The Greek philosopher Plato was a student
of Socrates, and teacher of Aristotle. He
wrote on a wide variety of topics including
Politics, Aesthetics, Cosmology, and Epistemology.
To this day, we refer to “Platonic Love”
and “Platonic Ideals.” Plato’s search
for knowledge and truth formed the basis of
much of Western Philosophy.
Plato’s birthdate is disputed - some sources
say around 428 BC, others claim 424 BC. In
any case, it was a fortunate birth. Plato’s
parents were both descended from Athenian
nobility. Like other children from distinguished
families in Athens, Plato received the best
education of the day, studying philosophy,
poetry, and gymnastics.
Plato grew up during the Peloponnesian War,
and as a young man saw the political chaos
surrounding the final defeat of Athens by
Sparta. Two of Plato’s relatives came to
power in the new government, who were known
as the Thirty Tyrants, and were notorious
for denying Athenians their rights. The group
ruled briefly until this despised oligarchy
was overthrown and Athens returned to democracy
in 403 BC. You might expect, given Plato’s
prominent family connections, that he was
destined to be a politician.
Plato’s life took a different path, however,
when he met the great teacher Socrates and
was inspired by his philosophy of the pursuit
of knowledge and virtue. It’s ironic, considering
that Socrates was accused of corrupting the
youth of Athens, including Plato. Socrates
was unpopular with the Thirty Tyrants, as
well as with the leaders of the newly restored
democracy. In a grave miscarriage of justice,
Socrates was found guilty of the trumped-up
offenses and was sentenced to death. Plato
tried to prevent his execution, offering to
pay a fine to spare Socrates’ life. However,
Socrates willingly went to his death. Plato
was forever afterwards disgusted by politics
and dedicated his life to the study of philosophy,
like his teacher.
Although Plato was famously taught by Socrates,
he was also influenced by Pythagoras and others.
After Socrates’ death, Plato left Athens
and traveled for a dozen years, studying various
subjects including mathematics with the Pythagoreans
in Italy, and geometry and astronomy in Egypt.
During these travels, Plato wrote his early
Dialogues, which featured Socrates and his
teachings. Since Socrates did not write any
books of his own, these Dialogues represent
one of the few pictures of the legendary philosopher
and his style of discourse.
Returning to Athens, Plato founded The Academy
around 387 BC. The Academy is thought to be
the first Western institution of higher learning.
Here, one could attend open-air lectures in
astronomy, biology, mathematics, politics,
and philosophy. The Socratic Method was commonly
used as the form of rational discussion, whereby
a given hypothesis is examined by questioning.
If these questions lead logically to a contradiction,
a new candidate for truth must be adopted.
Generations were educated at the Academy until
it was destroyed in 86 BC when Athens was
conquered by the Romans during the First Mithridatic
War. The Academy was revived in the early
5th century by Neoplatonists, who saw themselves
as successors to Plato. In 529, Emperor Justinian
I of Byzantium closed The Academy once and
for all. He saw it as a threat to Christianity.
While Plato taught at the Academy, he continued
to write. He amassed 35 Dialogues and 13 Letters
(known as Epistles), although the authenticity
of some of these works has been called into
question. Although he was reluctant to write
about himself, several of Plato’s family
members appear in these works. Most historians
consider this a sign of Plato’s pride in
his distinguished family.
The order in which Plato’s works were written
is not known for certain, although some rough
grouping is traditionally done by historians
as follows: The earliest dialogues, including
the Apology and Crito, presented the teachings
of Socrates. Later dialogues, such as The
Republic and The Symposium, introduce Plato’s
Theory of Forms and the relationship between
the soul, the state, and the cosmos. Finally,
his most mature works are grouped together
because they are considered stylistically
similar. These include The Laws and Timaeus,
and address such topics as law, mathematics,
and natural science.
The Theory of Forms is at the heart of Platonism
- In Plato’s view, reality is unavailable
to those who completely rely on their senses.
He explained that every object that we could
see or interact with in our experience of
reality was actually just a mimic of a Form
(capital F). For instance, we recognize a
brick when we see it, even though every brick
is a little bit different, because they are
all reflections of some essential, true brick
that is the real, Ideal brick. Plato argued
that these Forms and other abstract ideas
were more real than those things we could
see and hear and touch. Universals, such as
Justice, Beauty, and Equality are not accessible
to the senses, but are understood only
 through reason.
Plato’s view of the condition of humankind
is perhaps best captured in his Allegory of
the Cave as written in The Republic. The words
of this parable are spoken by Socrates and
Plato’s brother Glaucon, but it is considered
to be Plato’s own ideology. Socrates describes
to Glaucon a group of prisoners, chained for
their entire lives in a cave, shackled in
such a way that they can only look in front
of them at one of the walls of the cave. Behind
them is a fire, burning brightly. In between
the fire and the prisoners is a platform,
where objects are exhibited. The prisoners
cannot see the reality of these objects, only
the shadows they cast on the wall of the cave.
If we rely solely on our senses, we are like
the prisoners in the cave, who cannot sense
the reality behind them, only the poor copies
of the real world projected before them. The
real word of Ideals can only perceived by
reason. Hence the vital importance of the
Academy.
Plato spent his last years writing and teaching
at the Academy. Undoubtedly we cannot know
all of what Plato thought, especially since
he preferred speaking to writing as a means
of transmitting knowledge. According to the
writings of his students, Plato had a set
of Unwritten Doctrines which were taught only
orally. Plato’s most famous student, Aristotle,
came to study at the Academy in 367 BC and
remained there for the next 20 years. He would
go on to found his own academy, called the
Lyceum, where he would carry on the great
tradition of Plato and Socrates. Plato died
around 348 BC, and is believed to be buried
on the grounds of the Academy.
