

A "Secret" in Washington DC

By Christopher Drew

Copyright March 2018 Christopher Drew

License Notes

Thank you for downloading this book. This book remains the copyright property of the author and may not be redistributed to others for commercial or non-commercial purposes. If you enjoyed this book, please encourage your friends to download their own copy from their favorite authorized retailer. Thank you for your support.

To my mother, for whom I wrote this book, and who is the only reason it was ever possible, and to the memory of my father....

"Scientia potentia est." (Latin)

"Knowledge is Power." \- Francis Bacon.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements

Preface

Part I: The Monuments

Chapter I: The Introduction  
Chapter II: Francis Bacon's "Original" Quote

(a.) The (Magnetic) Compass  
(b.) Gunpowder  
(c.) Papermaking and the Printing Press[  
](tmp_e5eff8f6d199541ce1f82c8c9ad55f70_baC0Ys.ch.fixed.fc.tidied.stylehacked.xfixed_split_010.html#fboqpm)(d.) The Printing Press

Chapter III.: Comparing the Original with the "Daguerre" Quote  
Chapter IV.: The "Lost" Quotes and the Brumidi Corridors  
Chapter V.: Washington D.C. and the three "Original" Inventions

(a.) The Printing Press and the Gutenberg "Bible" Exhibit  
(b.) The Floor Compasses of Washington D.C.  
(c.) Gunpowder and the Minerva Mosaic

Conclusion of Part I

Part II: The Third Wave

Chapter VI: Introduction: The Quote at Macworld  
Chapter VII: What is a "Smartphone"??  
Chapter VIII: The "Smartphone" Inventions

(a.) GPS Navigation  
(b.) The Camera Phone  
(c.) Telecom

Chapter IX: The "Smartphone", and the Rise of the Internet  
Chapter X: The Three inventions, Metadata, and the Washington DC "Volvelles"

Chapter XI: The Union of Asia Pacific and the United States

Conclusion of Part II

Epilogue: The Washington DC "Navigator"  
About Christopher Drew

### Supplemental Texts

Supplemental Text #1: "William Shakespeare" in Washington DC  
Supplemental Text #2: Summary, the 1645 Woodcut, and Ben Johnson's Eulogy  
Supplemental Text #3: Authentication: The Bulletin Building and the Garfield Monument  
Supplemental Text #4: Verification of the Monuments

### Appendices

[Appendix I: List of the Images of the Six Inventions Found  
in the Brumidi Frescos in the Capital Building, in Washington DC](tmp_e5eff8f6d199541ce1f82c8c9ad55f70_baC0Ys.ch.fixed.fc.tidied.stylehacked.xfixed_split_036.html#Appendix1)

Appendix II: Locations of the "Compass Rose", or the "Mariner's Compass" Floor Markers found throughout Center City, Washington DC  
Appendix III: The Effigies of the Palladium in Washington DC  
Appendix IV: The "Metadata" Laboratories of Washington DC  
Appendix V: The Antikythera Mechanism and its significance  
Appendix VI: The Symbol of the "Open" book in Washington DC

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

All the photographs and images of the works of Constantino Brumidi in the nation's Capital Building, unless otherwise specified, come directly from the Photo Album and the archives of the Architect of the Capital (www.aoc.gov). As government works, they have no copyright, and are a part of the Public Domain.

In addition, the photos of the interior of the main Thomas Jefferson Building of the Library of Congress come from the archives of the Library's main site (www.loc.gov), unless otherwise specified. Many of them are from the photo album of the professional photographer Carol Highsmith, and these have been particularly helpful. All these photos, as well, have been released into the Public Domain.

Two very important reference books have been used extensively in the second and last section, titled, "The Third Wave". The first is Brian Merchant's book, The One Device: The Secret History of the Iphone. It is one of the only books to date, to describe, in detail, the events and the processes leading to the creation of the Smartphone. Another book is Jeffrey Pomerantz's book Metadata, one of the few resources to detail extensively what Metadata is, its history, and the importance of the Smartphone as one of its primary collectors. Both books have been cited extensively and were very helpful in the creation of this book.

Finally, and perhaps most significant, is Tom Wheeler's book, From Gutenberg to Google: The History of Our Future, in which he describes, in detail, all three information networks in history, as well as the iphone's critical role in shaping information technology. These, in turn, form the backbone upon which many of the ideas of this book are based. Wheeler has long been regarded as a foremost expert in telecommunications (as head of the FCC between 2013 and 2017). As such, his opinions are held in high regard by the IT Industry. Again, his book has, as well, been extensively cited and played a crucial role in this book's formation.

Preface

The purpose of this book is to show that the recent invention of the iphone and the android mobile devices, or what, altogether, are called "Smartphones", have long since been foreseen to take place, by the original architects of the city of Washington D.C. They encoded this, their "secret" knowledge, onto several major monuments throughout the city. These features can still be visited and seen by anyone, even unto the present day.

This information, in the nation's Capital, shows the coming of the "Smartphone" in three waves throughout history: the first wave takes place in 1280-1300 in central Italy, the second in 1780-1800 in Britain/France, and the final wave, the actual creation of the iphone, in 1995-2015, in Silicon Valley, California, the present day.

These three dates are not at all random, but rather represent the dawn of the three most important information networks in history. The first period, that of 1280-1300, is the spread of Paper Mills and later the Printing Press throughout Europe, as the fuel to start the "book-fed" Renaissance. Meanwhile, the second period, 1780-1800, is that of the laying of telegraph wire and the railroad in the New World, this time to coincide with the Industrial Revolution. Finally, 1995-2015 is a crucial point in the Internet and Computer Age, that of the rise of 'Big Data'. The most important development during this time period has been the creation of the microprocessor, the iphone and mobile devices.

The first part of the book, titled "The Monuments", focuses solely on the encrypted information in these Washington D.C. sites, and how, specifically, it relates to the first two waves. The second part, titled "The Third Wave", then shows how these two previous waves have now converged onto a single invention, as main components of the modern-day iphone.

The coming of the "Smartphone" was no accident, but rather a predetermined, and long foreseen happening, in which the most ancient knowledge in the Capital City has now merged with the most current of inventions.

As always, the reader is welcome to visit the sites, do the research themselves, and to form their own conclusions.

