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We’ve long resisted offering any definition
of art on this channel.
In my mind, Abrose Bierce was really onto
something when he offered this entry in his
1906 Devil’s Dictionary: “art, n. This word has no definition.”
It’s not that there aren’t plenty of definitions
out there, it’s just that I find them lacking
in some way, or incomplete, or so watered
down that they’re meaningless.
Take Oxford’s:
“The expression or application of human
creative skill and imagination, typically
in a visual form such as painting or sculpture,
producing works to be appreciated primarily
for their beauty or emotional power.”
Wait, human creative skill?
Do we really want to say other animals are
incapable of making art?
And there are definitely artworks that I appreciate for neither their beauty nor their emotional power.
Like a Thomas Hirschhorn installation I can
find thought-provoking, but not beautiful
or emotionally powerful, really.
To me, saying how you’re supposed to respond
confines the experience.
But is it impossible to define art?
Or worthwhile to try?
For a while now, I’ve been gathering quotes
about art from a range of writers and artists
throughout history.
I’m going to share some of these with you
in the hope that we might gain some understanding
of this nebulous idea called art, or that
you might find a definition that resonates
for you.
I tend to be a fan of the ones that are intentionally
enigmatic, like James Baldwin’s:
“The purpose of art is to lay bare the questions
that have been concealed by the answers.”
I like that it leaves the boundaries really
wide.
Like for me the ancient Greek and Roman philosophers
confine art too much, like Seneca who said:
“All art is but imitation of nature.”
Which he could maybe get away with saying
about the art of his time, but just doesn’t
hold up for me now, when I see, let’s say,
this wonderful work by Nam June Paik, Magnet
TV from 1965.
Aristotle set his terms a little more broadly,
when he said:
“Art completes what nature cannot bring
to a finish.
The artist gives us knowledge of nature’s
unrealized ends.”
Which I like for its proposal that art does
something nature alone does not.
That art works from nature and extends it
outward.
Because, let’s face it, if there’s a competition
between the power of art and nature...
I’m sorry, art, it’s just not really a
contest.
I’m reminded of a quote often attributed
to Marc Chagall:
“Art is the unceasing effort to compete
with the beauty of flowers - and never succeeding.”
But of course not all art is trying to compete
with the beauty of flowers, nor simply reproduce
what’s already around us.
As Paul Klee stated succinctly:
“Art does not reproduce the visible; rather,
it makes visible.”
Put another way by Bertold Brecht:
“Art is not a mirror held up to reality,
but a hammer with which to shape it.”
It’s the world-building aspect of art that
many of us greatly enjoy, be it Toyin Ojih
Odutola’s fictional portraits of aristocratic
Nigerian families, or the immersive installations
of Helio Oiticica, or any other work whose
new reality compels you, be it realistic or
completely abstract.
Artists have put forward objects and experiences
that are unlike anything naturally occurring
in the world.
I like Chinua Achebe’s description of art
as “man's constant effort to create for
himself a different order of reality from
that which is given to him.
Because art after all, is not just a transporting
device for those who experience it, but for
it’s maker as well.
Twyla Tharp wryly observed that:
“Art is the only way to run away without
leaving home.”
In the delightfully titled book Vague Thoughts
on Art from 1911, John Galsworthy explains
it this way:
“... What is grievous, dompting, grim, about
our lives is that we are shut up within ourselves,
with an itch to get outside ourselves.
And to be stolen away from ourselves by Art
is a momentary relaxation from that itching,
a minute's profound, and as it were secret,
enfranchisement.”
And that brings us to my favorite explanations
of art, which focus on this idea of art as
a means of exchange.
John Dewey wrote extensively about this, calling
art “the most effective mode of communications
that exists.”
He explained:
“The actual work of art is what the product
does with and in experience.”
This, for me, is what art is all about.
An astoundingly skillful painting is great
and all, but for me it becomes fully what
it is by being taken in by others.
And I don’t even just mean human others,
I think even penguins count!
In the words of James Turrell:
“Art is a completed pass.
You don’t just throw it out into the world--
someone has to catch it.”
Through art, we have the remarkable opportunity
to step into the shoes of someone else for
a while, to see the world as they see it,
or want to see it.
And in that process, we discover things about
our own lives and worlds.
As Thomas Merton once said:
“Art enables us to find ourselves and lose
ourselves at the same time.”
Louise Bourgeois phrased it another way:
“Art is a way of recognizing oneself, which
is why it will always be modern.”
For me, this means that not only can the artist
recognize themselves in making the thing,
but that the appreciator can find some aspect
of themselves in their experience of the thing.
Even an artwork that is centuries old can
be made modern in the way it is recognized
and understood in the present.
And that brings us to one of the most famous
aphorisms of all time: “Art is long, life
is short.”
Or in it’s Latin translation from the original
Greek “Ars longa, vita brevis.”
Now in its original context it’s often thought
to mean that life is short and technique or
craft can take a long time to perfect.
But it’s most often invoked to say that
art can last longer than the artist.
And art is usually designed or at least hoped
to have a life independent of the artist.
I like the way Kerry James Marshall described
his own aims in making:
“What you're trying to create is a certain
kind of an indispensable presence, where your
position in the narrative is not contingent
on whether somebody likes you, or somebody
knows you, or somebody's a friend, or somebody's
being generous to you.”
Like, there’s the hope that any person’s
art “works” without them being there to
talk about it or promote it or explain it.
Gerhard Richter once described art as the
highest form of hope.
And it is indeed an act of extreme optimism
and even vulnerability to create things that
we admit we want to outlast us.
I like how William Faulkner once explained
this aspiration:
“The aim of every artist is to arrest motion,
which is life, by artificial means and hold
it fixed so that a hundred years later, when
a stranger looks at it, it moves again since
it is life.”
