From what we know of history, most of it was
not particularly pleasant or peaceful. Nevertheless,
it is an archaeologist’s job to dig up our
past – both figuratively and literally – regardless
of how uncomfortable or even downright abominable
it turns out to be. These next entries highlight
just how gruesome some archaeological findings
can be.
10. Child Sacrifice in Carthage
On the subject of Carthaginians being so merciless
that they would ritually sacrifice their own
children to the gods, this is what Roman historian
Diodorus had to say. He claimed that in the
city of Carthage there was a bronze statue
of Cronus with his hands extended, palm up.
All babies placed within would roll down into
a pit of fire. The historian even made mention
of rich families who bought poor children
and raised them specifically for sacrifice.
For millennia, this practice was considered
so heinous that it was dismissed as propaganda
by the Romans and Greeks. But then archaeologists
found the proof in cemeteries called tophets.
The tophets contained tiny cremated human
bones packed into urns and buried underneath
tombstones with inscriptions that gave thanks
to the gods. Some archaeologists have made
the argument that these were not victims of
child sacrifice, but rather beloved children
who died around birth.
While this would certainly be a more pleasant
thought, the Oxford team that published a
study on the topic categorically dismissed
the idea. The inscriptions on the tombstones
asked the gods to “hear my voice and bless
me”. Some urns contained animal remains
which have definitely been sacrificed and
were buried in the exact same way as the children.
Finally, the discovered skeletons were far
too few to represent all the stillbirths and
infant deaths that would occur in a city the
size of Carthage 2,000 years ago. The study
declares the evidence in favor of child sacrifice
as “overwhelming.”
9. What Sunk the Hunley?
The H. L. Hunley has a memorable, but tragic
history. It is hailed as the first submarine
to sink a warship in combat – on February
17, 1864, the Confederate Hunley attacked
the USS Housatonic, a Union sloop-of-war which
was blockading the port of Charleston, South
Carolina.
Five crewmen of the Housatonic perished as
the ship sank, but so did the eight men aboard
the submarine. In fact, 21 people died in
total on the H. L. Hunley, including the engineer
the boat was named after. It sank on three
separate occasions, each time taking the crew
with it.
On the third occasion, the fate of the Hunley
turned into a 130-year-old mystery. It disappeared
on its way back home following the attack
on the Union vessel and its location remained
a secret until 1995. The wreckage was finally
recovered in 2000 and, since then, researchers
have been arguing over what, ultimately, doomed
the submarine and its crew.
When the wreck was salvaged, an archeological
team made an eerie discovery – all the skeletons
were still at their stations. The emergency
failsafe had not been activated. This suggested
that whatever destroyed the Hunley either
killed or incapacitated the crew as they made
no attempt to escape.
At the moment, the prevalent theory is that
the Hunley’s demise was caused by its own
spar torpedo. This primitive version was simply
attached to a long pole which the submarine
rammed into the enemy ship. A modern recreation
suggested that the blast was powerful enough
to incapacitate, even kill the men instantly.
8. Daggers Made Out of Humans
Up until late last century, warriors from
New Guinea used bone daggers in hand-to-hand
combat. They were often made from the thigh
bones of large, flightless birds called cassowaries,
but there were also some which were rarer
and highly-prized. These were made from human
bones.
These revered weapons were made from the remains
of men of high status. Usually, they were
the fathers of the warriors who, presumably,
donated their bones willingly. These daggers
were worn prominently on the biceps and the
ones made from human remains were far more
intricate and adorned.
This conferred to them more of a ceremonial
status than a practical one, but anthropologists
wanted to know which type of weapon was actually
better. They tested eleven daggers – six
cassowary, five human – and found that the
blades made from human remains retained more
of the natural curvature of the bone and were
stronger.
7. The Battle of Tollense Valley
Back in 1996, an amateur archaeologist roaming
the grounds of the Tollense Valley in northeastern
Germany stumbled upon a single human arm bone.
He didn’t know it yet, but there were over
10,000 more bones waiting to be discovered
there, as he had just uncovered the earliest
known site of a major battle in European history.