[*****Note: At the end of the book are also included four "Supplemental Text" sections. These contain information, that would not "fit in" anywhere, yet nonetheless are important to its main contents. In particular, "Supp. Text #3: Authentication: The Bulletin Building and the Garfield Monument" is most significant, as it provides direct proof that all that has been stated in this book is the truth. *****]

Part I The Monuments

Chapter I: The Introduction

(See Below[1]) – Daguerre Monument, Washington D.C.

National Portrait Gallery, Washington DC, Present Day.

At the east entrance to the National Portrait Gallery, in Washington D.C., along 7th and F street, is a monument to the inventor of the Daguerreotype, the world's first commercial photographic process, the French artist and photographer Louis Daguerre. One obscure feature of the monument is a quote, found on the side of its granite base, that states:

"Photography, the electric telegraph, and the Steam engine are the three great discoveries of the Age. No five centuries in human progress can show such strides as these. @@@@"

Although the American sculptor Jonathan Scott Hartley created this statue as far back as 1890, no known author has ever been cited for this quote, and today most visiting tourists never give it any more attention beyond that of a slight, cursory glance.

.....yet within it lies a secret, that of which forms the "key" to unlocking an entire pattern found throughout center city, Washington D.C. This knowledge then, in turn, ultimately leads to, and converges upon the present-day coming of the "iphone". This "secret" is that it is connected to a very similar, second quote, written earlier, by the British Author Francis Bacon. This second quote contains the cypher, or the "coded message" within the writing, that unlocks this hidden network:

"It is well to note the force, and the virtue, and the consequences of discoveries. For nowhere is it more evident than in these three, previously unknown to the ancients (the Greeks) and whose recent origins, although obscure and inglorious, have done much to alter the face of and to change the stage of things of the whole world; these are, namely, the compass, gunpowder and the printing press: the first in navigation, the second in warfare and the third in literature, and from whence have followed innumerable changes, insomuch that no empire, no sect and no star has ever exerted greater influence over human affairs than these three mechanical devices."

-Francis Bacon, Aphorism CXXIX (129), Book 1,

Novum Organum, 1620.

These two quotes were also not at all randomly selected, as they represent the dawn of the first two information networks in history[2]. The quote on the Daguerre Monument is a symbol of the second network, that of the railroad and the laying of telegraph wire in the New World, that coincides with the industrial revolution. Each of the three inventions listed here, as we will later show, played a key role in creating the foundation of this era.

Likewise, the earlier quote, in Novum Organum, represents the first information network, the rise of the Gutenberg printing press throughout Europe, to coincide with the formation of the Renaissance Era. Many historians have also believed that these three inventions were also the main catalysts to start this new age, as they increased access to knowledge, on a large scale, respectively, via navigation, conquest, and available printed material.

Finally, the third, most current Information Network is the rise of the computer, the internet, and that of Big Data [3]. In this period, the three inventions have now re-emerged, in more modern forms, as components of the iphone: these are, respectively, GPS, the camera phone, and Telecom. The iphone and android devices, what together are termed smartphones, because of their singular impact, have often been called the most significant development of this era.

The timeline is thus:

1. The compass (1st wave) Steam Power for Navigation (2nd wave) GPS (3rd Wave)

2. Gunpowder* (1st wave)......Photography (2nd wave)...................Camera Phone (3rd wave)

3. Printing Press (1st wave).....Telegraph (2nd wave) 21st century Telecom

(phone, email, Text messaging, internet)

(3rd wave).

Whereupon, the 1st wave (1280 - 1300) – beginning of the renaissance era

2nd wave (1780 – 1800) – beginning of the Industrial revolution

3rd wave (1995 - 2015) – rise of the Internet, Big Data [4], and the iphone

* - The Gunpowder formula reveals the main compounds used in photography, as is shown later in chapter III.

The rest of this book is dedicated to describing, in detail, this chart, the role that the rest of the monuments in Washington DC play, and how both quotes match each other, precisely, to show all of this.

(See above[5]) – A close-up of Francis Bacon's "Lost" Quote:

However, first we will take a much closer, in-depth look only at the original passage in Francis Bacon's 1620 Book Novum Organum.....

Back to the Top

Chapter II: Francis Bacon's Original Quote:

"It is well to note the force, and the virtue, and the consequences of discoveries. For nowhere is it more evident than in these three, previously unknown to the ancients (the Greeks) and whose recent origins, although obscure and inglorious, have done much to alter the face of and to change the stage of things of the whole world; these are, namely, the compass, gunpowder and the printing press: the first in navigation, the second in warfare and the third in literature, and from whence have followed innumerable changes, insomuch that no empire, no sect and no star has ever exerted greater influence over human affairs than these three mechanical devices."

-Francis Bacon, Aphorism CXXIX (129), Book 1, Novum Organum (1620)

"This made the late Lord Saint Alban, (Francis Bacon), entitle his work Novum Organum, which, though by the most superficial of men, who cannot get beyond the title of nominals, it is not penetrated nor understood, it really openeth all defects of learning whatsoever, and is a book which extends to the famous author a long future."

-Ben Johnson, on the death of Francis Bacon (1626).

Novum Organum[6] (latin for "New instrument", or short for "New Instrument of Science"), is a book written by Francis Bacon, in 1620. It is said to be a primer for the understanding of all knowledge. (Francis Bacon is rumored to be the last person in history who knew everything).

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) wrote the book when he was Chancellor of England (1618-1621), and, when it was finished, he personally presented it to the then monarch, King James I.

Bacon was a philosopher, essayist, and politician. Even though he himself did not uncover a single scientific theory or invention, he is considered, today, as the founding father of the study of empirical, or rational knowledge, upon which all "modern science" is based. As such, Bacon could also be considered the founder of the study of the importance of information networks, which is any form of instrument that breaks down the barriers to and allows information to travel. His most famous quote is

"Knowledge is Power."

Each of the three discoveries listed in the above quotation, from Novum Organum,

(Francis Bacon, Baron Verulamen, Viscount Saint Albans, c. 1618, National Portrait Gallery)

had first, previously, been discovered in Asia, before, centuries later, being transmitted to the Europeans. They are now known as "The Four Great Inventions", which are (1.) the magnetic compass (2.) gunpowder (3.) papermaking and (4.) the printing press (whereupon papermaking is seen as an essential element to the printing press). A closer look reveals two things:

(1.) The origins of the transmission of each invention can be traced to the

same, very specific time and place: northern or central Italy, between the years 1280-1300.

(2.) each invention then immediately underwent a critical change in the refinement of its composition, and then began to spread rapidly throughout Medieval Europe.

