
English: 
- [Voiceover] In the previous video, we talked about
the importance of glucose as a simple sugar.
We talked about its molecular structure.
What I wanna do in this video is study how glucose
can be, how we can use it as a building block
for more complex sugars and more complex carbohydrates.
So this right over here, I've copy and pasted
two glucose molecules, we can number their carbons.
This is one, two, three, four, five, six.
One, two, three, four, five, six.
We have them in their cyclic form.
And what we're going to do is explore
what would happen if this oxygen right over here,
I'll highlight it in this magenta color,
were to use one of its lone pairs,
one of its lone pairs, to do,
what's in organic chemistry, referred to
as a nucleophilic attack on the number one carbon
on the left-hand glucose molecule.
And the reason why that could happen

Dutch: 
In de vorige video hadden we het over
het belang van glucose als een eenvoudige suiker.
We hadden het over zijn moleculaire structuur.
In deze video wil ik behandelen
hoe glucose gebruikt kan worden als bouwsteen
voor meer complexe suikers en koolhydraten.
Hier heb ik twee glucose moleculen gekopieerd,
we kunnen hun koolstoffen nummeren.
Dit is een, twee, drie vier, vijf, zes.
Een, twee, drie, vier, vijf, zes.
We hebben ze in hun cyclische vorm.
En wat we gaan ontdekken
is wat er zou gebeuren als deze zuurstof,
in deze magenta kleur,
een van zijn vrije paren gebruikt,
een van zijn vrije paren om,
wat in organische chemie een
nucleofiele aanval doet op de eerste koolstof
van het linker glucose molecuul.
De reden waarom dit gebeurt,

Bulgarian: 
В предното видео говорихме за това
колко е важна глюкозата като проста захар.
Говорихме и за молекулярната ѝ структура.
В това видео ще разгледаме как гюкозата
може да бъде градивна единица
на по-сложни захари и по-сложни въглехидрати.
Тук съм поставил
две молекули глюкоза, можем да номерираме въглеродните им атоми.
Това е номер едно, две, три, четири, пет, шест.
Едно, две, три, четири, пет, шест.
Молекулите са в цикличната им форма.
Сега ще видим
какво ще стане, ако този кислороден атом тук --
ще го оцветя в маджента,
ако този атом използва една от свободните си електронни двойки,
за да участва
в т. нар. в органичната химия
нуклеофилна реакция с първия въглероден атом
на молекулата глюкоза отляво.
Това може да стане,

Dutch: 
is dat dit nummer één koolstof hier,
is verbonden met twee zuurstof.
Zuurstof zijn erg elektronegatief, ze willen
graag elektronen naar zich toe trekken.
Dus dat geeft deze koolstof
een deels positieve lading.
En deze zuurstof is erg elektronegatief.
Het trekt de elektronen aan van deze waterstof
en het nummer vier koolstof
van het rechter glucose molecuul,
dus het krijgt een deels negatieve lading.
En daarom wordt het nucleofiel.
Het zal aangetrokken worden tot de
koolstof kern, 
tot de deels positieve lading hier,
en zo gebruikt het
een vrij paar om een binding te vormen.
Het zal het delen met het koolstof,
en dan kan het koolstof een andere binding verbreken.
Dus het kan beide elektronen
in deze binding loslaten.
Nu zou je misschien zeggen, dat gaat
direct terug naar het zuurstof en vormt een hydroxide anion.
Of je kan je voorstellen dat het
misschien eerst een hydroxide anion vormt,
of misschien verbreekt de binding

