This is where we left off, right?
Okay, so
Last time we were talking about the different kinds of bacteria
And so we have archaea bacteria, which is the ancient bacteria they have the eubacteria which are the true bacteria
 
You guys remember?
what are bacteria...prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
 
That's right that so do they have a nucleus
No so because that's a pro clear that means and then what are we prokaryotes are eukaryotes?
We're eukaryotes right because we have a nucleus
So there's a difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells besides the basics all bacteria are prokaryotes
Everything else besides bacteria eukaryotes. It's pretty simple
And remember this two different kinds of bacteria the Archaea bat, you're in that you've activity
So you count excels are big compared to prokaryotes?
Here's a image of one so you can see if right here
This is that eukaryote how do I know that this is the eukaryotic cell back here?
Yeah, that's the nucleus which is known right here the nucleus of the eukaryotic than the whole for a chaotic cell
So this is huge by comparison
The eukaryotic cell has a nucleus which is a specialized what we call it organelle
So all cells have a cell membrane
That's made out of lipids
Actually in phospholipids, so it's a thin layer fats. It's about
One 10,000 the thickness of a sheet of notebook paper right so it's pretty thin
Some organisms. Have a cell which is made out of cellulose
Which you guys call you know what that's called on your nutritional label
You're reading like the back of a box of cereal or whatever what's cellulose called? Yeah, it's fiber
It's exactly right so it's non-digestible
So
All bacteria have a cell wall so all prokaryotes. Have a cell wall
Some eukaryotes have a cell wall like we don't
But plants do
some fungi do
So you may or may not have a cell wall all eukaryotes have organelles
DNA
Which is our instruction for?
this membrane has made a
phospholipid bilayer - we talked about the lysosome in here
So one of the organelles what are the functions of these organelles is that they set up specialized compartments?
This one has the DNA right this one is called the lysosome
And it's important for digestion, so how do you guys that gesture?
Okay
That's it. We're as simple as that right so what is the asset I?
Mean that's important for you to be able to digest stuff right your stomach is acidic
So what's the definition of an acid you guys know?
You will because we're gonna cover it in Chapter three, but an asset is defined as
The level of hydrogen ions in a solution
Right and we're gonna learn about that in chemistry
But you call it a very common term. How do we measure that how?
acidic something is
pH right pH
Literally comes from the French word presses hydrogen which means power of hydrogen so that's what pH
When every time you say pH didn't know that before did you power of hydrogen? That's what you're saying
so
The cells pH is between seven point two and seven point six we talked about that
This is important to maintain homeostasis, right?
Because if the pH changes in the shape of the proteins change and that will be bad, but in the lysosome this pH
What do you think that is
Yeah digest stuff right so like a white blood
Cell is cruising along and it runs into a bacteria, and it says hey bacteria
I'm gonna eat you, and it takes it puts out these false feet and it pulls in the bacteria right so
It's just invited the bacteria inside its home
To hang out there you want to watch the TV and hang out inside myself
No, it has to get rid of that thing right so it shoves it
into the lysosome
Where just like if you ate it
It would get digested and it gets chopped up into pieces and those pieces get recycled into the white blood cell
so the lysosome
Has to have a lower pH because it's more acidic to do that sort of work
But if it didn't have it if there wasn't a membrane around that could that maintain a pH of 5.0
What does the rest of the cell being?
Seven point zero seven points it so we're gonna have a specialized function
prokaryotes do not have organelles
Right so they can't they don't they're not able to do specialized functions like eukaryotic cells
The outside part of this where the organelles aren't found is called this cytoplasm
Sometimes it's called the cytosol
Plasm just like you know Ghostbusters or whatever xxx
Fries at the movie theater now, so it's just kind of ague right so cyto means cell and plasm means goo
so it's the cytoplasm is the cellular do it's
Inside your cell are dissolved like salts and sugars
You know like it's sort of the consistency of like corn syrup you guys seen cameras or or you know
Pancake syrup, that's what it is
and it's because you have all these proteins and stuff dissolved in here to do all the things that are required for life and
Solve this short for salt so saito solving cuz the stuff is in solution
Alright any questions about that
Alright so I might ask you on the test
What's what does it organelle for it?
Well that's the lysosome, but what are organelles for
They setup specialized compartments to do special reactions, or you know
Special ph's or whatever where who has already knows per character your kids or neither or both?
Yeah do prokaryotes however in else do prokaryotes have cell walls
They all do without exception what about eukaryotes?
