Episode 36: World War II (2) – the war at
home
Hi, I’m John Green, this is Crash Course
U.S. History and today we’re going to discuss
how World War II played out at home and also
the meaning of the war.
Mr. Green, Mr. Green, so is this going to
be, like, one of the boring philosophical
ones, then?
Oh, Me From the Past, I remember when you
were idealistic.
I remember a time when all you cared about
was the deep inner meaning of … mostly girls.
But, you’ve changed, Me from the Past, and
not in a good way.
intro
So anyway World War II brought about tremendous
changes in the United States, in many ways
shaping how Americans would come to see themselves
and how they would want to be seen by the
rest of the world.
Some of these ideological changes were a continuation
of the New Deal, others were direct results
of the war, but one thing we can say is that
by the end of the war, the country was very
different.
For starters, World War II strengthened the
federal government of the United States.
This always happens when a country goes to
war, but World War II brought about even more
governmental intervention and control than
we had seen in World War I.
It was like the New Deal on steroids.
Like federal agencies, like the War Production
Board, War Manpower Commission and Office
of Price Administration took unprecedented
control of the economy.
There was massive rationing of food and supplies,
entire industries were completely taken over
by the government.
The federal government fixed wages, rents,
prices, and especially production quotas.
Like, if you’re looking to buy a 1942 model
Ford, or Chrysler, good luck because there
weren’t any.
The government told those car makers not to
create new models that year.
So basically FDR was president for life and
controlled all the industries.
I mean, how did this Communist end up on the
dime?
Well the answer is that while it might have
sucked not to have a 1942 Ford, most people
were just happy to be working after the Great
Depression.
Unemployment dropped from 14% in 1940 to 2%
in 1943.
Of course 13 million Americans were serving
in the military in some capacity, so that
helped employment.
But in general the war kicked the American
economy into overdrive.
Like, by 1944 American factories were producing
an airplane every five minutes and a ship
every day.
U.S. Gross National Product went from $91
billion to $214 billion during the war.
Why did this happen?
Well that’s controversial, but primarily
because of federal spending.
Government expenditures during the war were
twice the amount they had been in the previous
150 years.
Combined.
Although a lot of this was financed with debt,
much of the war was paid for with taxes.
Like, the federal government began the practice
of withholding taxes from paychecks, for instance,
a practice I first became familiar with when
working at Steak N Shake discovering that
instead of being paid I don’t know, like,
$100 a week, I was being paid -$30 a week
because I had to declare my tips.
Because my dad made me.
Before World War II only 4 million Americans
even paid federal income taxes; but after
the war 40 million did.
Also big business got even bigger during the
war because of government contracts.
Cost-plus contracts guaranteed that companies
would make a profit, and the lion’s share
of contracts went to the biggest businesses.
So, by the war’s end the 200 biggest American
corporations controlled half of all of America’s
corporate assets.
And all this government spending also spurred
development, like defense spending basically
created the West Coast as an industrial center.
Seattle became a shipping and aircraft-manufacturing
hub.
And California got 10% of all federal spending.
And Los Angeles became the second largest
manufacturing center in the country, meaning
that it was not in fact built by Hollywood,
it was built by World War II.
All of this was pretty bad for the South,
by the way, because most of this industrialization
happened in cities and the South only had
two cities with more than a half a million
people.
And organized labor continued to grow as well,
with union membership soaring from around
9 million in 1940 to almost 15 million in
1945.
Besides union-friendly New Deal policies,
the government forced employers to recognize
unions in order to prevent labor strife and
keep the factories humming so that war production
would not decrease.
And, from a human history standpoint, one
of the biggest changes is that many of the
workers in those factories were women.
You’ve probably seen this picture of Rosie
the Riveter and while there wasn’t actually
a riveter named Rosie, or maybe there was
but, she’s an amalgam.
But by 1944 women made up 1/3 of the civilian
labor force in addition to the 350,000 who
were serving in the military.
And the type of women who were working changed
as well.
Married women in their 30s outnumbered single
women in the workforce.
But the government and employers both saw
this phenomenon as temporary, so when the
war was over most women workers, especially
those in high paying industrial jobs, were
let go.
This was especially hard on working class
women who needed to work to survive and had
to return to lower paid work as domestics
or in food services, or, god forbid, as teachers.
Oh, it’s time for the Mystery Document?
The rules here are simple.
We use primary sources for learning as this
is a serious show about history and then if
I guess the author wrong, I get shocked.
Okay, what do we got today?
Let’s take a look.