Bulgarian: 
защото първият въглероден атом тук
е свързан с два кислородни атома.
Кислородът е силно електроотрицателен.
Кислородните атоми привличат електроните към себе си, когато участват в ковалентна връзка.
Затова този въглероден атом ще има
частичен положителен заряд.
Този кислороден атом е силно електроотрицателен.
Той ще привлече електрони от този водороден атом
и от въглероден атом номер четири
в молекулата глюкоза отдясно.
Това ще му даде частичен отрицателен заряд.
Затова реакцията е нуклеофилна.
Ще бъде привлечен от
ядрото (нуклеус = ядро) на въглеродния атом, от частично положителния заряд
ето тук. Когато това стане,
кислородният атом ще използва свободната си електронна двойка, за да образува връзка.
Ще я сподели с вълеродния атом,
а въглеродния атом ще се освободи от друга връзка.
Ще се освободи
от двата електрона в тази връзка.
Сега може да решиш, че те просто
се връщат при кислорода и се получава хидроксиден анион?
Може би първо ще бъдат използвани,
за да формират хидроксиден йон
или може би тази връзка веднага

English: 
is this number one carbon right over here,
it's attached to two oxygens.
Oxygens are very electronegative, they like to
hog electrons when they're in a covalent bond.
So that's gonna give this carbon
a partially positive charge.
And this oxygen is very electronegative.
It's gonna hog the electrons from this hydrogen
and the number four carbon
on the right-hand glucose molecule,
so it's gonna have a partially negative charge.
And so it is going to be nucleophilic.
It's going to be attracted to, I guess you could say,
the carbon nucleus, to the partially positive charge
right over here, and so as it does,
it's gonna use a lone pair to form a bond.
It's gonna share it with the carbon,
and then the carbon can let go of another bond.
So it could let go of, it could let go of
both of these electrons in that bond.
Now you could say maybe that just goes
back to the oxygen and it forms a hydroxide anion.
Or we could imagine, well, maybe it'll be used,
maybe it forms a hydroxide anion first,
or maybe that bond immediately goes

Dutch: 
en pakt het een waterstof ion uit de oplossing
van een hydroxonium ion ergens.
Dus dit kan gebruikt worden om
een binding te vormen met dit waterstof ion, wat eigenlijk
gewoon een proton is.
Je verwijdert een elektron van een waterstof,
en dan wordt het een proton.
Nou, wat gaat dat doen?
Dat gaat deze twee glucose moleculen met elkaar verbinden.
En het doet het op deze manier,
het is belangrijk om je moleculen in de gaten te houden.
Dus deze zuurstof wordt nu deze zuurstof.
Het wordt deze zuurstof.
Deze binding tussen de nummer vier koolstof
aan de rechterkant van dat zuurstof
is deze binding hier.
Dit, waar we dit elektronenpaar namen
om deze binding te vormen met het nummer één koolstof,
dat is--
dat is deze binding hier.

Bulgarian: 
се свързва с водороден йон от разтвора
от друг хидроксониев йон в разтвора.
Може да се използва за свързване
с този водороден йон,
който е просто протон.
Махаме един електрон от водородния атом
и се получава протон.
Какво ще стане тогава?
Тези две молекули ще се свържат.
Ще се свържат ето така.
Важно е да следим молекулите тук.
Този кислороден атом е този кислороден атом.
Ето този.
Тази връзка между въглероден атом номер четири
отдясно на този кислороден атом
е тази връзка тук.
А оттук взехме електронна двойка,
за да сформираме връзката с въглероден атом номер едно,
ще я оцветя в маджента.
Тази връзка тук е ето тази.

English: 
and picks up a hydrogen ion out of the solution
from another, from a hydronium ion sitting someplace.
So this could be used to form
a bond with this hydrogen ion, which is really,
this is just a proton here.
You take an electron away from hydrogen,
it's just going to be a proton.
Well, what's that going to do?
Well, that's going to link these two glucose molecules.
And it's gonna link it just like this,
and it's important to keep track of our molecules here.
So this oxygen is now going to be this oxygen.
It's now going to be that oxygen.
This bond between the number four carbon
on the right-hand side of that oxygen
is this bond right over here.
This, where we took this electron pair
to form this bond with the number one carbon,
that is, let me do it in that magenta color.
That is this bond, this bond right over here.

