If you ask the internet 'when was
electricity discovered' you'll quickly
find out that Google doesn't know
everything. This one says that Benjamin
Franklin discovered it. This one says it
was the ancient Greeks. This one is
actually probably closer to the truth.
But the Greeks learned a lot from the
Egyptians and they didn't always give
credit where it was due. The Egyptians
certainly knew about electricity as a
basic concept. The electric catfish of
the Nile was well known to ancient
Egyptians, and they knew enough about
electricity to use animals like this to
treat people with epilepsy and to
provide temporary pain relief. But we're
gonna take this one step further. There
are some unexplained features in the
Great Pyramid and some have suggested
that it may have produced electricity.
Specifically, it's been proposed that the
pyramid may have served as a Lord
Kelvins Thunderstorm device. Tn today's
video, we'll dive into those unexplained
features and we'll detail exactly how a
Lord Kelvin Thunderstorm device works.
So after a bunch of research on Egypt's
Old Kingdom, I was quizzed by
Professor of Egyptology at Harvard Peter Der
Manuelian who eventually said, "You're now
an Egyptologist, or at least a Giza
expert". "Thanks man."
So now we're ready to tackle this.
The pyramids are closed because of the
pandemic!? Change of plans:
Instead of this version of Indiana Jones,
you're gonna get something closer to
this one. I know. I'm disappointed too. But
hey... no snakes! So let's crack open the
Great Pyramid of Giza and take a look at
these unexplained features. What
immediately stands out to me is the
Grand Gallery. Its purpose isn't clear. If
you look inside of it, you'll see a long,
tall, inclined room. And there are these
ledges on either side of the walkway. We
also see alternating short and long
slots on those ledges. There's a groove
cut into the walls which span the entire
space. At the top of the Grand Gallery
there's an opening which connects to a
space over the King's Chamber. More
spaces were discovered over it via
dynamite archaeology. When the second
relieving chamber was opened,
they found a fine black powder evenly
spread on the floor. The powder was later
identified as insect carcasses. These
spaces have long been called 'relieving
chambers' as it's believed that they
relieve the pressure over the King's
Chamber. But notice that the Queen's
Chamber is farther down in the pyramid,
and you would think that the pressure
would be even greater there. And yet the
Queen's Chamber has no such relieving
chambers. There are also these shafts.
These are completely unique to the Great
Pyramid. In all of the time that we've
spent studying ancient Egypt, we've found no
analogue for them. Here's what we do know:
The King's Chamber shafts extend all the
way to the outside,
whereas the Queen's Chamber shafts don't.
The Queen's Chamber shafts are blocked
by these blocking stones. Another curious
feature about these blocking stones are
these copper pins. We have no idea what
their purpose is. Unlike the yellow
limestone which makes up the bulk of the
pyramid, white limestone was used for the
slabs and the surrounding area. The only
other place that we've seen white
limestone used on the pyramid are the
casing stones. Few casing stones survive
today. Many of which were taken for use
on buildings elsewhere. The mainstream
ideas about the shafts don't make a lot
of sense. Regarding the constellation
aligmment
theory, the shafts don't point to
certain stars, as once believed. Also you
have to ask yourself why the pathway to
the stars would be needed in the first
place. The Egyptians believed the soul
isn't blocked by physical objects, so
this doesn't seem very likely. Also with
the airshaft theory, other pyramids don't
have air shafts. So why would they be
needed here if they weren't needed
before or after this pyramid? Likewise
the blocking stones have been attributed
to a symbolic doorway for the spirit to
cross to the afterlife. While it is true
that the Egyptians did put false doors
on tombs to allow the spirit to receive
offerings, they don't resemble what we
see in the Great Pyramid. Also structures
with false doors don't hide them in
shafts. Further, false doors are almost
always located on western walls. These
shafts are oriented North and South. They
almost certainly are not false doors.
Another oddity is the subterranean
chamber. Why would the builders go
through such great lengths to make a
chamber and yet leave it unfinished? Now
that you know the basics of the internal
anomalies of the pyramid, let's take a
look at an electrical generator that the
ancient Egyptians may have known about.
