Hello, welcome to Black Hole's Don't Exist
in this program i'll be discussing in general
why I think Black Holes don't exist
I welcome evidence from anyone who wants to
prove or disprove the existence of black holes
in this program we'll be looking at pictures
of our galactic and universal neighborhood
we'll be searching for black holes starting at the
center of our galaxy and then we'll move on
to other galaxies suspected of having black
holes within them
but before I get into my own history of what
got me into studying black holes I want to
start off by trying to get an answer about
black hole discovery
so in its first episode of Black Holes Don't Exist
we'll be mainly looking at pictures of supposive
pictures of black holes
and will be comparing those to artist depictions
of black holes
What are black holes?
well I thought I'd be witty and search on
a popular internet search engine for the words
first known depiction of a black hole
the first link on the top the list was called
discovery of the first black hole
clicking on this
I was taken to a page from NASA's Goddard 
Space Flight Center
this is an official page from what is supposed
to be the US' top space organization
and probably the most informed independent
scientific entity in the world
I see a question and answer in this section
of the web site called
ask an astrophysics
the question was
who is the first person to discover a black
hole
and what was the date?
Paul Butterworth's answer for NASA was
black holes cannot be observed directly and
therefore cannot be discovered
however as we explained at our web site the
indirect evidence
for two kinds of blackhole is now overwhelming
those of a few solar masses produced by
supernova
and much larger ones at the center of some
galaxies
I'm confused
is it possible to detect anything indirectly
via science
we'll talk more about this later
so I continued looking down my list
and I find this page no escape
the truth about black holes
from teachers Paula Borinsky Hendry and Greg Helms
now this is very compelling
I should find a good depiction or maybe
the first depiction of a black hole
well I did find information about the first
black hole theory
Using Newton's laws in the late seventeen nineties
John Mitchell of England and Pierre LaPlace of
France independently suggest the existence
of an invisible star
Mitchell and LaPlace calculated
the mass and size which is now called the "event
horizon"
that an object needs in order to have an escape
velocity greater than the speed of light
in nineteen sixty seven John Wheeler an American
theoretical physicist
applied the term black hole to these collapsed
objects
So on this page the teachers answer the 
question, number six
do all stars become black holes?
Their answer 
Only stars with very large masses can become 
black holes. 
Our Sun, for example, is not massive enough 
to become a black hole. 
They also go on to answer the question,
number nine
What evidence do we have for the existence 
of black holes?
They say, "Astronomers have found convincing 
evidence for a supermassive black hole 
in the center of the giant elliptical galaxy 
M87"
We're going to take a look at the compelling 
evidence of M87 a bit later 
in this program.  
Before we get to that lets stop skipping ahead 
of ourselves and get to the nitty gritty. 
What is a black hole?
according to the free dictionary
black hole in astronomy is a celestial object
of extremely intense gravity that 
attracts everything near it 
and in some instances prevents everything, 
including light, from escaping.
the term was first used in reference to a
star in the last stages of gravitational collapse
by the American physicist
John A. Wheeler.
Gravitational collapse begins when a star has depleted 
its steady sources of nuclear energy and can no longer
produce the expansive force, 
a result of normal gas pressure,
As the star shrinks in size (and increases in density),
it may assume one of several forms depending 
upon its mass.
A less massive star may become a white dwarf,
while a more massive one would become a supernova.
If the mass is less than three times that 
of the sun,
it will then form a neutron star,
extremely small, extremely dense star,
about double the sun's mass but only a 
few kilometers in radius.
however
if the final mass of the remaining stellar 
core is more than three solar masses,
as shown by the American physicist
J. Robert Oppenheimer and 
Hartland S. Snyder in 1939
nothing remains to prevent the star from collapsing
without limit to and indefinitely small size
and infinitely large density,
a point called the "singularity."
Okay so I think we've figured out 
what a black hole is.
or have we?
What have we learned about black holes so far?
in order to find out what
black holes are we need to know what we're
looking for
number one, black holes can't be observed 
therefore they can't be discovered
this makes it very impractical ever try
to go looking for one directly
this is when they laugh at you for being crazy
now you can't possibly find something you can't
see or detect correctly
number two
black holes need to have an escape velocity
greater than the speed of light
this means that it's not a black hole if
light is escaping it
we'll be going into it a bit later about who
came up with the light speed limit
three, everything including light cannot escape
this basically means all matter discovered
and undiscovered
all energy including photons cannot escape
I assume
by the term everything this also includes
space and time itself
therefore if anything is allowed to escape
it would be contradictive
number four
there remaining stellar core of a collapsing
star
must be larger than three solar masses to
form a black hole
Now this caught me off guard when I first heard
this
if this is true
this may mean that that out of the hundreds of
millions of stars in our galaxy alone
all of which have solar masses averaging
from our son to three hundred times plus
around ninety nine percent of all these stars
in our galaxy should become black holes
wow
now these four criteria aren't the only
criteria bit they're basically the proper
description of what a black hole is
you can figure out what it does from these
criteria
very radical
now that I filled your head with enough information
from just a few weeks they discovered on the
internet
about black holes
you should be starting to form an opinion
about the theory yourself
please forgive me if I broke your head
I didn't make this stuff up though
but wait there's more
I've been showing you artists' drawings paintings
and 3D renderings of black holes throughout
this program
and I technically only revealed one piece
of evidence
it's time for the segment of this program
where we go over
the photographic evidence for black holes
for this episode of black holes don't exist
I have prepared almost ten pieces of photographic
evidence provided by telescopes like Hubble
not only does this evidence seem to support
black hole theory it also seems to disprove
it as some of the observable phenomenon
doesn't match up to the artistic depiction
as well as a scientific measurements of some
data reveals that the universe is breaking
the laws of physics
our first pieces of evidence in this segment
is the core of the galaxy
in NGC
forty two sixty one
these photos were featured in LIFE magazine
and are courtesy of the hubble space telescope
notice how different this photograph is compared
to artist depictions you have seen previously
granted when we look up close as is featured in
this photo
we see an accretion disk in some kind of funnel
formation occuring perpendicular to the
radial access
of the disk, this is producing the jets of material
escaping the proposed black hole
this next picture is of a gamma ray burst
GRB 100621A
this was so bright that astronomers at 
NASA's Swift space observatory initially threw out 
the data because they thought it was junk data
like it wasn't true
After weeks of checking and double-checking 
the figures,
the astronomers are convinced this wasn't an 
error
but that doesn't mean they really understand 
what caused it, as lead researcher Neil Gehrels
explains
"We're trying to grapple with what happened here. 
