Gender studies is a field for interdisciplinary
study devoted to gender identity and gendered
representation as central categories of analysis.
This field includes women's studies (concerning
women, feminism, gender, and politics), men's
studies and queer studies. Sometimes, gender
studies is offered together with study of
sexuality.
These disciplines study gender and sexuality
in the fields of literature, language, geography,
history, political science, sociology, anthropology,
cinema, media studies, human development,
law, public health and medicine. It also analyzes
how race, ethnicity, location, class, nationality,
and disability intersect with the categories
of gender and sexuality.Regarding gender,
Simone de Beauvoir said: "One is not born
a woman, one becomes one." This view proposes
that in gender studies, the term "gender"
should be used to refer to the social and
cultural constructions of masculinities and
femininities and not to the state of being
male or female in its entirety. However, this
view is not held by all gender theorists.
Beauvoir's is a view that many sociologists
support (see Sociology of gender), though
there are many other contributors to the field
of gender studies with different backgrounds
and opposing views, such as psychoanalyst
Jacques Lacan and feminists such as Judith
Butler.
Gender is pertinent to many disciplines, such
as literary theory, drama studies, film theory,
performance theory, contemporary art history,
anthropology, sociology, sociolinguistics
and psychology. However, these disciplines
sometimes differ in their approaches to how
and why gender is studied. For instance in
anthropology, sociology and psychology, gender
is often studied as a practice, whereas in
cultural studies representations of gender
are more often examined. In politics, gender
can be viewed as a foundational discourse
that political actors employ in order to position
themselves on a variety of issues. Gender
studies is also a discipline in itself, incorporating
methods and approaches from a wide range of
disciplines.Each field came to regard "gender"
as a practice, sometimes referred to as something
that is performative. Feminist theory of psychoanalysis,
articulated mainly by Julia Kristeva (the
"semiotic" and "abjection") and Bracha L.
Ettinger (the feminine-prematernal-maternal
matrixial Eros of borderlinking and com-passion,
"matrixial trans-subjectivity" and the "primal
mother-phantasies"), and informed both by
Freud, Lacan and the object relations theory,
is very influential in gender studies.
According to Sam Killermann, Gender can also
be broken into three categories, gender identity,
gender expression, and biological sex. These
three categories are another way of breaking
down gender into the different social, biological,
and cultural constructions. These constructions
focus on how femininity and masculinity are
fluid entities and how their meaning is able
to fluctuate depending on the various constraints
surrounding them.
== Influences ==
=== Psychoanalytic theory ===
A number of theorists have influenced the
field of gender studies significantly, specifically
in terms of psychoanalytic theory. Among these
are Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan, Julia Kristeva,
Bracha L. Ettinger, and Mark Blechner.
Gender studied under the lens of each of these
theorists looks somewhat different. In a Freudian
system, women are "mutilated and must learn
to accept their lack of a penis" (in Freud's
terms a "deformity"). Lacan, however, organizes
femininity and masculinity according to different
unconscious structures. Both male and female
subjects participate in the "phallic" organization,
and the feminine side of sexuation is "supplementary"
and not opposite or complementary. The concept
of sexuation (sexual situation), which posits
the development of gender-roles and role-play
in childhood, is useful in countering the
idea that gender identity is innate or biologically
determined. In other words, the sexuation
of an individual has as much, if not more,
to do with their development of a gender identity
as being genetically sexed male or female.Julia
Kristeva has significantly developed the field
of semiotics. She contends that patriarchal
cultures, like individuals, have to exclude
the maternal and the feminine so that they
can come into being. Mark Blechner expanded
psychoanalytic views of sex and gender. He
has argued that there is a "gender fetish"
in western society, in which the gender of
sexual partners is given enormously disproportionate
attention over other factors involved in sexual
attraction, such as age and social class.Bracha
L. Ettinger transformed subjectivity in contemporary
psychoanalysis since the early 1990s with
the Matrixial feminine-maternal and prematernal
Eros of borderlinking (bordureliance), borderspacing
(bordurespacement) and co-emergence. The matrixial
feminine difference defines a particular gaze
and it is a source for trans-subjectivity
and transjectivity in both males and females.
