Alchemy is the ancient science of attempting
to transform lead into gold.
Alchemists also sought to create the Philosopher’s
Stone, which would guarantee eternal life.
While none of these people have been proven
to have been successful, their efforts in
chemical research gave birth to modern chemistry.
The names associated with alchemy in history
are typically men; most notably, Nicolas Flamel
(yes, Harry Potter fans, that dude was real).
However, many women were far ahead of their
time, and were well accomplished scientists
and alchemists in their own right.
Many of the discoveries made by these female
alchemists changed the course of history,
even if their due credit has long been forgotten.
10.
Hypatia
In ancient Alexandria, Egypt, a woman named
Hypatia was the earliest female scientist
known in recorded history.
She studied and taught astronomy, mathematics,
and philosophy.
She was also distilling water.
In modern times, this may seem simple enough,
but at the time, it was considered alchemy.
Alchemists believed that distilling, or boiling,
released the spirit or essence of a substance
to make it more pure.
We now know that this is actually true, since
boiling water kills bacteria, making it clean
to drink.
Hypatia was beautiful, elegant, and well spoken.
Many men wanted to marry her, including Orestes,
who was the governor of Alexandria.
Hypatia was an atheist and a pagan, and Orestes
was a Christian.
She claimed that she did not believe in the
institution of marriage, but they remained
close friends, and were possibly lovers.
A zealous Christian man named Cyril began
to rule over Alexandria, and he expelled all
of the Jews from the city.
Orestes tried to warn Hypatia, begging her
to convert to Christianity to avoid persecution.
She refused.
In 415 AD, Christian followers of Cyril formed
an angry mob and ripped Hypatia from her carriage.
They tore her clothes off, and beat her naked
body until she died.
Then, they ripped her limbs off of her corpse,
and burned the body until there was nothing
left.
Orestes was devastated, and rushed to Cyril’s
throne, demanding justice for Hypatia.
Cyril did nothing, and it is likely that he
is the one who ordered the men to kill her
in the first place.
Years later, the Catholic Church canonized
Cyril as a Saint.
9.
Christina of Sweden
In the later 17th Century, Christina of Sweden
was the daughter of King Gustav II Adolph.
She was an only child, so when her father
died, she became Queen at only 6-years-old.
Her father insisted that she would receive
the same education as a Prince.
When she grew up, she was very open to new
intellectual ideas, and wanted Stockholm to
be more like Rome, so she converted to Catholicism
and lived there for some time.
She had a lot of masculine features, and crossdressed
as a man.
She refused to get married, and she was rumored
to be a lesbian.
In documents kept by the Vatican in Rome,
she was called a “hermaphrodite,” or in
modern terms, intersexed – which means that
she was born with both male and female genitals.
Two alchemists named Johannes Bureus and Johannes
Franck approached her, and explained the quest
for the Philosopher’s Stone.
Franck was convinced that Christina was actually
part of a prophecy made by Paracelsus, a German
alchemist who claimed that some day, the “Elias
Artista” would be born, who would help reform
the intellectual world.
Hermaphrodites were considered to be extremely
important by some alchemists.
They were seen as being chosen ones who had
the power to find the Philosopher’s Stone.
Christina decided to listen to Franck, and
set up her own alchemical laboratory.
She also collected as many rare ancient alchemy
texts as she could.
After years of hard work, Christina announced
that she succeeded in a transmutation of creating
gold, but since she was a woman, most people
did not believe her claims.
8.
Sophie Brahe
Tycho Brahe became a famous astronomer in
the 1500s-1600s, but his sister Sophie is
typically forgotten for her own scientific
merit.
When she was 17-years-old, Sophie began working
as an assistant for Tycho, who was 27 at the
time.
In 1573, she helped her brother record a Lunar
Eclipse.
He had theorized the timing of it for years,
and his findings went down in history.
Aside from learning astronomy from Tycho,
Sophie studied classic literature, mathematics,
medicine, and alchemy.
When she was 19-years-old, Sophie got married
and had a son named Tage.
Sadly, her husband died when she was 32.
Since her child was a teenager when she became
a widow, she could devote all of her free
time to horticulture and alchemy.
She also managed her late husband’s family
estate all on her own, making sure it remained
profitable as her son’s inheritance.
Today, her former home is now known as Trolleholm
Castle.
7.
Isabella Cortese
Secrets were in fashion during the 16th Century
in Italy, and writers marketed their books
as divulging recipes and secrets that only
a privileged few got to know.
Alchemy was a popular subject, of course,
since the end result promised wealth and eternal
life.
For the true alchemists who devoted their
life to science, they called these hobbyists
“alchemisti ignoranti,” or “ignorant
alchemists.”
Typical “secret” books for women were
usually filled with beauty tricks, and tips
on how to raise children.
In 1561, Isabella Cortese published a book
called The Secrets of Signora Isabella Cortese.
In this book, she explains the journey of
her lifelong pursuit to find the Philosopher’s
Stone by traveling around Europe and studying
ancient texts.
In this book, she shares practical alchemical
recipes, like how to make perfume, essential
oils, distilled water, and melting metals
for jewelry.
The book became a huge success.
She has gone down in history as being the
first female alchemist (or scientist) to publish
a book.
6.
Marie le Jars de Gournay
As a girl in the 1500s, Marie le Jars de Gournay
was born to an aristocratic family, but she
was not allowed to receive the same education
as her brothers.
She secretly taught herself Latin, and eventually
edited academic manuscripts.
As an adult, she became known as the first
female mineralogist and mining engineer.
She eventually moved to Paris, where she ran
into some financial trouble.
This motivated her to attempt alchemy, in
hopes of creating gold.
