So, we would continue with our discussion
on the contemporary development in France.
Ah What I was know trying to emphasized was
that it was actually the need of the
contemporary society at the time to work towards
the identification of towards the wellbeing
of people who were considered as . minded
or mentally disorder. And
therefore, it was the intervention from the
part at the part of the government, that a
commission was you know constituted, the commission
request Binet and Simon to be
instrumental in developing a psychological
tool. All I am trying.
All I am trying to say is that at need not
been there in contemporary society at the
.
government not become proactive at that time
probably these measurements tool would
not have a reached psychology at that pointed
time.
.
Now, will continue with the binet simon scale
for some time these landmark know
assessment tool was once again now will you
know that nineteen hundred five simon
scale in nineteen hundred five binet simon
when you came for what these scale it had
30
.tests I am just giving you the sample items
here for example, the first one was follows
a
moving object with the eye second item grasps
a small object which is touched item
number twenty eight for example, reverses
the hands of a clock item number twenty nine
after paper folding and cutting draws the
form.
Of the resulting holes Now, interestingly
binet-simon scale . did serve the purpose
of
assessment of severe mentally retardate to
high level of gifted children, but an important
thing it is to be looked at let binet simon
did not give the method of a computing the
total
score. So, that is the interesting thing the
usually in the psychological measure. So,
finally, have a total score.
.
So, that was not provided and just three years
later nineteen hundred eight binet simon
revised their scale. So, now, instead of thirty
the revised version had fifty eight tests
they
also introduce the concept of mental level
and off course has scoring method was also
proposed. So, that way it is again another
mild store . towards making psychology
scientific discipline it is not only assessment
it is actually testing the mental.
Level of the participant and it is also about
the method of scoring a particular . critical
tool. So, these is the interesting development
that way in nineteen hundred eleven the
third version of the binet simon scale came,
and now instead of being useful only for
children now the scale was extended to the
adult range also and a new method of scoring
was introduced unfortunately binet died in
that year. So, 1911.
..
But then just the following year that is nineteen
hundred twelve stern suggested the
concept of computation of Iq by dividing the
mental age by chronological age and in
nineteen hundred sixteen binet simon scale
was further revised at standford university
by
terman and his associates and now.
The presence formula was provided and these
formula was what is being used now
where you have m a upon c a into hundred.
So, that was the technique that came for what
at that time, but what is interesting to know
is nineteen hundred five binet and simon
comes for what .) test and if you look at
know the revision has taken place the let
us
revision of the stadfard . binet test was
done in two thousand and three. So, that is
an
interesting development you can see another
development that to place an u s and till
now know we were talking about how from france
these will know test move to the u s
..
Another interesting development that took
place in the u s was that in nineteen hundred
six the vineland training school in new jersey
they ask goddard to study classification
and education of. Feeble minded children and
goddard his reference point was the binet
simon scale that was developed in nineteen
hundred eight nineteen hundred five and then
the first revision. So, that was the reference
point for goddard what was interesting was
that to suit the need of the vineland training
school the original French scale was
translated into English. So, translation and
in nineteen hundred ten when goddard was
further asked by the departments of immigration
to examine the immigrants in the ellis
island these know original French test which
was translated into English was further
translated into Yiddish Hungarian Italian
Russian and other languages know, but what
was very interesting to note was that you
have a French test.
That test is translated into English that
test is translated into few more languages
to suit
the need of at the ellis island, but the reference
that was used for interpretation . norm
that was still the function of. So, technically
speaking when you look at know scales
were though you have certain norms on the
basis of the issue . loss . you realize
that know although in terms of development
of scale psychology may made a . in
terms of translation yes very know big change
had come into being, but in terms of
adaptation of the test these was as still
an issue and which norm to be used technically
speaking was still acquisition were psychology
was lagging ., now let we make an
attempt to connect the past of the present
many.
.Psychologists felt the need for non verbal
test ok.
.
And I am sure many of you must have seen these
seguin form board in your labs where
actually there were impressions where ten
different blocks can be fitted on your screen
you can see different different forms are
there and these were the impressions were
blocks can be fitted now seguin form board
test was actually not developed as a test
rather it was simply developed to train people
with mental retardation the children with
mental retardation, but then goddard who was
know actually walking with feeble
mindedness who was use nineteen hundred eight
version of the binet simon scale who
was also in instrumental translating it into
multiple languages because of the need of
the
immigrance at the ellis island he . developed
seguin form board.