Ettinger rethinks the human subject as informed
by the archaic connectivity to the maternal
and proposes the idea of a Demeter-Persephone
Complexity.Cultures can have very different
norms of maleness and masculinity. Blechner
identifies the terror, in Western males, of
penetration. Yet in many societies, being
gay is defined only by being a male who lets
himself be penetrated. Males who penetrate
other males are considered masculine and not
gay and are not the targets of prejudice.
In other cultures, however, receptive fellatio
is the norm for early adolescence and seen
as a requirement for developing normal manliness.
==== Feminist psychoanalytic theory ====
Feminist theorists such as Juliet Mitchell,
Nancy Chodorow, Jessica Benjamin, Jane Gallop,
Bracha L. Ettinger, Shoshana Felman, Griselda
Pollock, Luce Irigaray and Jane Flax have
developed a Feminist psychoanalysis and argued
that psychoanalytic theory is vital to the
feminist project and must, like other theoretical
traditions, be criticized by women as well
as transformed to free it from vestiges of
sexism (i.e. being censored). Shulamith Firestone,
in "The Dialectic of Sex" calls Freudianism
the misguided feminism and discusses how Freudianism
is almost completely accurate, with the exception
of one crucial detail: everywhere that Freud
writes "penis", the word should be replaced
with "power".
Critics such as Elizabeth Grosz accuse Jacques
Lacan of maintaining a sexist tradition in
psychoanalysis. Others, such as Judith Butler,
Bracha L. Ettinger and Jane Gallop have used
Lacanian work, though in a critical way, to
develop gender theory.According to J. B. Marchand,
"The gender studies and queer theory are rather
reluctant, hostile to see the psychoanalytic
approach."For Jean-Claude Guillebaud, gender
studies (and activists of sexual minorities)
"besieged" and consider psychoanalysis and
psychoanalysts as "the new priests, the last
defenders of the genital normality, morality,
moralism or even obscurantism".Judith Butler's
worries about the psychoanalytic outlook under
which sexual difference is "undeniable" and
pathologizing any effort to suggest that it
is not so paramount and unambiguous ...". According
to Daniel Beaune and Caterina Rea, the gender-studies
"often criticized psychoanalysis to perpetuate
a family and social model of patriarchal,
based on a rigid and timeless version of the
parental order".
=== Literary theory ===
Psychoanalytically oriented French feminism
focused on visual and literary theory all
along. Virginia Woolf's legacy as well as
"Adrienne Rich's call for women's revisions
of literary texts, and history as well, has
galvanized a generation of feminist authors
to reply with texts of their own". Griselda
Pollock and other feminists have articulated
Myth and poetry and literature, from the point
of view of gender.
=== Post-modern influence ===
The emergence of post-modernism theories affected
gender studies, causing a movement in identity
theories away from the concept of fixed or
essentialist gender identity, to post-modern
fluid or multiple identities. The impact of
post-structuralism, and its literary theory
aspect post-modernism, on gender studies was
most prominent in its challenging of grand
narratives. Post-structuralism paved the way
for the emergence of queer theory in gender
studies, which necessitated the field expanding
its purview to sexuality.In addition to the
expansion to include sexuality studies, under
the influence of post-modernism gender studies
has also turned its lens toward masculinity
studies, due to the work of sociologists and
theorists such as R. W. Connell, Michael Kimmel,
and E. Anthony Rotundo.These changes and expansions
have led to some contentions within the field,
such as the one between second wave feminists
and queer theorists. The line drawn between
these two camps lies in the problem as feminists
see it of queer theorists arguing that everything
is fragmented and there are not only no grand
narratives but also no trends or categories.
Feminists argue that this erases the categories
of gender altogether but does nothing to antagonize
the power dynamics reified by gender. In other
words, the fact that gender is socially constructed
does not undo the fact that there are strata
of oppression between genders.
