CHAPTER 9 - The First Rule – Learn Phrases
Not Words If you’ve taken English classes,
chances are you’ve had plenty of experience
memorizing lists of vocabulary words. With
Effortless English™ you are not going to
do that anymore. Why? Because vocabulary lists
are a waste of time. Yes, you heard me right.
Trying to memorize a bunch of random individual
words is not an effective way to learn. Instead,
you’re going to use the first rule of the
Effortless English™ method and learn phrases
not words. What do I mean by “phrases?”
Phrases are groups of words that are related,
and focus on an idea. Another way to describe
phrases is as “natural chunks of language.”
In any language, certain words naturally go
together in a certain way. For example, in
English we say “I am on an island.” We
don’t say, “I am at an island.” Why?
There is no logical reason. One is simply
a common and acceptable phrase and the other
is not. Here’s another example. Let’s
say that hate is one of the new words you
want to learn. In a traditional class, you’d
write down the word hate and then go look
it up in the dictionary to find its meaning.
You’d see that it means to have a strong
and intense dislike for something; to loathe
or detest. Then you’d memorize it – hate,
hate, hate, hate, hate. That’s the old way
– kind of the textbook way, right? In school,
you probably used this strategy to remember
a lot of individual words. You had those big
vocabulary lists, and you tried to memorize
all of them for the test. For verbs, you also
tried to memorize conjugation charts. Even
worse, you probably learned these words by
memorizing translations in your own language.
Because of this, you often find yourself translating
in your head when trying to speak English.
First you think of the word in your own language,
then you try to remember the translation in
English. This extra step slows both your speaking
and your listening ability. Trust me. It’s
much better if you learn a phrase – a group
of words. It’s easy. You listen to someone
speaking real English, and when you hear a
new word, you write it down. Or when you read
a story and you see a new word, you write
it down. Only you don’t want to just write
down that one word. You want to write down
the whole phrase or sentence that it’s in.
In other words, you learn the language in
chunks. So, instead of just writing down the
word hate, you would write down John hates
ice cream. You would write down the whole
phrase and its meaning. It’s easy to look
up words in an English language dictionary,
which most students own. Phrases can present
more of a challenge, since they can’t always
be translated literally. That’s why I recommend
all my students get a good idiomatic dictionary,
or dictionary of English idioms. Idioms are
common phrases or sayings in a language. If
you just search online for “dictionary of
English idioms” you’ll find a ready selection
of these books to choose from. Why do we do
this? What’s the power of phrases? Well,
for one thing, phrases give you a lot more
information. They give you much more information
than you would get from a single word. As
a result, phrases are easier to remember,
because they have deeper meaning. They present
you with a kind of picture or story, especially
when you get them from something you are listening
to or reading. When you hear, John hates ice
cream, you remember the whole little story.
You remember who John is. You remember that
he had ice cream, and then you remember he
hated it. He didn’t like it, right? So you
have all these extra pieces of information.
This extra information puts the word in context.
It helps you remember the meaning of the phrase
as well as the meaning of that word! This
might not seem like much, but in fact this
is a huge improvement for memory. By learning
phrases, you will learn more vocabulary, you’ll
learn it faster and you’ll remember it longer.
There’s also another bonus. When you learn
phrases, you are not just learning the individual
word, you’re learning grammar, too. You’re
learning how to use that word correctly with
other words. You don’t need to think about
the grammar. You don’t need to know the
rules or worry about word order or verb tenses.
It’s automatic. You’ll use the word correctly
in a phrase because that’s how you remembered
it. In the Effortless English™ system, this
is one way that you learn grammar intuitively
and unconsciously, without thinking about
grammar rules. Phrases teach you natural spoken
English grammar. By learning phrases, you
are automatically learning both grammar and
vocabulary at the same time. Two for one!
Learning the Natural Way This is actually
how native speakers first learn English grammar.
It’s how you learned your own language.
When we’re children, we learn in phrases.
We learn in groups of words. Give it to me.
Walk across the street. He fell down. (Note:
in some cases the phrases I’ll refer to
could be full sentences, since they contain
both a subject and a verb like the previous
example: He fell down. In other cases, a phrase
could be just a few words within a sentence.
In this book I am using the word phrase to
describe any natural word group). The point
is: we learn groups of words, not just one
word. Word by word is slow and it doesn’t
help with grammar. But when you learn a whole
phrase, you are getting extra information.
Maybe you don’t know it, but you are. Let’s
return to our example: John hates ice cream.
Remember, our initial word was hate. But now
you see there’s an “s” at the end – hates,
right? John hates. You know from grammar study
that you’re making the subject and verb
agree, but you don’t need to think about
that. You learn the grammar from just that
word in the phrase, that “s” on the end,
hates. And in the future, whenever you say
John hates ice cream or he hates ice cream,
you will automatically add the “s” because
that’s how you learned it. You won’t have
to spend time trying to remember the conjugations
of the verb “hate” because you learned
it correctly from a phrase and now it’s
automatic. Of course, you don’t actually
have to think about all of this consciously.
Just by learning the phrase, you will automatically
learn the correct verb conjugation. You eliminate
the extra step of labeling and analyzing grammar
terms. That’s why learning phrases leads
to faster speech and faster understanding.
On the other hand, if you learn all of this
from a textbook, you’ll often just learn
the root of the word “to hate” and you’ll
focus on this form: hate, hate, hate. So you
study it and you memorize it. That’s when
you start making mistakes, because you memorized
it mostly in this way, without other words.
