JOANNE FARYON (Host): Hello everyone.
Welcome to this Envision
special, "Life in Prison."
About one in five of all inmates in
California are serving life sentences.
Combined, they could potentially cost
taxpayers in this state $140 billion
over the course of their sentences.
Lifers are getting more expensive because
they're aging in prison and rarely paroled.
It's all adding up to record
health care costs for inmates.
Tonight, we explore the cost of
California's tough on crime legislation.
It's lead to so much overcrowding in state
prisons the federal courts have stepped in.
You'll meet some lifers -
men who were sent to prison
when Lyndon B. Johnson was
president and they're still there.
This is not a report on whether they
should be paroled - it is an examination
of how much it costs to lock
people up and rarely let them out.
Especially when locking them up means
you're responsible for their healthcare.
At first glance this could
look like a nursing home.
The wheelchairs and walkers
have a way of fooling you.
This is the California Medical
Facility, one of California's 33 prisons.
CMF operates the largest prison hospital.
It is where many of the states old,
sick and dying inmates will end up.
And these days, those old and sick
inmates are growing in number.
California faces a problem that touches
nearly every aspect of society -
from our economy to our safety to our
health - one that forces us to take sides
between punishment and redemption.
We have too many men and women in our prisons.
The statistics say so and so
did a federal court in 2002.
There are 170,000 inmates in
prisons that were built for 100,000.
One in five serving life sentences.
TERRY CAMPBELL (Inmate):
My name is Terry Campbell.
I'm in prison for murder, first-degree
murder, and I've been in prison for 44 years.
GLENDA VIRGIL (Inmate): "My name is Glenda
Virgil, and I'm serving a 15 to life sentence.
I've been here 23 years.
FARYON: And how old are you?
VIRGIL: And I'm 63 years old.
RICHARD LAURENZANO (Inmate): Being 62 in
prison is a struggle, it's a struggle.
First of all the reflection of losing 27
years of your life but you get sicker.
FARYON: Richard Lauranzano
represents the fastest growing segment
of the inmate population: men over 50.
He's also among the most expensive.
He's been sick and has been treated at
hospitals outside the prison system.
LAURENZANO: I had cancer
about four years ago, stage 4.
The prison system saved my life.
They sent me to outside hospitals they never
hesitated FARYON: Glenda Virgil has had surgery.
VIRGIL: I've had major back surgery.
I was in the hospital with two guards
24 hours a day for 11 days FARYON:
Terry Campbell has had seven operations.
CAMPBELL: My back.
My shoulders because I broke bones
in both my back and shoulders.
My hand, twice.
CLARK KELSO: We're dealing with a corrections
population that is aging in prison.
. FARYON: Clark Kelso is in charge of
health care in California's prisons.
KELSO: So we've seen explosion in cardiovascular
problems, an explosion in diabetes,
we have the results of hep c, there was
sort of an explosion of it in the 80;
s we're seeing the results of that now.
We have a lot of inmates who
have very serious liver disease
because of an abuse of drugs and alcohol.
But they're all at the age now where you have
those issues plus other chronic conditions
which simply require a different type of care"
FARYON: A federal judge made Kelso a receiver
and put him in charge when a court ruled
inmates did not have access to health care
and mental health services because
California's prisons were so over crowded.
The court ruled lack of health care
was cruel and unusual punishment
and violated inmates' constitutional rights.
A panel of federal judges has since
ordered California to come up with a plan
to reduce its prison population
by 40,000 inmates.
Both decisions forced the state to confront its
overcrowding problem and challenged the public
to contemplate the health care
debate in a whole new way.
If we as a country can't decide whether
health care is a right for all free citizens -
why is it so easily determined as
a right for convicted criminals?
It's a question Clark Kelso
has been asked many times.
KELSO: The technical legal answer
is there's a huge difference
between government's responsibility
to you a citizen, a free citizen,
and government's responsibility to
someone that government is incarcerating.
Once you have incarcerated someone,
government has a constitutional obligation
under the 8th amendment to
provide certain levels of acre
and that what the state has to do.