Bulgarian: 
Този кислороден атом, сега е този кислороден атом тук.
А тази електронна двойка сега е формирала връзка
с този водороден атом,
ще я оцветя в синьо,
това е тази връзка тук.
На моята рисунка
този кислороден атом е
свързан с въглероден атом номер едно тук и
номер четири тук.
Това вече сме го направили тук.
Въглероден атом номер едно в лявата молекула
и номер четири в дясната.
Но също сме го свързали и
с водороден атом.
Както съм го нарисувал тук,
все още е свързан с водород.
Ще има общ положителен заряд.
Тук беше неутрален.
Беше неутрален тук, но
сега споделя електроните си.
Сега споделя тези два електрона

Dutch: 
Dit zuurstof is nu dit zuurstof hier.
En dit elektronen paar heeft nu een binding gevormd
met dit waterstof.
 
Dus dat kan deze binding zijn hier.
Het ene verschil is, zoals ik het getekend heb,
deze zuurstof, de manier waarop ik het getekend het,
is het verbonden aan het nummer één koolstof hier,
nummer vier koolstof hier.
We hebben dat al hier gedaan.
Nummer één koolstof aan het linker molecuul,
nummer vier koolstof aan het rechter molecuul.
Maar we hebben het ook gebonden
aan een waterstof.
Op de manier zoals ik het net gedaan heb,
is het nog gebonden aan een waterstof.
Het zal een positieve lading hebben.
Hier was het neutraal.
Maar toen ging het
zijn elektronen delen.
Het deelde beide elektronen

English: 
The oxygen, this oxygen, is now this oxygen right over here.
And this electron pair is now formed a bond
with this hydrogen, so we could say,
oh, that could be, let me do that blue,
that could be, that could be this bond right over here.
Now the one difference is, based on how I've drawn it,
this oxygen, or sorry, this oxygen, the way I've drawn it,
it's attached to the number one carbon here,
the number four carbon here.
We have that over, we've already done that over here.
Number one carbon on the left molecule,
number four carbon on the right molecule.
But we also have it bonded,
we also have it bonded to a hydrogen.
So just the way I've done it right now,
it's still bonded to a hydrogen.
It's going to have a net positive charge.
Over here, it was neutral.
It was neutral right over here, but then
it's now sharing its electrons.
It's now sharing both of those electrons

Dutch: 
in een covalente binding, dit kan je zien
als dat het zijn elektronen weggeeft aan deze koolstof,
dus het krijgt een netto positieve lading.
Maar om terug te keren naar neutraal,
moet misschien een soort van watermolecuul
dit ion grijpen, misschien deze hier.
Deze hier kan die waterstof grijpen,
en deze beide elektronen
grijpen gewoon de waterstofkern, het proton,
dus deze twee elektronen kunnen
terug gaan naar dit zuurstof en het zuurstof wordt neutraal.
En wat we overhouden,
 
is dat dit waterstof nu gebonden is aan
dit zuurstof en we hebben een hydroxonium ion.
Dat is te doen.
Oorspronkelijk hadden we hydroxonium.

Bulgarian: 
в ковалентна връзка. Можеш да си представиш, че
дава електроните си на този въглероден атом
и сега има положителен заряд.
Но за да се върне към неутралност,
водна молекула
може да грабне този йон, може би този тук.
Може да се свърже с този водород.
Тези електрони, и двата --
Ще грабне само водородното ядро на протона
и тези два електрона ще се върнат
при този кислород, който ще стане неутрален.
Така ще получим следното,
ще изтрия това.
Този водороден атом сега е свързан
с този кислороден и имаме хидроксониев йон.
Това е логично.
Имахме хидроксониев йон.

English: 
in a covalent bond, and so you can think of it as
it's giving away an electron to this carbon,
so it's going to have a net positive charge.
But then to get back to neutral, you could imagine,
well, maybe some type of a water molecule
could grab that ion, so maybe this one right over here.
This one right over here could grab that hydrogen,
and then these electrons, both of them,
and it would just grab the hydrogen nucleus of the proton,
and so these two electrons could go back
to this oxygen and then this oxygen would become neutral.
And so what we would be left with,
actually, let me just erase this,
is that this hydrogen would now be attached
to this oxygen, and we would have a hydronium ion.
And this is reasonable.
We essentially had some hydronium.