This simple device has no moving parts,
just falling water. Just because it's
simple doesn't mean it's not impressive
though. This little device can generate
thousands of volts of electricity. Here's
what's going on. We have a reservoir
containing water. We have two streams
which pass through two cylinders. The
streams naturally break up into droplets
at some point, and we've positioned the
cylinders at that transition point. The
droplets then collect into buckets.
Because the buckets are insulated from
each other, there's always going to be a
small initial difference in charge
between them. In our example, the right
bucket is slightly negatively charged
compared to the other one. The right
bucket is connected to the cylinder on
the opposite stream, making it slightly
negative as well. The charge on the left
cylinder will attract positive ions from
the water. The water droplets from
that left-hand stream carry that
positive charge along with it. And those
drops fall into the bucket, giving the
bucket a slight positive charge. Now the
right cylinder is positively charged and
it similarly attracts the negative ions.
It exponentially accumulates voltage
with every drop.
And the result is a substantial
electrical discharge. Today we refer to
this device as Lord Kelvin's Thunderstorm.
The ancient Egyptians had access to
water, metal, and stone: All of the
materials needed to make this work. Let's
see if we can map the functionality of
our sparking device into the Great
Pyramid, and we'll see if those anomalous
features make more sense. Let's start at
the Grand Gallery. To get ideal results
we'll want wide streams. Which means that
the space needs to be fairly tall. The
larger diameter streams, the more voltage
that we can create. Just like in our
experiment earlier, we'll want to
insulate the buckets from the wet floor,
otherwise the voltage will leak. This may
explain the ledges on either side of the
Grand Gallery. The room and the ledges
are both sloped, so you'll need some way
of keeping the buckets from tipping over.
How about we use platforms to create a
horizontal ledge for them? Remember that
there are 28 slots on either side, so
this would accommodate 14 platforms and
buckets on each side. In our spark
generator, we used two cylinders and two
buckets. But what if we added more? Here
we have four cylinders and four buckets
and we've wired them up together. The
result is at the frequency of the spark
generation increases. Next we'll need to
locate the reservoir. It needs to be
above the buckets and ideally nearby.
Somewhere over the Grand Gallery would
be ideal. In 2017, scientists detected the
Big Void directly above the Grand
Gallery. For our machine to work, this
chamber would be needed, and the
placement is ideal. What purpose could
these shafts serve for our machine?
Remember that they are completely unique
to the Great Pyramid and we have no
context in which to place them. For our
machine, we could use them to route
wiring to the outside of the pyramid. The
angles are close to optimal to have the
shortest distance from the chamber to
the exterior of the pyramid. The goal
appears to be that they were trying to
set the exit at the same height. I
suspect that the King's Chamber shafts
also had slabs with copper fittings, but
in this case, they'd be located at the
edge of the pyramid. I'll cover my
reasoning why at the bonus section,
towards the end of the video. These slabs
may have served as 'strain relief' for the
wiring. Here's what I mean: Imagine an
electrical plug connected to an outlet
on your ceiling. There's a point in which
the weight of the wire will cause it to
unplug itself. This
King's Chamber shaft is over 50 meters
long and it has a steep slope. Strain
relief may have been added to handle
this type of problem. What purpose could
these chambers serve? Perhaps, instead of
relieving chambers, they were used for
filtration. We don't want sediment
fouling our engines. This is why we have
a fuel filter between our gas tank and
engine. The ancient Egyptians were well
aware of sediment filtration. The
powderized bug carcasses may have been a
filter medium. The only reason it was
noteworthy at the time was the color. The
concept is similar to how we use
diatomaceous earth today. Water might
come into these chambers, get filtered,
flow through the sloped passageway, and
then into the Grand Gallery. And this may
explain the purpose of the grooves along
the walls of the Grand Gallery. They
could support a sloped surface for water
to flow. Holes could be cut out in it to
allow water to flow into the buckets.
