hi there thanks uh happy to be here to
describe some of the new and exciting
results from Juno we have quite a few
people on board I'm gonna give you a
kind of an overview just sort of we're
gonna show you some stuff about the
Great Red Spot we've we went over that
last July and we saw for the first time
what it looked like really up close and
personal and what it looked like
underneath the cloud tops and so Andy
Ingersoll here my colleague and Juno
co-investigator from Cal Tech will go in
and show you some of the data from that
Heidi Becker from JPL will show you some
of the new radiation data that we're
getting do you know of course goes very
close to Jupiter and is very susceptible
and and to the very harsh radiation
environment and we've learned some
things about the environment and the
regions and discovered some new
components of that radiation she'll give
you discuss that and then kandi Hansen
from Planetary Science Institute is the
lead for our Juno camp instrument and
that's a an instrument that takes all
the pictures the beautiful pictures of
Jupiter and we put them on our website
and for the public to digest in fact
they get to process the images in fact
all the images will show you today are
actually made by citizen scientists or
the public and and she'll go through
that outreach program which was sort of
a big experiment where we just took all
the data and put it right on the website
and the public's really responded and
you'll see a lot of both science and art
there expressing themselves so I want to
start off with an animation we're going
to take you on a little bit of a journey
so we've seen some incredible pictures
of Jupiter close-up it's really a piece
of art we're going to take you on a
journey like you're on the spacecraft
we've made an animation taking some of
the photos and actually going to fly you
very close to Jupiter and show you what
it would be like if you were seated on
the Juno spacecraft and
we'll go a little bit further and not
only will you see the view from Juneau
but we're going to take you in and
because we have some instruments that
can see down deep and we can measure the
temperatures and some of the structure
down there which I'll talk about later
but we're going to take you for a ride
down into Jupiter a few hundred
kilometers down and come out the Great
Red Spot
so I'll start that animation affecting
figure out how to do that that one ones
it wasn't it so here you're starting
you'll see an altitude chart so work
above the atmosphere here flying in and
you'll see that we're going over these
incredible white clouds that were
discovered by Juno we had never known
really those white ammonia clouds
existed at that level now we're gonna go
right into one of these dark holes and
you're in and you'll see the temperature
rising very quickly because the
temperature goes way up as you go into
Jupiter and then you're turning in and
now you're in the great red spot and
we're gonna poke out and you'll see that
you're right above the great red spot
and you see it also has full of dynamics
and cyclones and we're seeing very
high-resolution data because Juno is
really close when we're taking these
images so that gives you a little bit of
a ride and what it would be like if you
were to be able to go to Jupiter and go
in of course down below those cloud tops
where the sunlight gets blocked it gets
pretty dark but it's it's pretty warm
down there and there are some lightning
in different places okay so now I'm
going to turn over to Andy who will show
you some of the data more specifically
from the Great Red Spot and talk about
the science
well what's so special about the Great
Red Spot it's a hundred fifty year old
storm and anyone who reads the papers or
looks at the weather map or tries to
decide what's going to happen in the
future knows that a weather forecast
doesn't exist beyond about a week which
is because our storms don't last that
long they're constantly getting broken
up and so you can't forecast something
that isn't going to be there next week
the red spot 150 years at least it may
date back to the invention of the
telescope but not clear that people were
watching throughout that period but
certainly into the 19th century and it's
larger than Earth so it's a giant storm
the winds slow around it three times
faster than the earth jet streams but by
which I am referring to the the winds
that make a trip from Los Angeles to New
York shorter then back the other way and
why are we as scientists interested in
the red spot we want to understand how
weather works we'd like to understand
why we can't forecast the weather a week
more than a week ahead and seeing
weather and seeing very different kinds
of weather in different contexts helps
us understand and that's really what
we're how we make progress in this
business we build better weather models
if we've tested them really stressed
tested them on systems that are
extra-terrestrial in this
so let me see if I can do this try it
again these are three pictures taken by
the Juno spacecraft with the Juno cam
instrument which is a very wide angle
instrument looks like this so you you
you get a lot of distortion almost it
sees from Horizon to Horizon and so you
get a lot of optical distortion like a
amusement park mirror but you can see
this feature as Juno's passed overhead
Juno passes overhead really skimming the