Some day right
So plants do some fungi
We don't but we're still a eukaryote so all procare's have cell walls some eukaryotes have so much pity
So prokaryotes are small right. There's no nucleus so the DNA is just in the cytoplasm right. It's just out there
no, organelles
Right so we're gonna. We're gonna cover all the organelles when we get to chapter six
Which is toward the cell but for right now? I just want you to know the basics
Chapter one is just kind of an overview to let you know what you're getting yourself into so you can veil before the drop date
But it basically, that's a it's a it's an overview of what we're gonna go over so without getting into too much detail
I'm just gonna give you the basics
We'll go into all this stuff in great detail on each of the chapters, and that's a good question
There's lots of different organelles, and there are lots of specialties that they functions that each one of those perform
We'll talk about every single one of those when we get into chapter 6
All right, so all
Prokaryotic cells I put almost because there's always an exception to the rule right if I stood up and said there's no
Prokaryote that doesn't have a cell wall. You know and somebody discovered it, and you guys would be like that dr.
Remillard such a liar right
So there's this is science. We're talking about millions of millions of different species so
Anytime I say something there's always an exception right well. There's probably gonna be an exception so but
Without committing myself I can safely say that we don't know of any
Prokaryotes that don't have a cell currently
but regardless of what their size are
The cell is the smallest unit that can perform all of the things that we define
Is required for life you guys remember where those are?
Homeostasis, what's that mean?
Right maintaining a relatively constant internal environment what else growth reproduction
Order
Right so make sure you guys know those because I can easily ask you that on at a stop
You're gonna have to pick it up out of a lineup because it's it's a multiple-choice test
But as long as you can identify then you're good to go cuz it's important that we be able to define life
Right so some you carrots have cell walls others. Don't then usually they're
Defined by what Kingdom they're in and we're gonna talk about
taxonomy in a second alright, so
But all of our information our heritable information is found in DNA right DNA is an instruction book
It's found in the nucleus it doesn't do anything
It's like a cookbook your cookbook doesn't make you dinner right you have to read and use the cookbook and follow the recipe right
Believe it or not even though you have all this information and all these instruction books you are proteins
That's what makes you what you are
It's not the DNA
It's the proteins
And so the DNA is just the recipe book
The instructions for all life is encoded in DNA, but DNA does not
Perform any function
The area the DNA is composed of four letters
We use letters for the English alphabet right how many letters do we have in the alphabet?
And so you can really make 46 words
How do we make different words different?
Combinations right assume they here so to a cell
I mean you might not be able to read this right this may be read to you or a
Very well be Egyptian hieroglyphics, but it means something to the sound right the song can read this
Me
Hair color party all right make
hemoglobin that's gonna carry oxygen so
So it's the order of these letters
That makes everyone so that's the instruction set it's no different than they
What's the same except it's four letters in
27:26
the
Sentences or paragraphs or whatever you want to call them. We call those genes right it's the defined area that that
Codes for a specific protein so you guys have lots of different genes we know of at least
30,000 different genes in the human body Yuma Gino that make you what you are so you have genes that code for
the you know connective tissue in your skin collagen
fiber nekton you have genes that code for
the color the pigments that are put in your eye, we know of three different genes that code for
Human skin color right so the more of those genes you have guess what?
the darker your skin is
There are genes. You know for everything every proteins
It's made right we I told you guys that you eat food, and you breathe air and that turned into ATP
There's a series of genes that their job is solely to
Convert the food energy
into that chemical energy of ATP
So that's what a gene is and you pass on your genes to your offspring
Sometimes those genes are broken so we call that mutation a sense
So this is a DNA molecule. It's a double helix
That means it has it's like a ladder, and it has two
Sides of it, and then between it has rungs those rungs or the letters
So this one here is an a what's on the other side
This one's a see what's over here
Yeah, so you can always a safely assume that that's what it is
This is what we call a space-filling model so each of these show that atoms and their
Electrical orbitals their electron orbitals, so this if you could shrink yourself down. This is what it would look like to you
the size of an atom
This is what you're dealing
And like I said, it's the order that the building blocks
We call nucleotides so those a z' and GS and C's and T's are called nucleotides when we get to chapter five
I'll show you exactly what makes it nucleotides, but for right now. Just remember. It's the building blocks the letters and DNA
So all living things use the same
Genetic code, and I think I showed you guys the glofish and all that other stuff
So you know that we can take one gene from any organism and put it in any other organism?
And it reads it just like if it was its own
That it's like if everyone on earth used the exact same language we can all communicate with each other no problem, right
You know if I went to Greece. I wouldn't have to worry about someone speaking English to me because I know that they would
That's how it is in biology
So we can take jeans you know from jellyfish and stick it into
Zebrafish and make them glow
You know we we talked about knocking out genes the myostatin gene in here
So you know we can take a gene that makes human insulin and put it in a bacteria and
You know people can take that
insulin
So we can add genes you know probably you guys heard of genetically modified crops and genetically modified organisms, so those are
Plants that have genes from you know bacteria that make them resistant to in certain insects
or you know that are resistant to Roundup, which you guys know you can spray on your weeds and
So we can had jeans to things that we can also take jeans away
So there's a gene called myostatin
And and higher-level organisms that use muscular system a skeletal muscular system they
Your muscle requires a lot more energy to maintain than say not having muscle so
This gene controls whether or not muscle is being maintained, right?
myostatin job is to
Inhibit muscle growth so the standard state is that you don't have muscles right you just have enough
That you need to exist if the genes mutated, then there's nothing to suppress muscle worth
So if we took my oerstadt in the way
You end up with
Cows right so here's a cow that
This particular cow doesn't have the myostatin gene, so it's muscle growth is unchecked
Here's a dog
So this has a myostatin gene mutation
Here's a
Here's a mouse
So this is a normal Mouse. This is one that has a mutation. These are actually
from the same mother
in the same litter
This one has got that gene knocked out. This mouse didn't worked out or anything like that okay?