Bacon's quote is not at all a random comment, but rather the time period described here (1280-1300) is what we are now calling the "first wave". As we will later show, it is the precursor to the coming of the iphone, mobile devices, and ultimately what he (Bacon) believed would be a future Age of "infinite" knowledge for all Mankind.

It is, in fact, what the original builders in Washington DC have used as a template to signify the starting point of "information networks" in history.....

As such, we will examine the transmission of each invention, beginning with.....

Back to the Top

Chapter II(a.) The (magnetic) Compass

The magnetic compass was first introduced in Europe in the latter part of the 13th century (circa 1296) and has since provided the basis for almost all modern, seafaring navigation. Many historians believe this invention was of such importance, that it alone began the Renaissance. Before its discovery, European Ships rarely left the coastline, as a passage from John Dryden's verse (1700) describes:

Crude the navigation of their ships were then

Without a compass or a meridian in sight

They rarely left the ken of the shoreline

And knew true north only when the Pole Star shown bright.

Another passage from John Robertson's Elements of Navigation (1754) echoes a similar sentiment: "Before the introduction of the Mariner's compass, that happened in the latter part of the 13th century, navigation was often a tedious, precarious pursuit. Ships back then rarely left the coastline." [7]

Magnetic compasses had beforehand existed in Asia for hundreds of years, yet their transmission to Europe was the first time a compass was ever specifically used for seafaring navigation. For this to happen, two 'key" refinements had to occur:

(1.) The magnetic needle had to be suspended, either in water (wet), or in mid-air (dry), as to remain horizontal while on board a seagoing vessel.

(2.) The compass needle had to be boxed, and oriented within a set of nautical directions, today, called the modern mariner's compass Emblem.

The most well-known legend of the compass's "origin", from Amalfi, Italy, was that a sailor named Flavio Gioja invented it in 1296, although this is often disputed, as there has never been any historical evidence that such a mysterious man ever existed.

Many people, throughout history, including William Gilbert of Colchester, England, who wrote the first known book to fully describe magnets, titled De Magnete, have believed that it was Marco Polo, the Venetian Merchant, who first brought back knowledge of this device, after returning from a 24-year journey through the caravan trails of the Silk Road.[8]

This makes sense, as it was upon returning from his travels, that he was incarcerated in a prison in Genoa (Genoa at the time was at war with Venice), between 1296-1299. It was during this same time, that the Magnetic Compass was first introduced in the Mediterranean.

During this exact same time frame, several additional developments in maritime navigation also occur in Genoa, Italy:

(1.) the first appearance of the Mariner's Compass Emblem

(2.) the invention of Portolan Maps

(3.) the invention of the Carrack, along with the sternpost rudder.  
(1) The Eight winds of the Mariner's Compass Emblem: The accompanying design of nautical directions that the compass needle is oriented to and "boxed" in, was created at about the same place and time as the magnetic compass. (see figure below[9]):

It is based on a set of eight major winds, that create the windrose or compass-rose[10]: Grecale, Sirocco, Libeccio, Ostro, Ponente, Levante, Mistral, and Tramontane. These, in turn, are based on an ancient Greek idea that each compass direction is associated with a specific wind.

These winds all center precisely around Genoa, Italy. For instance, the name for the wind that points to true north, or Tramontane, is a Latin word. It comes from "trans" meaning through, and "montanus", meaning mountains and implying the Alps. A key feature of Genoa is that it aligns exactly to the center of the Alps, the same direction from which the Tramontane blows.

Furthermore, Genoa is also aligned, to the south, directly with the center of the island of Corsica. The city lies right next to this island, and ruled it for over five centuries, between the years 1284-1768, as an extra-territorial colony. A sailing chart shows that nearly all the eight major winds directly blow onto the island. Genoa is centered to both Corsica, to the south, and the Alps, to the north, with only a five-to-ten-mile discrepancy. This is near definitive proof that Genoa, Italy is the geographic "topos" or place-of-origin of the compass-rose emblem, that houses the magnetic mariner's compass needle. (Genoa and Corsica – See above[11]).

(A Sailing Chart, above, showing the winds around Corsica, "7 of the 8 major winds are listed"[12]).

(2.) Portolan Charts: Portolan charts are both the first, truly accurate maps in history, as well as the earliest known, nautical charts. From the very beginning of their creation, they also have displayed an incredible degree of cartographic accuracy, unheard of for their time. Experts today remain baffled as to how these maps could have attained such precise detail. They were also created at the same exact time as the introduction of the maritime compass and they all have illustrated a very elegant modern mariner's compass emblem (the "windrose" or "compass-rose"), meant to coincide with the magnetic compass.

By all known accounts, Genoa, Italy, is both the origin of, and the later spread of the production of these maps throughout Europe:

-The first mention of the term Portolan Map is on board a Genoese Ship, in 1270.

-The earliest known extant portolan map, the Carta Pisani, was created in Genoa in 1296.

-The earliest known mapmaker of portolans to routinely sign his work, Pietro Vesconte, is a native of Genoa, who then subsequently moved to Venice.

(3.) The Carrack: The Carrack is the prototype of the first of the truly large sailing ships, capable of a prolonged or transoceanic voyage. It has been very influential to seafaring, as it has since formed the template of almost all later, large ships, most notably the Spanish Galleon.

The Carrack was also invented by shipbuilders in Genoa, also in the latter 13th century. Even more important, however, was that it greatly helped facilitate the use of a new type of rudder, called the vertical sternpost rudder, in ships, throughout the Mediterranean.

The sternpost rudder was very significant, as it provided the first true steering system for larger ships. Historical data also shows that it was widely adopted almost exactly when the magnetic compass was introduced, (1296) or the turn of the fourteenth century.

Maritime historians cite two main reasons for the literal explosion during this time in the number of ships using this rudder: (1.) an increase in ship size (2.) the use of multiple sails and the emergence of a fully rigged ship[13]. The Carrack facilitated both changes: at between 300-600 tons, it was of a size previously unknown to ships in the Mediterranean, and it was also the first, fully rigged ship, meaning that it had three or more sails.

The quote, by the Spanish chronicler Pero Tafur, when he visited Genoa in 1436, reveals the immense importance of the Carrack to their naval fleet:

"The Genoese are very powerful at Sea. Their carracks, in particular, are the best in the world, and had it not been for the great dissensions which the people have had amongst themselves, their dominion would have extended throughout the world."[14]

The magnetic compass, portolan map, and the Sternpost rudder all emerge precisely at the same time and location, (1296, Italy). Together, they form a complete system of navigation that would remain unaltered for the next 400 years. It includes (1.) steering a ship (2.) orienting one's direction to the compass points, and (3.) checking one's position on a nautical map.

