Last video we decreased the temperature all the way till absolute zero this of course left us with the other question
How hot can it get heat is released as waste energy when you pump energy into a system as the temperature increases
So does the system's energy so asking how hot it can get really comes down to how much energy can be put into the system
Before it overloads. So let's do that. Once again, we will be using Celsius and Kelvin because imperial units are unscientific
Once again, our starting point will be zero degrees Celsius or 273.15 Kelvin
The melting point of ice
At 3 degrees above 0 is the melting point of peanut oil
At 5 degrees is the recommended refrigerator temperature for food cooling
And at 10 degrees is the minimum temperature for most plants to grow
11 degrees is the average temperature during winter in Spain
And the mean surface temperature across all of the earth is 14 point 9 degrees
18 degrees is the average summer temperature in Norway
While 19 degrees is the average winter temperature in Hawaii
The highest temperature ever recorded at Antarctica was 19 point 8 degrees at the South orkney islands in 1982
And average room temperature is 21 degrees Celsius and probably the temperature you are watching this video in
23 degrees is the average mean temperature on earth during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum
About 55 point eight million years ago
the average summer temperature in France is 26 degrees
and 27 degrees is the estimated melting point of the radioactive lkali model Francium
29 degrees go for heated indoor swimming pools for recreational swimming
At around 30 degrees we find one of the coldest stars we have ever discovered
CWISEP J1935-1546
Though there is a lot of uncertainty regarding it's temperature
At 31 degrees is the melting point of butter
And at 34.4 degrees lies the hottest annual mean temperature on earth at Dallol, Ethiopia
At 35 degrees is the average temperature of the warmest sea, the Red sea
At 36.8 degrees is the average human body temperature, withing 1 degrees deviation this is still considered healthy
The average temperature of the Sahara Desert
During the day can get to 40 degrees long exposure to these temperatures can cause severe dehydration and cellular breakdown
The highest recorded temperature in Europe was measured at 48 degrees in Athens, Greece July 1977
The highest temperature ever recorded in South America was 48.9 degrees in 1905 Argentina
While the record high temperature for Australia was 50.7 degrees in 1960
For Asia the highest recorded temperature was 54 degrees in 2017 Iran
And for Africa 55 degrees in Kebili, Tunisia 1931
at 56.7 degrees is the hottest naturally recorded temperature on earth
measured at Furnace Greek in Death Valley North America
Milk is pasteurized at 63 degrees
The boiling point of water on top of Mount Everest is 69 degrees
This is because at high altitudes air pressure decreases. As it decreases there is more room for particles to move
Hence the melting and freezing points will get lower.
At 78.37 degrees is the boiling point of ethanol or common alcohol
At 82 degrees is recommended for coffee brewing and dishwasher water
98 degrees is the melting point of sodium
And at 100 degrees above zero we reach the boiling point of water
Exposure to temperatures above this are instantly harmful to humans
At 115 degrees we reach the melting point of sulphur
An oven on low is around 135 degrees
Sucrose or table sugar caramelizes at 160 degrees
The mean surface temperature of the innermost planet mercury is about 177 degrees
And popcorn pops at 180 degrees which is also the recommended temperature for deep frying food
At 218 degrees is an oven on high
And at 231.9 degrees is the melting point of Tin
Polonium melts at 254 degrees
And at 301 degrees the Kelvin and Fahrenheit scales intersect
Lead melts at 327 degrees
And mercury boils at 357
And then zinc melts at 419
Sulfur evaporates at 444 degrees
And the mean surface temperature of Venus, the hottest planet of our solar system is 465 degrees
As we pass 500 degrees we are far above anything survived by humans ever
Even with life support suits exposure to these temperatures is strongly disadvised
At 525 degrees we pass the Draper point at this point the infrared heat  Signature has become so high intensity that it shifts into visible red
Meaning every metal hated above this temperature starts to glow a dim red
At 639.4 degrees is the melting point of plutonium
Aluminium melts at 660
And barium has a melting point of 1000 Kelvin