Radiocarbon dating placed the artifacts in
the 13th century BCE, during the Early Bronze
Age. The original arm bone had an arrowhead
embedded in it which suggested a fight. An
initial small-scale dig quickly revealed more
remains with signs of violence – a skull
that had been bashed in by a club, more weapons,
and a thigh bone with a fracture consistent
with a fall from a horse.
This warranted further investigation and the
site has been routinely excavated since 2008.
Since then, archaeologists have found over
13,000 bone fragments, most of which were
human and belonged to young men.
Hundreds of soldiers died on the Tollense
Valley battlefield in a fight that likely
involved thousands. It was on a scale previously
thought impossible for that region and that
time period. It forced historians to reconsider
the complexity and the violent nature of Bronze
Age societies which, up until that point,
didn’t appear that concerned with warfare.
6. The Lloyds Bank Coprolite
Not all horrific archaeological discoveries
point to our murderous past. Some artifacts
can shock for entirely different reasons – the
Lloyds Bank coprolite, for example, might
be the biggest piece of fossilized human feces
in history.
It was found in 1972, during excavation for
what was to become a branch of Lloyds Bank
in York, England. It is seven inches in length
and two inches in diameter and dates back
to the 9th century CE. Fittingly, it came
from a viking who inhabited the settlement
known back then as Jórvík.
Microscope analysis of the fossilized feces
revealed traces of pollen grains and cereal
bran. It indicated that its creator, let’s
call him, subsided on a bread-heavy diet.
The coprolite still contained parasite eggs
which showed that the person was infected
with whip worms and ascaris lumbricoides,
a dangerous parasitic worm that can bore through
tissue and emerge through all human orifices,
including the corners of the eyes.
They may not be pretty, but coprolites can
provide us information about the health and
diet of the average person from bygone eras
that you could never get from books or scrolls.
The archaeologists who specialize in this
kind of study are called paleoscatologists
and the ones who studied the Lloyds Bank coprolite
regard it “as precious as the crown jewels.”
5. The Vampire Child of Lugnano
A few summers ago, American and Italian archaeologists
were working side by side, excavating a cemetery
in Umbria. The burial place was known as La
Necropoli dei Bambini, or Cemetery of the
Babies. Understandably, the work was already
rather unnerving, but researchers made a particularly
disturbing discovery. They found the skeleton
of a child with a stone forced into its mouth
in a rare and eerie example of a “vampire
burial.”
The child was around 10-years-old, of indeterminate
gender, and died 1,500 years ago. It was positioned
on the left side and had a limestone about
the size of a large egg stuck in its jaw.
Cement had been plastered over two sides of
the rock and still had visible teeth marks.
Archaeologists believe this ritual was performed
so that the child would not rise from the
dead and spread malaria. Locals have called
the unfortunate youth the “Vampire of Lugnano.”
4. The Great Flood of China
Analysis of crushed skeletal remains of children
suggests that China suffered a major flood
around the same time as the “great flood”
from legendary folk tales which gave rise
to the Chinese civilization.
According to traditional oral history, China
was once heavily plagued by floods until a
legendary hero called Yu the Great arrived.
He put an end to the flooding and then founded
the Xia Dynasty, the first of the Chinese
dynasties. There was never any historical
evidence for this story until a few years
ago when researchers found proof that suggested
the Yellow River, indeed, suffered a massive
deluge about 4,000 years ago.
The team found remnants of a landslide which
blocked the river in modern Qinghai province.
This natural dam lasted for months, building
a vast lake with all the water stored on one
side of it. Finally, one day, the dam broke,
causing a flood powerful enough that it extended
for 1,200 miles downstream.
Unsurprisingly, this deluge was lethal, and
archaeologists found the skeletons of 14 people,
most of them children, who were crushed by
the torrential waters. Radiocarbon dating
of their bones put their death around 1920
BCE which lines up with the mythical flood
that birthed the Xia Dynasty. While it is
certainly not conclusive, it does lend credence
to something which was previously considered
just a legend.
3. Neanderthals and Cannibalism
Evidence recovered from multiple sites indicates
that Neanderthals not only practiced cannibalism,
but also fashioned tools from the bones of
their own kind.