In the following centuries, some of the world's most important explorers and navigators would emerge from Genoa, including Lancelotto Malocello, who would discover the first islands in the Atlantic (Canaries, 1312). Later, the first two explorers to visit the new world, Christopher Columbus and John Cabot, would also both be born in Genoa, Italy. Both men would also credit Marco Polo's memoir, The Travels, as the main inspiration for their historic voyages. A coincidence??

Back to the Top

Chapter II (b): Gunpowder

The formula for Gunpowder was first discovered, centuries before, in the Orient, before being transmitted to Europe at about the same time as the Magnetic compass, circa 1300. Even though it has never been proven, many people and current sources also cite Marco Polo as the first to introduce fireworks, as well as its main ingredient, Gunpowder, to the Europeans.

The first mention of the Gunpowder formula, in Europe, is in Roger Bacon's 1267 book Opus Majus, or, in Latin, "Greater Work"; however, it is only found once in a small passage. Rather, the first book dedicated wholly to gunpowder recipes for warfare is the mysterious book, Liber Ignium ad Conburendos Hostes by Marcus Graecus, which translates as The Book of Fire for the Burning of Enemies by Mark the Greek. The name Mark the Greek is a pseudonym, meant to protect the author from persecution by the inquisition, as such subject matter was often deemed a heresay to the establishment as well as to the church. As a result, nobody, to this day, knows who wrote Liber Ignium (Book of Fire), only that it is predominantly written in Latin, and that the oldest of its six surviving copies dates to about 1300, the same time, again, as that of the invention of the magnetic compass.

Gunpowder is classified as a low-level explosive, meaning that it does not break the sound barrier when it explodes. Unlike high level explosives, that immediately detonate, Gunpowder rather discharges and burns more slowly. This makes it most convient for use in firearms, cannons and heavy artillery, with its main feature, that it ignites with enough force to propel the projectile, but not enough to break the barrel of the Gun[15].

The formula for gunpowder is 75% Saltpeter, 15% charcoal, and 10% sulfur, and this is the key ratio (75:15:10) that gives it its maximum explosion. The discovery of this ratio was one of the critical refinements to the gunpowder formula, that emerged almost exactly at the same time it was transmitted to Europe[16].

The main ingredient in Gunpowder is Saltpeter, also known as Potassium Nitrate (PNO3), since it delivers oxygen to the explosion: the more Saltpeter is used, the bigger the explosion will be, and without Saltpeter, you no longer have Gunpowder.

Saltpeter is not readily found in nature, but rather must be harvested from brushes, or the efflorescence found in mineral deposits in caves, cellars, etc. It must then be boiled in water and filtered repeatedly until it finally appears, in its true crystalline form. That Potassium Nitrate is not naturally occurring, means that whosoever first invented Gunpowder, in history, most likely did so through the painstaking process of trial-and-error.

A more detailed component breakdown of the gunpowder formula is as follows:

(1.) Saltpeter: (75%): Potassium Nitrate (PNO3), the key ingredient to gunpowder, that

which delivers oxygen to the blast.

(2.) Charcoal: (15%) the fuel component of Gunpowder.

(3.) Sulphur: (10%): the binding agent of gunpowder. It lowers the temperature it needs to ignite and gives it its shelf-life.

As the British author John Bate, in the seventeenth century, once wrote, of the mystic qualities of the Gunpowder formula: "The Saltpeter is the soule, the Sulphur the life and Coales the body of it,"[17].

A few years after Liber Ignium first appears, so do the first cannons and then the first firearms emerge. They first appear in Italy, and then rapidly begin to spread throughout both the battlefield and all of Europe. Many historians agree that there was no prior developmental or experimental stage, either to the introduction of gunpowder, or the latter artillery. Rather, they appear to emerge all-at-once and fully formed, without any precedent[18].

Regardless, the fact is that even though historians can agree on the exact date of the introduction of gunpowder (1300) and the Cannon (1326), as well as the location, Northern Italy, to this day, no one still knows who is responsible for either inventing or transmitting these inventions to Europe.

The coincidence of the transmission of the gunpowder formula and that of the magnetic compass shows that Francis Bacon's quote is not at all a random comment, but a precise look at a convergence of events and ideas, in the late 13th century, Italy. As we shall see, this "First Wave" of innovations would later have a profound impact felt around the World, even unto the most recent of times.

Back to the Top

Chapter II (c.): Papermaking and the Printing Press

Even though Bacon's quote only cites the Printing Press, the previous development of large-scale, Paper Mills were both a necessary and an integral part of this invention. The Printing Press could not have spread nearly as rapidly as it did, without this system already in place, and, likewise, it was only after the Printing Press was invented that Paper started to be used more and more as a writing material.

For centuries beforehand, the Europeans had preferred parchment to paper, that of which is derived primarily from goat skin. Both paper and the printing press were also discovered centuries beforehand in the Orient, and, today, both are listed among the "Four Great Inventions", that were later transmitted to Europe. As such, they are fundamentally related, and go together "hand-in-hand".

Even though paper manufacturing had previously existed slightly earlier in parts of Spain and France, the main transmission occurs at almost the same time as the introduction of both gunpowder and the magnetic compass: it is the founding of the Paper Mill in Fabriano, Ancona, Italy.

Fabriano is a small town in the Province of Ancona, and its founding Paper Mill has been, in many ways, the origin of all subsequent Papermaking in Europe. Its beginning, in 1283, was the first time Paper is manufactured at a large-scale, industrial level. In addition, this is also where the first genuine, European process of handcrafting paper would begin, and later, afterwards, would also be refined. This same process would then be exported and would then spread to Paper Mills in all parts of Northern Europe. Almost all subsequent foundries would bear this same signature style of handcrafting and mass producing of Paper, as it had first begun, in the province of Ancona, Italy.

During the Middle Ages, this process of handcrafting Paper was maintained as a trade secret, known only to a few operating craftsmen, and passed on, in secret, only to their apprentices.[19] Three key innovations, in its refinement, were created specifically there[20]:

1. The use of hydraulic hammers to speed up the production process.

2. The process of "sizing" paper, by adding animal gelatin, to strengthen it and make it

more receptive to ink.