The best thinking is that it was still
a burst of a black hole.
But when this particular black hole was born,
there was something particularly violent going
on in the outflow."
Here is an image of NGC 5128.
First observed by Chandra in September 1999,
it is also known as Centaurus A.
an early demonstration of the spectacular 
science this powerful X-ray observatory could 
do.
Astronomers continue to use Chandra to study 
the elliptical galaxy also known as
NGC 5128
This galaxy contains a spectacular jet and a core 
teeming with X-ray emitting sources.
This galaxy is in the M83 group 
of galaxies. 
it is said to be one of the most interesting
and peculiar galaxies in the sky
and is a strong source of radio radiation 
(therefore the designation Centaurus A);
the nearest radio galaxy.
It is of intermediate type between 
elliptical and disk (spiral) galaxies:
The main body has all characteristics of a 
large elliptical, but a pronounced dust 
belt and
is superimposed well over the center, 
forming a disk plane around this galaxy.
This is information from 
Hartmut Frommert, and Christine Kronberg.
Another image said to be showing a black 
hole is this evidence for a recoiling 
black hole. This black hole was found 
using data from Chandra (colored blue
in this composite image),
Hubble (gold), XMM-Newton
and several ground-based telescopes. 
Astronomers are said to have discovered the 
recoiling black hole, called CID-42,
while conducting a large, multi-wavelength 
survey, called the Cosmic Evolution Survey
(COSMOS).
This black hole is in a galaxy approximately 
3.9 million light-years away.
This next image is of R136a1.
This is a blue hypergiant star, currently 
on record as the most massive star known, 
at an estimated 265 solar masses. 
this star is also called a black hole for some
reason
The star also holds the record for the 
most luminous at 
8,700,000 times the luminosity of the Sun.
It is a member of R136, 
a super star cluster near the center of 
the 30 Doradus complex 
(also known as the Tarantula Nebula), 
in the Large Magellanic Cloud. 
The mass of the star was determined by 
astronomers at the University of Sheffield.
Now for one of the most compelling 
evidence for black holes. 
However, this won't make most black hole 
believers happy when they realize that  
Hubble Space Telescope measurements
mean this jet being emitted from M87 
is moving faster than light. 
Of course this fact doesn't disprove 
black hole existence it disproves 
a law of relativity.  This has a dominoe 
affect on physics because the very law 
we are talking about, the light speed 
barrier, is used to define measurements 
of black hole activity. what I'm about 
to show you is going to blow your mind
Sequence of Hubble images showing apparent 
motion at six times the speed of light 
in the galaxy M87. 
The jet is about 5000 light years long, 
and the boxes in the next sequence of images 
indicates where the superluminal motions were 
seen. These Hubble images show motion at six 
times the speed of light. 
The slanting lines track the moving features, 
and the speeds are given in units of the 
velocity of light ``c." 
The images were made between 
1994 and 1998 with the Faint Object Camera 
on the Hubble Space Telescope. 
PHOTO CREDIT: John Biretta, 
Space Telescope Science Institute.
Our final pieces of evidence come from 
observations of the center of our galaxy. 
This next series of photographs show that 
there is something vary peculiar going on 
in an area of space some 27,000 light 
years away. 
A team of astronomers is reported evidence 
in 2002 
that a super-massive black hole lives at 
the center of the Milky Way. 
For a decade before then, researchers were 
watching a handful of stars at the galaxy's 
center -- waiting for one to swerve. 
They found a star whose telltale orbit could 
only be explained by the pull of a black hole. 
Scientists claim that there is a very heavy 
object here, 
something weighing 3.5 million times as much 
as the sun. 
But in order to prove it was a black hole, 
the team from Germany's Max Planck Institute 
for Extraterrestrial Physics 
has to show that all of that material is 
packed into a very small space. 
One way to do this is by watching stars 
around it. 
Here is a well known animation of the 
stars moving around the galactic center. 
Notice that where they are pivoting 
there is no observerable phenomenon. 
Instead they use a red plus marker here
they're for naturally one would think that
Therefore naturally one would think there 
would be a black hole there right? Since 
we can't observe it directly?  Their 
theory seems to hold up.  I still have 
my doubts though. in this photograph
the final in our series
called radio arc four hundred and fifty
is supposed to be a very clear picture 
of the black hole at the center of our 
galaxy. This image is credited to Farhad
Yusef-Zadeh et al. (Northwestern), VLA, NRAO
A super-massive black hole is thought to 
be hidden inside this bright source at 
the center of our galaxy. We have looked at 
several artist depictions of black holes. 
We have alleged evidence of their existence 
with photographs. Why do the artist renderings 
in most cases, look alien compared to photographs?
We talked about the black holes are supposed
to be. we have learned they can't be discovered
yet, but we can take photographs and argue.
Join me next time in the next episode of Black
Holes Don't Exist.