Then at 1115 Kelvin calcium melts
During an average forest fire temperatures can soar up to 1170 Kelvin
At about 1200 Kelvin lies the average temperature of T class brown dwarfs
At 1235 degrees silver melts
The average volcanic lava flow has the temperature of 1300 Kelvin
While gold melts a little above that at 1337 Kelvin
Followed by copper at 1357 Kelvin
And uranium at 1405 Kelvin
A typical basalt flow can reach temperatures of 1500 Kelvin
Which is also the typical surface temperature of L class brown dwarfs
Lithium boils at 1603 Kelvin
While blue candle flames are around 1670 Kelvin
And nickel melts at 1728 Kelvin
As does cobalt at 1768 Kelvin
And iron at 1811 Kelvin
Titanium melts at 1941 Kelvin
And the coolest non brown dwarf star in the universe is
2MASS J0523-1403
At 1970 Kelvin
At 2000 degrees Kelvin we have far surpassed any survivable temperature with or without protection
Wile insanely hot it will dwarf by the numbers yet to come
Lead melts at 2022 Kelvins
Silver boils at 2435 Kelvins
And the average surface temperature of M class start is about 3000 Kelvin
Proxima Centauri is the nearest star to earth after the sun has a surface temperature of 3042 Kelvins
The surface temperature of Barnards star is 3134 Kelvins
Which is also the boiling point for iron
Silicon boils away at 3538 Kelvin
And the red supergiant Betelgeuset has a surface temperature of 3590 Kelvin
Large stars drop teir surface temperatures because the area the heat has to cover is increased significantly by their size
The non metal carbon melts at 3675 Kelvin
Carbon is one of the most vital elements in biochemistry making up about 20% of any living organisms mass on average
Slightly above this at 3687 Kelvins the last solid element of tungsten is forced into liquid form
The surface temperature of the red giant Aldebaran is 3900 Kelvins
Carbon boils at 4027 Kelvins
And the average temperature of a K class star is 4500 Kelvins
The star Epsilon Eridani has a surface temperature of 5084 Kelvin
Epsilon Eridani is a star about 10 lightyear away which is relatively young
Tau Ceti is nearby solar analog start and has a surface temperature of 5344 Kelvins
The average G class star has a surface temperature around 5500 Kelvin
The surface of the Earth's core is estimated to be a good 5700 Kelvin
The surface temperature of the sun rises to approximately 5778 Kelvins
Our star is in fact slightly hotter than the surface of our planet's core
At 5903 Kelvin the last liquid element, The heavy metal of Rhenium at last boils away
We are now very far above any naturally familiar temperature every element has been forced into a gaseous state
Yet we can go much higher still
At 6000 Kelvin is the temperature of the absolute core of our planet. It is also the mean temperature of our universe about
300,000 years after the Big Bang and the surface temperature of Polaris the northern pole star
At 6300 Kelvin is the average surface temperature of an F class star
Procyon, the nearest F class star has a surface temperature slightly higher at 6530
The average A class star has a surface temperature of 7600 Kelvin
At 7735 Kelvin monoatomic ideal gas has one electron volt of kinetic energy
The star Fomalhaut clocks in at 8590
Vega at 9600
And Sirius at 9900 Kelvins
The pistol star has a surface temperature of 11800 Kelvins
Rigel has 12000
And Regulus has 12460
Algol at 13000
The average temperature of a B class star is 15200 Kelvins
The mean temperature of universe 10,000 years after the big bang was 25,000. As is on the white dwarf Sirius B
Mintaka and Alnitak are at 29,500 Kelvin
And the average surface temperature of an O class star is 30,000 Kelvins
Eta carinae one of the most volatile start in the milky way has a soaring surface temperature of 35,000 Kelvins
And the core of a protostar which as yet to begin nuclear fusion is estimated at 50,000 Kelvins
Regor has a surface temperature of 57,000 degrees Kelvin
The central star also known as Planetary Nebula Nucleus
or PNN of the cat's eye nebula has an estimated surface temperature of 80,000 kelvins
Regor is in the lower class of wolf rayet stars, the average wolf rayet star has an surface temperature around 100,000 Kelvins
The PNN of the ring nebula clocks in at 125,000 Kelvins
At a temperature of 210,000 Kelvins WR 102 is the hottest star found
Degenerate stars however can far surpass this temperature
The Vela Pulsar for example has a surface temperature of 280,000 Kelvins
Pulsar stars are rapidly rotating neutron stars