You know what its name is it's the first myostatin defective mouse what they called it
They did this is what their muscles look like
So this is a standard Mouse. This is the one that's defective in my staff
So not only can we had genes in two organisms, but we can take them out as well
So that so a lot of those are just I mean it's the internet right so anybody can post whatever they want
There's only one documented case of a human. That's ever had this defect. It's a child that lives in Germany
they're a
You know this was a about three years ago
So I haven't guessing they're about six now so but you can believe that people are watching this to try to figure out
if there's any sort of
Side effects from having this mutation
So as far as we know that it doesn't have any effect
Right I mean you know
steaks are made out of muscle so
You know it's to the benefit of the farmers or whatever to have cows that have a lot of steak on it, right
It's to the benefit of the farmer to have
Corn crops that are resistant to corn bores
And and we can also add genes do you guys know the 3 million children every year go blind because of a vitamin A deficiency
worldwide
Vitamin A right we take it for granted here, but in third-world countries. They don't have it so
Scientists decided to take genes that synthesize vitamin A and put it into the most common
Grain crop that there is you know that is?
rice
So the that's called golden rice because it has a yellow color because it has vitamin A
But that has five different genes that synthesize vitamin
A
So you know could do good right a lot of people are afraid of it
but regardless
Because everyone uses the same code bacteria people
Zebrafish mice we can transfer genes from one organism to another pretty readily
So the diversity of life is generated by different levels
Of gene expression right if the genes turned on or off when we talked about that
You guys know that?
Well you all came from a single fertilized egg and all the cells that came from that has the exact same DNA
And the reason that your brain cells different than your hearts out is because the genes are expressed differently
What came first that you can?
Yeah, so
Alright so
One thing that we're gonna talk about it here is the human genome so that?
Do you guys know what a genome is it's on your crossword puzzle?
So a genome is a complete genetic
instruction set for an organism the human genome contains
3 point 1 5 billion letters
days, and G's and C's and T's and various borders
Yeah, so it's a yeah who was your biology tax. That would be about the size of a 25 to 30 story building
so that's a massive amount of information that fits inside every single cell in the nucleus and
So the first human genome project cost the federal government twelve billion dollars to sequence the first human
15 years ago today, you can have everyone in here could have their genome sequence for $10,000
How many people have the $10,000 to see what's there Gina
Not a lot will be the advantage of sequencing your genome
Well they don't sequence the genome because it would be really expensive, but they do do specific to genetic tests
Sir so yeah, so you could find out you know if you were predisposed to
breast-cancer right because you probably know that as a breast cancer gene or prostate cancer or
You know, but what's really cool about this is that?
You know let's say that you
Let's say that you were depressed and you went to the doctor and you asked for you know
Antidepressant
Doesn't really know what's going to work on you so now all of a sudden you become a human guinea pig, right?
They write you a prescription and you take it it takes a while for it to build up in your system
So you could take it for a month right and then find out it doesn't work so then what do they do?
Let's try another one right and that doesn't work, and then what do you do?
By then you're really extra depressed because you can't find anything that actually helps with your depression, so you know that's pretty lame
but you know if you the doctor had your
Genome they would know exactly what worked on you
Not only that but like let's say that you had a
Coronary artery that was
You guys know what they do generally about that
Right so they put in a catheter or stent and then so basically it's a metal sheet sometimes
It's plastic well regardless of what it's made out of its job is to simply open up that artery
But your body doesn't like foreign objects in it, so what does it want to do when you have that thing insert?
Right it wants to grow scar tissue on it, which will cause it to close back up
So do you know they do to prevent that?
Yeah, they use blood thinners like warfarin
Yeah, so the just blood yeah, that's exactly right. It's a it's a rat poison at a small dose
It's small enough that it doesn't kill you, but it will thin your blood
It only comes at two doses
Do you think that there's only two kinds of people that would take two you know two different doses of this?
Medication what happens if you get too much of it?
Right you could trip and fall didn't bleed to death right. What if you don't good enough?
Yeah, so your your coronary arteries could close back up right, and then you're you just paid to your cardiologist
$80,000 for no reason
further five-hour
operation
So what do you do you how would you know?
Some people's bodies breakdown drugs faster than others right we have different enzymes that do that. So how would you know?
How much to give somebody?
