bjbjLULU JUDY WOODRUFF: Now, as astronauts
and scientists are getting set for the end
of the space shuttle era in the United States,
NewsHour science correspondent Miles O'Brien
looks at how the Russians have been preparing
for the rigors of future flights to Mars.
MILES O BRIEN: It's a long journey into time,
not space, a mission to Mars and back that
never got off the ground, by design. MAN:
My family, I miss them a lot, and my friends.
Well, in general, I miss a lot the randomness
of the world. MILES O BRIEN: Six men are now
on their way back home, virtually, more than
a year after they virtually launched, six
months after they landed on Mars, also virtually.
MAN: Well, after one year inside our house,
I am feeling good. We have had a lot of fun
together. But we also went though some long
period of monotony. And even through those
periods, we always kept a good spirit together.
MILES O BRIEN: Welcome to the Mars500 isolation
experiment, where they are simulating many
of the psychological aspects of a real mission
to the red planet five miles from Red Square.
Three Russians, two Europeans and one Chinese,
all volunteers, stepped into a windowless,
hermetically sealed mock spacecraft at the
Institute of Biomedical Problems on June 3
of 2010, hoping not to break the seal for
520 days. That matches the six-month flight
to and from Mars, plus a month to explore
the surface. ELENA FEICHTINGER, Mars500: The
main task for us is to create a team who is
really able to come through this long mission
to Mars and, what is more important, to come
back. MILES O BRIEN: Living in tight quarters
with tight rations and limited water, they
have conducted experiments, maintained systems,
exercised, grappled with simulated power and
communication outages, a fall while two of
them walked in bulky suits on a mock Mars,
and, in between, tried to stave off boredom
in some creative ways. ELENA FEICHTINGER:
I have for you today a very nice message.
MILES O BRIEN: Communication is not in real
time -- the farther the distance from Earth,
the longer the delay. So, to interview them,
I had to submit questions and then wait. What's
the most important attribute in a person who
would go on a mission to Mars? ROMAIN CHARLES,
ESA/Mars500: I think that the two necessary
attributes would be tolerance and open-mindedness,
because we are an international crew and environment.
So we need to be able to understand and cope
with all the others' traditions. MILES O BRIEN:
The Russians first began simulating long space
missions in 1968, but also have lots of experience
with the real thing on the Salyut, Mir and
International space stations. So, why bother
with this cross between space camp and a reality
show? Former NASA astronaut Leroy Chiao logged
190 days aboard the International Space Station
starting in 2004. He says there is scientific
value in this odd mission. So, it's not space
camp on steroids? LEROY CHIAO, former NASA
astronaut: No, I don't think this is any fun.
(LAUGHTER) LEROY CHIAO: This is a -- I mean,
it's a serious study. You're basically going
away for over a year, and you didn't even
knock off a convenience store or anything.
(LAUGHTER) MILES O BRIEN: Chiao trained in
Russia and went to the station on a Russian
rocket with a Russian cosmonaut crewmate.
He says, over the years, the Russians have
learned a lot about selecting compatible crews.
Are the Russians better at this right now,
simply because they have more experience?
LEROY CHIAO: I think so. I think so. I think
we're -- we have learned to listen to them
and take this -- make -- know that this is
important and take it into consideration.
But because they have been doing it longer,
and they do a lot more psychological evaluation,
if you will, a lot of it which is pooh-poohed
by -- or was at least in my time -- was pooh-poohed
by NASA medical folks as kind of hocus-pocus
and unnecessary. MILES O BRIEN: Indeed, when
NASA first put its toe in the long-duration
space pool with Skylab in 1973, crew selection
wasn't a science at all. Owen Garriott spent
60 days aboard Skylab and got along famously
with his crewmates, not necessarily by design.
How much time was spent thinking about the
psychological rigors in advance? OWEN GARRIOTT,
Skylab astronaut: Interesting question. We
had a psychiatrist assigned to us. And I remember
a telephone I got after the flight, which
was my first conversation with the psychiatrist.
And so, yes, there was one. But I would say
there was minimal, minimal interaction. MILES
O BRIEN: But those were different days. The
astronauts were a homogeneous lot. OWEN GARRIOTT:
They were all test pilots. They flew together.
They had trained together. They all had similar
backgrounds, so there was no problem. But
that's not the kind of crew you're going to
have for an international flight to Mars.
You have got to have all of the disciplines,
all of the genders and perspective and ages
and so forth. You need to take some extra
time that we didn't have to do at the very
beginning of the space program. MILES O BRIEN:
But how best to know who will get along? Norm
Thagard spent 115 days on the Russian space
station Mir in 1995. Count him a Mars500 skeptic.
Tell me about this idea of trying to simulate
these missions, the Mars500. Is that useful?