Excess water would then follow the slope
down to the well shaft, into the
subterranean chamber.
Perhaps the subterranean chamber was
never intended to be a resting place of
a king. It might have been just a way to
dispose of the excess water, to allow it
to flow back into the Nile. Now, we
currently don't know of a connection
between the relieving chambers and the
Big Voidm but this may not be too
surprising as dynamite was used to gain
access to those areas. The operation may
have obscured the path to the Void.
Perhaps once we get access to the Big
Voidm we'll be able to find the other end
of that channel. For now, I'll leave it as
a question mark. If there's no channel,
then the idea is a bust. If the idea is
correct, then it would tie together these
mysteries: the purpose of the copper
fittings in the slabs and the shafts,
the purpose of the grooves in the walls
of the Grand Gallery, the raised ledges of
the Grand Gallery, the purpose of the
passageway in the lowest relieving
chamber and the Grand Gallery, the
purpose of the Big Void, the presence of the
powderized bug carcasses on the floor of
a relieving chamber, the purpose of the
relieving chambers themselves, and the
reason why the subterranean chamber is
unfinished. You might be wondering if
there's any evidence of water in the
pyramid. Well, yes. When water comes in
contact with stone, it dissolves the salt
of the stone, and when that evaporates, it
leaves behind the salt on the surface. We
call that efflorescence.
Efflorescence has been observed in these
areas of the pyramid. It's important to
note though that water may have come
from more recent sources. Perhaps even
from the exhaled breath of visitors. Once
we get access to the Big Void, perhaps
we'll see efflorescence there too, and
we'll know that wasn't due to human
presence. Is there any indirect evidence
of electricity in their mythology?
There's a myth called the story of Re,
where a God created a magical snake that
could inflict a sting described like
this: It's like fire and yet is not fire.
It's like water and yet not water. I burn
and I shiver while all my limbs tremble.
Is there any indirect written proof that
they incorporated a spark generator
specifically into the Great Pyramid? The
answer is yes again. In one of the oldest
documents that we have, it tells the
story of a magician who was consulted
for his knowledge to apply to the
construction of Khufu's tomb. In that
same document, the magician had the power
to reanimate the dead. If you apply an
electrical shock to your muscles, they'll
twitch. This effect can also be seen on
dead bodies, just like the bull in the
Westcar Papyrus. And our device is
capable of delivering that effect.
It isn't far-fetched that the Egyptians
would refer to this as 'reanimating the
dead'. After all, this discovery helped to
inspire the story of Frankenstein in
more modern times. If the Egyptians came
up with this, what were they doing with
the electricity? Do I think they were
using it to charge up their spaceships?
Probably not. It may have served a
two-fold purpose. From their writings, we
know that the ancient Egyptians were
interested in reanimation after death.
There are funerary rites to reanimate
each section of the body: the brain, the
head, limbs, etc, so that the spiritual
body could move in the afterlife.
For example, there's an Opening of the
Mouth ceremony to allow the deceased to
talk, to breathe, to eat. As such, I think
that the Egyptians would have been
keenly interested in being able to move
their body after death. Archeologists
have also suggested that the pyramid
shape may have symbolized sunbeams that
the Pharaoh could ascend to the stars.
Perhaps the wires were routed at the top
creating a symbolic manifestation of the
Sun. The Egyptians certainly knew about
electricity as a basic
concept. What the Egyptians knew beyond
that just isn't well-documented. We've
already discussed that they've had the
means: the water, the metal, and the stone
to make this work. And I believe that
we've also established the motivation to
pursue this. As we know they were
interested in reanimation and tying
their beliefs into their architecture.
And I think they also had plenty of
opportunity. When the Nile floods, you
can't farm, and people have plenty of
time for other things like art and
public works. We estimate that Egypt
contained around 2 million people during
the time of Khufu. And that means 2
million opportunities for someone to
make discoveries and ask questions. So
with means, motivation, and opportunity, I
think that we might have circumstantial
evidence for a theory. And I think it
might tie together some of these
anomalous features of the pyramid into a
single plan, which is a lot more
satisfying than most of the guesses that
I've seen. Archaeology never provides a
complete picture.