You I mean, but you know you wouldn't know exactly what makes you different than me without looking at
Where you could know from DNA right
Because the DNA is the master set of instructions that make the enzymes
so if you have your whole genome, then you could tell
You know you could go to the doctor
and they could tell exactly how much of a medication that you need and
Now the sudden medicines changed because when you guys go to the pharmacy
The doctor writes you prescription, and they give you us a pill right the pharmacist basically
Opens up a bottle and dispenses out you know 30 tablets of you know whatever milligram it is
But at some point everyone's going to have their own DNA sequence
You know it's gonna get cheap enough where we can do that and then
if
Telemedicine becomes what we call personalized it's gonna be tailored to you, so you're gonna go to your doctor
You're gonna show them what your DNA looks like and he's going to know how fast you breakdown this drug
And then they're gonna prescribe a specific amount it's not gonna be ten milligrams
It's gonna be eleven point two and then the pharmacist is gonna actually have to make it up
Right there. It's not gonna be where you just you know open bottles and dispense things
It's every person. That's gonna have medicine custom-tailored event
Because we're all unique because we're all of our
But other things could happen to you right what if what if the insurance company finds out that you're predisposed to you
You know heart disease or whatever?
What about employers what if you were you know?
What if you are getting hired onto a company all these companies have to pay health insurance premiums, right?
Would they discriminate against you if they knew that you were gonna?
You had a 90% chance of having a cardiovascular event in the next ten years
Sure they've got a stack of resumes and they look it up and they go oh
We'll just move that guy at the bottom of the pile, right
so you know legally it may not happen but
You know one of the I mean this is gonna happen
It's you will probably see it in our lifetimes, and then we're gonna have to deal with the whole mess of other
Things that go along with it
all right, so
Reductionism versus holism, I'm not going to talk too much about this, but there's basically two things in biology
Reductionist
Basically, there's someone that says I can understand
How organism works by?
studying all of its parts and
a whole list would say no you can't
Because you have to look at the whole organism and see how it interacts with this environment
Okay, so basically a you could equate it to
Having a parts list for a Boeing
747 I think there's you know a hundred thousand parts that go into that plane
If you if I gave you the parts list list would you know how the plane flew does that tell you how the plane flies?
No, but it's a good start right so same thing here
You know just because we know the parts list of a human or a frog or whatever doesn't mean that we know how?
It thinks for how it functions so in
This class our job is to look at the parts and then later on when you take other
Classes you'll get to look at how those organisms interact with the environment
And so we're gonna be reductionist for a semester
Any questions so far
All right, so I'm gonna skip this slide because that's just what I said all right
We're open systems, so organisms are open systems, and that's important. We're gonna. Talk more about this when we talk about energy utilization
But you know that you're an open system all right. I mean, where do you get your energy from if you make it yourself?
If I put you in a box, would you survive?
Why not?
You need food and water. Where do you get that from?
External sources so you're an open system. Where do we get our energy ultimately from?
The Sun right the Sun if the Sun burned out plants would have be able to photosynthesize
They wouldn't be able to make carbohydrates, and we wouldn't be able to function
because we rely on them for an energy so
sunlight is the ultimate energy source and
You know what we do to our environment affects the way that we can process this energy
So we talk about the ecosystem how we interact with our environment
Basically we have sunlight that produces energy or the producers convert that energy
Plants are producers. They produce sugars carbohydrates
As a biologist I would argue that that's not true
Carbohydrate is not a word for sugar. It's actually you guys know what the word for sure's for carbohydrates is
It's amylose right I don't know where carbs came into the factor, but all sugars in the know se right
What's the I mean you guys know this what's fructose?
it's the stuff that you're not they're not supposed to put in your
Food and what's a table sugar?
So it's sucrose which is
glucose
It's a disaccharide and then lactose in milk right fructose is
fruits
and so on and so forth so all sugars and then
OSE except carbohydrate does that in Tennessee
Yes, sir so the correct term for carbohydrate is amylose, but you go and ask somebody
Hey, are you on that that low amylose diet and they're like what?
So
Plants do photosynthesis. They produce amylose, which you call carbohydrates, and I'll allow that since you used to it
Some of that energy has lost its heat, but the main goal is to convert that energy into the energy of chemical bonds, so
This energy conversion is really important. We call it metabolism
There's two kinds of energy. There's kinetic energy and potential energy, so
Kinetic comes from the Greek word kinetic Coast which means moving so kinetic energy is energy in motion
Potential energy is energy. That's stored for later use
That makes sense right potential so what kind of energy do you think sunlight is kinetic or potential?
Kinetic why?
Because it. It's in the form the form of light right and it comes from the Sun so it had to move from the Sun
To here so it's an energy of motion what about heat energy? What kind of energy is that?
Potential or kinetic
The answer is Connecticut kinetic
Yeah, not the state
I've been teaching all day
Sokak so he is the energy and molecules moving
And we'll talk about what heat is later in Chapter three we talk about water
What about the energy and
Chemical bonds like the energy and say gasoline. What kind of introduces that kinetic or potential?
