Considering the UFO phenomenon
We're tempted to think that
interstellar travels should be possible.
My personal theory is based on a somewhat
different conception of the structure of the universe.
I would like firstly to explain briefly
why this structure of the universe must be modified.
In 2011
Perlmutter, Riess and Schmidt
received the Nobel Prize
for their work showing that the expansion of the universe was accelerating.
The present mainstream ΛCDM model
wants to explain this phenomenon 
invoking "Dark Energy".
Whatever the nature of this dark energy is, 
it is NEGATIVE.
This dark energy content
must be made of a collection 
of negative energy states.
Those familiar with quantum mechanics tools
know that these negative energy states
are considered to be basically impossible.
Recently, our team has installed 
on the platform ResearchGate
a new paper.
This paper is entitled:
On evidence for negative energies and masses 
in the Dirac equation 
through a unitary time-reversal operator
We have submitted this paper recently 
to a peer-reviewed journal.
You will find this preprint easily 
on the ResearchGate website
Here is the corresponding address
[ DIRECT LINKS UNDER THE VIDEO DESCRIPTION ]
When we consider the probability 
of the existence of negative energy states
we find the ratio E/m
And since the 20th century
people considered that such states were impossible
just because when we invert energy, 
the probability would be negative.
But if you invert energy 
you would invert the mass too…
So the probability E/m remains positive.
I don't insist, but as you can see
the existence of negative masses 
must be considered.
People tried to do that in cosmology
but in 1957, cosmologist Hermann Bondi 
showed that it produced
a very disagreeable phenomenon 
called the runaway motion.
It comes from the Einstein Field Equations.
If we try to introduce negative masses in this equation, we get the following result:
• Positive mass ATTRACTS everything.
• Negative mass REPELS everything.
Then if we consider a couple of masses 
with opposite signs
the positive mass escapes, 
chased by the negative mass
and they experience a uniform acceleration
— an infinite acceleration!
and the conserved energy is constant because 
the kinetic energy of the negative mass is negative.
Where does that comes from? 
The Einstein field equations
which have a solution as a field of geodesics
and there is a single field.
It means that a positive mass and a negative mass
react exactly the same way 
if embedded in a given gravitational field.
But this is an a priori hypothesis.
If we want to escape these constraints 
we have to consider TWO geodesic fields.
So we have considered two metric solutions
and these metric solutions must be solutions 
of a system of two couple field equations.
Building this system of two coupled 
field equations is a very long story
but it was summarized in a paper issued in 2014
in Astrophysics and Space Science.
Here is the system of two coupled field equations 
with two metrics.
"two metrics" means that between two points A and B
you have two different paths
with different lengths
and different speeds of light.
The corresponding system of 
interaction laws is different:
• Two positive masses mutually attract 
• Two negative masses mutually attract
(they don't repel!)
And if we consider a couple of masses 
with opposite signs
they repel each other
so that the runaway paradox is eliminated
and the action-reaction principle is restored.
This model perfectly fits the local verifications of general relativity.
In effect, as masses with opposite signs 
repel each other,
in the vicinity of the solar system
there is almost no negative masses.
So that the 1st equation of the system 
reduces to the classical Einstein equation.
which is nothing but a (local) approximation 
of the Janus cosmological model.
Now, we have published six papers since four years.
This is very fruitful.
For example in June 2018
we've published a paper showing that
the model fits 12 observational features.
Considering the problem of interstellar travel
the most important result has been accepted in Progress in Physics in July 2018.
I give you there two addresses 
[ LINKS IN THE VIDEO DESCRIPTION ]
from my website, where you can 
download those two papers.
The second paper issued in Progress in Physics 
(PTEP issue 4, 2018)
gives a challenging interpretation
to the fluctuations of the CMB 
(Cosmic Microwave Background).
If we follow general relativity, 
the universe is considered
as a 4D hypersurface.
In the Janus cosmological model
this surface has two "sides".
On one side, distances are measured
with the first metric
and on the other side, distances are different 
and measured with the second metric.
This is a piece of paper
with two distinct points A and B
but no distance is indicated.
Now, this map. Distances are indicated. 
I can size the distance between A and B
and I count 14 squares.
But I could imagine I have another way 
to measure this distance
on the other side…
And on this other side 
the scaling is different!
There I have only four squares.
So on this side the distances are 3.5 times
smaller than on the first side.
And we live on this side.
This corresponds to a bimetric 
description of the universe.
We don't have two "parallel universes"
but a single universe with two distances.
You may figure that out with two sides 
of a hypersurface, a 4D hypersurface.
On the two sides of this 4D hypersurface
the distances are simply different.
What do we see on this image of the CMB?
We see the imprint of the 
negative side of our universe
How does this imprint form? 
It forms through gravitational forces.
Because the two systems interact only by gravitation.
They don't interact through electromagnetism
and they don't exchange light
because negative masses 
emit negative energy photons
and you are not equipped to capture 
these negative energy photons
Therefore the negative structures are invisible to us.
So if we can't get images 
with our telescopes
How can we guess that such structure would exist?