Dutch: 
We hadden een waterstof proton hier, en die hebben we nog steeds.
Nu is het gebonden aan water,
dus we namen een proton en we gaven er een terug,
dus we hebben geen lading toegevoegd
of verwijderd van het systeem.
Maar het interessante is dat we gezien hebben
als deze twee dingen binden,
we een watermolecuul verliezen.
Een netto verlies van een watermolecuul.
Het gebruikte een lading om dat te doen,
maar het ding dat ontsnapte
van beide moleculen is dit,
dit ding hier.
Deze H is deze H, deze zuurstof is deze zuurstof.
En deze waterstof is deze waterstof hier.
En dit type reactie waarin

English: 
We had a hydrogen proton out here before and we still do.
Now it's attached to a water,
so we've take a proton and we've given back a proton,
so we have a net-net kind of added charge
or taken charge away from the system.
But the important thing that we just saw is
as these two things essentially attached,
we lost a water molecule, or I guess net-net,
this system lost a water molecule.
It took up a charge to do it, to build that water molecule,
but the thing that really kind of escaped
from both of these two molecules is this,
is this right over here.
This H is this H, this oxygen is this oxygen.
And this hydrogen is this hydrogen right over here.
And so this type of a reaction in which

Bulgarian: 
Имахме водороден протон тук, и все още го имаме.
Сега е свързан с вода,
така че сме взели протон и сме върнали протон,
затова нямаме добавен заряд
или отнет заряд от системата.
Важното е, че
когато тези две неща се свързаха,
изгубихме молекула вода. Като цяло
тази система изгуби молекула вода.
Получи заряд, за да го направи, за да създаде молекула вода.
Но нещото, което наистина изчезна от
тези две молекули е
ето това тук.
Този Н е този, този кислород е този.
А този водороден атом е този.
Вид реакция, при която

Bulgarian: 
синтезираме по-сложна молекула,
по-дълга верига от молекули глюкоза,
се нарича дехидратация.
Това, което направихме тук
се нарича дехидратация.
Защо я наричаме така?
Защото сме отделили молекула вода.
Ако си представиш, че губиш вода,
си представяш дехидратация.
 
В същото време съединяваме две неща,
за да синтезираме по-голяма молекула.
Понякога това се нарича кондензиране.
Кондензиране.
Когато се свържат, тези две молекули
формират дизахарид.
Всяка сама по себе си е била монозахарид,

English: 
we're synthesizing a more complex molecule,
a longer chain of glucose molecules,
this is called a dehydration synthesis.
So what we just did, this right over here
is called a dehydration synthesis.
Why are we calling it a dehydration synthesis?
Well, we've just taken a water out.
If you imagine losing water, we talk about
you're getting dehydrated.
And why synthesis?
Well, we put two things together.
We synthesized a larger molecule.
Sometimes this would be called a condensation reaction.
Condensation reaction.
And by doing this, these two glucose molecules
are able to form a disaccharide now.
So each individually, they were monosaccharides,

Dutch: 
we een complexer molecuul synthetiseren,
een langere keten van glucose moleculen,
wordt dehydratie synthese genoemd.
Dus wat we zojuist hier gedaan hebben
wordt een dehydratie synthese genoemd.
Waarom noemen we het een dehydratie synthese?
We hebben het water weggenomen.
Als je water verliest, spreken we over
dehydratie.
En waarom synthese?
Nou, we doen twee dingen samen.
We synthetiseren een groter molecuul.
Soms wordt dit een condensatie reactie genoemd.
Condensatie reactie.
En door dit te doe, kunnen de twee glucose moleculen
een disacharide vormen.
Elk op zich waren het monosachariden,