NORM THAGARD, former NASA astronaut: I'm not
a fan of the simulations. To me, it's like
practicing pain. You can never duplicate the
fact that the real crew would be on a mission
with a specific purpose, and these folks are
just trying to live through a long-duration
simulation. MILES O BRIEN: NASA is not participating
directly in Mars500. Believe it not, a nuclear
non-proliferation law prohibits it. But the
agency has conducted similar isolation studies
in the past. And NASA experts on human physiology
and psychology in space are watching the Mars500
effort closely. Dr. John Charles is among
them. DR. JOHN CHARLES, NASA Johnson Space
Center: I don't think anybody knows the answer
for what the right formula is for the composition
of a crew, except that they're going to have
to be obviously brave, daring, self-reliant
and capable of responding to any kind of unanticipated
-- unanticipated situation. MILES O BRIEN:
So, there's no manual for this? DR. JOHN CHARLES:
Not at the moment. Hopefully, by 2029, there
will be. MILES O BRIEN: You're writing the
manual. DR. JOHN CHARLES: Yes. We're doing
the research that will go into the manual.
MILES O BRIEN: NASA is eying the International
Space Station as a site for interplanetary
mission simulations. BILL GERSTENMAIER, NASA
Space Operations: So, what we think we can
do is, we can use the station to demonstrate
a portion of that 180-day transit to Mars.
MILES O BRIEN: Bill Gerstenmaier is head of
space operations for NASA. Starting next summer,
he hopes to simulate Mars mission on the space
station by limiting communication, shutting
the window blinds, and reducing the size of
astronaut quarters. BILL GERSTENMAIER: The
thing that we can learn is how do you really
prepare the astronauts for that autonomy?
And there may actually be some benefit to
the autonomy. We have gotten in this mode
where they can call down and ask. But maybe
there's some advantage for some research activities
where they're better off doing their own research.
MILES O BRIEN: In a simpler, more shoestring,
campy kind of way, that is what this simulation
is all about. An advocacy group called the
Mars Society stages mock missions to the red
planet on Devon Island in the Canadian Arctic
and in the Utah desert. Volunteers live in
a small habitat, limit their food and water
intake, and only step outside in pretend space
suits to try and see what challenges astronauts
might encounter doing field work on Mars.
Aerospace engineer Robert Zubrin is the founder
of the Mars Society. ROBERT ZUBRIN, Mars Society:
People can take isolation. But what the mission
is about is field exploration. Here, we have
a wet chemistry lab. MILES O BRIEN: Zubrin
is the leading proponent of a relatively inexpensive,
bold, risky piloted mission to the red planet
that he details in a book titled "The Case
for Mars." He says humans can reach Mars with
three launches of a heavy-lift rocket that
is on the drawing board at California-based
Space Exploration Technologies. There would
be two staging missions, and a third launch
which would carry two astronauts to the surface.
If a president stood up today and said, we
choose to go to Mars, could NASA do it? ROBERT
ZUBRIN: I think we could do it within 10 years.
I think the technological challenges are significantly
less than those involved in going to the moon
were in the 1960s, relative to our current
level of space technology and technology in
general. MILES O BRIEN: But NASA believes
Mars direct is way too risky. And, besides,
there is no Mars program, only vague hints
that the agency is headed in that direction,
now that the space shuttle era is over. PRESIDENT
BARACK OBAMA: I believe we can send humans
to orbit Mars and return them safely to Earth.
And a landing on Mars will follow. And I expect
to be around to see it. (APPLAUSE) MILES O
BRIEN: Not exactly a "We choose the moon"
rallying cry. So, for space enthusiasts who
would like to see humans on Mars, simulations
and animations may be all there is for many
years to come. So, how do you respond to those
who say this simulation is inherently flawed
because you know in the back of your mind
that, if something should go wrong, you're
still on Earth? DIEGO URBINA, ESA/Mars500:
We do the best that we can with the tools
we have on hand. And there is -- it is known
for a fact that isolation itself is -- is
a very big -- very big issue. And it produces
-- it has a lot of consequences on your body
and on your mind. MILES O BRIEN: And no matter
how much they learn about those consequences,
without the mandate and the money to go explore
for real, it will remain a mission to nowhere.
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State JUDY WOODRUFF: Now, as astronauts and
scientists are getting set for the end of
the space shuttle era in the United States,
NewsHour science correspondent Miles O'Brien
looks at how the Russians have been preparing
for the rigors of future flights to Mar Normal
Microsoft Office Word JUDY WOODRUFF: Now,
as astronauts and scientists are getting set
for the end of the space shuttle era in the
United States, NewsHour science correspondent
Miles O'Brien looks at how the Russians have
been preparing for the rigors of future flights
to Mar Title Microsoft Office Word Document
MSWordDoc Word.Document.8