== Development of theory ==
=== History ===
The history of gender studies looks at the
different perspectives of gender. This discipline
examines the ways in which historical, cultural,
and social events shape the role of gender
in different societies. The field of gender
studies, while focusing on the differences
between men and women, also looks at sexual
differences and less binary definitions of
gender categorization.After the universal
suffrage revolution of the twentieth century,
the women's liberation movement of the 1960
and 1970s promoted a revision from the feminists
to "actively interrogate" the usual and accepted
versions of history as it was known at the
time. It was the goal of many feminist scholars
to question original assumptions regarding
women's and men's attributes, to actually
measure them, and to report observed differences
between women and men. Initially, these programs
were essentially feminist, designed to recognize
contributions made by women as well as by
men. Soon, men began to look at masculinity
the same way that women were looking at femininity,
and developed an area of study called "men's
studies". It was not until the late 1980s
and 1990s that scholars recognized a need
for study in the field of sexuality. This
was due to the increasing interest in lesbian
and gay rights, and scholars found that most
individuals will associate sexuality and gender
together, rather than as separate entities.A
study of drivers' propensity to use traffic
information system showed that income and
car ownership play an important role in travel
behavior for men, while education and occupation
were identified significant in the women's
behavior.Although doctoral programs for women's
studies have existed since 1990, the first
doctoral program for a potential PhD in gender
studies in the United States was approved
in November 2005.In 2015, Kabul University
became the first university in Afghanistan
to offer a master's degree course in gender
and women's studies.
=== Women's studies ===
Women's studies is an interdisciplinary academic
field devoted to topics concerning women,
feminism, gender, and politics. It often includes
feminist theory, women's history (e.g. a history
of women's suffrage) and social history, women's
fiction, women's health, feminist psychoanalysis
and the feminist and gender studies-influenced
practice of most of the humanities and social
sciences.
=== Men's studies ===
Men's studies is an interdisciplinary academic
field devoted to topics concerning men, masculism,
gender, and politics. It often includes feminist
theory, men's history and social history,
men's fiction, men's health, feminist psychoanalysis
and the feminist and gender studies-influenced
practice of most of the humanities and social
sciences. Timothy Laurie and Anna Hickey-Moody
suggest that there 'have always been dangers
present in the institutionalisation of "masculinity
studies" as a semi-gated community', and note
that 'a certain triumphalism vis-à-vis feminist
philosophy haunts much masculinities research'.
=== Gender in Asia ===
Certain issues associated with gender in Eastern
Asia and the Pacific Region are more complex
and depend on location and context. For example,
in China, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines and
Indonesia, a heavy importance of what defines
a woman comes from the workforce. In these
countries, "gender related challenges tend
to be related to economic empowerment, employment,
and workplace issues, for example related
to informal sector workers, feminization of
migration flows, work place conditions, and
long term social security". However, in countries
who are less economically stable, such as
Papua New Guinea, Timor Leste, Laos, Cambodia,
and some provinces in more remote locations,
"women tend to bear the cost of social and
domestic conflicts and natural disasters".One
issue that remains consistent throughout all
provinces in different stages of development
is women having a weak voice when it comes
to decision-making. One of the reasons for
this is the "growing trend to decentralization
[which] has moved decision-making down to
levels at which women's voice is often weakest
and where even the women's civil society movement,
which has been a powerful advocate at national
level, struggles to organize and be heard".East
Asia Pacific's approach to help mainstream
these issues of gender relies on a three-pillar
method. Pillar one is partnering with middle-income
countries and emerging middle-income countries
to sustain and share gains in growth and prosperity.
Pillar two supports the developmental underpinnings
for peace, renewed growth and poverty reduction
in the poorest and most fragile areas. The
final pillar provides a stage for knowledge
management, exchange and dissemination on
gender responsive development within the region
to begin. These programs have already been
established, and successful in, Vietnam, Thailand,
China, as well as the Philippines, and efforts
are starting to be made in Laos, Papua New
Guinea, and Timor Leste as well. These pillars
speak to the importance of showcasing gender
studies.
=== Judith Butler ===
The concept of gender performativity is at
the core of philosopher and gender theorist
Judith Butler's work Gender Trouble. In Butler's
terms the performance of gender, sex, and
sexuality is about power in society. She locates
the construction of the "gendered, sexed,
desiring subject" in "regulative discourses".
A part of Butler's argument concerns the role
of sex in the construction of "natural" or
coherent gender and sexuality. In her account,
gender and heterosexuality are constructed
as natural because the opposition of the male
and female sexes is perceived as natural in
the social imaginary.