The Egyptians certainly didn't document
everything. And they may have wanted to
keep secrets, just like any other nation.
Combine that with grave robbing,
pilfering materials for use on remote
sites, dynamite archeology, and thousands
of years to lose details, circumstantial
evidence may be the closest that we're
able to get to answers. Of course, some or
all of the guesses in this video might
be completely wrong. Guesswork and
archeology always go hand in hand. But
the guesses are usually based upon some
precedent. This is why the features of
the Great Pyramid presents something of
a problem for archeology at the moment.
For example, the shafts and blocking
stones are unlike anything that we've
seen in all of our time researching
ancient Egypt. The traditional
archaeological toolkit may not be up to
the challenge of explaining why these
features exist. Personally, I'd rather
have at least a theory than a mystery.
Perhaps with enough people pondering
over it, we can make sense out of it
together. I've documented my sources in
the description. If you disagree with
anything, be sure to provide your
documented sources too. But also feel
free to speculate in the comments below.
Now let's try not to get too hung up
over conventional wisdom. Here's why. Meet
the Father of Conventional Wisdom. This
turd blossom's conventional wisdom
stalled science for about 2,000 years. It
really wasn't all that long ago that the
thought of mankind flying was a fringe
theory. Let's not make any hasty
assumptions about what's impossible. At
the time of filming this
video, a guy's lunch choice in China has
collapsed the world's economy. I think
that we're well beyond saying what's
impossible at this point. How about some
bonus content? Now this is completely
unrelated to the theory. Enjoy. Let's take
a closer look at the Djedi story from
the Westcar Papyrus together. I'll point
out a few hieroglyphs so you'll see what
I see. In this sentence, it mentions a
king's name. Royal names are enclosed in
a cartouche, and this is what we see here.
It mentions Cheops in the English
translation; that's what the Greeks
called him. However, in the hieroglyphs
it reads as Khufu. Here's how this looks.
We see the sieve is associated with the
sound "Kh". And the horned Viper is associated
with the sound "f". And we also see the
coiled rope is associated with the sound
"u".  All languages evolve over time, and
Egyptian is no exception. The
pronunciation for the rope hieroglyph
can also be expressed as the quail
chick.
Unlike many languages, you can read
hieroglyphs from either left to right,
right to left, or up to down. To know
which direction, you would read into the
faces. Another hint is that the end of
the rope in the cartouche is the end of
the name. Another point is that the
Egyptians didn't always use vowels in
their writing. We see this in the first
example between the "Kh" and the "f". This is
why we don't always know the proper
pronunciation of Egyptian words. For
example, you may have heard their Sun God
called Ra but I've been referring to
him as Re. We typically fill in the
missing vowel with E as it's the most
frequently used letter in the English
alphabet. But that doesn't mean that the
Egyptians loved that letter as much as we
do. Something else that you'll see is the
stacked letters. Egyptians focused on
aesthetics: if two small hieroglyphs can
be stacked, they'll do so, even if it
means losing a vowel. People familiar
with the language would just fill in the
gaps, like this, for example. If you're
having trouble reading that, just try
saying it out loud. The Egyptians had no
idea that there would be a time in which
their spoken language would ever die out,
and this system of writing worked
perfectly well for thousands of years,
until it didn't. It's therefore extremely
likely that the commonly accepted
pronunciation for Egyptian words
wouldn't be understood by a person that
lived during that time. If you want to
learn how to write your name in
hieroglyphs, you could use this. To be
fair, it's a Dora level understanding of
their writing, but it's an excellent
place to start.
We see mention of the word "horizon". The
ancient name of Khufu's pyramid was 
Akhet Khufu,
which means "Khufu's Horizon". The hieroglyph
for horizon is a sun between two
mountains. Historians believe that Khufu
planned for his pyramid, and his son's
pyramid, to be the two mountains from the
hieroglyph. That's pretty cool, huh?
