insignificant though, this bottle of compressed hydrogen gas looks, it marks the beginning
of the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator chamber culminating the Cern's
spectacular large hadron collider
Hydrogen atoms from this gas cylinder
fed at a precisely control rate into the source chamber
 of the linear accelerator
CERN's Linac2
where that electrons are stripped off
to leave hydrogen nuclei
these are protons
and have a positive charge enabling them to
be accelerated by an electric feild
their journey to take part in ultra
high-energy collisions
similar to those following the big-bang can now begin
this initial acceleration has caused Linac2
to be like into the numbering first
stage of a huge rocket
by the time this patch of protons leaves
Linac2 it'll be traveling at one-third the speed
of light
it's about to enter the booster
stage two of the rocket if you will
in order to maximize the intensity of the
beam the package is divided up into four
one-threes of the booster rings
straight acceleration is now impractical
and the booster is circular
a 157 meters in circumference
in order to accelerate the packets they are repeatedly
circulated
and the electric feild is now pulsed
in the same way you push a child on a swing
each time they reach a certain point
magnets exerts a force on the passing protons
at right angles to their direction of motion
and so powerful electro-magents are used to bend the beam
of protons around the circle
the booster accelerates the protons up to
 91.6% of the speed
of light
and squeezes them closer together
re combining the packets from the four rings
it's now flung on into the proton synchrotron
by analogy stage three of our rocket
let's just follow two such proton packets
the proton synchrotron is 628 meters in conference
and they circulate for 1.2 seconds
reaching over and 99.9% percent
of the velocity of light
it's here that the points of transition is
reached a point where the energy added to the
proton despite the pulsating electric field
cannot translate into increase in velocity as
they're already approaching the limiting speed
of light
instead the added energy manifests itself
as increasing mass of the protons
in short
the protons can't go faster
so they get heavier
the microscopic kinetic energy each proton proton
is measured in units called electron volts
and that the energy of each proton
has risen to 25 giga-electron-volts or GeV
the proton tonight 25 times heavier
that they are at rest
the packets of protons and that channeled
into stage four
the super proton synchrotron
a huge ring 7 kilometers in circumference
designed specifically to accept protons 
at this energy and increase its to 450 GeVs
soon the packets of protons will be energized
sufficiently to be launched into the orbit
of the gigantic large hadron collider
or LHC
which lies between the Jura Mountains and the
Alps and startles both France and Switzerland
Lying deep underground it a circumference of 27 kilometers.
There are two vacuum pipes within the LHC
containing proton beams traveling in opposite
directions
using ultra-sophisticated kickers to synchronize
incoming packets with those already circulating
one vacuum pipes has injected into it protons
which will circulate into it clockwise,
and the other
protons which will circulated anti-clockwise
The counter-rotating beams
crossover in the four detect covens,
where they could be made to collide
The energy of the collision is double that
of the individual opposing protons
and it's the debris from these conditions
that is trapped in the detectors
For half an hour.
the SPS injects protons.
Finally, there are 2,808 packets.
During this time the LHC adds extra energy
to each proton,
whose velocity is now so near the speed of
light
that it goes around the 27 kilometer ring
over 11,000 times
each second.
getting a boost of energy each revolution
from the pulsed electric field.
Finally, each proton
Has an energy of 7 terra electron-volts
and they are 7,000 times heavier
than at rest.
The magnetic force needed to keep the beams
bending to the ring is so enormous
that nearly 12,000 Amps
flow through its electromagnets.
This is a achieved by making the LHC colder
than outer space
so that it's magnets become superconducting.
Now the protons are ready to collide in the detect covens.
A stereo magnets finally brings it to a collision course.
The total energy of 2 protons colliding in the LHC
is 14 terra electron-volts
and reproduces similar states to moments
after the big bang.
Particle tracks from these collisions
will be analyzed by
computers connected to the detectors
and its hoped these tracks will give a new 
insight into the very birth of our universe
how our universe evolves
what governs its behaviour today
and where it's going in the future.