Its potential right what about the energy and?
The your food like your carbohydrates or your fats or your proteins
It's all potential right so chemical energy is potential energy and so basically what plants do is they convert?
kinetic energy into
Potential energy so that it can be stored and used Li
Which is pretty cool right because heat energy is just energy. That's all Kristin can't be stolen
kinetic energies
Any questions about that so far
All right, so the next thing we're going to talk about is taxonomy
Taxonomy is basically a way of naming and classifying organisms
Into groups based on how they're related or how they appear to want to relate it to one another so
the taxonomic system
categorizes living systems that was developed by Carolyn literraly Linnaeus
In the 1700s and basically it groups things into
broad
Groups and then if they become more specific so the broadest groups are the kingdoms, there's five kingdoms
Your book actually talks about a six or a seven kingdom system, but actually that's it
It puts things in domains
So the five kingdom system is the Monera?
Include all the prokaryotes, so what are those what are all the prokaryotes called
Bacteria right so the Linares are the bacteria
And we'll do a lab where you guys will grow
bacteria off of different body parts and stuff
I'm probably gonna have my lab do that this week and switch the chemistry you guys that did the lab today?
Did you view the chemistry lab?
Did you have any idea what you're doing?
So that's why I want to switch you
Because we haven't even got to that unit yet, so basically it's just putting a bunch of sticks and balls together
Doesn't make any sense to do
I'm the instructor for what anyone, so it's not my fault that the lab schedule is the way it is
he's the one that made it I
I'm gonna switch it for my class
anyway, so
The kingdom own era then we have the protists and you guys are gonna look at the protists
They're actually single-celled eukaryotes, so they're not bacteria
and then
The next one is the plants so that's a kingdom Plantae and then
Fungus right mushrooms and things like that that's in the kingdom fungi and then the fifth one is
The kingdom that we're in do you guys know what that cut is called
animals
So and then it gets more specific, so I'll I'll show you guys what this is
But you'll definitely need to know this you'll need to memorize this when I was in high school
I would learned that this King fill came over for good spaghetti, and then whenever I took this at University of Texas my biology teacher
Made it less
PG and more R and never became spaghetti became sex it's a
But how do you remember it it doesn't matter as long as you remember
That's the order that it comes in because I guarantee you that you'll see a test question. That's going to ask you
What are the groupings from most general to most specific and so you'll need to be able to at least pick it up
You know pick it out of a line
So I'll write
Monera this is the back
These are single so Terios
So these have a nucleus Pervis have a do do they have a organelles
So all eukaryotes that organelles right you my favorite have organelles right, so these are the kind of questions
Oh
Or the next
So
Generally they have specialized sense organs like eyes and ears things like that
And generally, they're they're able to move where plants are we call this
I'll give you guys a list of the difference
characteristics each of these have so they
Like you know one of the questions that my hash gonna test is you went to Europa we talked about that right?
Then you found an organism that had these certain characteristics. How would you classify it?
So you have to use what you know?
To put it into one of the kingdoms
Was there a question over here
Yeah, so this is just kingdoms
Yeah, those are the five kingdoms some books have six kingdoms. I've seen books that have nine kingdoms. I
Figure five is enough to for you guys to know so you don't have to get any more complicated than that
And then just make sure you know this is the water because I will ask you this promise
all right, so here are some examples from the
Animal kingdom so all of these are in which kingdom?
Animalia good, and so that means that they have specialized sense organs
And they can move and stuff like that so we look at humans chimpanzees house cats Lions and house flies
So they're all in the kingdom Animalia right the phylum humans chimpanzees
House cats and lions are all in the phylum chordate, which basically means that they have a spinal cord
housefly
Has no back
In fact when I first went to ASU to graduate school
They wanted me to work on fruit flies, and I told them I will not work on anything that does not have a vertebrate
And so I ended up working on heels instead which really wasn't my second choice, but
Sometimes you gotta take that thank you
so
These have spinal cords. This is arthropod. It does not class
These are the classes mammal you guys know what mammals are right. They have fur
Generally unless it's that weird platypus thing they give live birth. You know
They use mammary glands to produce milk to nurse their young
This is a in the class Insecta or insect
Order primates, so we're both chimpanzees and humans are primates house cats and lions are in a different order
They're carnivores that because they're carnivorous
This is died after
This just means that it has
two pairs of wings one as
Vestigial so it's not you so that's why it's in that die die means
Anyway you don't have to know all this stuff the reason I'm showing you this is that you can see
How things are related? How we use the classification system to?
Describe things that are related to each other so humans chimpanzees they vary here in their family
But house cats and lions. They're in the same family in fact. They're in the same genus
We're not so what do you think's more cultivated?