3. The introduction of the watermark to identify its maker.

The first documented production of watermarked paper, in 1283, occurs at almost the exact same time frame as that of Bacon's previous two inventions to Europe, in northern/central Italy:

-Magnetic, nautical compass: Amalfi, Italy, circa 1296.

-Gunpowder formula: Liber Ignium, circa 1300.

-Fabriano Paper Mill: Ancona, Italy: 1283.

The "Fabriano" Paper Mill still exists today, after over seven centuries, a testament to it as the center of European Papermaking. A short time after it had been founded, this same process then travelled north of the Alps, to the town of Mainz, Germany, the hometown of Johannes Gutenberg, where it became the "key" element in the emergence of the final and the last of Bacon's three listed inventions, the Printing Press.

Back to the Top

Chapter II (d.): The Printing Press

"What the world is today, good or bad, it owes to Gutenberg. Everything can be traced back to this same source, but we are bound to bring him homage.... For the bad his colossal invention has brought about has been overshadowed a thousand times in the good with which mankind has been favored."

\- Mark Twain, author and Historian

(1835-1907)

The following quote was from Mark Twain (real name is Samuel Clemens), who had, himself, for many years, operated a Printing Press. He used it to publish, in several volumes, posthumously, the Personal Memoirs of the Civil War General and Ex-president Ulysses S. Grant and made his surviving family about $400,000, a fortune in those days. Later, however, he then bankrupted himself with the same device, and had to book speaking engagements for the rest of his life to repay his creditors.

Not much is known, even to this day, about the mysterious inventor of the printing press, Johannes Gutenberg. The exact date of his birth, and even the year, remain uncertain (circa 1400); very little is also known about the background of his immediate family, as well as that of his earlier years. What is certain, however, is that he was born in the same town, in which he would later invent the Printing Press: Mainz, Germany.

At about the year 1435, Gutenberg travelled to, and lived for a few years in the nearby town of Salzburg, near the border of France. Afterwards, upon returning to Mainz, it was rumored that he had learned of a "secret". That secret, which, it was said, had come to him as if being struck by "....a ray of light...." was the invention of the Printing Press[21].

Much of what now constitutes the prototype of Gutenberg's device had been made from already pre-existing components. The press itself was based on earlier screw presses, that had previously been used to press grapes into wine. The concept of moveable type had also earlier been discovered centuries ago, in Asia, and had by then made its way to Europe, where it become known as woodblock printing. Rather, Gutenberg's main contribution, and what had separated his design from all previous presses, was his invention of an alloy for the die cast of an all-metal typeset. This then allowed for the creation of the first European, all metallic, moveable type Printing Press.

Gutenberg had, earlier on in his life, been a Goldsmith, and his alloy, composed then of lead (50-80%), tin (30-10%) and antimony (5-3%) would remain as a constant for the die casts of moveable type sets for the next 500 years. Its main benefit was that it was economical, easy to manufacture, and provided for a well-defined die cast for a typeset[22].

Gutenberg's new version of a printing press had the single advantage of a tremendous increase in speed over that of woodblock printing. Press operators increased, over ten-fold, their output in book/manuscript production. It has been thought, that more books were printed in the first fifty years following Gutenberg's discovery than were copied by scribes in Europe in the previous thousand years [23].

Even though Gutenberg himself died before he could realize any of the financial gains from his machine, it would later, over the next century, make numerous Press operators wealthy, and would aide in a dramatic, never-before-seen spread of knowledge, first in Europe and then throughout the entire world. Because of this singular, striking effect on society, today, Gutenberg often tops many of the lists as one of the most, if not the single most, influential, of all inventors in the last thousand years.

Together, both the large-scale manufacture of Paper, and the rapid spread of the Gutenberg Printing Press contributed to a dramatic increase in the spread of knowledge, and, for the first time, created a "knowledge-based" economy[24], whereby knowledge itself, begins to take on the actual intrinsic value of an asset to Society.

The following two charts[25] illustrate this fundamental change, over time, in both the perception of, and the distribution of knowledge in Europe during the Middle Ages.

From the 6th to the 11th centuries, manuscript production, that used parchment as a writing material, was minimal. Then a sudden increase in production, in the 12th century, occurs and directly corresponds to the first introduction of Paper to Europe. A further increase then, again, corresponds with that of large-scale paper manufacturing, beginning at Fabriano in 1283. This also marks the first time that books become regularly available for sale, and that Paper is used for official and legal documents.

This trend then leads up to emergence of Gutenberg's Printing Press, whereby book and/or manuscript production suddenly leaps from 5 million to 200 million, all in a single century. In every century thereafter incurs another, similar dramatic increase in knowledge, until, finally, in the 18th century, widespread reading occurs. People for the first time no longer would read only a select few books, but rather begin to read on every topic far-and-wide. At this point, in history, an incredible, one-billion manuscripts are printed, for the first time, in a single century.

Back to the Top

Conclusion

The coincidence of the origin of all three listed inventions in Novum Organum, in the same location and time: northern/central Italy, between the years 1280-1300, shows the starting point of a new force in world history, that we are now referring to as the "first wave". We shall later describe, in much depth, how this will ultimately lead to the development of information networks, the modern-day Smartphone, and eventually, as was forecasted by Bacon, to a New Age of "limitless" knowledge for all mankind.

Chapter III.: Comparing the Original with the "Daguerre" Quote

The first quote, in Novum Organum, describes the convergence of a series of discoveries in Italy in the late 13th century, to coincide with the first information network (Paper mills and the Gutenberg Printing Press) as fuel to start the "book-fed" Renaissance, what we are now calling the "First Wave". Likewise, the "Daguerre" inscription shows the same three inventions, now reemerging in a new form, between the years 1780-1800, in England/France. This in turn, coincided with the second information network (railroad and the telegraph) at the start of the Industrial Revolution, and is what we are now calling the "Second Wave".

As such, we will now examine both quotes, in depth, together, to show how they relate to each other.

First, by placing them both, side by side, we find numerous similarities and parallels, so much so is the evidence that it simply can't be ignored.

For instance, the Daguerre Monument quote....

"Photography, the electric telegraph, and the steam engine are the three great discoveries of the age. No five centuries in human progress can show such strides as these.@@@@"

....lists three inventions, placing them above all others in the current age, which is almost identical to Bacon's earlier passage in the Novum Organum:

"....the compass, gunpowder, and the printing press, the first in navigation, the second in warfare, and the third in literature, and from whence have followed innumerable changes, insomuch that no empire, no sect and no star has ever exerted influence on human affairs than these three mechanical devices."