A few years ago, archaeologists discovered
40,000-year-old Neanderthal skeletons in the
Goyet Caves in Belgium. Their bones had cut
marks, pits, and notches – all signs that
they had been butchered. Moreover, the bodies
had also been skinned and cut up and their
bone marrow extracted. This all suggested
that the people had fallen victim to cannibalism
by other Neanderthals. Other food sources
found in the same caves such as reindeer and
horses had been prepared in the same way.
Furthermore, the thighbones and shinbones
were then used as knapping tools.
This wasn’t the first time that archaeologists
discovered signs of cannibalism in Neanderthal
society, showing us that this was not a one-off.
All the way back in the 1990s, researchers
found the remains of six Neanderthals, including
two children, in Moula-Guercy Cave in France.
They had the same marks as the others, but
they also had finger bones which had been
chewed on by Neanderthal teeth.
2. A Mysterious Massacre
The locals of Öland Island in Sweden knew
to stay away from the ruins of Sandby Borg
and even warned the archaeologists who visited
the place to do the same. A few seasons of
excavations showed them why – a brutal death
was the fate of all the people who once lived
in the prosperous village 1,500 years ago.
They were massacred in their homes. It was
swift and merciless and we have no idea who
did it or why.
All that remains today of Sandby Borg is a
large, green mound but, in the 5th century
CE, it was a ringfort which surrounded 53
homes. In 2010, after hearing that the area
might be a target for looters, researchers
decided to investigate to see if there was
anything there.
Very quickly they started finding treasure
and a lot of it – jewelry, glass beads,
Roman coins, decorations, and hair ornaments.
They had all been buried hastily and never
touched again. Then they also started finding
the bodies. The victims had been killed and
left to rot where they fell, although some
of them appear to have been thrown in hearths.
Fragments from tiny bones showed that the
children were not spared. Some may even been
desecrated after death such as a man’s skull
that was found stuffed with sheep’s teeth.
Archaeologists have found no written or oral
account of what happened at Sandby Borg. We
don’t know who massacred the villagers or
why, although it is clear they didn’t do
it for the money because they didn’t bother
to dig up any of the loot.
The place became taboo for locals who have
left it alone for centuries and never resettled
it. In turn, this is a boon for modern archaeologists
who get a unique, albeit incredibly grim look
at ancient society during the Migration Period.
1. Mutiny, Murder and Mayhem on the Batavia
Two years ago, archaeologists exploring the
islands off the coast of Western Australia
found a mass grave containing five people.
Their bodies had been arranged neatly and
placed in a row, showing no signs of violence.
Although grim, one could say that they were
the lucky ones because those five people had
been passengers on the Batavia, a ship which
saw one of the bloodiest, most depraved mutinies
in history.
In 1628, the Batavia sailed on its maiden
voyage from Amsterdam, headed for the Dutch
East Indies, with 341 people aboard. It was
part of a convoy, but a violent storm separated
it from the rest. Tensions were running high
between the commander of the voyage – Francisco
Pelsaert – and his second- and third-in-command
– ship’s captain Ariaen Jacobsz and junior
merchant Jeronimus Cornelisz.
The latter two planned to mutiny. Would they
have done it if the ship stayed on course,
we’ll never know, because on June 4, 1629,
the ship wrecked off Australia’s Beacon
Island. Around 40 people drowned, but the
rest made it to land. After the survivors
were safe, Pelsaert organized a party with
Jacobsz, the senior officers, soldiers, and
some passengers to search for a water source.
Pelsaert’s voyage was supposed to be the
dangerous part. He ended up sailing for over
a month until he reached the city of Batavia
where he received another ship to return for
the other survivors. He had no idea what hell
had broken loose on the island following his
departure.
Cornelisz had organized a mutiny. He had gotten
rid of the other able men by sending them
in search of water, not expecting any to return.
All who remained were the ill and feeble,
women, and children. Most of them were tortured
and killed, except for some of the women who
were kept alive to be raped.
Eventually, Pelsaert returned with soldiers
and hanged the mutineers, but not before 125
people died during the massacre. The story
of the Batavia is still being told as archaeologists
make new discoveries that point to the horrors
that took place on Beacon Island.