Humans and chimpanzees or Alliance and housemates, and you'd be right
And then here's this BC so our genus is homo species is sapien most everybody knows that
So our scientific name is homo sapiens
this is written as a specific way the
First letter of the genus is always capitalized the first letter of the species is always lowercase and then it's always either
underlined or in italics
That's the rule
Yeah a bilious and
Yeah
Homo erectus, and yeah, there's lots of different
species that sciencism classified
Know so it's a it's different. That's unique it has certain unique prop
Properties that allow it to have as its own species classification
General biologists refer to as a species is something that
Can a population that can interbreed and produce viable offspring?
So like a lion and a tiger
Those are two different species because if they breed what do they make a liger, but then they're sterile so they can't produce offspring?
So that's why they're considered unique species
Same thing was like a dog unit
Right so yeah, so I mean
If you look at evolution you know there's there's variation in skull shape
But we're you know could Homo erectus breed with Homo sapiens
We'll never know because they never lived at the same time right we know that Neanderthals bred with
Homo sapiens because you guys have like you know we'll depending on where you're from but somewhere between two and five percent of
Neanderthal DNA
Which is classified into different species so in a scientific sense?
They should have be a different species right because they can hinter breed with homo sapiens and produce viable offspring by definition
They're the same species so we don't know if it's a unique species by
Definition you know it's there's a very gray area
between naming
species and being accurate with that that make sense
Well, that's fine. No I mean that's a valid question, and I welcome you guys to ask these kind of questions
I mean this class is not just here to you know
I mean we can make it where I just Drudge through all the slides and you have to learn all this talk or whatever
But that to me would make a very lame class
So you know I want you guys to ask questions if you're interested some of this stuff I find fascinating
That's why I chose to do it as a job
So
anyway
And so that you can see all these capitalized in italicized
So I'm from Texas, and this is my favorite animal the nine banded armadillo
I'm just kidding. It's the liger
So I just want to go through you know what these scientific names you guys see
And by the way why do you think why do you need to know taxonomy who cares right and?
The answer is I was in Singapore when SARS the SARS outbreak occurred
Do you what is the first thing that you think that we wanted to do with the SARS virus?
Yeah, sorry you guys are gonna. Die you know where the scientists are just gonna. Lead you
Well we got yeah, so we want to get a sample, but why would we want to sample it?
Yeah, so we wanted to compare two different viruses
So we sent the sample to a guy named Joe to reseat UCSF who had a chip called the pathogen chip
He had all the known viruses and bacteria on this chip
And he could tell by the way that it entered whether way that the DNA matched
We talked about YZ and G's
Our eyes and T's and G's and C's matching so you can use DNA and match it by letter by letter like that
So the chip lit up as a corona virus, but why would we want to do that?
Why why would we want to find out? What its most closely related?
Right so it's the same thing right if there's a new
Bacteria that was like a flesh-eating bacteria
You'd want to find out what kind of bacteria that was so you'd know what kind of antibiotics work against that bacteria, right?
certain antibiotics work against
Streptococcus vs.
And Shiraishi coli and so on and so verse is anthrax
so you know you want to know because you can bet that if you have to
Streptococcus they're probably gonna they're probably gonna be susceptible to the same kind of antibiotic because they're closely related that makes sense
so that's why taxonomy is incredibly important in the medical field you want to be able to classify stuff so that you know how to
Deal with it
That makes sense area
All right, so back to my favorite animal
This is what all of these things mean the words may sound weird, but they're actually creaking laughs like I told you so
kingdom, Animalia
It's an animal right not a plant or a fungus or single-celled organism Chordata. What does that mean?
And as a spinal cord, right?
It's a mammal
That's its class
Have hair given
Supporters and author because that has a bone on a special like not on its vertebrate that no other
Vertebrate has so that's where that comes from and then the family is Daisy Poe today, which is comes from the Greek word
Which means turtle rabbit?
Genus is days of us basically from the same thing right and then novum you know that means
No
nine sync this is
Band so these are puss and ovum sync this literally means
nine-banded
turtle rabbit
Kind of looks like that right
Same thing with humans right why are we called Homo sapiens?
Because holiday is for the Greek word that means human or first versus I'm sorry the Latin
Versus the Greek which means self and then sapien means why so basically it literally means like the first
wise
being
Pretty pretty egocentric isn't it?
So your book talks about the seek sixth kingdom system that we have that you in the archaea bacteria
they make this as a
its own Kingdom where its own domain, but I told you guys we just pull up all the bacteria together and
On air so that's the only variation from your book
Any questions about that
So how do we classify things well we classify them basically?
Do they move or not so if they move we call modal if they don't move we say they're sessile
Are they multicellular are unicellular right so what are you?
multi-site
Are they prokaryotic you care and you guys I think you know what that means?
Do they form colonies are they audit row so Auto means self and trophy food producing so an autotroph?
Is something that produces its own food? Do you produce your own food? I?
