hello friends welcome to this
investment-banking tutorial from wallstreetmojo
in this short introductory program on investment banking overview
you will learn about what are the key
roles and responsibilities of different
functions within an investment bank say
for example what is research what is
sales and trading division how do banks actually help in terms of
raising capital for various companies
what are these jargons all about what is
underwriting what is market making and let's say why investment banking M&A
activities are the core and heart
and soul of investment banking division
and we will also try to answer questions
regarding what is restructuring and
reorganization and how banks actually
help in terms of doing that so as you
may have understood that you know I was
referring investment banks and banks as
as one term now these two things are
kind of very confused lot our reason
being that you know commercial banks
have different work altogether as well
as you know when we talk about
Investment Banking they are kind of very
different from each other so the first
thing that let us kind of understand is
what is a commercial bank and how a
commercial bank differs from investment
bank let us now look at what is a
commercial bank now commercial banks are
in fact referred to sometimes as retail
banks okay and an example of a
commercial bank or a retail bank could
be something like Barclays JPMorgan
Chase Bank then we can also include HSBC and there would be whole list of you
know commercial banks but the primary
question here is that what is a
commercial bank and what is their
responsibilities how do they earn money
so let me put it this way in a very very
crude way let's assume that this is a
commercial bank and you know there are two different set
of parties which are involved think of
you and me you know when we have excess
cash you know we kind of deposit that
money in in the bank so we are
essentially depositors right a bank is a
place where they collect money from
various depositors so depositors can be
in the form of individuals or they can
be corporates as well or business guys
so essentially what we are saying is
that the bank actually collects dollars
from these depositors so what does
depositors get in return one is that the
money which has been deposited is
safe and second what they earn is
something called a interest rate so
let's call this as interest on deposit
so let's say if you have deposited
$100 and the interest rate is 5% the bank at the end of one
year will pay you not only $100 which is your initial amount but in your
account you'll also see a $5 which is corresponding to the interest
payment so you'll have $105 at the
end of one year if you deposit $100 in
the bank now this is on one side where
Bank actually sources money
the second is basically where they
deploy the set of money so think about
you know loans, loans in the form of you
know home mortgage loans you know they
could be individuals who would like to
have car loans you know it could be
personal loans it could be any other
format of loans so this may be with
respect to the individuals but we may
also see up some parts of loans which
are given to corporates so what we are
essentially saying is that Bank actually
collects money from the depositors and
gives them gives to those guys who are
in need of money so and what do they
charge so what is the benefit of the
bank here the benefit of the Bank is
that they earn again interest which we
will call that as let's assume on loans
and now this is their
interest income and this is their
interest expense so the bank actually
earns money by ensuring that the
interest on loans that they earn is
greater than the interest on the
deposits that they give so this is an
interest income and on the other side
this is an expense so if a bank is able
to manage this the bank will be
profitable so traditionally the banks
have been doing this kind of business
where they are giving loans and you know
this is something like a low-risk kind
of business and it's called as
commercial or a retail bank so with this
understanding of a commercial bank let
us now move forward so let us now look
at what is Investment Banking first and
for most please note that Investment Banking is
different from traditional or commercial
banking which we have earlier referred
to so Investment Banking is do not take
you know deposits like the way
traditional bank does neither do they actually pay our act like a
guarantee for safekeeping the money of
the depositors so investment banks do
not do that so let's see what investment
banks actually do so to understand
Investment Banking better let me give
you an analogy with respect to a
property broker now who is a property
broker let's assume that on one side
there are buyers buyers of apartment and
then on the other side there are sellers
of the apartment so there are buyers as
well as sellers of the apartment now
obviously they would like to transact
and make this market happen now on one
side when the buyers who are individual
buyers are seeking these sellers you
know sometimes or in fact many at times
it becomes very difficult for the buyers
to do all the due diligence with respect
to the apartment or maybe you know look
at the financial considerations and
negotiate them so and in addition the
important thing is even searching is
also a problem for them so what happens
is that these buyers may actually get in
touch with
people called property brokers now these