== Criticisms ==
Historian and theorist Bryan Palmer argues
that gender studies' current reliance on post-structuralism
– with its reification of discourse and
avoidance of the structures of oppression
and struggles of resistance – obscures the
origins, meanings, and consequences of historical
events and processes, and he seeks to counter
current trends in gender studies with an argument
for the necessity to analyze lived experiences
and the structures of subordination and power.
Authors Daphne Patai and Noretta Koertge propose
in the book Professing Feminism: Education
and Indoctrination in Women's Studies that
the attempt to make women's studies serve
a political agenda has led to problematic
results such as dubious scholarship and pedagogical
practices that resemble indoctrination more
than education.
Rosi Braidotti (1994) has criticized gender
studies as "the take-over of the feminist
agenda by studies on masculinity, which results
in transferring funding from feminist faculty
positions to other kinds of positions. There
have been cases... of positions advertised
as 'gender studies' being given away to the
'bright boys'. Some of the competitive take-over
has to do with gay studies. Of special significance
in this discussion is the role of the mainstream
publisher Routledge who, in our opinion, is
responsible for promoting gender as a way
of deradicalizing the feminist agenda, re-marketing
masculinity and gay male identity instead."
Calvin Thomas countered that, "as Joseph Allen
Boone points out, 'many of the men in the
academy who are feminism's most supportive
'allies' are gay,'" and that it is "disingenuous"
to ignore the ways in which mainstream publishers
such as Routledge have promoted feminist theorists.Gender
studies, and more particularly queer studies
within gender studies, were repeatedly criticized
by the Vatican. Pope Francis spoke about "ideological
colonization", by which he meant that "gender
ideology" threatens traditional family and
fertile heterosexuality. France was one of
the first countries where this claim became
widespread when Catholic movements marched
in the streets of Paris against the bill on
gay marriage and adoption. Bruno Perreau has
shown that this fear has deep historical roots.
He argues that the rejection of gender studies
and queer theory expresses anxieties about
national identity and minority politics.
Teaching certain aspects of gender theory
was banned in public schools New South Wales
after an independent review into how the state
teaches sex and health education and the controversial
material included in the teaching materials.
=== State and governmental attitudes to gender
studies ===
In Central and Eastern Europe ‘anti-gender’
movements are on the rise, especially, in
Hungary, Poland, and Russia.
==== Russia ====
In Russia gender studies are at the moment
tolerated, however state support practices
that pushes gender agenda related to perspectives
on gender of those in power – e.g. law solving
in detail specifics of domestic violence was
abolished in 2017. Since 2010 the Russia has
also been leading a campaign at the UNHRC
to recognise so-called ‘traditional values’
as a legitimate consideration in human rights
protection and promotion.
==== Hungary ====
Gender studies programs were banned in Hungary
in October 2018. In a statement released by
Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban's office,
a spokesperson stated that "The government's
standpoint is that people are born either
male or female, and we do not consider it
acceptable for us to talk about socially constructed
genders rather than biological sexes." The
ban has attracted criticism from several European
universities which offer the program, among
them the Budapest-based Central European University,
whose charter was revoked by the government,
and is widely seen as part of the Hungarian
ruling party's move towards totalitarianism.
==== China ====
The Central People's Government supports studies
of gender and social development of gender
in history and practices that lead to gender
equality. Citing Mao Zedong's philosophy,
"Women hold up half the sky", this may be
seen as continuation of equality of men and
women introduced as part of Cultural Revolution.
== Other people whose work is associated ==
== See also ==
== References ==
== Bibliography ==
Armstrong, Carol; de Zegher, Catherine (27
October 2006). Women Artists at the Millennium.
MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01226-3. OCLC 62766150.
Berger, Anne Emmanuelle (September 2016).
"Gender springtime in Paris: a twenty-first
century tale of seasons". differences: A Journal
of Feminist Cultural Studies. 27 (2): 1–26.
doi:10.1215/10407391-3621685.
Boone, Joseph Allen; Cadden, Michael, eds.
(1990). Engendering Men: The Question of Male
Feminist Criticism. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415902557.
OCLC 20992567.
Butler, Judith (16 December 1993). Bodies
That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of 'Sex'.
New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-90366-0.
OCLC 27897792.
Butler, Judith (Summer 1994). "Feminism by
any other name (Judith Butler interviews Rosi
Braidotti)" (pdf). differences: A Journal
of Feminist Cultural Studies. 6 (2–3): 272–361.
