bjbj"9"9 JEFFREY BROWN: And next: a mission
to Mars filled with high-stakes challenges.
Among them, NASA's new rover will have to
successfully execute a very complicated landing
procedure early Monday morning, or else.
NewsHour science correspondent Miles O'Brien
previews what's ahead.
MAN: And liftoff of the Atlas 5.
MILES O BRIEN: They are the most accomplished
and intrepid explorers of Mars.
Yet, as they home in on the Red Planet with
their biggest, most complex, most expensive
mission ever, they are running themselves
through brutally tricky simulations and losing
a lot of sleep.
ADAM STELTZNER, NASA: So I have this terrible
experience where I will awaken and go down
the list of all the things that I could worry
about.
It's a very long list.
MILES O BRIEN: For engineer Adam Steltzner
and the other Mars mavens at NASA's Jet Propulsion
Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., it is a $2.5
billion all-in bet on a safe arrival on Mars.
MAN: It is the result of reasoned engineering
thought.
MILES O BRIEN: The entry, descent and landing
is known as seven minutes of terror.
And a NASA video describing the tense sequence
has gone viral on the Web.
MAN: When we first get word that we've touched
the top of the atmosphere, the vehicle has
been alive, or dead, on the surface for at
least seven minutes.
MILES O BRIEN: Gold medal or smoking crater?
Not much in between.
ADAM STELTZNER: There's an awful lot riding
on it.
And I think the team thinks that they have
done everything that we can.
I know I believe that we have done everything
that we can.
And at that point, it's in sort of the hands
of fate.
MILES O BRIEN: The Mars Science Laboratory
named Curiosity by a contest-winning sixth-grader
is a curious craft, indeed.
It is designed to see if Mars was ever a habitable
place.
JOHN GROTZINGER, NASA: So what we have got
here is the model of Curiosity that we will
use for the entire mission.
And whenever we want to do something new on
Mars, we do it here first in the test bed.
MILES O BRIEN: Right.
MILES O BRIEN: Project scientist John Grotzinger
gave me the new rover salesman spiel on a
carbon-copy Curiosity used to practice, test
and troubleshoot.
Weighing a ton, powered by plutonium, Curiosity
is the size of a small car, much bigger and
much more capable than its plucky predecessors,
golf-cart size Spirit and Opportunity, which
arrived on Mars in 2004 and found tons of
evidence the planet was once warm and wet.
JOHN GROTZINGER: That's the calibration target
for the ChemCam, instrument, the laser.
MILES O BRIEN: Where is the laser, by the
way?
Is it...
JOHN GROTZINGER: You can't see it.
It is facing down on the deck of the rover.
MILES O BRIEN: Curiosity will take the scientific
sleuthing for life past or present to a whole
new level with an unprecedented array of experimental
capability.
JOHN GROTZINGER: We have 17 cameras.
So we're going to be getting a lot of pictures.
And that's a lot of data volume to come back.
MILES O BRIEN: There are 10 scientific instruments
on board the Mars Science Lab.
The rover is designed to sample rocks as far
as seven meters, or 23 feet, away.
A laser will aim to create a small cloud of
plasma that can be analyzed by a spectrometer.
Curiosity will drive over to the most interesting
rocks and get to work.
JOHN GROTZINGER: In front of the rover is
the arm.
And the arm works just like ours.
And so what this does is, it gives us the
same five degrees of freedom that ours have.
It goes like this up, up and down like this.
Then the elbow can come out.
MILES O BRIEN: Right.
JOHN GROTZINGER: And then we have a wrist
that rotates around.
And so it works exactly how our arm works.
MILES O BRIEN: An onboard drill is designed
to grind and jackhammer out samples that Curiosity
will then study with a suite of spectrometers,
an X-ray diffraction device, even an onboard
oven designed to bake gases out of the rock
and soil that could be telltale signs of organic
compounds, the building blocks of life.
Think of it as a roving, robotic geologist
and chemist.
JOHN GROTZINGER: The equipment that you would
have would normally fill a room of this size
on Earth.
MILES O BRIEN: Capable and compact as Curiosity
is, scientists here are quick to say it is
not a life detector.
ASHWIN VASAVADA, NASA: It's not like we're
blind to detecting life.
Want to make that clear.
But that's not purpose of the mission and
that's not how we designed the scientific
experiments to work.
MILES O BRIEN: Ashwin Vasavada is the deputy
project scientist for the Mars Science Lab.
He reminds us, if there was life on Mars,
it was likely three billion years ago and
microscopic.
Even finding evidence of life that small and
that old on Earth can be a huge challenge.
ASHWIN VASAVADA: And you can get tricked by
natural processes that mimic biological processes.
And we have learned that the hard way.
MILES O BRIEN: NASA twin Viking landers which
arrived on the Red Planet in 1976 did swing
for the scientific fences, but struck out,
finding no smoking gun proof of Martian life
past or present.
Curiosity is headed to a much more scientifically
interesting place than the Viking sites.