cloud the tops of the clouds every what
fifty three days and it just so happens
one of those passes back in July passed
over the red spot it's the only pass
we've had so far but we hope to get more
it's not all visible light although
that's what you're seeing here Juno is
looking in radio waves microwaves and
can measure the temperatures from levels
that are hundreds of cores let's say 300
kilometers below these visible clouds
and so it gives us our first look at the
roots of the red spot because part of
understanding this 150 year old feature
involves the roots which we really don't
know about now let me show you the
highest resolution view of the red spot
I love this picture my my favorite
feature inside here is that little
group of very small clouds a bit about
one o'clock relative to the central rid
i of the red spot which we really didn't
expect and really don't quite understand
we see lightning on jupiter but we don't
see lightning under the red spot there
the winds around the red spot are
counterclockwise which means it's an
anticyclone but why it doesn't have
lightning storms still a mystery
mysteries are good if you knew all the
answers before you got there who
wouldn't be learning anything and we're
learning a lot so we I want to tell you
about Juno is probing beneath these
clouds and finding the roots of the red
spot and hopefully the that's part of
the roots of our understanding and I'd
like to also show you this structure in
motion it's a it's a it's a cheat I've
cheated I want to give you a 10 hour
view of the red spot as if there was no
day and night so you're you're up there
with a Sun like beam shining down in the
red spot and so you can see it even
though it's actually dark because you've
got your fancy eyes so this is what the
red spot is doing it resets every 10
hours of simulated time and as I say
these winds are three times faster than
the earth jet streams three times
hurricane-force this is not just a
curiosity but it helps us with the roots
because anticyclone is a high pressure
area and
you create a high-pressure area if there
is warmth air below because it causes
the air above to expand and the amount
of warmth below is connected to the
speed of those winds and that's what the
microwave radiometer is doing is
measuring temperature very deep down so
here's what the microwave radiometer has
shown it has six wavelengths channels
and channel just means wavelengths and
they they sample different levels in the
atmosphere and this stack of strips
shows what each one is seeing white
color is warmer than its surroundings
red color is colder than the
surroundings the very top panel is a
visible light image made by general cam
and the other six below it are the
infrared and there's a scale on the
right that shows you the depths from the
cloud tops and you can see that the
deepest channel number channel one is
seeing three hundred fifty kilometers
down it with broad averaging but it's
white in this color scheme which means
it's definitely warmer than it's warmer
than its surroundings at that great
depth and so the root of the red spot
goes down at least it's a minute fifty
kilometers that is the new result how
deep it goes beyond that is still TBD
judo has other ways of measuring a much
deeper route if it exists and that's
using the gravity signal as it passes
over the red
the red spot or any other feature
because you don't have wins without
having a shifting of masses and of
course gravity is the effect of masses
so we hope to get deeper handles on the
root I'll just say that the amount of
warmth that you see in this microwave
image is consistent with the winds that
we measure at the tops but we won't know
how fully how deep the the winds grow
ago until it's Scott maybe you know when
our next Red Spot passes but we've got
one coming up thank you
hi good afternoon I'm very happy to be
here to talk to you about the radiation
at Jupiter because in our first year at
orbit around the planet we've learned a
lot of things about it that we didn't
know before we went and Juno flies so
differently than any other spacecraft
has flown before around Jupiter that
that's allowed us to see things to
detect things that nobody else has ever
seen and today we'd like to talk about
two of those discoveries with you this
is an artist's rendition of the
high-energy electron radiation belts
very close to the planet and Juno's
trajectory threads the needle between
those radiation belts and the cloud tops
we get closer than any other spacecraft
has ever gotten to Jupiter we are about
2,100 miles from the cloud tops that our
closest approach during every science
pass and other spacecraft have gone into
the inner radiation belts but never
quite as far as we do in 1974 pioneer 11
god as close as 27,000 miles from the
cloud tops so a little more than 10
times further away than Juno does and in
1995 the Galileo probe took a single
path very close to the equator into the
atmosphere of the planet at a single
longitude so Juno is the first
spacecraft that has ever sampled the
inner edge of the radiation belts at
high latitudes and that's allowed us to
see two very interesting things the
first is a new population that we didn't
realize was there before we went and
it's right on the equator just a little
bit above the atmosphere and these are
not high-energy electrons like most
everything else that's in the region