English: 
so this one on the right, that's a monosaccharide.
What does monosaccharide mean?
Well, it means, mono means single or one
and saccharide comes from the Greek word for sugar.
The Greek word for sugar is,
I'm gonna mispronounce it, is sakcharon.
When people talk about something being saccharine,
they're saying something is very, very sweet.
The Greek word for sugar is sakcharon.
So saccharide means it's a sugar, it's a single sugar.
So that meaning there, sugar.
And the general term saccharide refers to
not just the simple sugars, monosaccharides,
but it could mean two of these things put together.
And there's other simple sugars, fructose and others.
Or it could mean a huge number of these put together.
You could have polysaccharides.
And that whole class, saccharides,
we also associate with carbohydrates.
Now we went from two monosaccharides to right over here.
This is a disaccharide.
This is a disaccharide, we have two.
Two monosaccharides were involved.

Bulgarian: 
тази отдясно е монозахарид.
Какво означава монозахарид?
Моно означава единичен или един,
а захарид идва от гръцката дума за захар.
Гръцката дума за захар е --
ще го прoизнеса грешно - sakcharon.
Когато хората кажат, че нещо е захарно,
значи е много, много сладко.
Гръцката дума за захар е sakcharon.
Следователно захарид значи захар, монозахарид - единична захар.
Това значи захар.
Общият термин захарид означава
не само проста захар като монозахаридите,
може да означава и две от тези неща, свързни заедно.
Има и други прости захари, фруктоза и други.
Може да означава и няколко от тези, свързани заедно.
Може да имаме полизахариди.
Целият клас, захариди,
се асоциира с въглехидратите.
Започнахме с тези два монозахарида тук.
А това е дизахарид.
Това е дизахарид.
Имаме два, свързани монозахарида.

Dutch: 
dus deze rechts, dat is een monosacharide.
Wat betekent dat, een monosacharide?
Mono betekent enkel, of één
en sacharide komt van het Griekse woord voor suiker.
Het Griekse woord voor suiker
is sakcharon.
Wanneer mensen het over sacharine hebben,
dan hebben ze het over iets heel erg zoets.
Het Griekse woord voor suiker is sakcharon.
Dus sacharide betekent dat het een suiker is.
Dat betekent het, suiker.
En de algemene term voor sacharide is niet alleen
voor eenvoudige suikers, monosachariden,
maar het kan ook twee van deze dingen samen betekenen.
En er zijn andere eenvoudige suikers zoals fructose.
Of het betekent een enorm aantal van deze samen.
Dan heb je polysachariden.
En die hele klasse, sachariden,
associëren we met koolhydraten.
Nu gingen we van twee monosachariden naar daar.
Dit is een disacharide.
Dit is een disacharide, we hebben er twee.
Twee monosachariden waren erbij betrokken.

Dutch: 
Dit is een disacharide, en deze in het bijzonder
is maltose, of moutsuiker.
Het punt van deze video is om te zien
hoe je van twee eenvoudige suikers,
deze monosachariden een disacharide kan vormen.
In feite kan je door blijven gaan.
Je kan doorgaan met deze dehydratie synthese,
condensatie reacties om meer en meer
monosachariden toe te voegen om
steeds langere ketens te maken.
Als je dat zou doen,
als je ketens maakt hiervan,
dan kom je in de wereld van de polysachariden.
Polysachariden, of meerdere eenvoudige suikers,
meerdere monosachariden bij elkaar gevoegd.
En dit is het geval voor suiker, maar dit is iets
dat je veel ziet in de scheikunde,
waar je een enkele eenheid hebt, hier een enkele suiker,
maar als we praten in algemene termen,
dan noem je dat een monomeer.