Gale Crater, created by an asteroid impact
billions of years ago, sits in the shadow
of an 18,000-foot-high mountain.
Layer upon layer of sediment deposits offers
a rich geological history book for Curiosity's
reading pleasure.
Rob Manning is the rover's chief engineer.
ROB MANNING, NASA: Yes, we're landing at the
part -- the part of the book that is the first
pages, the earliest part.
And as we go higher and higher up the edge
of this mountain, we will be able to look
more recent in time.
And so we will sample through the layers of
time and see how the environment, how the
environment of Mars, the atmosphere, the water
conditions, the just overall chemical conditions
were for -- possible for life.
MILES O BRIEN: But, first, they have to arrive
alive, and that is no small task.
Curiosity is too big and heavy to bounce on
to the surface, as Spirit and Opportunity
did.
The air bag material is just not strong enough.
So the wizards here devised and tested an
audacious entry, descent and landing scheme
that is part Transformer, part Rube Goldberg.
MILES O BRIEN: How many things have to go
right?
ADAM STELTZNER: A tremendous number.
We have 79 different pyro devices that have
to go correctly, that all have to function.
MILES O BRIEN: All 79 have to fire?
ADAM STELTZNER: All 79 have to fire.
If one of them doesn't, game over.
MILES O BRIEN: If all goes as planned, the
craft will enter the wispy Martian atmosphere
at more than 13,000 miles an hour.
Thrusters will fire to slow it down and guide
it towards the bullseye.
A supersonic parachute deploys.
The heat shield separates and drops away.
A landing radar will measure altitude and
speed.
The back shell separates, and then eight rocket
engines start firing.
Then a sky crane will lower the rover softly
to the ground, protecting it from rocket thrust
and debris.
ADAM STELTZNER: We think it's dandy.
It looks crazy.
We get that.
It looks that way to us at times.
But we really think the world of that landing
system.
It solves every problem that we have ever
had with previous landing systems.
(CHEERING AND APPLAUSE) MILES O BRIEN: It
will be a thrill of victory or agony of defeat
moment.
The overall success rate for missions to Mars
is only about one in three.
But here at JPL, they have gone 13 for 18.
That's a .720 batting average in the Red Planet
league.
Even so, this time, the nerves are ratcheted
higher, along with the stakes.
Facing budget pressure from the White House,
NASA has reduced funding for Mars missions
and pulled out of plans to partner with the
European Space Agency to stage an elaborate
series of missions to Mars to bring a rock
sample back to Earth, much to the dismay of
the Mars science community.
Jim Bell is president of the Planetary Society
and also on the Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity
imaging teams.
JIM BELL, Planetary Society: It's frustrating
to try and understand why the administration
or Congress would want to stop what so many
Americans are incredibly proud of and what
has been so successful.
MILES O BRIEN: One of their big allies is
Democratic Congressman Adam Schiff, who represents
the California district that is home to the
Jet Propulsion Lab.
REP.
ADAM SCHIFF (D-Calif.): If we step back from
Mars now, at a time when we are tantalizingly
close to finding the building blocks of life
on Mars, it may be decades before we go back.
MILES O'BRIEN: Facing the bleak funding outlook,
NASA has gone back to the Mars drawing board.
John Grunsfeld is the associate administrator
for science.
JOHN GRUNSFELD, NASA: We're redesigning the
Mars program, as we did in the early 2000s
that led to Spirit, Opportunity and Mars Science
Laboratory.
And so, I think we are still on the path to
Mars sample return.
We just have to find a way to do it on a pace
and with the right series of missions that
are affordable within our budget.
MILES O BRIEN: Easier said than done.
NASA is currently caught between a Mars rock
and a hard place, unable to sustain a space
station, develop a new giant rocket and keep
the big, complicated robotic missions flying.
Here at the nexus of NASA robotic exploration
endeavor, the fear is a smoking crater means
the end of a grand glorious adventure.
Is that the end of going to the Mars?
Is that what the thinking is?
ADAM STELTZNER: That's the worry.
MILES O BRIEN: Geez.
ADAM STELTZNER: You know?
MILES O BRIEN: Yes.
ADAM STELTZNER: We have put a lot of investment
into this, a lot of science development, a
lot of engineering development.
MILES O BRIEN: Yes.
ADAM STELTZNER: And if it doesn't go well,
we have got to ask ourselves, are we ready,
are we brave enough to keep going, to keep
trying?
MILES O BRIEN: But if it does go well and
Curiosity finds a tantalizing clue to the
ultimate cosmic puzzle, there is hope here
the funding will flow again, just as water
once did on Mars.
So, even if the seven minutes of terror pan
out with a healthy Mars rover, the team here
still has another steep mountain to climb.
JEFFREY BROWN: Now, we mention that the landing
happens early Monday.
And we do mean early.
Word of whether Curiosity landed successfully
is expected to reach Earth around 1:30 a.m.
Eastern time.
If you are still up or getting up, we will
be up, too, some of us anyway, covering it
all online.
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