Later, you try to remember all of the conjugations
of the verb. But because you didn’t learn
this with other words, sometimes you might
say “he hate ice cream.” You’ll forget
the “s” because you never learned it correctly
in a sentence, in a phrase. And in a real
conversation there is no time to think about
verb conjugations. Learning phrases will also
help your pronunciation. One of the biggest
problems I see with English learners is they
speak with strange rhythm and intonation.
Rhythm and intonation are the “music”
of English. While many students worry about
the pronunciation of individual sounds such
as v, b, r, and l, their biggest problem is
unnatural rhythm. The rhythm of English is
created by the natural pattern of pauses.
Native speakers naturally pause between phrases.
They speak the language in phrases, in short
chunks of English. Because they learned English
mostly from phrases, their pronunciation is
clear and easy to understand. On the other
hand, many students learn English by memorizing
individual words, and when they speak, they
speak word by word, one at a time. As a result,
they often pause in strange places. They create
unnatural word groupings. This creates a very
strange and unnatural rhythm that many native
speakers struggle to understand. This is very
frustrating for the speaker and for the listener.
One of the easiest ways to improve speaking,
therefore, is to learn phrases and to speak
in phrases rather than word by word. This
simple change will make your English speaking
much clearer and much easier to understand.
You’ll sound more natural. The words will
flow out more easily. You’ll improve both
pronunciation and fluency. You’ll even learn
grammar. Where to Find Phrases So where does
a student get these phrases? How do you know
which ones to learn? The good news is that
you can find them everywhere. Any natural
English content contains a wealth of phrases.
In a future chapter, I will tell you specifically
where to get useful English phrases. But for
now, focus on getting phrases from whatever
English you are listening to or reading. To
do this you need to start keeping a “phrase”
notebook. Every time you see or hear a new
word or phrase, write that phrase in your
notebook. When you find new English vocabulary
in a lesson, in something you are listening
to, in a book, or in an article, write down
the phrase. Not just one word, write down
the entire phrase, and then review that phrase
again and again each day. By doing this, you
will create a notebook full of phrases and
sentences you can use, not just individual
words. You’ll be programming yourself to
speak in phrases instead of word by word.
If you’re watching a movie about a bank
robbery, for example, you might hear a character
say, “They’re getting away!” You know
get means “to obtain” something, and you’re
pretty sure away refers to “being at a distance”
– like far away. But it’s confusing. So
you write it down, “They are getting away.”
Then when you look it up in an idiomatic dictionary,
you learn that one meaning of “to get away”
is to escape. You might also discover that
sometimes when people are going on vacation,
they say they are “getting away.” Even
if you had previously memorized the words
get and away on some vocabulary list, you
still might not understand what the character
in the movie is saying. But since you wrote
down the phrase, you now know a new expression
you can use in many different situations.
Here’s another example. Let’s say someone
describes their former pet by saying, “He
was a bad dog.” It’s a fairly simple phrase,
but you write it down in your notebook. Every
time you review, you study that complete phrase.
By doing that, you are getting free grammar
– he was. You know this is something that
was true in the past, not he is, which would
mean the dog still was around. You’re also
getting some free tips about word usage. We
don’t usually say he was a horrendous dog,
for example, even though the meaning is correct.
In normal spoken English, we don’t usually
use that word to describe a dog. This is not
what you would learn from studying the definition
of horrendous. You learn it by studying a
phrase. When you write down a phrase, write
where it came from. If you saw this in a newspaper
article about the economy, put that down because
that is going to trigger your memory. It will
remind you of how the word was used and in
what context. You’ll start to learn when
certain phrases and words are used and when
they are not. This way, you’ll begin to
get a feeling about what is correct and how
to put sentences together. IMPROVING YOUR
PRONUNCIATION Pronunciation is a big worry
for many English learners. Learning phrases
will help, but there is another exercise you
can do to improve even more. One of the greatest
challenges with pronunciation is the problem
of feeling strange when trying to use a native
accent. For example, many learners feel unnatural
when trying to use an American accent. They
feel they are not being normal, or not being
themselves. Their voice sounds strange to
them. This is normal because speaking a different
language naturally forces you to create different
sounds. So how can you develop more natural
English pronunciation? One strategy I suggest
is to play a little game with movies. In this
game you try to become your favorite English
speaking actor or actress. This is a variation
of the movie technique, which I will describe
in more detail in a later chapter. When you
speak, pretend you are that actor. Instead
of worrying about your English, concentrate
on speaking exactly the way the actor would.
In fact, it’s important to think of this
as a game and to even exaggerate the actor’s
pronunciation, movements and facial expressions.
Sometimes in my own classes I imitate the
famous actor John Wayne, who played the hero
in many old Westerns and was seen as the typical
American. I’ll walk around my classes like
I’m wearing cowboy boots and ready to go
after some bad guys. Maybe you’ll feel more
comfortable playing Tom Cruise, Julia Roberts
or another movie star . . . the idea is to
exaggerate their pronunciation and push yourself
to speak just like them. Have fun, and you’ll
be surprised how much this will help your
pronunciation. The first rule of the Effortless
English™ method is very simple. Yet this
very small change to the way you learn vocabulary
affects your grammar, your pronunciation and
your memory of new words. Rule one is a piece
of profound knowledge that works synergistically
with the other rules. In the next chapter
you’ll learn, perhaps, the most surprising
rule of the Effortless English™ system.
Rule Two frees you from the grammar translation
method used in school and removes much of
the boredom and pain of English learning.