where we fly these are high energy ions
there are hydrogen oxygen and sulfur
they're discussed and you know special
edition of the Geophysical Research
Letters in an article by Coleman at all
and they were discovered by Juno's
instrument and the theory that's
discussed in that paper is that where
these particles were actually born is
out around the moons of IO and Europa in
gas clouds and as those particles come
in as neutral atoms that are very
energetic some of them eventually hit
the atmosphere and when they do that
electrons get stripped away turning them
into high energy ions and they've
gathered in this region near the equator
this is something that the Galileo probe
never saw and they actually couldn't
have seen it because they were looking
for even higher energy ions so this is a
gap between the clouds and the radiation
but that actually isn't a gap after all
and only Doudna was able to see it
because of where we fly and the
instruments that we have on board second
population that we've seen is in a
different location and Juno's trajectory
it's in the high latitudes and we see
these as our spacecraft grazes the inner
edge of the radiation belts every single
science passed so as we go through
regions that are filled with
relativistic electrons we had a second
population that isn't electrons after
all it's actually very high energy ions
even higher than the ones at the equator
which themselves are moving at nearly
the speed of light the ones and the
higher latitudes are hundreds of times
more energetic even than the ones at the
equator and the kind of special thing
about this particular discovery is that
the only way we were able to do that was
by using an engineering instrument on
Juno as a science instrument and this
next animation helps to explain exactly
how that works this is our spacecraft
star tracker which is actually the most
heavily shielded thing on Juno it's more
than six times more heavily shielded
than our radiation vault that you may
have heard about but even with all that
shielding this navigation camera is
still susceptible to penetrating
radiation
very high-energy particles relativistic
electrons and ions can still some of
them get through that shielding and when
they do once they hit the detector
inside it creates these white dots and
squiggles and streaks that you see in
this simulation that's happening because
energy is being released by those
particles and we knew that we would see
that in the high latitudes we were
prepared for that we designed you know
for that what we didn't expect was that
in between all the electrons we would
see something else that was different
this is an image that was collected in
December on December 11th during our
second full science pass and in between
all those white dots which are the
electron noise we saw something else a
handful of signatures that were hundreds
of times brighter than anything an
electron could possibly make more than
ten times brighter than anything you
would expect a proton to make and that's
showing us that we have a signature of
something that's a heavier eye on
something more highly ionizing that will
dump more energy in the detector and
those are those spikes that you see when
we tilt the image we don't know exactly
what type of ion they are yet the
species and where they might have come
from is something that we're still
studying but this is a new population
that we didn't realize would be there so
that'll leave you with our composite new
view of what the inner radiation belts
look like the very high-energy electrons
that are shown in the orange and the new
high energy ions that we now see at the
equator and in the high latitudes and
with that I'll hand it over to candy
Thank You Heidi a year ago at the Juno
press conference I described a citizen
science experiment an outreach
experiment that we were about to embark
on we had decided to try to give the
public an opportunity to participate on
an instrument team on a flight mission
in a realistic way to be members of a
virtual imaging team and a year ago I
wasn't sure this was going to work but
we were willing to give it a try today
I'm happy to describe the success of
that experiment in order to make this
happen we put together a website this is
the juno camp section of the mission
juno website and the page is devoted to
juno cam and there are four ways that
the public can become involved and
participate and actually be essential
members of the team
we don't have people waiting in the
wings in case no one shows up we really
put it all out there and took this leap
of faith so in the planning section we
have asked amateur astronomers to send
their telescope images of Jupiter for us
to use for planning purposes we have had
over 3,000 contributions to date in the
discussion section we invite people to
to weigh in on what we think we should
take pictures of and so we've asked the
public to identify a point of interest
tell us why you think it's interesting
give it a name and tell us and and then
that becomes a target in the voting
section that's where you make the tough
decisions we only have so many resources
we have to worry about the camera and
getting too warm and so on and so forth
so we have to make intelligent choices
so we invited the public to help us make
those decisions and the fourth section
the image processing section is where we
post raw and lightly processed images