.....and the similarities do not end there, as each of these three inventions, as in Novum Organon, were all discovered in a very narrow place and time in history: 1780-1800 in Britain and France:

Photography: The British inventor Thomas Wedgewood is often dubbed as the world's first photographer. He was the first to capture silhouettes of images using a light-sensitive substance and a device called a camera obscura ("pin-hole in a box"). His early images had blackened after a short time from exposure, yet they had revealed most of the main elements of the photographic process. His "silhouette" experiments date to between 1790-1799.

Steam Engine: The basic concept has existed as far back as the Greeks, with the inventor Heron's aeolipile, in the first century AD [26]. However, the modern Steam Engine, used for the steamboat, the steam locomotive and the industrial revolution has been attributed to improvements, all made by the Scottish Inventor James Watt, who is known as the father of modern steam. His patented design radically increased its power, up until it was about five times more efficient as any previous model.

The same years that Watt finalized his steam engine design (1781-1783) was also when Claude de Jouffrey D'Abbans, built and operated the world's first fully functional steamboat, called Pyroscaphe, down the Saȏne River, in France (1783). The earliest steam locomotive was also built by the Scotsman William Murdock, at about this time (1784). Thus, the origins of modern steam power all began during this period 1780-1800.

The Electric Telegraph: Developed between 1774-1816, during which time, not just one man but several, performed experiments, each of which could separately be considered to constitute a most "basic" form of electrical telegraphy. One such experiment, however, most crucial, was Claude Chappe's first semaphore network, built in France, in 1792. A semaphore system uses optical devices (torches, lanterns, rotating mirrors, etcetera), instead of electricity, to relay signals.

This was the first telecommunications network, and Chappe is the first person to originate the term "telegraph" (from the Greek tachygraph, for "quick writing" by which derives telegraph, that means "distance writing"). Then, in 1816, the Englishman Ronald Francis built the first fully functional, "practical", electric telegraph.

In summary, each of these inventions date, at least, in part, to exactly the end of the 18th century:

Photography: Thomas Wedgewood, 1790-1799.

-Steam Engine: James Watt, 1781-1783.

-Electric Telegraph: Claude Chappe, Ronald Francis:1773-1816.

Most historians place the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at roughly the same place and time: between 1760-1840 in Britain. The three inventions listed are no doubt central here, both in the timeline as well as in creating the information network of this era. This was that of building the railroad (steam locomotive) along with the laying of telegraph wire, and photography as that of a new form of communicating a visual medium of knowledge.

Both quotes, again, function as templates to display the beginning of the two most important information systems, in history: the rise of the printing press (the Renaissance), and the rise of electric telegraphy/ the railroad (the Industrial Revolution).

The last part in the inscription "....no five centuries of human progress can show such strides as these...." refers to the near exact length of time, 500 years, between the discovery of the original three inventions (gunpowder, the compass, and the printing press, 1280-1300) and those listed on the Daguerre Monument (Photography, the Steam Engine, and the Electric Telegraph, 1780-1800), or, rather, the exact length of time, between the start of the Renaissance Era, and the Industrial Revolution.

Finally, both sets of inventions match each other, exactly, representing the very next stage in their evolution:.  
Gunpowder/Photography: The invention of photography is directly linked with that of Gunpowder, as it would have never developed as it did without knowledge of gunpowder's main ingredients: sulfur, nitrate compounds, and saltpeter (potassium nitrate, PNO₃).

Throughout the early history of photography, a device was needed, by which to illuminate the image. For this, Photographers have often used a substance called Flash Powder. Flash Powder was derived directly from the gunpowder formula, representing the addition of a metallic powder, most commonly Magnesium or Aluminum, to produce a much quicker detonation, and a much brighter flash. [Modern-day fireworks called "sparklers", are based on the same idea, having a coating of metallic dust, that burns ultra-brightly.] Several recipes include both Sulphur and Saltpeter, which are also key ingredients to the Gunpowder formula.

Another connection is the compound most fundamental to the photographic process, Silver Nitrate (AgNO₃). Until the 20th century (i.e. before atomic weapons), almost all explosives have either used a nitrate (NO₃) or a nitro (NO₂) base as a main catalyst, to deliver oxygen to the blast. In gunpowder, this is Saltpeter, or Potassium Nitrate (PNO₃). Silver Nitrate (AgNO₃), again, represents the addition of the metal, silver, to form a new, light-sensitive compound, to begin photography. Thomas Wedgewood, the world's first photographer, used it in all his earliest experiments. Even today, most compounds used in modern photography (silver halide, silver iodide, and silver chloride) are directly derived from, and by starting with silver nitrate.

Yet perhaps the single best connection between gunpowder and photography has to do with Nitrocellulose, a compound originally called "Gun cotton" or "flash cotton". When the American inventor George Eastman first developed and patented Roll film in 1889, it began both the motion picture industry, as well as the amateur camera market. It also became the basis for founding the Eastman Kodak Company, which later became so successful that, up until the 1970's, it commanded nearly 90% of all camera sales in North America [27].

Eastman's original patent for Roll Film, in 1885, provided for a Nitrocellulose, or a nitrate film base, used both in the earliest "box" cameras and in the earliest movie reels. Silver (Ag) Halides are then added in a gelatin coating on top of the base, to, again, create a new light sensitive property.

Nitrocellulose is so alike gunpowder, that they first called it, "Gun cotton" or "flash cotton". It is made by combining sulfuric acid and cotton cellulose fibers with the "key" substance in Gunpowder: Potassium Nitrate (Saltpeter). Nitrate film was a highly flammable, corrosive material; with a high decomposition rate. Under certain conditions, it can also auto-ignite, and, throughout the early motion picture film era, this caused several deadly studio fires. Yet despite these drawbacks, for over half-a-century, and during much of the Golden Age of the studio system, (between 1894-1951) almost all motion picture reel footage had a nitrocellulose or "nitrate film" base.

Nitrocellulose, at the same time, is also the primary ingredient that helped modernize firearms in the twentieth century. Gunpowder, which had earlier been used in cannons and muzzle loading rifles, now posed a new dilemma. When fired, it often produced a plume of residual smoke and ash, which was both inconvenient and a hazard to newer, repeating firearms.