Certainly this is no time for any of us to
stop thinking about the social and economic
problems which are the root cause of the social
revolution which is today a supreme factor
in the world.
For there is nothing mysterious about the
foundations of a healthy and strong democracy.
The basic things expected by our people of
their political and economic systems are simple.
They are:
Equality of opportunity for youth and for
others.
Jobs for those who can work.
Security for those who need it.
The ending of special privilege for the few.
The preservation of civil liberties for all.
I mean, that’s some pretty hardcore New
Deal stuff right there.
And, uh, the biggest New Deal-er of all was
FDR, BUT I remember last time when I guessed
FDR and it was actually Eleanor Roosevelt.
So.
You wouldn’t do Eleanor Roosevelt twice.
Or would you?
Hm.
No it sounds more like a speech.
FDR.
YES!
So, I mentioned at the beginning of this video
that World War II was an ideological war,
and nothing better encapsulates that idea
than FDR’s “Four Freedoms,” which were:
freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom
from want, and freedom from fear.
During the war the National Resources Planning
Board offered a plan for a peacetime economy
based on full employment, an expanded welfare
state and a higher standard of living for
all.
In 1944 FDR even called for a new Economic
Bill of Rights that would expand governmental
power in order to create full employment,
and guarantee an adequate income, medical
care, education, and housing to all Americans.
As FDR put it: “True individual freedom
cannot exist without economic security and
independence.”
But that didn’t happen, largely because
Southern Democrats in the House and Senate
didn’t want it to because it would have
meant a larger role for unions and also extending
greater equality to African Americans, and
they weren’t about to let that happen.
I mean, their jobs were literally dependent
upon African Americans not being able to vote.
But, Congress did pass the GI Bill of Rights
– officially the Servicemen’s Readjustment
Act -- to attempt to prevent widespread unemployment
for returning soldiers.
It worked amazingly well, and by 1946 more
than one million former soldiers were enrolled
in college and almost 4 million got assistance
with mortgages, spurring a post-war housing
boom.
Levittown and all the towns since that look
like it came after the war.
So, we talked about FDR’s Four Freedoms,
but big business added a fifth freedom – free
enterprise.
Advertisers helped on this front, trying to
make the war about consumption, telling Americans
that they were fighting to “hasten the day
when you … can once more walk into any store
in the land and buy anything you want,”
according to an ad for Royal Typewriters.
And FDR’s vision of extending freedom wasn’t
limited to the United States, like Henry Luce,
the publisher of Time Magazine published a
book called The American Century claiming
that the war had thrust upon the U.S. the
opportunity to share with all people their
“magnificent industrial products” (that’s
a quote) and American ideas like “love of
freedom” and “free economic enterprise.”
Now, of course, there wasn’t complete agreement
on this liberal, government-led vision of
freedom.
Like, Frederick Hayek in 1944 published the
Road to Serfdom, claiming that government
planning posed a threat to individual liberty.
And even though he claimed not to be a conservative
because conservatives liked social hierarchy,
Hayek’s equating New Deal planning with
Fascism and socialism became a foundation
for later American conservatives.
The struggle against Nazism also helped re-shape
the way that Americans thought of themselves.
Like, because the Nazis were racists, Americanism
would mean diversity, and tolerance, and equality
for all people.
The federal government supported this version
of America.
FDR claimed that to be an American was “a
matter of mind and heart,” not “a matter
of race or ancestry.”[1]
Of course, it wasn’t a matter of race and
ancestry, we’d already killed 95% of the
indigenous population.
This was also, not coincidentally, the period
where American intellectuals began publishing
books debunking the supposed “scientific”
basis of racism.
Now this didn’t mean that Americans suddenly
embraced equality for all people.
Anti-Semitism still existed and contributed
to the government’s not doing more to help
the Jews who perished in the Holocaust.
In fact, only 21,000 Jewish people were allowed
to come to the U.S. during the course of the
war.
And white peoples’ fear over minority groups
contributed to race riots in Detroit and the
Zoot Suit Riot against Mexicans in Los Angeles
in 1943.
Not just a song by the Cherry Poppin’ Daddies,
also a tragic moment in American history.
The war years saw a dramatic increase in immigration
from Mexico under the Bracero program (which
lasted until 1964).
And about 500,000 Mexican American men and
women served in the armed forces during the
war.
As did 25,000 American Indians although Indian
reservations being largely rural, didn’t
really share in the wartime prosperity.
Asian Americans are probably the most glaring
example of the failure to be adequately pluralistic.
Although things did improve for Chinese Americans
because America couldn’t keep restricting
the immigration of its ally in the war, Japanese
Americans suffered horrible racism and one
of the worst violations of civil liberties
in America’s history.