and invite the public to download our
images our Juneau cam images and upload
their contributions their own creations
and I'm going to focus mostly on that
section I'll add that we're in the
process of building another page that's
going to be science analysis where we do
participatory science analysis as well
we've had to the mission Juneau pages
we've had over a million visitors and
pageviews almost six million which is
important because that shows that people
didn't just come and take a look they
drilled down and got engaged this is an
example of a contribution from our our
citizen scientists I am going to be
showing the credits on each and every
one of these this particular image was
processed first by Gerald eichstätt and
then by Sean Doran and basically what
Gerald figured out how to do and this is
not easy as he figured out how to take
out the brightness gradient from the
Terminator from the shadow the night
side to the bright limb and so there's a
natural brightening as you go from the
shadow to the subsolar point he figured
out how to take that out and that forms
then the basis for many other
contributors they take his image then
and they do different color processing
and different all sorts of different
things with the data you heard about the
Great Red Spot scientifically this is
what the Great Red Spot looks like to an
artist and this was I think one of for
me one of the most heartwarming aspects
of this has been the contributions that
we've gotten
from the artistic community from people
who relate to our data much differently
than we do as scientists you never know
when that where the stuff is going to
show up the top panel is from our eighth
close flyby and Gerald and Shawn
basically put together that strip of
images on the far left is the image of
the north polar region of Jupiter and
then on the far right is the south polar
region the time that elapsed between
those two images is about two hours and
you can see how close we get to Jupiter
and then we recede away again so that's
a two hour pair of Jove Pass Shaun
tweeted that out and the next thing you
knew it was turned into a wall hanging
and posted in a facility somewhere in
London so the stuff travels we put on an
art show at the division of planetary
sciences meeting in Provo Utah just a
couple months ago and again showcasing
some of the more artistic contributions
and we hope to do more of this in the
future this is another Gerald and Shawn
contribution I'm honestly quite partial
to their color scheme
these are stretched colors they allow us
to see things that are actually in the
original data but that don't really come
out so easily to our eyes when you
stretch the color a bit you start to see
a lot more detail in the clouds and my
favorite thing about this one are all
the little white pop-up storms we didn't
know what to call them first we said
thunderheads and then we realized well
there's no thunder there's no lightning
associated with these so we had to come
up with something more generic for the
time being until we figure out what the
the reason is for them
and then here's another one where you're
really seeing a lot of the different
colors inherent in the clouds but
they're stretched now where to make them
more visible I really wanted to show in
one that wasn't Gerald and Shawn just to
show you that there are so many things
that people do they bring different
color palettes to the plate they do
different crops and different people
have their their own favorites are our
amateur contributors have also been
getting a lot of attention from the
press and they're starting now to be
interviewed and being featured in
different articles so that's really
heartwarming also to see them getting
credit for their work we try to
highlight every week we highlight one of
our amateur contributions on the
missions you know homepage and so the
Jupiter Blues Jovian moon shadow and the
stunning southern hemisphere are all
contributions that we've selected from
the actual thousands of pictures that
people have uploaded for us so they're
also being showcased here on the main
web page and I'm going to end just with
last week's image of the amazing chaos
in the northern storms on Jupiter and
it's it's a dynamicists there it's a
dream or a nightmare I'm not sure which
but we love it and with that I think
it's time for Q&A
you are there we go alright so now I
will open it up to questions from
reporters in the room
hi Ken Chang New York Times
so things remember when Juno is
surviving at Jupiter that one's big
questions was how deep was it the Great
Red Spot actually I remember Scott
saying perhaps was just a surface
feature perhaps it went down deep I was
wondering given what you see now with it
going down at least 250 kilometers
what does I say about the mechanism what
is a rule out what is it rule in for
what's generating the storm well I guess
somebody turned that on okay so I'll
start and then maybe Andy can add to it
I mean the the fundamental question of
you know how deep are the roots I think
was a puzzle you know a lot of people
thought well they must be pretty deep
because it's lasted so long didn't have
to be that way
so I think in our data when we saw that
clear indication that there was a warm
region that was basically the same size
and dimensions and in the same location
as the Great Red Spot just down deep
