three months fifteen months the
names of two years
the astonishing change
in the growth of the connections between
the brain cells
now this means
because that happens after birth
that you can adapt
to your individual expenses
after death
six even if you are close
an identical twin therefore

Russian: 
you're going to have a unique brain
because over you
only you
will have unique experiences in this is
why
you can transplant cost you can
transplant lungs olivares
with increasing he's now a days
but even if it was technically possible
you couldn't transfer onto the brain
because the brain is the essence of the
person
nestle concede just how sensitive
your brain is to be modified by the
environments and and this is a wonderful
experiment
involving
three groups of adult human volunteers
none of whom at the beginning of this
experiment
could play the piano
he's a five-day experiment
if ever you get the chance
to volunteer for an experiment like this
however advice
trying not the end of the control group
anyway what happened is the first group
the control strategist ed two p_m_ met
for five days
but there was a second group in the
event
fine thing dot piano exercises
for the most exciting group but the fact
that because

English: 
brain because only you will have unique experiences.
This is why you can transplant hearts, you
can transplant lungs or livers with increasing
ease nowadays, but eve if it was technically
possible, you could not transplant brain because
the brain is the essence of a person.
Let us look and see just how sensitive your
brain is to be modified by the environment.
There is a wonderful experiment involving
three groups of adult human volunteers none
of whom at the beginning of this experiment
could play the piano. It is a five day experiment.
If ever you get a chance to volunteer for
an experiment like this, a word of advice,
try not to be in the control group. Anyway,
what happened is the first group, the controls,
had to just stare at the piano for five days.
But there was a second group and they learnt
five finger piano exercises. But the most
exiting group was the third group because

Russian: 
this group pat imagine they were playing
the piano and let's look and see what
happens
patency
in the controls over five days
the brain isn't it really unimpressed
nothing has happened to the stands
however in this group who are learning
with physical practiced the fighting
japan exercises
you can see the astonishing change
in the brain territory of functional
brain territory
racing to the digits
they hear the third coupes for the magic
playing the piano
as you can see that brain scans
are pretty much sooner
to the ones that will physically having
the movements
so what does this tell us what i think
it tells us lots of things
the first is this
brenda quotation
man who developed the treatment for
parkinson's disease some local for nick
i waz
comedy did this in the
nineteen sixties but he came up
with this wonderful quotation
thank you
is movement confined to the brain

English: 
this group had to imagine they were playing
the piano. And here is what happened. In the
controls over five days the brain is literally
unimpressed. Nothing has happened to the scans.
However in the group who were learning with
physical practice, the five finger piano exercises,
you can see the astonishing change in functional
brain territory related to the digits. Te
third group, those who imagined playing the
piano, their brain scans are pretty much similar
the ones who were physically having the movements.
So what does it tell us? A lot of things:
The first is this brilliant quotation from
the man who developed the treatment for Parkinson's
disease: 'Thinking is 
the movement confined to the brain'. And

English: 
we will come back to that towards the end
of the talk. But this is exactly what has
happened to the second and the third group.
The only difference between the two groups
is that one was imaginary and one was literally
taking place. But what is important, as far
as the brain is concerned, is not the contraction
of the muscles. It is the thought that has
come before, the thought that has preceded
it: The thinking of the movement, not the
movement itself.
It also shows how it is wrong, as the people
at the past have done, to draw the distinction
between mental and physical, between mind
and brain. It is not as if thoughts are out
there in the air around somewhere and our
brains are like satellite dishes picking them
up. Somehow, among the brain cells and their
connections and all the chemicals we are going
to look at, somewhere you have a thought.
And even that will modify and change the brain
cell connections.