FARYON: Since the receivership
assumed control of health care
in prisons three years ago spending on medical
treatment for inmates has almost doubled -
from just over one billion dollars a
year to nearly two billion dollars.
And that budget will increase if the
state is to continue providing health care
to its growing geriatric population.
One independent report projects
the number of men
in California prisons over
age 60 will triple by 2018.
KELSO: The state of California and the people
of California have made consistent judgments
that certain types of crimes or certain
patterns of criminal conduct need to be punished
with life in prison and that's a judgment that
has to be respected from my perspective is
that needs to realize those
decisions come with a cost
that you can't have a prison population 16
or 20 per cent of which in a maybe a decade
or to are going to be 55 and older,
you can't do that unless you're willing
to devote a very substantial portion of
the general fund to their health care
because those aging prisoners are going
to have health care needs that
are very expensive to meet.
FARYON: There are about 35,000
lifers in California prisons.
Using government statistics, KPBS
calculated how much money the state pays
to imprison inmates for a life sentence.
If Inmate X is incarcerated at age 37,
he costs taxpayers about $49,000 a year.
But as he ages, his health
care expenses will increase.
At age 55, he could cost
the state $150,000 a year.
If he lives until he's 77, he
will cost California taxpayers
as much $4 million to keep
him in prison for life.
FARYON: So, when you were first convicted
and sent to prison did you expect to still be
in prison when you were sixty-five?
CAMPBELL: No, not at all.
No, I believed the hype that if you change
while you're in prison and prove to us
that you're capable of functioning in society
by doing the programs that we provide,
showing us that you've rehabilitated
and the CDC staff supports
that effort, then you will be paroled.
FARYON: Lifers rarely get parole.
In 2008, the most recent
year statistics are available
for the full 12months, 7,303
lifers were up for parole.
The board granted 294.
But the governor has the right to reverse
those decisions or send them back for review.
In 2008 Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger
denied 81 lifers parole
and sent more than 30 cases back for review.
Fewer than 60 inmates were released.
The year before even fewer were
paroled and in 2006, fewer still.
MANSON MURDERS NEWS CLIP:
In a scene...found dead.
FARYON: To understand why Californians
developed this tough on crime mantra,
you have to go back to the
days of Charles Manson.
At the time homicide rates were on the rise -
nearly doubling from the mid
sixties to the late 70's.
HARRIET SALARNO: Because the high crime,
murder was on the rampage and
people were getting furious.
FARYON: Harriet Salarno was raising a
family in San Francisco at the time.
She and her husband owned an electronics store.
They kept a gun because stores like
theirs were often the target of robberies.
It was the gun her daughter's
killer would use in 1979.
SALARNO: And he shot her and
murdered her execution style.
And he went up to his dorm didn't call any help
or anything watched her try to call and she died
and finally another student
found her and it was too late.
FARYON: When Salarno learned her
daughter's killer was up for parole
after just serving 10 years,
she began a life-long campaign
for tougher sentencing laws
and stricter parole policies.
Her victims rights group raises enough money
to employ a full time lobbyist in Sacramento.
SALARNO: Public safety is in our constitution
and it's the priority and
it must be served first.
We will back right there lobbying as heavy
as we can every morning we will have a new case
we will be able to discuss with a legislator
because somebody was murdered it will be
on the morning news as it is every morning.
And that's their obligation.
Their obligation as legislators is to do this.
FARYON: Dozens of changes to sentencing laws
in the last few decades have all contributed
to California's highest rate
of lifers in prison.
Two of the most significant, are
determinate sentencing in 1977,
which imposed minimum sentences,
and three strikes in 1994,
which allowed repeat offenders
to be sentenced to life.
LINDA: My sentence is 15 to life.
FARYON: And you've been here how long?
LINDA: I'm in my 24th year.
FARYON: And Glenda?
VIRGIL: Fifteen to life, plus
two for a gun allocation.
And I've been here for 23 years.
FARYON: And Marylinn?
MARYLINN: Mine is 15 to life for
second-degree murder and I've been down 25.
