It’s normal that when a new medium comes
along, a new communications technology comes
along, that this is very disorienting to our
own hardware.
The same thing was true when the book came
along.
I mean the book, as compared to the manuscript,
was a very powerful technology, and one could
even say even in our 21st century world, where
we claim that everything is so new and everything
has transcended everything, where everything
transcends everything every 15 minutes, the
book is still a pretty powerful technology
even when stacked up against all the things
that it’s stacked up against now.
But think back to say the 16th century when
the printing press is beginning to make hay,
what happens is that people are overwhelmed
by new ideas, specifically religious world
views are challenged, and religions fracture,
and people fight wars, and a third of the
European population is killed.
So we think about the book and we think “That’s
Enlightenment,” but Enlightenment happens
150 years after the printing press, and in
the meantime an awful lot of Europeans killing
off a lot of other Europeans.
So I like to take that as the starting point—that
new media are going to be destabilizing.
And so the assumption that the Internet was
going to come along and just take a basically
good world and make it faster and more connected
and cleaner and so on—that was something
that we should have been skeptical about from
the very beginning.
And now we’re seeing why we should be skeptical
about it.
So does the Internet allow new things, or
does the Internet create a channel for old
things?
I would say it’s rather the latter.
We know, because this is something that people
have theorized about since the Enlightenment,
that in order for there to be a democracy
there has to be something between you and
me and our fellow citizens, something between
you and me and our leaders, which is: a factual
world.
We have to have this thing called the public
sphere where you and I and our fellow citizens
and our leaders agree that there are certain
realities out there, and that from those realities
we draw our own conclusions, our own evaluative
conclusions about what would be better or
worse, but we agree that the world is out
there.
And that it’s important for you and I, as
citizens, to formulate projects, but it’s
also important in moments of difficulty for
you and I, as citizens, to resist our leaders.
Because if we’re going to resist our leaders
we have to say, “On the basis of this set
of facts, this is the state of affairs; it’s
intolerable; therefore we resist.”
If there are no facts we can’t resist, it
becomes impossible.
So there are a couple of centuries of Democratic
theory which make that argument in one form
or another.
That’s an old argument.
And what follows from that is that if you
want to build an authoritarian regime you
try to make that factual world less salient,
you try to make the world less about the facts
that are between you and me and more about
the emotions that will either divide us or
bring us together, it doesn’t really matter
which.
Authoritarianism depends upon people getting
used to hearing the things that they want
to hear, and what it does is it takes that
public sphere and dissolves it.
It says, “There aren’t really truths out
there, there aren’t really experts out there
who can tell you those truths, it’s really
all about how you feel about the world.”
And that’s true in old authoritarianism
and in new authoritarianism.
So Germans in the 1930s who were no less educated
than we are, probably more educated than we
are, more literate—they got themselves believing
all kinds of things that they wanted to believe,
and they believed in, many of them, right
down to the bitter end, and they got themselves
convinced that truth was not a matter of constant
evaluation of evidence, but truth was a matter
of some larger truth, something that made
them feel like they were together and that
others were against them.
That’s all old.
The technique that the Internet permits is
that it allows anonymous distant actors to
reach directly through our pupils into the
parts of our brains where the action really
is.
That’s new.
And then there are other things which might
be new, like machine learning.
I mean having to deal with quadrillions of
gigabytes of computing energy directed against
my lonely cerebrum, that’s something new,
and that’s probably only going to get worse.
But the pattern is old, because what a social
platform does (or what a Google search does)
is that it learns what it is that you want
to hear, and it gives you more of that thing
and thereby slowly changes you.
I mean it shifts you away from a person who
thinks there are facts out there and more
towards a person who just gets used to hearing
the things that he or she wants to hear.
You shift from being a person who could function
in the public sphere—in a democracy—to
a person who can’t.
So the shift is old, it’s familiar, but
some of the techniques though are a little
bit new, which doesn’t mean that they are
inevitably bad; it does mean that we have
to recognize, as with the book, that you have
to get a handle on these things.
Tech is neither good or bad on its own, but
you have to realize what the potential is
and start to get a handle on what the negative
possibilities are, because I think we’re
only beginning to start to see them.
People want there to be an easy answer, and
that there ain’t.
So until very recently people were still arguing,
“Well Silicon Valley is going to somehow
automatically solve this, incentive through
the nature of technology is somehow automatically
going to solve this.”
That’s not true.
That’s the politics of inevitability.
And then there are the doomsayers who say,
“Yeah humans are basically irrational; this
is how it always ends; there’s nothing we
can do about it except wait for some calamity.”
And that’s the politics of eternity, and
that’s also very tempting, but they’re
both tempting in the same way, which is they
say, “It’s not our fault, we can’t really
do anything about it, we don’t have responsibility.”
And of course we do.
So going back to the book, it helped to do
things like establish authorship, it helped
to do things like have a page of table of
contents so it was clear what was being said.
This may seem all totally boring now, but
it really mattered to get the technology of
the book under control.
We can get the technology of the Internet
under control too, provided that we decide
that that’s an issue.
Like looking at it from the point of view
of the larger economy, why can’t we think
about the Internet the way that we think about
other resources?
Or why can’t we think about our mind the
way we think about other resources?
If there’s pollution we treat that as an
externality and we internalize it.
The destruction of factuality we could also
treat as an externality; we could tax big
companies, and we could use what we get from
those big companies to support local news.
Because factuality isn’t just a matter of
being a crusader for it, it’s a matter of
producing facts, it’s a matter of producing
them not in DC or New York or Los Angeles
or Beijing or Moscow, it’s a matter of producing
them where people actually live.
And that has to be done, that has to be done
by people, it has to be done by local reporters.
The trick is not to just say, “social platform
bad!
Internet bad,” the trick is to say “how
do you produce factuality in people’s lives?”
Because the way the destructive process goes
is that first the local news goes away, and
this was true in Russia a little before it
was true in America, but in both cases you
see basically the same pattern.
First the local news goes and then people
start talking about “The Media”.
Instead of talking about reporters who they
know, they’re neighbors, they start talking
about the media as something distant.
And once that step is made, once people distrust
they start looking for other things to trust,
which are big conspiracy stories.
Because if the media is far away from you
anyway, why not believe something which makes
the world makes sense?
So part of the answer has to be: how do we
recycle some of these enormous profits back
from these huge companies into the production
of local news?
Or to take a slightly different analogy, it’s
a little bit like reforestation: if you’re
going to make huge profits from clearing timber,
okay; but after a while you realize you have
to reforest.
If you’re going to make huge profits from
driving people towards an us/them version
of politics, maybe at a certain point you
have to reforest, you have to replenish, you
have to take some of those huge profits and
actually educate people again by, for example,
supporting local news.
So I think it’s not technically that difficult
to do things like this, and there are other
ways to think about it economically, like
for example, that fake news has an unfair
competitive advantage over real news because,
for example, you don’t have to employ reporters—and
you can try to correct for that.
So there are lots of things that one could
do.
I mean you could reclassify—which I think
we should do, really—you can reclassify
investigative journalism as a public good,
which deserves positive public support from
the state.
I think that would be an excellent thing to
do.
So these things can be rejigged, there are
technical means, but I think the fundamental
answer is we can’t say “it’s going to
sort itself out” or that “it’s not going
to sort itself out,” we have to think “Yeah,
if we like democracy and freedom and the rule
of law, those things depend on factuality.
If we want factuality we actually have to
go out there and find ways to recreate it
in the 21st-century.”
That’s what I mean by history, is that history
can define the problem for you, and then you
have to say, “Am I going to take responsibility
for it or not?”