Russian: 
i'm not come back to that towards the
end of the total
but i hope you can see here that this is
exactly what's happened
the only difference
between
these two is that
one was imaginary wilde was maitri
taking place
but what is important
as far as the brain is concerned because
that pretty soon not is not the
contraction of muscle
it is the thoughts
that has come before the focus is
preceded it
the sinking of the movement in all the
movement
itself
it also shows how is wrong with people
in the cost of tom
to draw a distinction
between mental and physical between mind
and brain
is not as if
thoughts are out there in the air
somewhere
an operation like
satellite dishes picking them up
no sometime among your brain cells and
that connections and all the chemicals
were going to look at
somewhere somehow
you have a fool's
as you can see
and even that will modify
which changed the brain cells
connections

English: 
In order to understand how this happens in
the brain, we have to go from people playing
the piano to rats. Because what we are going
to now is actually look and see how the environment,
hoe the interaction with the environment can
actually modify and changes brain cell connections.
In order to do that with rats, who obviously
will not play the piano, we will look at the
effects of an environment that encourages
them to be very exploratory, to be stimulated,
a so called enriched environment.
Enrichment for rat does not mean that they
come on to joint interesting conferences on
digital media. For a rat, what they have to
do is explore little ladders, branches, and
wheels. We can see how happy they look. Now
if you look at a single brain cell from an
animal who was not quite so lucky, as when
they were assigning the group someone was
just in an ordinary lab cage, this is the
kind of brain cell that you see: there are

Russian: 
nine or don't want to stand
how this happens in the brain
we have to go from
people playing the piano
tourette's because we're going to do now
is actually not conceive how will the
environment
how interaction with the environment
can actually modify and change the brain
cell connections
and in order to do that with racks to
obviously
will not play the piano
we look at the effects of an environment
that encourages them to be very
exploratory
i had to be stimulated
assembled
enriched environment nine management
full
iraq does it mean to say they come in
uh... doing interesting conferences on
digital media of for arrest
what they have to do it is as you can
see here
exploited the ladders and wheels and
branches easy a happy day told
as they do this
nicely milk as a single brain cell
from an animal who wasn't quite so lucky
when they were assigned the groups that
was just an ordinary lactate
this is the kind of brain cell that you
see

English: 
branches that are coming out of the blobby
part of the cell, the main part of the cell.
We can compare these branches in an animal
that was in a simple cage condition to the
comparable branches in an animal in the cage
with ladders and wheels. We can see that the
branches in the second case are much bigger.
Why is this interesting or important? Everyone
is familiar with the fact that when you exercise
muscle it gets bigger and stronger. And if
you do not exercise muscle it tends to get
weaker and to atrophy. You use it or you loose
it. This is what happens in the brain. If
a brain cell is very active, like with muscle,
it will respond to continuous use. The more
active it is, the more it will grow these
branches. That is how it responds.

Russian: 
now this might have a bit strange if s
but i wanted to concentrate on these
branches
the succumbing ounce
of the blocking calls
off the side of the main part of the
site look at the branches
heart is in an animal
but within a simple case condition
to compatible
brain itself from an animal it was in
this kind of environment and here you
can see affect the difference
welcome we see what the branches a much
bigger
as i hope it's pretty obvious
why is this interesting or important
what everyone is familiar with the facts
that when you exercise a muscle it gets
bigger and stronger
and he didn't exercise a muscle when it
tends to
that we can to actively
you use it
or use it we say an english
so this is what happens in the brain
if their brains that is very active
likely muscle it will respond to
continuous use the more activist is
in the case of a brain cell
the more it will not grow
these branches
that's how it was phones

English: 
Why is it important? By having more branches
you have a greater surface area. By having
a greater surface area you make more cell
connections. The more stimulating and exiting
is the environment even for a rat, the harder
the brain cells work, the more active, they
respond over time by growing more branches
and these branches enable them to make more
connections. The more stimulating environment
is, the more connections you can make.
Let us think about what that means for us,
humans.
You were born, in the words of the great psychologist
William James, into a booming buzzing confusion.
What can you do when you are a little baby?
You evaluate the world in sensory terms: how
sweet, how fast, how cold, how bright. But
as the days turn into weeks, turn into months,
slowly the sensory world, abstract pattern
of colors and shapes, accompanied by meaningless