show that this storm has got a route
that goes at least that deep 350
kilometers and well that's pretty new
data there haven't been a lot of models
that have now gone in to try to explain
that and how it predicts the storm the
fact that it's warmer there is connected
to the speed of the of the winds that
you see at the top and so it has in fact
in part explained it there are people
that are working on models that
basically say well the storm it ought to
be just roughly at the depth that we
just saw now we looked with the
microwave radiometer and it sees down
pretty deep but it doesn't go to
thousands of kilometers it sees hundreds
of kilometers we see the signature there
we can't we don't see the signature to
disappear it just is maintained at the
deepest level that we can see as Andy
pointed out we have other techniques
when we fly over it if we point the
antenna at the earth and get a gravity
field measurement we have to
make these basic choices when we fly
over then we can look another way to see
if there's a mass that's even deeper at
a thousand or a couple thousand
kilometers and that would tell us that
the route is even deeper I don't know of
any model that would explain that part
but that's possible so I don't know if I
got to your question but I can let Andy
add to the details of what I just said I
think the the data we have rule out a
class of models which are kind of
closely close relatives of terrestrial
meteorology models if you the four
perhaps practical regions reasons a lot
of the first efforts to understand the
red spot and and all the flows on
jouvert is borrowed a computer model
from earth science and we're we're
really telling ourselves well you got it
stretch your models a little more than
that
so it does rule out a class of models
but yes God says how far how deep we
have to go to really get it right it's
still something we're gonna work on high
yet Jonathan Amos BBC news judges to put
some numbers on it the speed of the
winds I don't know how fast the jet
stream is on earth how fast is the jet
stream on earth or how fast the winds
forty meters per second which is sort of
over a hundred miles an hour okay so we
write you better check me on that but
it's it's in that ballpark
okay but we're three times faster than
that in in advance interact 120 meters
per second and you can work out how many
miles per hour that is right and in your
analysis of depth did I get this right
the the the edges of the storm are
warmer than the core is that did I know
at great depth
well at know at 350 kilometers just the
opposite the us the center is warmer
than the edges
but under the surface of the clouds had
the surface know it's different from
that right so but we've known that it's
the red spot is somewhat colder at the
surface or above the clouds but down
below it's warmer than the environment
then the same altitudes elsewhere and
what is it that gives it that
distinctive orange tinge it's uh it's
chemical reactions of some sort I would
say it's a little bit like smog the red
spot we know quite well that the red
spot is the clouds are very high above
the red spot and they're pushed there by
the dynamics but they're very high and
they are trapped there for years and
they cook in the sunlight at these high
altitudes and that turns them red now
unfortunately there are about as many
theories as to what chemical reactions
are going on as there are scientists who
think about it so we haven't settled
that one perfectly yet but it has to do
with the very high clouds and in some
way you're not sure some of the chemical
species that are contributing to that so
that we know the mix of chemist
chemicals nitrogen you start with
ammonia and methane and water even but
how the and sulfur dioxide and how you
exactly combine them is about as
difficult is figuring out small good
thanks
Harvie Lyford freelance over here i
understand the mission will end next
year with one of nasa's famous
controlled crashes do you expect to
learn entirely new things between now
and then that you haven't talked about
at all or will it mainly be refinements
of what you've already learned well
learn new new things but you know the
original mission that we had planned was
we were gonna fire the rocket again and
and shorten the orbit to 14 days and
then the mission plan was to do 32
science passes to provide a map around
the planet in and using that with 14 day
orbits you would finish some time next
year as you originally quoted but last
October when we were getting ready to
shorten the orbit we saw some odd
behavior from the plumbing system and
made a decision with NASA to stay in the
53 day orbits what's unique about Juno
is is the very close passes that Heidi
described to you all of the sciences or
that we're talking about today is really
enabled by these very close passes and
so if you're in a longer orbit it's it's
pretty much the same but if you when you
do a map of 32 orbits for 53 days it
takes much longer obviously so it goes
on for years and so the plan now is to
is to still finish the missions and it
would go longer than the next year of
course something could go wrong or we're
going through a very high radiation but
I don't I don't think that the plan is
to shut it off by then but the rest of
the real key to your questions are
I think the key answer to your question
is is that in the remaining orbits as we