Mean you might in your kitchen, but you're not really like good
You're not it's not like you lay out in the Sun of Gov them. I'm full. I'm gonna go again
You know that's what a plant does so an autotroph would be a plant right where fungus they can't do that
So they would be a heterotroph they
Digest feed on the debris of other organisms. They're basically scavengers and
we kind of are -
you know we sneak up on plants and
Take it
while they're not looking
so we're heterotrophs -
So here's characteristics of the different kingdoms the monera
They're unicellular, and they're prokaryotic alright, so if I said we went to Europa and we found that
Unicellular prokaryote, what would you classify them?
whenever
Examples are bacteria and blue-green algae, which they're not really algae. They're actually bacteria. They're called cyanobacteria
They called them scientists originally called them algae because they didn't know of any bacteria they could do photosynthesis
That's why they got their
designation
Tomato tomahto that son of your British or not they spell things weird to you like color gray
Right
Yeah, like I said, I'm gonna. I'm gonna ask you questions like you know I'll give you a perfect example
I might ask you on the test like you you went to Europa and you found an organism that is an autotroph
That's multicellular and sessile what Kingdom would you put it in?
Then the answer is
plants
Right or you know it was
multicellular and
Moved and it had specialized sense organs what Kingdom, would you put it in?
And I'm alien right so things like that you can expect on the test
so protists
mostly unicellular
Eukaryotic summer colonial but not most of them
fungi are multicellular
eukaryotes they're heterotrophs and
Generally they don't move around although. There are some exceptions like slime molds can move
Plants
Generally you don't see plants walking around right, so what are they modal or Cecily?
Yeah, then multicellular unicellular
And they have cell walls made out of cellulose and then animals are heterotrophs
Usually they can move and they have special I said since we're going to take like lions and tigers and bears
Any questions about taxonomy
Alright so that like part of the study guide that I put on. There is to kind of help you with the taxonomy part
So there's some practice problems and some questions on there that you can answer
Alright, so we're gonna move on to the next thing which is the scientific method or scientific process you guys probably have done this all
The time let's say you went home right now, and you turn on the light switch what and nothing happened
What would you do sit in the dark?
cry
Right I mean it could be a lot of stuff right so you're gonna start asking questions and the question you're gonna
Ask is well huh why doesn't my light work, right?
You've already started down the path of the scientific method just by asking that question and then the next thing that follows the question is
You're gonna form a hypothesis
Which is an educated guess if you didn't know how a light bulb work could you guess that it's the electricity?
That's not running to it
No, I mean same thing with a flashlight right I know that a flashlight is made of works with batteries
And a bulb
But if I gave a flashlight to someone who lived in the Amazon and never saw humans before
You think they could form a hypothesis to fix the flashlight?
No
So that's why it's an educated guess you have to know something about how things work in order to make
to
form possible
causes of the situation right so
Let's say you you could say well
maybe my lightbulb burned down right or maybe I didn't pay my electric bill right so you're gonna go and
Make experiments right one of the experiments would be if you didn't think if you thought it was a light bulb would be
Go get another ball right put it in there and see if that works
That's a hypothesis, and you've just performed an experiment to test it what if it doesn't come on
You're gonna form another hypothesis right yeah, maybe
Yeah, or it could be as simple as it just got unplugged right?
So you know you're gonna run through these things and you're gonna keep testing it you're gonna keep running experiments
You're gonna form new hypotheses, and you're gonna test those
Until you figure out what's wrong right? That's how we solve problems and science and
We have to do controls
So let's just say let's take something simple like a flashlight, right
Batteries the light bulb and there's a switch on there something you know that turns it on up, but it's a pretty simple
piece of equipment so
Let's say that the flashlight didn't work you want to know why it doesn't work right so
Let's say that your hypothesis was the batteries didn't work, so you go, and you get batteries and you put it in there
Well, how do you know?
that those batteries aren't bad -
So in
Science that's important right we call that a positive control
So you would need something that you knew that those batteries worked in like a test meter or another flashlight?
to say for sure
That those batteries function properly, otherwise you wouldn't know
So controls are important
You could also just switch out the bulb and the batteries all at the same time
But what would that tell you you might have fixed it, but did you did you saw the problem?
so in science we want to know what the problem is not just to fix it but
To find out what's wrong with this so that in the future? We kind of know?
What pathway to head then all right? So that's the scientific method and
You know that's why I gave you guys that cricket assignment, which some of you have already done in canvas, so
If you don't know what I'm talking about
I'll show you in a second after we finish this chapter, but there's a extra credit assignment
That's worth 10 points on your first test to do the scientific method using the crickets
I think I went over it on the first day of
It's blinking at me
There's nothing I can do about it until it stops doing that and I don't know why it's doing that like
I've taught in this room for
10 years and this has never happened to me before
so
Maybe it's you know a poltergeist or something
You can tweak it so that's one of the limitations of that is you can only we can only test
Things that can be measured right. I can't measure even though you see people running around doing this you know
Ghostbusters or whatever shows like you know the equipment starts going crazy
And you it's funny because I watch some of that because I you know my wife believes and all that you know
Long Island medium crap and stuff, but you know I watch these shows and she's like look
It's a look at that thing is it must be a ghost and I'm like they're standing right next to an electrical outlet
That's what's causing the electromagnetic interference. It's not that there's a ghost you know
so it's
Yeah, right
Sorry, there's a there's a draft
Anyway sorry to be a skeptic you
Never know you know it is science, so I could be proven wrong you know some goats could walk out a wall right now
Let's say hey Louis guess what you're wrong, and I'd be like okay. I'm a scientist. I have to accept that
So scientific method is basically. You know you define the problem flashlight doesn't work ask a question
Why doesn't the flashlight work you have to know how a flashlight works right and?