In response, a modified, more modern, formula was made, called "Smokeless powder", and, without getting too technical, the key ingredient here is also Nitrocellulose. That both modern forms of photography and firearms are derived from the same substance, Nitrocellulose, shows just how closely connected they both are.  
The Compass/Steamboat: The steamboat was the first innovation, in history, that began to replace sailing ships throughout the world's oceans, thereby ending a nearly 300-year era loosely termed as "The Age of the Sail".

The invention of the magnetic compass had previously formed the basis for navigating the sailboats during this period. Later, aligning navigation with steam power would represent the very next stage in maritime travel: an increase in speed, as well as the ability to travel both upstream and downstream throughout the world's rivers.

The steamboat also became very important, most notably, to the Mississippi River, the longest river in the New World, and the Hudson River, which fed into New York harbor, the largest city in the New World.  
The Printing Press/ Electric Telegraph: Before the invention of the electric telegraph, for over 300 years, the Printing Press had been the biggest aide to increasing knowledge worldwide. The telegraph then represents the very next stage in the evolution of communications.

Whereas the printing press represents typography, or the art of mechanical writing, the telegraph represents the beginnings of telecommunications (telecom), the fusing of writing and electricity to create signals. The Telegraph is often also viewed as the Printing press of the New World, as it too began to spread rapidly there in the 19th century. Between the years 1837-1849, almost 12,000 miles of telegraphy wire had been posted, and, by 1862, it had completely connected the east and west coasts of the country.[28]

In conclusion, even though the author of the Daguerre Quote remains unknown, a closer look reveals that it must have originated with Bacon's earlier passage in the Novum Organum. It represents, in fact, the "Second Wave" of these inventions, as they have reemerged, this time, to create the second main information network, that which occurred in the New World.

The mystery of the Daguerre Monument "Quote" will only grow larger in significance, as we will now examine its major influence on the features of one of the most important sites in all of Washington D.C: the Capital Building.....

Back to the Top

Chapter IV. The "Lost" Quotes and the Brumidi Corridors

"As a historical painter of a certain class of subjects I believe he is without equal. I do not mean to claim for Mr. Brumidi the genius of a Raphael. However, he is a modest man, and is a true and an instructed and a skillful artist, and I have yet to have seen anyone that can compare to him as the director of the interior decorations of the Capital Dome."

-Montgomery C. Meigs, the Brigadier Quartermaster General of the Civil War, and the chief engineer of the renovated, current Dome of the Capital Building. (1855-1866)

"I believe him to be the best living artist in fresco, particularly in figures. He is an amicable, and a modest, and an excellent man. "(on Constantino Brumidi)

-Thomas Ustick Walters, The chief architect of

the renovated, current Dome of the Capital Building.

The Greco-Italian artist Constantino Brumidi is best known in history as the main artist of the interior of the Capital Building in Washington D.C. During a period of about 25 years (1855-1880) until his death, he spent, primarily, painting almost all the main frescos in the halls of the Senate Wing, now known as the Brumidi Corridors. Furthermore, during the entire year of 1865, he also painted his signature piece, one that he is best known for today, the mural upon the interior of the canopy of the Capital Dome. It is a monumental work in virtually every aspect, titled "Apotheosis of Washington".

Brumidi was born in and grew up in Rome, Italy, where he spent nearly 14 years studying painting at the Academy of St. Luke. There he studied, extensively, a medium known as true fresco, an art form of wall and ceiling painting that reached its height, during the Italian Renaissance, with the works of the artist Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (known more simply as Raphael).

It was Raphael's Fresco Paintings, as well as that found in the ruins of Pompeii, and at an ancient site called the "Golden House of Nero", in Rome, that would later provide much of the inspiration for, as well as the basis, for his paintings in the Nation's Capital Building.

In 1852, at nearly fifty years old, Brumidi emigrated to the United States from Italy, seeking asylum as a political refugee, after the French Government had taken over much of his country. Shortly after visiting the Capital building, in 1854, he was given a commission, by Montgomery C. Meigs, the then chief engineer of the renovations for the Capital Dome, to become the main artist of the building's interior.

Brumidi worked very closely, in his early years, with Montgomery C. Meigs, and, together, between the years 1855-1859, they created and had agreed upon, the initial sketches for nearly all the main frescos in the nation's Capital Building, which he would then dedicate the remainder of his life, until his death 25 years later, to completing, in both the senate corridors as well as the interior of the Capital Dome and rotunda.

Many of these paintings take the shape of lunettes, or semi-circular, half-moon shaped arches above the entrance doors of many of the "key" Senate Rooms. Brumidi also painted a series of ceiling murals in some of these rooms, that are very beautiful, most notably in the President's room, and in the Lyndon B. Johnson Room.

These paintings all still exist to this day, having been perfectly preserved and, in examining their details, we reveal a startling find: they contain, in each case, multiple images of and/or references to all six of the listed inventions, both in Francis Bacon's Novum Organum as well as that on the Daguerre Monument: the magnetic compass, gunpowder, the printing press, the Steamboat ("Steam Engine"), Photography and the Electric Telegraph.....

This, again, shows a precise cypher, or a hidden message, throughout his artwork. It is that of illustrating the foundation of the first two information networks in history: the spread of the Gutenberg Printing Press throughout Europe (Renaissance), and that of the Railroad and telegraph wire throughout the New World (the Industrial Revolution). As represented in the two quotations, these, in turn, are symbolic of leading up to the third, current information network, the increasing link between that of the computer and telecommunications. The iphone and mobile Smartphones represent that of a world device, and the most important development, of this era.

We will begin now by examining some of the most prominent examples of Brumidi's artwork in the nation's Capital Building [29], that show this recurring pattern, starting with....

IV. (a.) The Magnetic Compass

(See Photograph above[30]. Ceiling mural, titled "Columbus, Discovery", President's Room, 2nd floor of the senate wing of the Capital Building.)

In this ceiling painting, Brumidi clearly illustrates the magnetic compass at the foot of and at the base of the pedestal of perhaps the most influential navigator of all time: Christopher Columbus. His portrait is a part of a huge, and very intricate mural done for the President's room, a very important room in the Senate wing in which, in the past, the president often used to sign important legislation.

Brumidi not only illustrated and detailed a mariner's Compass in this painting, but he also shows it as central to its main theme: navigation and discovery. For instance, the additional navigational tools of an octant, a mercury barometer and a nautical chart are also shown as main elements next to it in the image. Columbus is also holding and pointing at a globe of the earth, the symbol of his most important discovery, that the world exists as a sphere.