The form of a test and then little later it
was Sylvester who standardized it in nineteen
hundred thirteen. So, even non verbal test
test upon . you realize that the
standardization of such test also started
taking place a psychology now seguin form
board test you will find it most of the labs
all these schools uniformly till date if you
visit
the specially schools for mentally retarded
. heartism in c p you would realize that
these test are been used interestingly
..
If you refer to the development in neuro psychology
and if you look at the halstead reitan
neuro psychological battery which actually
makes an attempt know to localize the
neurological damage you can identify using
these test ok.
Interestingly if you refer to the development
in neuropsychology and if you look at the
Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological battery,
which actually makes an attempt to localize
the neurological damage. You can identify
using this test ok. Now, of the ten sub-tests,
of the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological
battery, you find Tactual performance test.
And on your screen, you can see how much resemblance
is there between the . test
and the Tactual performance test of Halstead-Reitan
neuropsychological battery. So, you
find that past and present, the both exist
together; and the heavy influence of the past
and
the present.
..
Now, after Goddard’s work in the Ellis Island,
it was Knox, who developed several
performance tests for the Ellis Island immigrants
ok, and one of these tests there were
wooden puzzle and digit-symbol substitution
test. Now, you find know that these two
things are still available when you look at
the Wechsler adult intelligence scales. So,
Wechsler intelligence scales, which is recent
development in certain sense, that it is you
know with all those revisions it is one of
the wildly test in psychology. You can again
relate it that Goddard’s work, Ellis Island,
form board then wood puzzles, digit
substitution test and then how you can again
link it to a Wechsler intelligence scale.
.
.Another interesting thing was that Pintner
and Paterson, they developed a fifteen
performance tests comprising of the form boards,
puzzles, and object assembly tests.
You all know Kohs block design test ok, you
also known that in psychology we do use
the maze test ok. Now, Stanley Porteus, he
did developed the Maze test in nineteen
hundred and fifteen. Kohs block test was developed
nineteen hundred and twenty ok.
Pintner and Paterson, they developed their
fifteen part performance test in nineteen
hundred and seventeen ok. And you find that
Kohs block test, the maze test, they are still
available in psychology, they are still being
used.
.
The new test of course, in psychology that
you find they are always validated with
respect to their correlation with these tests
that we have referred too. And this way you
find a strong bond between the past and present
in terms of techniques, in terms of tools,
and in terms of standardization of their psychological
tools.
..
We go back to the US, Plye gets the credit
for developing the first group tests in nineteen
hundred and thirteen ok. Now, remember that
know nineteen hundred and five in the first
formal test came into be a big jump that was
supposed to be single individual and now
comes nineteen hundred thirteen the group
tests. Now, the battery consisted of memory
span, digit-symbol substitution, and oral
word association. Pintner revised Pyle’s
battery
and added the timed cancellation test.
.
.If you go back to Europe, there was again
attempt you know in terms of a developing
projective approach towards psychological
assessment, and the famous word association
came into being. Again word association test
that we see ok, is the contribution of Carl
Gustav Jung ok,, but then you can trace it
back to Francis Galton, who was you know
instrumental giving the concept and then Wundt
and Kraepelin who for the reward this
very concept and then Jung in Sweden finally,
came forward with it in nineteen hundred
and ten. And the same year, the word association
test was taken back to the US by Kent
and Rosanoff.
.
But meanwhile, big change to place in the
history of human kind in nineteen hundred
and seventeen, US entered World War one. And
they have one point seven five million
recruits. One of the psychologist Robert Yerkes,
he convinced the US government that
they should administering intelligence tests
to all the recruits and the purpose was very
simple that know on the basis their performance
on intelligence test, these recruits can be
classified and they can be assigned certain
specific task. The government was convinced
and you would be amazed to know that Yerkes
finally, was know included in the army
forces at the rank of Kernel. So, he joined
the army forces and he constituted the
committee and interestingly the members of
the his committee included Goddard and
Terman, both of them had already established
their credential by that time in
psychological assessment. Now, the outcome
of this exercise of Yerkes was the
popularly called army alpha, and army beta
test know.
..
