When Nikola Tesla invented the alternating
current motor in 1887, he paved the way for
the invention of the electric vehicle more
than a century later.
Electric vehicles could make gas- and diesel-powered
vehicles obsolete by the year 2025, effectively
ending the reign of the internal combustion
engine.
The acceptance of EVs into car culture has
already begun with the Tesla Model S winning
the Motor Trend Car of the Year in 2013.
And with electric car sales growing by 81
percent from 2017 to 2018, it seems electric
cars could be the norm sooner rather than
later.
Components of an electric vehicle
Understanding how an electric vehicle works
is actually much simpler than understanding
how a gas- or diesel-powered car works.
That’s why we created the infographic 
— to help our audience understand the basics
of electric vehicles and how they could be
instrumental in changing our environment for
the better.
Coming to Battery
Batteries in electric vehicles are not the
same as your typical ICE (internal combustion
engine) vehicle’s battery.
Electric vehicle batteries power everything
in your car, most importantly the electric
motor.
When a battery in an electric vehicle runs
out of charge, you simply recharge it through
grid electricity as you would your phone or
laptop.
Charging can be done at home through a wall
outlet (there are many home charging setups)
or at a designated charging station in a public
parking area.
Almost all electric vehicles use lithium-ion
batteries.
These are low maintenance, lightweight, and
more efficient than other batteries.
Lithium-ion batteries tend to be more expensive
to manufacture than nickel-metal hydride or
lead-acid batteries.
Most lithium-ion batteries last for between
8 and 12 years, depending on the climate and
maintenance schedule.
Charging
To charge an electric car, you just plug it
into a charger connected to the electric grid.
Charging occurs through the car's electric
vehicle service equipment (EVSE).
Three levels of EVSEs exist, each with its
own charging speeds and equipment.
Level 1 Home Charging
Level one charging uses a 120-volt plug and
a standard outlet.
Level one charging requires no special equipment
and is typically done at home.
Level one chargers take the longest time to
charge your electric vehicle, averaging about
three to five miles per hour of charge.
Level 2 EVSE Home Charging
Level two EVSEs use a 240-volt plug and typically
need to be installed by an electrician.
They can be used for either home or commercial
charging.
Many electric car automakers provide purchase
options for level two EVSEs at the time of
vehicle purchase, and private companies also
offer electric vehicle chargers.
Level two chargers are much faster than level
one chargers, offering up to 60 miles of range
per hour of charge.
They are capable of fully charging an electric
car battery in about two hours.
Level 3 EVSE DC Fast Chargers
DC fast chargers are the charging stations
you’ll see in parking lots around town.
They can deliver up to 100 miles of power
in about 20 minutes of charging.
These highly specialized pieces of equipment
aren't compatible with all plug-in hybrid
vehicles.
DC fast chargers can be accessed through payment
apps or specific cards set up for use at public
charging stations.
Inverter
Batteries can store only direct current electricity,
but many electric cars run on alternating
current electricity.
The inverter takes the direct current electricity
and converts it into alternating current electricity
for the electric motor to use.
The inverter controls the frequency of the
alternating current sent to the electric motor,
which essentially means the inverter controls
the speed of the vehicle.
It acts as the brain of the system, directing
the motor and other components.
Induction motor
The induction motor is an AC motor, meaning
it runs on alternating current electricity.
This alternating current creates a rotating
magnetic field within the induction motor
which causes it to rotate.
The speed at which the motor turns is based
on the alternating current frequency sent
from the inverter.
Induction motors work efficiently at any speed
range, giving it a sizeable advantage over
an internal combustion engine which only has
limited efficiency and torque.
This is why internal combustion engines need
multiple gears, so that they can stay within
their power band.
Induction motors don’t need multiple gears
because their power band doesn’t drop in
efficiency and power.
Regenerative braking
Regenerative braking is a valuable feature
of many electric cars.
Regenerative braking allows the vehicle to
recharge while decelerating by using the induction
motor as a generator.
The induction motor turns into a generator
when the wheels and drivetrain rotate faster
than does the induction motor.
That electricity is then sent back to the
battery pack for later use.
Animation of how an electric vehicle works
Electric vehicles are more efficient than
standard gas and diesel-powered engines in
many ways.
Below are some of the advantages of electric
vehicles:
High performance: Electric vehicles have instant
acceleration, allowing them to reach incredible
speeds in seconds.
The Tesla Model S is the second-fastest production
vehicle, with a 0–to-60 MPH time of 2.28
seconds.
No noise: WIth no internal combustion engine,
electric vehicles are significantly quieter
than gas or diesel powered vehicles.
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