300,000 Kelvins is the temperature you would experience about 17 meters from the atomic bomb dropped on hiroshima in 1945
The PNN of the Spirograph nebula clocks a surface temperature of 422,000 Kelvins
At 800,000 Kelvins is the temperature of the average solar winds and also the estimated surface temperature of the suspected Quark star 3C 58
The core of a Threshold brown dwarf can reach about 1,000,000 Kelvin
The crab pulsar has a surface temperature of 1,600,000 Kelvin
And the cores of red dwarfs reach 2,500,000
Orange dwarfs tend to reach 10 million in their core
And the Tsar Bomba the largest nuclear weapon ever to be detonated at a detonation temperature of over 11 million Kelvins
Our Sun itself has a core temperature of a soaring 15,600,000 Kelvins
An extremely hot temperature needed for it nuclear fission. At these teperatures gasious matter is no longer stable
The electrons melt free from the atom and matter transits to plasma
However, we find again no limit insight to the ever increasing temperature here
The average F class has a core temperature of 20,000,000
Followed by A class at 30,000,000
B class at 50,000,000
And finally O class at 80,000,000
The average Wolf Rayet stars reach 135 million kelvins in their core
And a newly formed white dwarf star as the core temperature between 500 million and 1 billion Kelvins
1 billion kelvins was the average temperature of the universe 100 seconds after the big bang
10 billion kelvin is the temperature achieved in an average supernova and 1 second after the big bang
In the accretion disk of a quasar temperatures reach 700 billion Kelvins
And in a newly formed nutrient star the core temperature rises to 1 trillion Kelvins
It's getting hot enough now to get matter to do some trippy stuff plasma itself melts into quark gluon plasma where the protons and neutrons
Themselves have moulded into that composite quarks
At 3.6 trillion Kelvin matter doubles in mass due to relativistic effects.
Around 4 trillion Kelvins proton to antiproton reactions occur
5.5 trillion Kelvin is the highest man-made temperature in thermal equilibrium, for large Hadron collider collisions
100 microseconds after the Big Bang the universe was still a hot 10 trillion Kelvins
In the core temperature of a theoretical quark star is estimated at 20 to 25 trillion Kelvins
When a Hypernova releases a gamma-ray burst. It generates a temperature of 67 trillion degrees Kelvin
At 2.8 Quadrillion, that is 2.8 Patakelvins. 2 of the 4 fundemental forces of our universe, the electromagnetic and the weak nuclear forces combine into electro weak force
The higher the temperature rises the more the forces move towards grand unification
At 2 quintillion as say Exakelvins is the temperature of heavy nuclear collisions at the LHC
Dark matter in an active galactius nucleus can reach to 1 sextillion, thats zetakelvin
At 10 octillion Kelvins that's 10,000 yottakelvins the strong nuclear force joins the electroweak force unifying into the electronuclear force
Then at 1 nonillion kelvins, 1 million yottakelvins we reach the hagedorn temperature of strings, normal matter is no longer stable and falls apart into energy
Then at 141.7 nonillion Kelvins gravity joins in and the grand unification theory is realized, current physics break down at or above this point because we lack a quantum theory of gravity
This is also the temperature one planck time after the Big Bang happened
This temperature is known as the planck temperature. Remember when as a Draper point objects start to glow a dim red
that's because the hotter of the object gets the smaller the wavelength of the emitted light will be when an object reaches a temperature of
141.7 nonillion kelvins the radiation it would emit will have a wavelength of 1 Planck length
Which are according to quantum mechanics is the shortest distance possible
This is where we finally run into a wall this planck temperature set some weirdly limits for temperature increase
Theoretically you could still add more energy to the system
Thus heating it further but the wavelength would start to violate quantum mechanics. The point is that physics breaks down here
We don't know what would happen above this temperature
It's quite likely only a singularity would surpass this temperature meaning a kugelblitz would form
But other than that, we only have speculation above this temperature
So I have to end this video a bit inconclusive
About how hot it can truly get but I hope I made you able to grasp the immense scale of temperatures
This has been JG Science and thank you for watching