Butler, Judith (1999). Gender Trouble: Feminism
and the Subversion of Identity (2nd ed.).
New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92499-3.
OCLC 41326734.
Cante, Richard C. (March 2008). Gay Men and
the Forms of Contemporary US Culture. London:
Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-7546-7230-1. OCLC
173218594.
Cárdenas, Micha and Barbara Fornssler, 2010.
Trans Desire/Affective Cyborgs. New York:
Atropos press. ISBN 0-9825309-9-4
Clark, April K. (March 2017). "Updating the
gender gap(s): a multilevel approach to what
underpins changing cultural attitudes". Politics
& Gender. 13 (1): 26–56. doi:10.1017/S1743923X16000520.
Cranny-Francis, Anne; Kirkby, Joan; Stavropoulos,
Pam; Waring, Wendy (28 November 2002). Gender
studies: terms and debates. Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-77612-4. OCLC 50645644.
De Beauvoir, Simone (December 1989). The Second
Sex. Translated by Borde, Constance; Malovany-Chevallier,
Sheila (Reissue ed.). New York: Vintage. ISBN
978-0-333-77612-4. OCLC 50645644.
Ettinger, Bracha L. (30 September 2001). "The
Red Cow Effect". In Howe, Mica; Aguiar, Sarah
A. He Said, She Says: An RSVP to the Male
Text. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
pp. 57–88. ISBN 978-0-8386-3915-3. OCLC
46472137.
Ettinger, Bracha L. (January 2006). Massumi,
Brian, ed. The Matrixial Borderspace (Theory
Out of Bounds). Forward by Judith Butler,
Introduction by Griselda Pollock. University
of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-3587-0.
OCLC 62177997.
Ettinger, Bracha L., 2006. "From Proto-ethical
Compassion to Responsibility: Besidedness,
and the three Primal Mother-Phantasies of
Not-enoughness, Devouring and Abandonment".
Athena: Philosophical Studies. Vol. 2. ISSN
1822-5047.
Farrell, Warren (31 January 2001) [First published
in 1993 as The Myth of Male Power: Why Men
are the Disposable Sex]. The Myth of Male
Power (Reprint ed.). New York: Berkley Publishing
Corporation. ISBN 978-0425181447.
Farrell, Warren; Svoboda, Steven; Sterba,
James P. (10 October 2007). Does Feminism
Discriminate Against Men? A Debate (Point/Counterpoint).
Oxford University Press. ASIN B019L52IHW.
Foucault, Michel (1 November 1988). The Care
of the Self: The History of Sexuality. 3 (Reprint
ed.). Vintage Books USA. ISBN 978-0-394-74155-0.
OCLC 20521501.
Foucault, Michel (31 December 1990). History
of Sexuality: An Introduction. Vintage Books.
ISBN 978-0-679-72469-8. OCLC 5102034.
Foucault, Michel (1 March 1990). The Use of
Pleasure: The History of Sexuality. 2. Vintage
Books. ISBN 978-0-394-75122-1. OCLC 5102034.
Foucault, Michel (1 January 1995). Discipline
and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated
by Sheridan, Allen. Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-75255-4.
OCLC 32367111.
Fraser, Nancy; Butler, Judith; Benhabib, Seyla;
Cornell, Drucilla (6 April 1995). Feminist
Contentions: A Philosophical Exchange. New
York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-91086-6. OCLC
30623637.
Frug, Mary Joe. "A Postmodern Feminist Legal
Manifesto (An Unfinished Draft)", in "Harvard
Law Review", Vol. 105, No. 5, March, 1992,
pp. 1045–1075. ISSN 0017-811X
Grebowicz, Margaret, ed. (4 January 2007).
Gender After Lyotard. State University of
New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6956-9. OCLC
63472631.
Healey, Joseph F. (25 March 2003). Race, Ethnicity,
Gender and Class: the Sociology of Group Conflict
and Change (3rd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN
978-0-7619-8763-5. OCLC 50604843.
Kahlert, Heike; Schäfer, Sabine, eds. (2012).
Engendering Transformation. Post-socialist
Experiences on Work, Politics and Culture.
Opladen, Berlin, London, Toronto: Barbara
Budrich Publishers. ISBN 9783866494220.