We're gonna solve this and then you form a hypothesis educating yes batteries
You're dead right and when you guys do the lab you're gonna do this for every single lab
Okay, so you have to form a hypothesis, and then test it cuz that's what science is like
so we replace the batteries we're testing the hypothesis and
Something's gonna happen right either. It's gonna work, or doesn't if it works you're gonna
Be like aha was the batteries if it doesn't work gonna be like aha wasn't the batteries so let's try something else
Controls are important right we have to control all the other variables when you do the cricket assignment, right?
It it talks about you know crickets chirp faster under certain conditions well
You know if you're trying to find out if it's temperature or light. Can you change the temperature in light at the same time?
So you have to keep everything else constant and just vary one thing
Sometimes that's hard to do especially when you're doing like Studies on humans because they tend to do whatever they want
And you can't control like you can't lab animals
Variables are things that you very right temperature lie humidity
Whatever and then there's certain groups
So there's groups that get experimented on and groups that are
Not experiment on you probably heard of this like you know if I was doing a clinical trial and testing a new drug for
You know heart disease or something like that?
I would give one group the drug and the other group would get a placebo which basically is a
Sugar pill because there's a real effect believe it or not. There's a psychological effect that can cause people to feel better
Even though
The placebo effect
Yeah, I mean, it's a real effect, so you have to you have to do that sort of experiment to see
Alright so remember
We can only test things that can be measured right so there may be a 14th dimension
But if you can't measure it then you can't really do scientific testing on it
You know there could have been Martians sending signals for Mars. You know in the 1700s and no way we would ever know
Because we didn't have equipment that could measure radio waves
Back then maybe they'll develop some equipment that can see into the 14th dimension where the ghosts are that the Long Island medium can see
but I can't test that because there's no equipment that exists that can measure them so that's
Science is limited to what we can do it has to be something that we can measure and then
scientists you know
Have to be able to critique each other's work
So that's why we publish stuff in scientific journals your textbook believe it or not
No, it's no one scrutinize that thing so they could write whatever they want in it
But a journal it would have to be peer-reviewed and then published
So here's the cricket assignment, I'm not sure if this link works or not, but I know it's in
canvas
I
Think I just locked up the computer. Oh I can't turn it on
So there's a link in this in canvas, and it's under assignments to you
So you just click on this and then enter your name
And then do the tutorial in the cricut experiment at the end you'll get an award
And you can either submit that on canvas or you can bring it in with you, and I'll give you Tim
extra credit points on your first exam
Which I think is scheduled for October 2nd?
All right any questions about chapter 1
On to chapter 2
Okay, so I've
That's blinking I can't turn it on you guys will have to use the other screen at least we have two of them
so
Anyway, this chapter is basically chemistry in order to understand biology
you have to understand chemistry because we are basically the the reason that we can exist is because of chemical reactions, so
You need to know some basic chemistry
The first thing that's basic is that organisms are composed of matter to matter something that that has mass and takes up space
An element is a substance that can't be broken down any further
By a chemical reaction and so
There's the periodic table of the elements which is over here, and so those are examples of things that are true elements
There's 92 naturally occurring elements a lot of periodic tables
Sodium's chemical simplest na
The periodic table is important because it tells you
The properties of each of the elements so the number above that red number
-
You can make diamonds too, but you know it's not economically worth producing diamonds
Alright so any questions about elements
Alright so first two letters of the name, but sometimes it's from landing
The compound is taking two of the elements and putting it in together
So you guys are probably used to one of the common elements which is sodium chloride right so it's na
CL. That's two elements stuck together, right
sodium
Is a metal?
Right, it's a if you took sodium metal and put it in water. It would it blows up
Then chlorine is a deadly gas
So you take an explosive metal in a deadly gas, and you stick them together, and what do you get?
Deliciousness right so I mean that make any sense
The point is is that when you when you?
Add things together you change their shape you change their chemical and physical properties
completely
No one would have ever thought of an explosive metal and a deadly gas put together would be so tasty, but it is
Life requires about 25
Chemical elements, so like I said we're generally going to be dealing with the chemical elements that are up higher on the periodic table
For those elements are the most abundant
96% of living things or carbon oxygen hydrogen and nitrogen and then the rest the 4% is generally
phosphorus sulfur calcium and potassium
Well, I'll talk about my label
any questions
All right, time's up, so I'll see you guys on Thursday