complete the map of both the magnetic
field the gravity field and we get more
of all the remote sensing the polar
magnetosphere we will be discovering a
lot of new
and in fact a lot of what we've learned
and discovered with Jupiter is that our
ideas needed to be adjusted that we that
it was a real paradigm shift when you
got up close to the planet the deep
atmosphere didn't look like we thought
the core and the interior structure
didn't look like we thought we don't
actually have the the new answers all
the time to explain what we've seen we
just know enough to know that we were
wrong and so the rest of the mission
really is going to get very critical
data in order to help resolve exactly
how Jupiter works and how it plays a
role in the formation of the solar
system and how everything gets put
together you know in the early formation
of the solar system so all of that is
really going to come in the later orbits
as well as a much deeper exploration of
the magnetosphere because we're one of
the advantages of being in a bigger
orbit is we get to explore more
territory so we can actually do some
science that we originally weren't set
out to do
hi I'm Lisa Grossman from science news
the you said that you just happened to
go over the Great Red Spot during the
the one orbit that you've done that is
it possible as a plan for these orbits
or is it it was planned okay
nothing really happens by mistake all
right so when when is the next one and
how often do you expect to do it
of course for the mission so so we have
some flexibility in the planning because
Jupiter is of course rotating around in
ten hours but the the winds and the
features in the atmosphere are moving
relative to its spin right and so we can
have a little flexibility in changing
the orbit slightly to target the red
spot and this is essentially what we did
when we flew by the first time so we
have a plan to target the next one late
next year I think it is right
Kandee probably knows that off the top
of her head night late next year and
then we see that I'm not sure I know the
month so I don't know exactly but it's
it's sort of the end of the next year
it's the 17th a little bit that's not a
little bit 18th orbit and then we can
see that there are other opportunities
and we're debating on the team now which
ones do we do and and why because of
course to everything is a choice you get
one science you give up another and and
so how important is it and all of that
but I think that we will probably go
over more than once because we have some
outstanding questions and one of them is
if we can really determine whether this
thing goes down thousands of kilometres
even though maybe there isn't a model
that explains it we should go look I'd
like to point out it we're doing weather
forecasting over periods of how many a
couple of years you couldn't say we're
gonna pass over hurricanes Laura in 2019
it couldn't be done
all right I think we have a question
from the chat the the modelers have two
things they have to worry about one is
the source of its energy but that it
runs down if it's going to run down on a
slow many decadal time period the other
problem is is it stable for a week
because the winds are going around every
week and if it was an unstable structure
it would break up in a couple of weeks
so they've solved that problem the
stability but the energy what keeps it
going there's some disagreement about
that I think that well we do observe
that the red spot periodically swallows
little storms little thunderstorms or
big thunderstorms and it's like a food
chain it's it's it's a big fish eating
the little fish and the thunderstorms
that get their energy from below because
Jupiter's got heat coming out from its
insides so that's my favorite and
studying the red spot from and
understanding its roots is going to help
us in answer that question other other
is it may be a related thing is that it
gets energy from the side and that
there's say more sunlight at the equator
than there is at the pole and that sort
of feeds the energy of the storm the
roots are going to help us with that
do we have questions from reporters in
their room
Jeff Foust the space news just follow up
on an earlier question how's the health
of the Juno spacecraft and what are the
prospects of doing perhaps an extended
mission once you complete the the
primary set of orbits the health
excellent everything is working really
great at the moment and we haven't seen
any signs of degradation due to the
radiation which of course was one of our
our big risks and and big fears that
said we carefully plan this mission so
that the latter half of it was more
dangerous than the first half and we're
about a quarter of the way through right
now so this is sort of a status report
if you will of a quarter of the way
through the mission so we didn't expect
to see a lot of degradation yet but I
think we've been monitoring the
radiation belts and while Heidi's
certainly seeing things that indicate
new populations in general I think the
we we're finding that our conservatism
was probably the right move but at the
same time we're also designed correctly
to last the full mission I think there
is some hope that we could get an
extended mission but again it will
depend on everything you know being in
really good working order and the other
thing that you should realize is that
the way it's designed is that at the end