Well, they reveal their presence
Through a lot of important 
phenomena, you have:
- the acceleration of 
the expansion of the universe
- the confinement of galaxies
- the spiral structure
which comes from the gravitational 
interaction of the mass of the galaxy
with its surrounding negative matter.
- This negative mass also corresponds 
to the invisible primeval antimatter.
- The strong gravitational lensing effect.
You've been told that the presence of this 
invisible material gives what we call
Dark Matter
and Dark Energy
which are nothing but the products of a Dark Science
which becomes darker and darker each year.
If the negative energy can be associated to negative mass
the negative mass cannot be considered 
as a peculiar form of dark matter
because "dark matter" has a positive mass.
Let's be back to the central 
problem of interstellar travels.
The analysis of the CMB fluctuations
gives two data sets.
The first is that the lengths (of 1st metric) 
are a hundred times shorter
but the speed of light there is 
ten times higher so
basically, the travel time for a negative mass craft
could be reduced by three orders of magnitude, 
by a factor 1000×
Thus we can no longer invoke the limitation 
of the speed of light (of positive species)
to say that interstellar travels would be impossible.
With such a drastic reduction of the travel time
we can imagine that we could reach distant systems
in something like a tenth of your life.
And perhaps others could reach us…
Would it be possible to invert the mass 
of a craft and of all its passengers?
And how much energy would be 
needed to achieve such process?
As I said, we live on a 4D hypersurface with two sides.
We live on the side where distances are very large.
We'd like to be transferred on the other side.
In the following figure
we are going to feature these two sides 
as two "parallel universes".
But keep in mind that there is 
a single universe with two sides.
He I use a 2D representation.
At the top is the 1st side. 
The craft is a circle. This is our world.
Inside the circle, I have pictured a passenger. 
This is the initial configuration.
The craft belongs to the positive sector.
How could I transfer this craft and 
its passenger in the negative sector?
To the other side of the hypersurface?
Mathematics and topology bring the solution.
It is called a "geometrical surgery".
Let's be back to our craft in its original configuration
and then we are going to 
split the planes into two parts
in order to evidence the curvature.
In general relativity you know that the curvature
goes with the energy content.
The higher the energy content,
the stronger the curvature.
We are not going to make a wormhole.
we are just going to concentrate energy
in the vicinity of the wall of the craft
to produce such curvature.
In 2D the energy concentrates in 
some sort of circular valley
This produces a strong curvature.
And on the negative side 
you have the INDUCED curvature.
When the curvatures become infinite
or actually very strong
the surgery occurs
and the two folds are connected together.
In other words, a white disk 
is connected to the blue domain
and the blue disk is connected to the white domain.
You know that these white and blue domains
are supposed to represent 
the two sides of the surface.
If I come back to this model 
with a two-sided space
there I have a vehicle, a craft with a guy inside.
The white surface is my sector
and this is the negative sector.
When the transfer is achieved
A volume corresponding 
to the negative sector
has been transferred in the 
positive sector, the white sector.
Where is the passenger? Where is the craft?
On the other side…
So in the negative sector.
If this model is correct
something should happen if we could
concentrate enough energy
in a very thin layer
surrounding the craft and the passengers.
Well, how to bring enough energy to atoms
in order to reach some critical condition
about energy density
— local energy density 
and curvature?
There is a way to concentrate energy-matter 
using metastable states.
If we bring energy to atoms 
or better to nuclei of atoms
we can put these nuclei into an 
excited state with a certain lifetime.
Atoms can be excited in metastable states.
For example, helium has a 
metastable state corresponding to 22 eV.
The corresponding lifetime of this metastable state
is 100,000 longer than the lifetime 
of the classical excited state.
Although it doesn't exceed a millisecond.
Surprisingly we find atoms whose isomers 
corresponding to metastable states
have very long lifetimes 
that can be sized in seconds
or days… huge!
If the external shell of a craft 
is made of such material
we can think about injecting energy in this shell
that will not be able to dissipate, to be removed
So so we could create critical 
conditions in such matter.
How to concentrate energy in such nuclei?
We can think about
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
To do that in a lab we have to create 
a very strong magnetic field
something like 1000 teslas.
And we cannot create this field with coils
because the magnetic field would 
not be uniform around the coil.
So the solution is to put 
electrostatic charges on the external wall.
Then you make the craft rotate — a fast rotation
in order to create this strong uniform magnetic field.
But what about the passengers in the craft?
They would be killed by this rapid 
rotation, due to the centrifugal force…
The solution is to put them in a cockpit, 
in a passenger compartment
that could be disconnected from the craft
when this craft has to achieve 
this very fast rotation rate.
We get the following solution.
On this image you can see a craft with its shell.
At the equatorial part you have a 
toroidal chamber filled with some gas.
We can transform this gas into a plasma
and then make it turn by Lorentz forces 
(MHD) circling all around
which causes an opposite movement 
of the craft, at a fast velocity
and if we deposit electric charge on the wall
this will create the required strong magnetic field.
We can see here inside the cockpit 
which protects the passengers
against this fast rotating movement
Well, I see that this video is close to 20 minutes.
I don't know what you are expecting 
from me so I will end it there.
Of course, I have a lot of other things to say about interstellar travels. Well, it's a beginning.