FARYON: At the California Institution for
Women in Corona California, a group of inmates,
all convicted murderers, all women, talk
about what its like to grow old in prison.
LINDA: The change is for me my health.
My health has declined and the getting
around that I don't have anymore.
I didn't think that I'd ever grow old.
That my hips wouldn't work, that I couldn't
get down or get up anymore, or my legs.
MARYLINN: And never in my life did I
think I'd be sitting in prison and going,
wow I'm 70 years old and I don't
even have a retirement plan.
I don't have to go to work
everyday because that's the program.
That's what you have to do.
Or that I would have lost my whole
family behind these circumstances.
That I would no longer have
a family to reach out to.
FARYON: The women are part of a
group called the Golden Girls,
inmates over 55 who are granted
special privileges
like a double mattress on their metal cots.
And they're first in line during meals.
But this is still prison.
And there are rules.
Like getting down on the
floor when an alarm sounds.
This happened while we were there.
59-year-old Linda can barely
make it down or back up again.
DR. JOSEPH BICK: Prisons
weren't built to make it easy
for mobility-impaired people to get around.
Prisons were built to safely
incarcerate individuals whoa re sent away
and keep them from escaping.
So we're trying to deal with things how do
you accommodate activities of daily living
of somebody who's in their 60s, 70s, and 80s.
Simple things like getting their
clothes on, going to the bathroom,
ambulating down the hallway to the dining halls.
Having enough time to eat.
Having more than 15 minutes to consume a meal.
FARYON: Dr. Joseph Bick has been
working as a prison doctor for 20 years.
He tends to patients at CMF's
hospital and the prison hospice,
where he's held the hand of many dying inmates.
DR. JOSEPH BICK: I'm not privy to inmates'
commitment offenses as a clinician,
it's something I'm not particularly
interested in knowing.
In fact I endeavour to not
know because I think my job is
to provide the best quality
of health care I can.
But I'm human too and I don't want
to run the risk of being influenced
by knowledge of someone's commitment offense.
FARYON: We met two inmates in the
prison hospice on the day of our visit.
Angelo Chavez has end-stage liver disease.
ANGELO CHAVEZ: I was hoping they
would give me a compassionate release
and that's what I'm waiting for, to
see if I can go home to my family.
FARYON: Chavez is a three striker
and serving a life sentence.
His convictions include drug
possession, robbery and manslaughter.
CHAVEZ: I would love to go home and
die out there, than to die here.
FARYON: We also met Brian Long.
He has cancer and is expected
to live another three months.
In 1993, Long was convicted of having
sex with a minor and served six years.
In 2003 he was sentenced to 11 years for
a second sexual offense against a child.
In California, inmates can be
released for compassionate reasons
if they have less than six months to live.
Last year there were 57 requests.
Three were granted by the courts.
DR. JOSEPH BICK: People have
very strong opinions on all sides
of this discussion you certainly have people
who have been victims or their family members
of some very heinous crimes from some
of the people who live in this facility.
And they strongly feel that it doesn't matter
how old somebody gets or how sick they get
or what they're likelihood of
reoffending is they should spend the rest
of their life in prison.
FARYON: But Dr. Bick says we
can't deny them health care.
Not only is it the law, it is
also a matter of public health.
DR. JOSEPH BICK: With so many people
incarcerated we choose as a society
to incarcerate people that come to us
with such an incredible burden of disease,
HIV and hepatitis and tuberculosis
and mental illness
and substance abuse whoa re someday
going to go home, to me the tragedy is
to somehow ignore them an
put them off there and assume
because they're incarcerated they
don't matter or they're not going
to somehow impact upon the
general health at time of release.
FARYON: And how do you see your life
playing out then here as you age?
CAMPBELL: I'll just grow
old and eventually I'll die.
I don't see it as - you know I'm well adapted.
Institutionalized, if you will.
So I don't see a problem just existing.
Eventually I wont be able to function
anymore and eventually I'll end
up in a hospital and eventually I'll die.