Hemmings, Clare (September 2016). "Is Gender
Studies Singular? Stories of Queer/Feminist
Difference and Displacement" (PDF). differences:
A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies. 27
(2): 79–102. doi:10.1215/10407391-3621721.
Khanna, Ranjana (September 2016). "On the
Name, Ideation, and Sexual Difference". differences:
A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies. 27
(2): 62–78. doi:10.1215/10407391-3621709.
Kristeva, Julia (14 May 1984) [First published
1980 in French as Pouvoirs de l'horreur by
Éditions du Seuil]. Powers of Horror. Translated
by Roudiez, Leon S. (Reprinted ed.). Columbia
University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-05347-1.
OCLC 8430152.
McElroy, Wendy (31 May 2001). Sexual Correctness:
The Gender-Feminist Attack on Women. Jefferson,
North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN
978-0-7864-0226-7. OCLC 34839792.
Oyěwùmí, Oyèrónkẹ́, ed. (13 October
2006). African Gender Studies: A Reader. London:
Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-6283-6.
Palmer, Bryan D. (25 January 1990). Descent
into Discourse: The Reification of Language
and the Writing of Social History (Critical
Perspectives on the Past Series) (Reprint
ed.). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
ISBN 978-0-87722-720-5. OCLC 233030494.
Pinker, Susan (29 February 2008). The Sexual
Paradox: Extreme Men, Gifted Women and the
Real Gender Gap. Random House of Canada Ltd.
ISBN 978-0-679-31415-8. OCLC 181078409.
Pollock, Griselda (7 March 2001). Florence,
Penny, ed. Looking Back to the Future: 1990-1970:
Essays on Art, Life and Death (Critical Voices
in Art, Theory and Culture). Routledge. ISBN
978-90-5701-132-0. OCLC 42875273.
Pollock, Griselda (22 November 2007). Encounters
in the Virtual Feminist Museum: Time, Space
and 
the Archive. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-41374-9.
OCLC 129952714.
Pulkkinen, Tuija (September 2016). "Feelings
of Injustice: The Institutionalization of
Gender Studies and the Pluralization of Feminism".
differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural
Studies. 27 (2): 103–124. doi:10.1215/10407391-3621733.
Reeser, Todd W. (12 January 2010). Masculinities
in Theory: An Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell.
ISBN 978-1405168601.
Scott, Joan W. (1 February 2000). Gender and
the Politics of History (2nd Revised ed.).
Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231118576.
Spector, Judith A., ed. (15 December 1986).
Gender Studies: New Directions in Feminist
Criticism. Bowling Green University Popular
Press. ISBN 978-0-87972-351-4.
Thomas, Calvin (1 October 1999). "Introduction:
Identification, Appropriation, Proliferation".
In Thomas, Calvin. Straight with a Twist:
Queer Theory and 
the Subject of Heterosexuality. University
of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06813-3.
Weed, Elizabeth (September 2016). "Gender
and the Lure of the Postcritical". differences:
A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies. 27
(2): 153–177. doi:10.1215/10407391-3621757.
Wright, Elizabeth (1 September 2000). Lacan
and Postfeminism. Icon Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84046-182-4.
OCLC 44484099.
Zajko, Vanda; Leonard, Miriam, eds. (12 January
2006). Laughing with Medusa: Classical Myth
and Feminist Thought (Classical Presences).
Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927438-3.
de Zegher, M. Catherine, ed. (8 May 1996).
Inside the Visible: Elliptical Traverse of
Twentieth Century Art in, of and from the
Feminine (2nd ed.). MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-54081-0.
OCLC 33863951.
== External links ==
GenPORT: Your gateway to gender and science
resources
xy: men, masculinities and gender politics
Gendre, onomastics gender inference for Gender
Studies
WikEd – Gender Inequities in the Classroom
Children’s Gender Beliefs
Gender Museum, a museum of women's history
and 
women and gender movement
Gender Stereotypes – Changes in People's
Thoughts, a report based on a survey 
on roles of men and women
Karelian Center for Gender Studies (Regional
NGO "KCGS")
Nordic Countries Defund Gender Ideology
The Gender Equality Paradox
Obama Pushes for Equal Pay for Women
Entrepreneurship in Asia, a look at the changing
culture of women entrepreneurship in Asia