Bulgarian: 
Това е дизахарид.
Точно този дизахарид е малтоза.
Смисълът на това видео беше да видиш
как можем да започнем с тези прости захари,
тези монозахариди и да формираме дизахариди.
Всъщност, можеш да продължиш.
Можеш да продължиш реакциите на дехирация
или кондензиране и да добавяш
още и още монозахариди, да строиш
по-дълги и по-дълги вериги.
Ако продължаваш така,
ако продължаваш да удължаваш веригите,
ще стигнеш до света на полизахаридите.
Полизахаридите се състоят от много прости захари,
много монозахариди, свързани заедно.
Това е и случаят при захарта,
ще видиш, че често в химията,
имаме една градивна единица, тази единична захар тук,
по-общо можем да я наречем
мономер.

English: 
This is a disaccharide, and this particular disaccharide
is maltose, or malt sugar. Maltose.
So the whole point of this video is to see
how you can start with these simple sugars,
these monosaccharides, and form disaccharides.
In fact, you could keep going.
You could keep having dehydration synthesis,
condensation reactions to keep adding
more and more monosaccharides to build
longer and longer chains.
So if you were to keep doing that,
it you were to keep building chains of these things,
now you're getting into the world of polysaccharides.
Polysaccharides, or many simple sugars,
many monosaccharides, many monosaccharides put together.
And this is the case for sugar, but this is something
that you'll see often in chemistry,
where you have a single unit, here's a single sugar,
but if we talk in more general terms,
we would call it a monomer.

Dutch: 
En als we meerdere monomeren samenvoegen,
dan noemen we het een polymeer.
Polysachariden zijn super belangrijk,
en je hebt vandaag al best wat polysachariden gegeten,
en je hebt op dit moment ook
heel wat polysachariden
opgeslagen in je cellen.
Als je een stel glucose moleculen neemt,
als je met dit proces doorgaat
en we voegen een heel stel glucose moleculen samen,
wanneer je dat in planten terugvindt,
dan is dat vaak in de vorm van zetmeel.
Zetmeel is een polysacharide die je vindt in een plant.
Maar een stel glucose moleculen samengevoegd
in je eigen cellen, voor onmiddellijke toegang tot energie,
dat is glycogeen.
Dus deze macromoleculen, deze polysachariden
die bestaan uit een stel eenvoudige suikers,
een stel monosachariden samen,
dat komt veel voor in de biologie.

Bulgarian: 
Ако свържем няколко мономера помежду им,
ще се получи полимер.
Полизахаридите също са изключително важни,
вероятно си хапнал/а малко полизахариди днес.
 
Сигурен съм, че имаш полизахариди,
складирани в клетките си в момента.
Ако свързваме молекули глюкоза помежду им,
и продължаваме процеса,
ще получим полимер
често, срещан при растенията
като скорбяла (нишесте).
Полизахарид, който можеш да откриеш  в растенията
е скобрялата, която се състои от, свързани молекули глюкоза.
За да имат клетките незабавен достъп до складирана енергия,
няколко молекули глюкоза образуват гликоген.
Полизахаридите
се състоят от прости захари,
от няколко, свързани монозахарида.
Те са често, срещани в биологията.

English: 
And then if we have a bunch of these monomers put together,
we would call it a polymer.
Now polysaccharides are super important,
and you have probably eaten some polysaccharides today,
and you probably have some, in fact,
I'm sure you have some polysaccharides
stored in your cells right now.
If you put a bunch of glucose molecules,
if we were to keep this process going
and we were to have a bunch of glucose molecules together,
when you find it in plants, it'll often be
in the form of a starch.
So a polysaccharide that you'll find in a plant
is a starch, a bunch of glucoses put together
in your own cells to have a immediate energy store,
a bunch of glucoses put together is glycogen.
So these macromolecules, these polysaccharides
that are made up of a bunch of simple sugars,
a bunch of monosaccharides put together,
these are very common in biology.

Dutch: 
Je eet ze en je slaat ze op dit moment
op in je lichaam.

English: 
You have eaten them and you are storing them
in your body right now.

Bulgarian: 
Вероятно си ги опитвал/а и ги складираш
в тялото си в момента.