Russian: 
now why is that important walk by having
all branches
you have a greater surface area
and by having a great to surface area
then you can make more brain cell
connections
so let's just recap
the more stimulating and exciting the
environment even for rats
the heart of the brain cells welfare
more active
they respond at the time by growing more
branches
and these branches enable them to make
more connections
the most amazing environment them all
connections you can make
this is about what this means that for
us humans
wheel bolts
and the words of the great psychologist
william james
into a booming bosnian confusion
what do you want the baby out of the
will
incense returns
how sweet house-passed how cold top
right
the day's end in two weeks and in some
months
slowly they say history world
this abstract not colors and shapes
accompanied by meaningless sounds and

Russian: 
uh... smells and textures
congratulate this
sensory
confusion
warm-up act in such a recognizable
because your connections now
are responding
to the inputs that they are receiving
through the census
so now
instead of it being an abstract visual
pathan
it would be your mother's face
and that will have a meaning we call is
commented from that i think what dan
said
i think
so this is a small
that's right catherine one of the on
mother
and it's no mother features again and
again you get your life is that she does
the more cc chose the more associations
and connections will form
live with the piano playing
you are experiencing interacting with
all the time
on this
wadi his mark on your brain
so yomata
we can say well have a significant to
you
that she doesn't have to anyone else
nestle commit sample here
these are colleagues of mine
they will mean that nothing to you

English: 
sounds and smells and textures, gradually
this sensory confusion will form patterns
that are recognizable because your connections
now are responding to the inputs that they
are receiving through the senses. So now,
instead of it being an abstract visual pattern,
it will be your mother's face. And that
will have a meaning. We call this 'cognitive'
from the Latin 'cognitio'- 'I think'.
And if your mother features again, again,
and again in your life, the more she features,
the more associations and connections will
form. Like with the piano playing. Because
you are experiencing and interacting with
her all the time, and this will leave the
mark on your brain. Your mother will have
a significance to you that she does not have
to anyone else.
Let us look at an example here. These are
colleagues of mine. They will mean nothing

Russian: 
you'll see these people as whites
middle-aged men in suits and ties
i see them as david and chris unmarked
in and colleagues under the very day
this photograph was taken with just
signed a very interesting agreement with
the university three important agreement
uh... i'm going to the state means a lot
to me
as to the individual shania one of them
sadly now has died
but i know that wife and children i have
become holiday
we shared
successes together and failures together
said they'd mean a lot to me
in a way that will mean nothing to you
because you don't know them because you
just season generically
simulate you could put in your family
and friends and colleagues
i know i will see them in a generic way
as men women and children
fear they may be the most important
people
in your life
because of the association's that have
been forms
second since then
give people
i did not tix a meaning overtime a
significance to you

English: 
to you. You will see these people as white
middle-aged men in suits and ties. I see them
as David, and Chris, and Martine. I remember
the very day this photograph was taken. We
just signed a very interesting agreement with
the university, very important agreement.
I remember this day, it means a lot to me,
as the individuals shown here, one of them
sadly now who has died. But I know their wives,
how many children they have, when they hold
their holidays. We have shared successes together
and failures together, so they mean a lot
to me, in a way they mean nothing to you,
because you do not know them, because you
just see them generically. Similarly, you
can put in your colleagues, your family and
I will see them in a generic way, as men,
women, and children. For you they may be the
most important people in you live because
of the associations that have been formed.
So, connections give people, indeed objects,
a meaning of a time, a significance to you

Russian: 
by virtue of the experiences that you
have time with them
this is a brain cells of the causes of
the heart of a lesson from another
example
sees a wedding ring when the child is
very small they were understands what it
is it won't mean anything
but they were trying to do it because of
this century properties
the fact that it shiny involved the fact
that keralites along the surface the
fact that they can
postings for the middle
men might even try to put it in their
mouth
slipshod ages however they'll realize
that is serene
i'm rings the things you put on fingers
i think it's all the still them realize
that there's a difference between a
waiting waiting
and other types of things
and gradually according to the culture
they live in wedding rings awaiting some
i have a special meaning to them
advance their older they will have
possibly a wedding ring of them
and their views on that personal wedding
ring
move areas they go from the honeymoon
possibly if saturday toaster divorce