The term cartouche is actually French
and it means "cartridge" .When the French
were exploring the Egyptian ruins, they'd
see this symbol, and didn't know what it
meant. But to them, it looked like their
muzzleloading firearm's paper powder
cartridges, so that's what we're using
today. This is how those cartridges
looked at that time. The Egyptians didn't
refer to Egypt as Egypt. They refered to it
as KMT. Historians pronounce that as
Kemet. But again, we don't know the vowels,
so it could have been pronounced as
Kumat or something else. We really don't
know. The word KMT means Black Land, and it
gets that name from the fertile soil
that's left over after the Nile floods.
As a side note, they refer to the desert
Deshret, which means Red Land. So why
was it called Egypt? The Egyptian city of
Memphis used to be called Hetkaptah. Het
means place, Ka means soul, and Ptah 
is the name of one of their gods. Soe
Hetkaptah literally translates to Temple of
the soul of Ptah. When the Greeks moved
in, they pronounced Hetkaptah as 
Aigypta and that's where we get the word
Egypt today. Many English letters are
based upon Egyptian hieroglyphs. Here's a
quick overview of that. Sometimes words
are also borrowed from ancient Egypt.
Here's a little gift for my German
friends. The Egyptian word for beetle is
KPR. Auf Deutsch ist es Käfer. Perhaps
as an echo from the past. When heavy
stones needed to be moved over the
desert, this relief shows how it was done.
They'd pour water on the sand and then
pull the object on a sledge. In 2014,
researchers published that using the
right quantity of water reduces the
force needed to pull the weight by half.
The Queen's chamber's shafts have an
interesting backstory. Up until 1872, no
shafts were known in the Queen's
chamber. In that year, an engineer
decided to look for new shafts. Looking
at a section on the southern wall where
he thought a shaft might be located,
he started chiseling away at it. His
rambunctious paid off!
He found the hidden shaft. Inside it,
he found a small two-pronged object made
out of some kind of metal. He then went
to the opposite side, the northern wall,
and proceeded to damage - I mean to
EXPLORE FOR SCIENCE!
He found the other hidden shaft. Inside
this shaft, he found two objects: a rough
stone ball and a 12 centimeter long
piece of cedar wood with notches cut
into it. So why were the Queen's chamber's
shafts closed off? I think that the plan
for the pyramid changed during
construction. To understand this let's
take a quick history lesson. Khufu's
dad's Sneferu was the first to build a
smoothly sloped pyramid. It took him
several tries to get it right though. On
his second to last pyramid, he settled on
a 43 degree slope. This will be the same
slope that he used on his final pyramid.
I'm gonna leave 43 degrees on the screen.
You'll see why in a bit. Then it was
Khufu turn. The Great Pyramid has an
angle of 51.5 degrees. But if you
connect the bottom of the pyramid to the
end of the Queen's Chamber shaft you get
43 degrees. Historians had speculated
about the redesign in the past, because
the stone sizes changed around the
Queen's Chamber. Pyramids were expanded
in similar manners in the past, so it
seems possible. If so, the Queen's
chamber's white limestone slabs once
marked the planned edge of a scrapped,
smaller design. When they realized the
shaft wouldn't be needed, there'd be no
need to have holes in the chamber itself.
So what was the purpose of the hook, the
ball, and the piece of wood found in the
Queen's Chamber shafts? We don't know yet.
When the Egyptians created buildings,
they would often place objects in
certain inaccessible locations. For
example, they would place objects the
foundation under the four corners of the
buildings. I believe that these objects
were placed there for a similar reason.
My guess is that they made up a tool to
mark angles. During the shaft camera
surveys, we found what appears to be the
remainder of the wooden rod, which is still
located in the shaft. By retrieving it,
we'll have a better idea of how that
tool looked, its purpose, and we could
even carbon-date it. In other words, "THAT BELONGS IN A MUSEUM!"
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at least found something interesting. If
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[Music]