But in the meantime it's going to cost the
state an awful lot of money to take care of me.
FARYON: Terry Campbell was convicted in
1966 of murder during an armed robbery.
He has two other convictions from 1968
and 1973, both while incarcerated.
He told KPBS he was mixed up
with prison gang violence.
Since that time Campbell has
earned two college degrees FARYON:
What's your biggest fear
about growing old in prison?
CAMPBELL: I don't know if it's a fear, but my
biggest concern about growing old in prison is
that I went through all the trouble - on a
personal level I went through all the trouble
to change, to become a different
person and now I don't know
for what reason other than
personal satisfaction.
I can't give anything back.
VIRGIL: And being alone.
Dying alone where there isn't anyone
who cares about you or knows you.
FARYON: Glenda Virgil was convicted of
second-degree murder in 1987 for shooting
and killing the man with
whom she had been involved.
She told KPBS she had been a battered woman.
LAURANZANO: They didn't give you life without,
they didn't give you the death penalty
they gave you 25 to life or 15 to life
that means you get out at some point.
And if you do everything they say you should
get out and be a functioning member of society.
FARYON: Richard Lauranzano
was convicted of seven counts
of sexual assault with children
under 14 in 1984.
While in prison he was also
convicted of murder in connection.
He is serving a 50-year sentence
but is eligible for parole in 2013.
Lauranzano's cancer is in
remission, but he has heart trouble
and is consulting with experts about surgery.
GOVERNOR: 30 years ago 10%
of the general fund went
to higher education and only 3% went to prisons.
Today almost 11% goes to prisons and
only 7.5% goes to higher education.
Spending 45% more on prisons than universities
is no way to proceed into the future.
FARYON: But it will be a difficult ship to turn
given California's 30-year history of support
for longer prison sentences and this
administration's record of denying parole.
Plans to build a new billion-dollar prison
to house old inmates who need chronic care
and inmates who need mental
health services are now underway.
There isn't room for them anywhere else.
Clark Kelso is also looking at ways to
get his outside hospital costs down.
Last year the state spent 500 million dollars
on those visits - about 1,000 very sick
and dying inmates accounted
for most of that cost.
KELSO: There are solutions
I think the legislature
and the people need o become more comfortable
with such as medical parole or other types
of programs that will get these
unhealthy inmates these again inmates
who don't pose very much threat to the public
in terms of recidivism very good numbers there,
we have to come to a better
public understanding in California
with how to take care of those inmates.
FARYON: Kelso has been in talks with
officials, including the governor's office,
about releasing some inmates to
privately run secure nursing homes.
According to government statistics,
people over 55 have less
than a four per cent recidivism rate which
means they are the least likely of all inmates
to commit another offense and return to prison.
And once released from state run
prisons, it's likely they'd be eligible
for federal health care subsidies.
KELSO: One way or another health care needs
of these people are going
to be paid for by somebody.
FARYON: Should a life sentence
mean a life sentence in California?
If they're not rehabilitated absolutely.
HARRIET: What are you going to
do with them if you let them out?
Where are they going to go?
What are you going to do with them?
You're going to say they're not going to
commit a crime if they can't get a job
and you're talking maybe 65 they need to
make some income and they cant get a job
and they have no place to live what
are they going to do they're going
to rob somebody's home, where
are they going to get the money.
You just don't open the door
here's your $200 go get the bus.
FARYON: Do you ever think you will get out?
CAMPBELL: No.
No I don't.
That saying about it doesn't really matter where
you are, but it always matters who you are?
You know, that applies.
That applies to a lot of us that are in prison
because there are a lot of lifers who came
to prison, who didn't get into
trouble like I got into trouble
when I came to prison, who are still here.
And they're sitting around
wondering, well what do I have to do?
What do I have to do to get out of prison?
How do I prove myself and
who do I prove myself to?
And there's no answer.
FARYON: You can learn more about this issue
by going to our website, kpbs.org/prisons.
And you can also leave a comment.
We'd love to hear from you.
For KPBS, I'm Joanne Faryon,
thanks for watching.