property brokers will do a couple of
tasks you know they would identify how
many sellers are there in the region you
know they would communicate and kind of make a checklist on the legalities
associated with the apartment they will
do the complete due diligence you know
what are the financial considerations
and they search and depending on the
requirement of the buyer they would kind
of suggest the properties so a property
broker is someone in between who is
doing all these tasks now how do these
property brokers normally make money
this is through Commission's that they
earn and commissions are primarily on
successful transactions so let's say if
a buyer has bought a flat from a seller
at $10 million so a certain percentage
will actually be a part of the property
broker as Commission's or fees so I mean
this is how a property broker functions
now having understood in very little
sense how a property broker functions
now think about our investment banker
I'll call an investment banker as a
financial broker so instead of property
broker I'm calling this as financial
broker what his job is essentially is to
make the buyers on one side and the
sellers meet somehow now I'll just
quickly change the definition of buyers
and sellers in this context because I'm
talking about Investment Banking here
now think about company okay instead of
a buyer or seller I am talking about a
company now this company let's say this
company's name is ABC and they want to
raise funds, raise funds meaning that you
know they have a requirement of
raising funds because they are going to
invest in expand largely from a very small city to you know they want to
have a global presence all together so
for that they require funds so obviously
there are two approaches to doing that
one is that they can approach a bank and
second is that they can raise equity from the
market and we call that as an IPO so
doing an initial public offering you
know they can raise money from the
markets so let's assume that they don't
want to go to the bank of for raising
for the funds so the option that they
are evaluating is through equity
dilution so what they mean is they are
ready to give a share of their company
to certain investors who would be
willing to do that why are initial public offering now if
company ABC may want to kind of go ahead and do this initial public offering they
will find it really tough because couple
of things would happen there are
legalities associated with it then if
you talk about you know how to be aware
of the processes you know they may not
even know that third at what valuations
you know all these things they may not
be actually equipped to do that so what
they essentially do is that you know
they contact someone called a investment
banker and the role of the investment
banker is to do all these tasks,
check at the legal options you know look
at the processes talk about the valuations
and what this broker does is that he
identifies all the set of investors for
this IPO so S would mean investors here
in this case and the investment bankers
are sophisticated financial brokers in
fact that they are connected with the
investors and they help these set of
companies raise funds and that they all
understand the checklist of you know
raising through an IPO so this was a
small example where you know investors
are on one side and the company is on
the other side so how do the investment
bankers earn money investment bankers
earn money by commissions like the way
you know the theory the property brokers
used to on these guys actually earn
commissions on the amount of funds that
are raised for this company ABC so this
is how investor banks actually earn
money so do one of the ways you know
the other set of examples could be
related to mergers and acquisitions so
let's say there's a company called ABC
and they want to merge with another
company called DEF now the problem with
these two set of companies would be that
they may not be equipped enough to
handle all the regulatory aspects of the
merger as well as come to the
appropriate calculations in terms of
valuations are prepared for financial
models so what investment banking firm
does is they come in between and advise
on the possibilities of the merger why
it should happen what are the possible
synergies and in fact the key critical
aspects of investment banks is that the
health largely with respect to
negotiating a price so you know if the
price is high then you know how to talk
to the clients in order to make the two
buyers and sellers meet at one point so
the expert negotiators as well so and
and for that again they charge
Commission so a certain amount of
Commission 1% 2% just as an example can be understood from the point of view of
Investment Banking so in an actual think about a property broker and that
the property brokers role is just to
kind of you know help the buyers and the
sellers identify and in between property
brokers actually add a lot of value by
helping the the buyer research as well
as the sellers also to identify the
buyers so they are adding lot of
value in between so likewise investment
banking also does the same while the
companies are looking for raising funds
or you know they're looking at mergers
and acquisition activities so investment
banks do many other things as well so we
will discuss all of these in our
following lectures I now hope that you
are able to kind of appreciate the
difference between what is an investment
bank and what is a commercial bank
