Welcome to Spotlight.
I’m Anne Muir.
And I’m Colin Lowther.
Spotlight uses a special English method of
broadcasting.
It is easier for people to understand, no
matter where in the world they live.
The sound of thunder.
Lightning is bright in the sky.
The storm is coming closer.
Some people hide in fear.
They put their hands over their ears.
And they wait for the storm to finish.
In the past, many people believed that thunder
and lightning were punishments from God.
Lightning came from the sky, so they believed
that it came from God.
It was powerful.
It could cause great damage.
But no one knew what lightning really was.
That changed in 1752.
Today’s Spotlight is on the experiment that
showed the true nature of lightning.
Benjamin Franklin was a scientist and statesman.
He lived almost 300 years ago, in the United
States.
Franklin is mainly known today as a political
person.
His writings greatly influenced the United
States, and many other countries too.
But he is also known as a scientist and inventor.
His most important discoveries were about
electricity.
At that time, electricity was a new discovery.
Franklin did many experiments with electricity
in his home.
He began to think that lightning acted like
electricity in many situations.
Franklin suspected that lightning was an electrical
current.
But he wanted to test his theory.
He developed an experiment.
The experiment would discover if lightning
would pass through metal.
He decided to use a metal key.
But first, he had to find a way of linking
the key to the lightning - high up in the
sky.
Franklin’s experiment is quite famous.
However, Franklin did not record this experiment
until much later.
So some experts believe that it did not happen
the way stories describe it.
Scientists debate the details of the experiment.
They say that it could not have happened exactly
as most people imagine.
It is unclear how Franklin actually did the
experiment.
But Franklin’s results are clear.
Later experiments proved that he was correct.
Most modern versions agree that it happened
something like this.
The story says that Franklin decided to use
a kite.
We usually only see children playing with
kites.
They like to make them using brightly coloured
paper, sticks, and very thin string.
They stretch the paper over the sticks and
attach the string to the sticks.
And then they hold onto the long string and
run.
The wind carries the kite through the sky.
Franklin made his kite from light cloth.
He tied a metal key to the bottom.
He expected the lightning to strike the kite.
He believed that the lightning would flow
down the kite string to the key at the end.
The experiment took place in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.
It was June, 1752.
Franklin and his son waited for a thunderstorm.
When the storm began, they carried the kite
outside.
They flew it high.
It entered a rain cloud.
Franklin put his hand on the key.
And then, bang!
Electricity flowed through.
The experiment had worked!
The lightning behaved like electricity.
It flowed through wet kite-string and the
metal key!
Some modern scientists say that the lightning
would have killed Franklin.
But they do suggest other possible ways that
the kite experiment could have happened.
For example, they suggest that lightning did
not strike Franklin’s kite.
They say that the string got electricity from
the air in the storm.
No matter who is right about the details of
the experiment, Franklin’s theory still
caused many people to investigate lightning.
Now, scientists agree that lightning is electricity.
And scientists know much more about lightning.
They tell us that:
On average, there are 100 lightning strikes
every second around the world.
Lightning can send out a million volts of
electricity!
The temperature in a lightning bolt is about
30,000 degrees Celsius.
Lightning can strike in half a second.
In that time, the lightning heats the surrounding
air.
It heats it to an extremely high temperature
- five times hotter than that on the sun’s
surface!
The heat causes the air to expand.
This makes a sound.
We hear this sound as thunder.
Although this happens at the same time, we
hear the thunder after the lightning.
The reason for this is simply because sound
travels more slowly than light.
Lightning disappears quickly in the air.
But it does sometimes leave something behind:
fulgurites.
The word comes from the Latin word for lightning,
‘fulgur’.
The best-known fulgurites are sand fulgurites.
These are found under the surface of sand.
Sand fulgurites form when lightning hits sand.
They are thin glass tubes under the sand.
The heat from the electrical current is very
intense.
It melts the sand into glass.
Fulgurites usually take the shape of the roots
of a tree.
The outside of the thin tubes is silica glass.
Scientists can easily make silica glass in
laboratories.
But it is very rare to find it in nature.
Fulgurites are not usually longer than a few
centimetres.
This is because movement of the sand often
breaks the fine tubes.
They are after all, glass.
Rock fulgurites form in a similar way.
They form when lightning strikes the surface
of rock.
The lightning melts the rock’s surface.
It can also melt the inner part of the rock.
Rock fulgurites are even less common than
sand fulgurites.
The formation of fulgurites shows just how
powerful lightning is.
Lightning can cause great damage to buildings
- especially tall buildings.
Benjamin Franklin invented something simple
to prevent this damage.
His invention is called a lightning rod.
Lightning rods are tall thin pieces of metal.
A rod may have a pointed end, or a ball at
the end.
People place lightning rods at the top of
a building.
The rod is the tallest thing on the building.
A wire goes from the rod to the ground.
When lightning strikes, the electricity goes
through the rod to the ground.
The lightning does not affect the building.
Lightning rods became very popular because
of Franklin.
They have saved many buildings!
From electricity to a lightning rod that saves
buildings.
Benjamin Franklin asked questions.
He changed ideas.
And he invented something that still helps
people today!
All discoveries start in the same place.
What questions do you have?
What can you create?
The writers of this program were Marina Santee
and Christy VanArragon.
The producer was Nick Mangeolles.
The voices you heard were from the United
Kingdom and the United States.
All quotes were adapted for this program and
voiced by Spotlight.
You can listen to this program again, and
read it, on the internet at www.radioenglish.net.
This program is called, ‘Lightning and Electricity’.
You can also leave your comments on our website.
Or you can email us at radio@radioenglish.net.
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for spotlightradio.
We hope you can join us again for the next
Spotlight program.
Goodbye.