of the mission it's getting more and
more radiation and so the last few
orbits are their very worst and if you
had an extended mission they would even
be worse than the last few orbits and so
I of course hope for as long as possible
but I my guess is is that if we get in
if we're able to do an extended mission
it won't be something that goes for
three more years it's a question for
candy maybe Scott did you wish now you
had a more capable camera on board I
mean this this Juno cameras was added
quite late
wasn't it if I remember rightly do you
now wish that you had something really
quite much better that was incorporating
them from the work
go actually no yeah we're really pretty
happy and it's um at some level we were
forced into a camera design that has
turned out to be really nicely suited to
this mission when when judo cam was
added and it was added late the
resources were limited not just funding
but mass power volume everything you can
think of was limited because it had
already sort of been divvied up to the
other science instruments so we were
forced to decide what's the most
important thing and that will drive the
design of the camera and so we decided
well the thing that's really unique
about this mission is the polar views
and so we designed the camera to give us
a great image of the pole the poles of
Jupiter that led to our choice of the
wide-angle lens it's 58 degrees wide
because that was what gave us from our
standoff position of Juno from from
Jupiter that was allowed us to capture
the entire polar region in one image and
and then we also knew we wanted color
because of the outreach aspect so and
there's the challenge of putting a
camera on a spinning spacecraft and so
that led us to the what we call push
frame design for the camera which turned
out to work really well for doing things
like building up long exposures in the
the polar regions which are inherently a
bit dark and and then but the bonus that
I myself didn't really appreciate till
we started seeing the images coming back
is that when we're very close to Jupiter
that wide field of view gives us a
context that has really been lacking in
previous missions so in previous
missions while Voyager for example our
resolution is about the same as Voyager
and you know you might say oh you know
that's too bad but the Voyager images
were tiny little postage stamps because
the narrow-angle camera was only about a
half a degree field of view whereas we
have that same resolution over a swath
that's 58 degrees wide and so and it
gives us the opportunity to see that
kind of detail in the context of the
entire belt or zone or oval white ovals
or whatever I could add something to
that I agree I think the cameras just
right for what we wanted and part of it
was because we wanted a view that was
going to be like we would see if we were
on the spacecraft so if you were really
close up to Jupiter and you could look
at your eyes you'd take in a great view
and and maybe you've gone on vacations
or to beautiful places in national parks
or whatever and you look at a view and
you see with your eyes you know
something incredible and if you look
through a pair of binoculars where you
might see higher detail you get to only
look at one spot you go point to some
piece of a mountain or a tree but you
lose the ability to see the context and
that's sort of what you know if you had
a high resolution narrow angle camera
you're looking through a pair of
binoculars and you have to clean around
everywhere and you never really see the
whole context the other thing is I
wanted to kind of correct something that
general cam was not added late actually
it was in the idea from the very
beginning we did have limited resources
Candies right and the reason for that
was we looked across the scientific
objectives that we had to do for Juno
which were mostly focused on the
formation of Jupiter the interior
structure the deep atmosphere or the
polar make news view these were
questions that scientists had identified
for a long term is very very important
none of those science objectives really
required a camera we could do it with
other instruments the team and myself
couldn't imagine going over the pole
Jupiter and not looking and seeing what
they look like we were all curious we
all wanted that poster in our room so we
looked for a way of getting an
affordable camera that would really take
the pictures that we wanted and could
fit within the resources because we were
going to devote most of the resources to
the scientific questions that we were
trying to address and get those
important questions answered correctly
so that's sort of how the story came to
be I'm not sorry that we have that
camera I think it's a great camera would
you have benefited if you had an
additional second camera that could get
super high-resolution probably some some
spacecraft have been able to have more
than one camera on there but we go over
the poles I'm totally amazed at the
images we get when we get close up to
the red spot so I think that camera just
fits and we had some challenges like she
said with the spinning but they were
conquered that's actually our time um so
this will conclude the press conference
but if the panelists have time they can
stick around for more questions and then
we'll reconvene at 4 o'clock for climate
change has unexpected consequences for
animals thanks guys