Now, army alpha had eight verbal tests for
average and high-functioning personnel,
which included following oral directions,
arithmetical reasoning, practical judgment,
synonym-antonym pairs, disarranged sentences,
number series completion, analogies,
and information. Whereas army beta was non-verbal
tests for illiterates and non-English
speaking personnel, and it largely included
visual-perceptual test and motor tests. Now,
army alpha and army beta was a big jump know
in some in area of test construction. By
this time, psychologist had proven to various
governments in France and in US, both the
places; repeatedly psychologist succeeded
convinced the society and the government that
they can be off important. They can serve
the basic purpose that is actually needed
at
their time, contemporary need of the society,
contemporary need of the government with
all scientific rigors, it can be achieved.
So, this was that way know big jump.
..
The end of the World War one,. So, interesting
demand in the area of industry and
education both, now group testing in the army
influenced the National Research Council,
which was a government organization of scientists,
to develop the National Intelligence
Test. And interestingly the National intelligence
test was administered to seven million
children in the US during the nineteen hundred
and twenties. It also influence the
development of Wechsler Intelligence scales,
Scholastic aptitude tests, and the popular
graduate record exam – the GRE.
.
.For the purpose of testing college applicants.
So, are interested getting admissions,
College Entrance Examination Board – CEEB
was also established; and CEEB was
instrumental in the development, standardization
and the validation of the test that you
see write now such as the graduate record
examination, the law school admissions test,
and the peace corps entrance test.
.
Group testing in the army also influenced
the development of Wechsler intelligence
scales, and the Scholastic aptitude tests.
You find thrice Wechsler intelligence scales
has
been referred know. So, you can see how development
know is gradually influencing
successive developments in the time frame.
Now, interesting development started taking
place in the nineteen thirties, machine scoring
was introduced. Remember earlier you
need a psychologist score, now you have machine
scoring. Coming back as earliest
nineteen thirties, and the major change that
took place in the aligned domain was that
all
these contemporary development in psychology
started challenging the statistics. So,
many many new techniques in statistics developed
and one of the major important
development that took place was the emergence
of factor analysis as a technique.
..
From US we now again go back to Europe, where
Hermann Rorschach in Sweden came
forward with the Inkblot test what is now
popularly called Rorschach Inkblot test, and
this test came back as earliest nineteen twenty.
Similarly, you know Morgan and Murray, they
came forward with the popular test what
is called as TAT long back in nineteen thirty
five ok. Now, you go to any clinic, clinical
psychologist, psychiatrist, and you would
find Hermann Rorschach Inkblot test being
used. In variably in many recruitment processes,
you find TAT being used; not only for
this civil purposes, even defense recruitment
you know that set of psychological test that
they used for recruitment ok, there you find
TAT being used. Another major mile stone,
I
would say usually it is ignored when we talk
about the history of psychology was that
you need a formal platform where know you
will have these psychological assessment
tools being made available to others.
..
And again if you look back the history, you
would realize that in nineteen twenty one,
Cattell, Thorndike and Woodworth all three
prominent psychologist, they founded the
psychological corporation, and this corporation
was the first test publisher. Now, of
course,, you have large number of test publishers,
you also have large number of you
know houses which are involved into it. You
remembered in the beginning I told you
that although testing was a timid business
ok; in the beginning, it has become big
business now,, but you can again twist back
to nineteen twenty one.
.
.We now come back to India ok, and in this
know session , I am primarily trying to
conclude now and at although, all these development
primarily was centered either in
Europe or in the US. Although we historic
list, it backs to China, but the major
development took place only in Europe and
US. But let me know share with you, the
developments that took place in India, in
nineteen twenty two, remember nineteen
hundred and five was the time that we are
known saying this is the major mile stone
in
psychology, Wechsler intelligence scales coming
into the existence. In nineteen twenty
two, Indian Psychoanalytic Society was founded
by Girindra Shekhar Bose, and this
society in nineteen twenty four got affiliated
to the International Psychoanalytic Society,
all these are pre independent.
Again of course,, the big achievement in certain
sense, as back as nineteen twenty three,
you find that Indian Science Congress, psychology
was included as a section. The first
association that is the Indian Psychological
Association was founded a long back in
nineteen twenty four; and the first Indian
Journal of Psychology, came in nineteen
hundred twenty five. So, these are interesting
development you know, year after year,
you know one significant change. Then nineteen
thirty eight, Calcutta University started
the Applied Psychology Wing; and the same
year, you find that Jung, Meyers, and
Spearman all three of them came to India to
attend the Silver Jubilee Session of the
Indian Science Congress ok, that way you know
India could connected to the Western
World. And in nineteen forty seven, the year
when India got independence, was also the
year when the second journal of psychology
that is Samiksha was published.