This is exactly how I feel when reading a
book or looking at art or listening to music
from the past, thrown immediately and viscerally
into a time and perspective different from
my own but no less real.
Through art, I recognize the humanity of countless
other beings I’ll never meet.
Nietzsche said:
“Art is essentially the affirmation, the
blessing, the deification of existence.”
Art tells me that other people really exist
and existed in the past.
Which I know rationally, but only feel through
art.
For me, also embodied in that statement is
the way art can function for the artist as well.
I, in making something, affirm my own presence in the world.
There are many ways art performs this win/win
function, serving both the artist and the
appreciator.
Sarah Sze described art as sustenance:
And it is sustenance for both artist and audience.
Dorothea Tanning said:
“Art has always been the raft on to which
we climb to save our sanity.”
And that is also true for both artist and
audience.
I think too about this 1968 remark by Anni
Albers:
“I have this very what you call today ‘square’
idea that art is something that makes you
breathe with a different kind of happiness.”
Which brings us to another aspect of art,
a big one: art as expression, or an outing
of what is inside you.
Dorothy Parker once described art as a form
of catharsis.
Or the releasing of emotions that yields some
form of relief.
Now this can be a gentle kind of thing, like
when Henry Ward Beecher wrote:
“Every artist dips his brush in his own
soul, and paints his own nature into his pictures.”
Or it can be a more violent affair.
Georg Baselitz said:
“Art is visceral and vulgar ― it’s an
eruption.”
Which feels about right when you look at Baselitz’s
work, and also the work of many so-called
expressive painters.
I think we tend to associate “expression”
with BIG FEELINGS, but it really just depends
on who is doing the expressing and what is
being expressed.
“What is art?,” Edvard Munch asked, “Art
grows out of grief and joy, but mainly grief.
It is born of people’s lives.”
Oh, Munch.
We can tell it was mainly grief.
But this is another of art’s remarkable
capacities, to bend and adapt to the whims
and wills of its maker.
The artist Christo once said:
“The work of art is a scream of freedom.”
And I love that for Christo and his collaborator
Jeanne Claude, that was expressed not through
a literal scream or hectic jabs of paint,
but through such breathtaking installations
as this monumental valley curtain from 1972.
And a work of art isn’t always an “expression,”
per se.
Sometimes it’s the articulation of an idea
not necessarily born of emotions.
Ralph Waldo Emerson described art as:
“The conscious utterance of thought, by
speech or action, to any end, is art.”
And that’s why, for Joseph Beuys:
“Even the act of peeling a potato can be
a work of art if it is a conscious act.”
Conceptual artist Sol LeWitt explained to
us how:
“Ideas alone can be works of art….All
ideas need not be made physical.…A work
of art may be understood as a conductor from
the artist’s mind to the viewer’s.
But it may never reach the viewer, or it may
never leave the artist’s mind.”
Which reminds me of two other statements on
art, one from Ed Ruscha:
“Art has to be something that makes you
scratch your head.”
And another from Marshall McLuhan:
“Art is anything you can get away with.”
And art is indeed challenging at times.
It is now, and it has been throughout history.
But that seems to be baked into the concept.
Francis Ford Coppola explained:
“An essential element of any art is risk.
If you don’t take a risk then how are you
going to make something really beautiful,
that hasn’t been seen before?”
And again, that’s risk for both the artist
and those experiencing the art.
You have to take the risk along with the artist
to find that new remarkable thing.
And art is powerful.
Even though it’s made up, it can and has
shaped my consciousness and changed my mind
about things.
There are many quotes about the relationship
between art and truth, like Picasso’s:
“Art is a lie that makes us realize truth.”
And Theodor Adorno’s:
"Art is magic delivered from the lie of being
truth."
But my favorite of these is Wangechi Mutu’s:
“Art allows you to imbue the truth with
a sort of magic, so it can infiltrate the
psyches of more people, including those who
don’t believe the same things as you.”
Empires and governments have understood the
power of art and used it to varying ends.
But the power of art is also wielded by individuals,
and collaborating groups of individuals, and
that’s part of what makes it such a compelling
and fulfilling activity to engage in.
Both the making of it, and the experiencing
of it--alone and together in groups.
It’s hard to pin down this thing we call
art because it is always changing.
As a concept, art is slippery and flexible
and ephemeral, used to describe an enormous
range of activities and objects and experiences.
In Elbert Hubbard’s words:
“Art is not a thing, it is a way.”
It’s the open-ended, elastic definitions
of art that get the closest to me to describing
what it really is.
Duchamp once offered this one:
“What art is, in reality, is this missing
link, not the links which exist.
It’s not what you see that is art; art is
the gap.”
I love that gap!
For me, that’s where the magic happens.
It’s that space between the art and the
appreciator, the artist and the art.
It’s the gap between my response to a work
of art and your response to it.
It’s the air between all of us as we make
meaning out of the world around us.
I don’t think we need a definition of art.
But if we did, I would think it would be all
of these definitions, and all of the many
others not included here.
And then the challenge is to hold all of them
all in our head at the same time, without
deciding on any one of them.
Because each of us decides what this thing
is called art.
This way, art can continue to shift and expand
and cater to the needs of those who feel compelled
to make it, whatever it is.
Deciding once and for all what art is would
exclude those who come along and want to push
it in a new direction.
It would limit what’s possible now, and
moving forward.
It should be an open and evolving concept,
capable of holding your definition of art
along with everyone else’s.
But I do have to warn you, you have to be
careful because:
“Art is a habit-forming drug.”
What is art for you?
Let’s talk about it in the comments.
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