English: 
by virtue of the experiences you have had
with them.
Let us turn to another example. Think of a
wedding ring. When children are very small
they would not understand what it is, it would
not mean anything. But they are attracted
to it because of its sensory properties. The
fact that it is shiny and gold, the fact that
they can roll it on the surface, the fact
that they can put things through the middle.
They might even try to put it into their mouths.
As the children age however, they realizes
that it is a ring. And rings are the things
you put on fingers. As they get older they
also realize that there is a difference between
a wedding ring and other types of rings. And
gradually, according to the culture they live
in, wedding rings and weddings might have
special meanings to them. And then, as they
are getting older, they might have wedding
rings of their own. And the views on that
personal wedding ring will vary as they go

English: 
from their honey-moon, possibly, if sadly
it goes to divorce, the attitudes to their
particular wedding rings will be different.
So, that has come in a long way from something
shiny you put into your mouth, and yet it
is the same object. And yet it is all to do
with how your brain is reacting to the sight
of this wedding ring. According to what stage
you are on in your live, what culture you
live in, and how you view and interact with
this particular object. It gives this object
a meaning.
Let us think there is someone who is dressed
up in a ghost costume. Hopefully no adult
can find it particularly frightening. They
might find it a bit silly. But if a two-year-old
child saw someone come in dressed like this
or, indeed, a person with dementia, they would
feel very frightened by this strange-looking
creature that is coming in. however an adult
will not feel frightened because they have
checks and balances. They have the associations;
they have the experience to realize that this
is someone just dressed up as a ghost.

Russian: 
that tactic used to that waiting read
that particular wedding ring will be
different
so that's coming a long way from
something shiny you might put in your
mouth and if it's the same object
and get it sold to tell your brain is
reacting to the site of this wedding
ring according to a stage or in your
life what culture you live in
how you view in trying to this
particular object sentences update and
meaning
it can help you understand the world to
someone dressed up and it does cost you
now hopefully no adult would find this
particularly frightening that might find
a bit silly
that said two-year-old child so someone
come dressed in by this or indeed a
person with dementia they were filled by
frightens by this strange-looking
creature that was coming and
colband has a little frightened because
they have the checks and balances they
have the association's they have the
experience to realize that this is
someone just rest stop as a guest

Russian: 
so connections no then it gets things a
meaning
they help you
and what you are seeing to make sense of
what you are seeing so you don't react
in an emotional way you can react as
though say cognitively by drawing on
your experiences in the past it hopes to
understand what you're experiencing in
the present again this is why we also
successful a suspicious in surviving on
the planet
and i think elections also do something
else for a special percy
one thing in terms of something else as
you can see with this scandal
and reminds me of when my little brother
was any three and i was sixteen
i might use to enjoy torturing him and
one of the tortuous of that forced him
to learn shakespeare when he was three
years old
uh... some of you may know
they didn't like that the famous play
there is a line
outsell brief candle like this but the
poll plant that's got some frets his
hour upon the stage
now dissented by small brother at the
time
what does it mean that you want to stand
this line of shakespeare's

English: 
Connections not only give things a meaning,
they help you to understand what you are seeing;
to make sense of what you are seeing. So you
do not react in an emotional way, you can
react, as we will say, cognitively. By drawing
on your experiences in the past, it helps
you to understand what you are experiencing
in the present. This is why we are so successful
as a species in surviving on the planet.
And I think connections do something else
for us. They help us to see one thing in terms
of something else. As you could see with a
candle. It reminds me of when my brother was
only three and I was sixteen, and I used to
enjoy torturing him. One of the tortures was
when I forced him to learn Shakespeare when
he was three years old. Some of you may know
that in 'Macbeth', a famous play, there
is a line: 'Out, out, brief candle! Life's
but a walking shadow, a poor player, That
struts and frets his hour upon the stage...'.
How would you ask a small boy what does it
mean? Do you understand this line of Shakespeare's