..
Now, post independence know you find two-three
interesting things that took place. In
nineteen forty seven, we became independence;,
but independence was know achieved at
the cost of a mass influx of refugees because
of the communal riots. In nineteen hundred
and fifty, the ministry of education hired
this services of Gardner Murphy to investigate
the causes of communal violence, and several
Indian collaborators over there. And
finally, this work was published in the form
of a book in nineteen fifty three, the book
was titled In the Minds of Men. You will find
you know long description of all these
know right from edited volume by Gardner Murphy,
in the next talk where Prof. Ajit
Dalal would be talking about all these historical
development at length. In nineteen
hundred and fifty the Ahmedabad Textile Industries
Research Association – ATIRA, that
was established. And very interestingly, you
will find that Erikson and McClelland there
were the frequent visitors to this institute.
So, initially you found know that Jung,
Meyers, and Spearman coming to India to attend
the Silver Jubilee of Indian Science
Congress. And again Erikson and McClelland,
you can know find them in India.
..
But one of the remarkable you know development
took place in India was this
publications, The Psychology of Rumour: A
Study Relating to the Great Indian
Earthquake of nineteen thirty four. J.Prasad
at Patna, published this work in nineteen
thirty five. In the British journal of psychology,
volume 26, first issue. And what he did
was that he did content-analysis of the rumors
that followed the major earthquake and
you found most of these rumors were actually
anxiety-inducing. This justified fear of the
earthquake victims. What is very interesting
to find that this very work of Jananth
Prasad, actually inspired the whole known
conception of the idea of cognitive dissonance
theory by .. So, very very remarkable theory
in psychology, the cognitive dissonance
theory has its root in India.
..
And another interesting thing you will also
find is that the communication took place
between Erik Erikson and Mahatma Gandhi ok.
And later on, Erikson came forward with
this book Gandhi’s Truth. Primarily you
will find rare piece why because you have
the
psychoanalysis of stall work, the Father of
the Nation – Mahatma Gandhi, and the sociopolitical
process ok. And one of the established spools
of thought in psychology,
psychoanalysis,. So, how psychoanalytic technique
can be used to understand an
individual and also a process ok,. So, that
is an interesting contribution that India
has
made to psychology at large. Of course, we
do not have the history of development in
India the way; we have talked about either
in France, in England, in Germany, Sweden,
in the US. But of course,, India has made
know certain progress in terms of know
developing these psychological tools..
..
And as you can see on your screen now, you
have the compilation of the psychological
measures that developed in India. The First
Hand Book of Psychological and Social
Instruments, this is the title by Udai Pareek
and Venkateswara Rao. And then second and
the third hand books by D. M. Pestonjee. And
here you find the large number of
psychological tools that are being talked
about, and of course, you will have to know
look at each of them with certain pinch of
sort, because you would be looking at the
standardization process, you would be looking
at the norms ok, you would be looking at
know their reliability and validity scores
whether it is reported, whether it is not
reported,
how easily it is available and issues that
still remains ok.
..
And of course,, if you read the five surveys
of research in psychology that has come
forward. There you have the important research
contribution since the beginning of the
last century. So, how research in psychology
has progressed right from the beginning till
now, you will find in these five surveys of
research in psychology and I was telling you
right in the beginning that although it was
dull and dry in the beginning, twenty years
back that I experienced. I really you know
found it extremely fascinating, and I found
it
very very relevant and I thought you know,
I will put them together.
In a very brief period of time, making a journey
of a hundred years of emerging of a
particular discipline is extremely difficult,
but I have tried in a small way, just to in
a
very very compressed way just to talk to you
ok, how you can look the rigor, the process
certain jerks, acceptance, rejection that
psychology has gone through. But once again
remember that it is the practical need of
the society either demanded by the society
or
stated through the government which has know
asked which has demanded which has
make the psychologist know develop techniques,
tools in provides on their techniques
and unless and until know we look at the historical
context it is very difficult to
understand how strong the concept was, how
know sound a small experiment was how
robust development of very very small instrument
was ok. And what were the
limitations,. So, it is very important to
look at this thing in the historical context.
.In the following lectures, by Prof. Ajit
Dalal, Prof. Grishwar Mishra and by Prof.
J. B. P
Sinha, we would be further know looking at
historical development at the Indian front.
.