She eventually published some of the very
first feminist books, explaining how women
are equally capable of learning science as
men are.
At the time, many people still believed in
magical underground creatures like gnomes
and kobolds, and would warn her to look out
for them when digging for minerals.
As a woman of science, she was very vocal
to shoot down anyone who believed in such
things.
Ironically, she was later accused of practicing
witchcraft, and was imprisoned.
She died in jail when she was 80-years-old.
5.
Elizabeth I
During the time of Shakespeare, English people
were enthralled with poetic stories of fantasy.
However, their ruler, Queen Elizabeth I, was
more focused on expanding her empire.
One of the ladies of Elizabeth’s court,
Mary Herbert, practiced alchemy in a laboratory
along with a large group of male researchers.
Queen Elizabeth wanted to get involved, but
she was too busy to study the chemistry and
conduct experiments herself, so she had her
own personal alchemist named Cornelius de
Lannoy.
If Cornelius ever succeeded in finding the
Philosopher’s Stone, she would get to benefit
from his findings.
This was all going on during the Protestant
Reformation.
Since she was a Virgin Queen, many people
looked up to her almost like a goddess, making
comparisons to the Virgin Mary.
The alchemists in her court believed that
she was yet another “chosen one” because
of this purity; they would be able to transmute
lead into gold and purify elements.
Now clearly, Elizabeth is hardly forgotten…
but her passion for alchemy certainly is.
4.
Miriam the Jewess
According to a story in the Koran, God taught
Moses how to make gold, and he passed on the
knowledge to his sister, Miriam.
Miriam picked up the art of alchemy very quickly.
Despite the fact that the siblings could both
create unlimited money, they both stayed humble.
Miriam married a man named Qarun.
She teaches her husband to make gold as well,
and he becomes very rich.
At the end of this story, Qarun builds a huge
palace, and God punishes him for his arrogance.
In the 4th Century, a famous Egyptian alchemist
named Zosimos of Panopolis also wrote about
Miriam.
However, the original story from the Koran
took place 500 year earlier from when he lived.
It’s not clear where he got his information,
but he claims that she was the teacher of
many great alchemists, and called her one
of “The Sages.”
Zosimos gives her credit for inventing the
double broiler, which is essential for melting
metal.
She has also been credited for discovering
hydrochloric acid.
Other versions of this story call her “Maria”
or “Mary”, but the events of her scientific
accomplishments always remain the same.
If these stories are true, then Miriam had
an incredible impact on modern science.
Other scholars theorize that perhaps Miriam
was fictional, and that the story was meant
to be a symbol of the group of female alchemists
who fermented beer in ancient Egypt.
They began a booming industry of brewing beer
that would have likely made their husbands
rich as well, and has lasted even to this
day.
3.
Cleopatra the Alchemist
According to ancient records, a physician
and alchemist named Cleopatra (not to be confused
with the famous Egyptian Queen) was one of
the students of Miriam the Jewess.
She improved upon Miriam’s double broiling
idea, and invented something called the alembic,
which was used for distilling liquid.
She was also apparently very interested in
the science behind reproduction.
Alchemists believed in the idea of “homunculus.”
This was a creature made from human bodily
fluids mixed with dirt or clay.
Some of the basis behind this idea was the
misunderstanding that sperm contained the
“homunculi,” which was a fully formed
human being, only very tiny.
Some alchemists believed that homunculi simply
needed a woman’s womb to grow, and that
men were fully capable of creating human life
without women’s help.
Many male alchemists believed that if they
succeeded in creating a homonculi, it would
have special powers, because it would not
be “polluted” by females.
Obviously, as a female alchemist, reproduction
was an issue that Cleopatra was interested
in studying, and she felt as though maybe
this whole homunculus theory was flawed.
Of course, she was correct, and had a scientific
mind that was way ahead of her time.
2.
Caterina Sforza
In a manuscript called “Experiments” written
in the 1400s, an alchemist named Caterina
Sforza wrote that she discovered something
called talc water, which would make a 60-year-old
woman look like she was 20.
She also claimed that this same water would
turn silver into gold, and cure the plague.
During her lifetime, she spent most of her
time practicing alchemy, and wrote her findings
in the manuscript.
She wasn’t trying to get her work published,
but she personally wanted to figure out the
secrets to health, youth, and financial success.
She would hang out at the local apothecary,
asking questions and learned as much as she
could about pharmacology.
Her main interest was in making anti-aging
potions, as well as medicines that could cure
illness.
She also wanted to become rich, of course,
and passed on the results of her experiments
to her son, who practiced alchemy as well.
Caterina’s grandchildren began the famous
House of Medici, which possessed tremendous
power in banking and politics.
1.
Marie Meurdrac
Marie Meurdrac was born into a French noble
family during the reign of Louis XVI.
While other members of the French nobility
partied endlessly with drugs, sex, and alcohol
at Versailles, Marie was more interested in
studying the science of alchemy.
Rather than getting away with scandals, all
Marie asked of the king was to build a laboratory
containing a furnace that could heat up hotter
than the legal limit.
She focused on three basic substances: salt,
sulphur, and mercury.
She did experiments on animals, and would
also create products that were meant to enhance
her beauty.
She was very humble in her writings, explaining
that she only felt comfortable publishing
the experiments which she had tested multiple
times, and had full confidence that the results
were true.
She also goes on explain that she held on
to her finished manuscript for two years,
because men always treated her like she was
stupid, and that women should not boast when
they have knowledge.
She finally found the courage to submit her
book for publication when she realized that
men and women are the same, and that “the
mind has no sex.”
After she became known as an expert in alchemy,
she began to hand out free medicine to the
poor.
She wrote a second book called Useful and
Easy Chemistry for the Benefit
of Ladies.