Executive Order 9066 in February 1942 expelled
all persons of Japanese descent from the west
coast.
70% of Japanese Americans lived in California
and as a result of this order more than 110,000
people, almost 2/3 of whom were American citizens,
were sent to internment camps where they lived
in makeshift barracks under the eyes and searchlights
of guards.
A man named Fred Korematsu appealed his conviction
for failing to show up for internment all
the way to the Supreme Court, where he lost
in yet another horrendous court decision.
Okay, let’s go to the Thought Bubble.
The group that experienced the greatest change
during World War II was probably African Americans.
They still served in segregated regiments
in the armed forces, but more than 1 million
of them answered the call to fight.
And just as important, continuing the Great
Migration that had begun in the 1920s 700,000
African Americans left the south, moving to
northern and especially western cities where
they could find jobs, even though these mass
migrations often led to tensions between blacks
and whites and sometimes these tensions exploded
into violence.
World War II also saw the beginning of the
Civil Rights Movement.
Angered by discrimination in defense employment,
black labor leader A. Philip Randolph threatened
a march on Washington demanding access to
defense jobs, an end to segregation and a
federal anti-lynching law.
He didn’t get all those things, but he did
get Executive Order 8802 which banned discrimination
in defense hiring and created the Fair Employment
Practices Commission.
The FEPC couldn’t enforce anti-discrimination
but as a compliance agency it helped African
American workers obtain jobs in arms factories
and shipyards.
By 1944 more than a million black people were
working in manufacturing, and 300,000 of them
were women.
The rhetoric of fighting a war for freedom
against a racist dictatorship wasn’t lost
on African Americans and many saw themselves
as engaged in the double-V campaign, victory
over the Axis powers abroad and over racism
in the United States.
The war saw ending segregation and black equality
become cornerstones of American liberalism,
along with full employment and the expansion
of civil liberties.
Eventually even the army and navy began to
integrate, although the full end to discrimination
in the military would have to wait until well
after the war.
Thanks Thought Bubble.
So if America was isolationist before the
war – and I’ve argued that it actually
wasn’t really – after the war it certainly
wasn’t.
FDR took a very active role in planning for
a more peaceful and prosperous post-war world.
And conferences at Teheran, Yalta, and Potsdam
clarified war aims, and established the idea
that Germany would be divided and Nazis tried
for war crimes.
These conferences also laid the foundation
for the Cold War in allowing Soviet influence
in Eastern Europe, especially Poland, so that
wasn’t such a good thing.
But, the 1944 conference Bretton Woods, in
beautiful, freedom loving New Hampshire, established
America’s economic dominance as the dollar
– which again would be backed by gold -- replaced
the pound as the main currency in international
transactions.
It also created World Bank to help rebuild
Europe and also to help developing countries
and the IMF to stabilize currencies.
How well that’s worked is debatable, but
this isn’t: the United States became the
financial leader of a global capitalist order.
The United States also took a leading role
in establishing the United Nations at the
Dumbarton Oaks conference in 1944.
Why do we not have a UN commission on improving
the names of historical events?
And then America adopted the UN charter, which
was endorsed by the Senate because apparently
we had learned our lesson after the League
of Nations debacle.
The goal of the UN was to ensure peace, and
the United States’s position as one of the
five permanent members of the Security Council
signaled that it intended to take an active
and leading role in international affairs.
And we had to because by the end of the war
only the United States and USSR were powerful
enough to have any influence.
So, World War II ended the depression and
transformed America’s economy.
It cemented the new definition of liberalism
established by the New Deal, and opened up
opportunities for diverse groups of Americans.
It also transformed definitions of freedom
both at home and abroad.
I mean, even before the U.S. entered the war
it issued the Atlantic Charter along with
Britain affirming the freedom of all people
to choose their own government and declaring
that the defeat of Nazi Germany would help
to bring about a world of “improved labor
standards, economic advancement, and social
security.”
At home and abroad World War II became a war
that was about freedom, but was also about
what Gunnar Myrdal called the American Creed
– a belief in equality, justice, equal opportunity,
and freedom.
I want to be clear that we have done a terrible
job of living up to the American Creed, but
the story of American history is in many ways
the story of ideas pulling policy, not the
other way around.
American history is an economic and political
and social history, but it is also a story
about the power of ideas.
And World War II helped clarify those ideas
for America and for the world.
Thanks for watching.
I’ll see you next week.
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Oh god.
It was worse than I expected.
________________
[1] quoted in Foner Give me Liberty p. 927