Columbus did not invent the magnetic compass, but rather is responsible for the single most important discovery that it helped to introduce: the opening of the new world, and the seven seas to exploration, an era today known as "The Age of Discovery".

Brumidi also painted the magnetic compass as one of the nautical instruments in the Naval Affairs Committee Room (not shown). Thus, Brumidi illustrated, in the Capital Building, not once, but twice, the image of a Magnetic, Mariner's Compass.

IV. (b.) Gunpowder

(Trophy Room, Senate Wing, One of two main fresco murals above the entrances.)  
Gunpowder is illustrated, most notably in a large, open area of the senate hall corridors known as the Trophy Room. The two giant murals on this wall illustrate all forms of ancient weapons, yet above all the Cannon is emphasized, as there are four large cannons that flank each side of the Frescos.

Note the main image of the twin Cannons on either side (see above photo[31]). The Cannon is the weapon most identified throughout history with gunpowder. It was the first weapon to use gunpowder and appears at almost the same time and place in Europe that gunpowder was first introduced (Gunpowder, 1300 and the cannon in 1326 in Northern Italy). Brumidi does not just illustrate the cannon, but also the tools used to deploy gunpowder, the ramrod, and the sponge staff, as well as the gunpowder barrel itself (see far right in the above photo). This is about as close as possible to illustrating the invention of gunpowder as a main image in a Painting.

IV.(c.) The Printing Press:

(See photograph above.[32] Ceiling mural by Brumidi, titled "B. Franklin – History", President's room, 2nd floor, senate wing, capital building.)  
In this portrait Brumidi again shows prominently shows one of the inventions, this time that of the Printing Press, at the foot of an inventor who pioneered its use in early colonial times: Benjamin Franklin. Franklin associated himself so much with this device that for many years he would sign his name only as "B. Franklin- printer". Brumidi highlights this invention throughout this painting as well, as he also shows two of Franklin's most well-known publications during his lifetime, a newspaper (symbolic of the Pennsylvania Gazette) and a book titled Buono Uomo Ricardo or Latin for Poor Richard's Almanac.

Brumidi painted the Printing Press as a main image in his frescoes in the Capital Building, a total of five times, more than that of any other invention.

IV.(d) The Steamboat "Steam Engine": An illustration of a steamboat occurs four times throughout Brumidi's Capital Building frescos. In addition, he has also painted portraits of the three men most responsible for its commercial development in the New World: John Fitch, who designed and operated the first fully functional steamboat in the New World, on the Delaware River, in 1787, Robert Fulton, who created and operated the first commercially successful steamboat, the Claremont, along the Hudson River in New York State, in 1807, and finally Chancellor John Livingston, who provided the financial backing for Fulton's venture.

Fulton's portrait (See Photo.[33]) shows the steamboat ("Steam Engine") in an almost identical pattern as all the others. It appears both out of a window and again at the foot of its "inventor", Robert Fulton. In this case, outside is the Hudson River, and the steamboat is that of Fulton's Claremont, to which he is seen directly pointing. Upon his desk are his draft papers for the design of the Claremont, and there is also a model of James Watt's miniature steam engine. Details of this invention consume almost every detail of the image; it, again, shows a precise, reoccurring pattern, that of a main, if not the sole purpose of these paintings, is in displaying all six discoveries, as they are listed in the Novum Organum and on the Daguerre Monument.

In addition to his Steamboat images, he also painted the Steam Locomotive five times, and that of both vehicles, as well as, in addition, a second portrait of Robert Fulton, are found upon the Capital Dome's Mural "Apotheosis of Washington". Together this forms a complete view of the main uses of "Steam Power", in the New World.

IV.(e.) The Electric Telegraph: The laying of the transatlantic telegraph cable, a monumental event that, once successful, in 1866, markedly decreased communication time between Europe and North America, from several days to that of an almost instant message relay.

One of two frescos, that shows the event is titled simply "Telegraph". It illustrates it as a union between the European "Old World", personified here, as in Greek mythology, as that of Europa (from which the word Europe is derived) riding the Bull, which is Zeus, across the Atlantic and shaking hands with the new world, here symbolized by Columbia and that also of Zeus as the Eagle. Note the telegraph wire directly below them, and at the foot of the figure. (See Photo. [34])

In addition, Brumidi also illustrated the commercial inventor of the telegraph, Samuel Morse, on the Capital Dome, alongside fellow inventors Robert Fulton and Benjamin Franklin.  
IV.(f.) Photography : Photography, the sixth and the last of the listed inventions, is also found in Brumidi's Paintings in the Capital Building, although much differently than all the rest.

Throughout the reception area of the senate corridors, he painted a series of eight medallion-shaped frescoes of various landscapes. For about 150 years, people passed through and understood very little of the hidden meaning behind these paintings, which often illustrated mountainous terrain, flowing rivers and trees. Only recently, a "breakthrough in research" led to revealing their origins: they are, in fact, Brumidi's renderings of some of the earliest "daguerreotype" photographs, taken from a set of lithographs drawn by and based on the photographs/sketches of John Mix Stanley, from a 12-volume compilation titled the Pacific Survey Report[35].

John Mix Stanley was a part of an expedition team sent out into the wilderness in the northwest, in 1854, to map out possible routes for the building of the first transcontinental railroad. As the main artist of the expedition, Stanley took with him an early Daguerreotype Camera apparatus, and the final lithograph paintings of the landscapes are based upon the photographs he took as well as his supplementary sketches.

As Stanley was one of the very few pre-1860 Daguerreotype camera operators, these lithographs today are considered the earliest form of what today is known as "travelling" photography.

Later these same images became a part of the Pacific Survey Report, a 12-volume compilation of data, that would help chart the route of the "Union Pacific", or the linking of the Union and the central Pacific railroads between 1863-1868. This would form the first uninterrupted train route to link both the east and the west coasts, as well as linking, for the first time, the two largest bodies of water, the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Photography also played a "key" role here later, as it provided the main vehicle to advertise for the principle source of the railroad's financing: Government-backed investment bonds. During the years 1866-1869, the photographer, Andrew J. Russell, would take 364 "Stereoview" photographs, chronicling the railroad's construction, and these would later be compiled and used in promotional advertisements, for the selling of these bonds. This was the first large-scale project, in history, in which photography would be the primary vehicle to help to obtain its financing.

This is also important, in that this event was crucial in the laying of the railroad and telegraph wire. Brumidi is thus not only illustrating photography, but also as showing how it helped the main vehicle, for knowledge to disseminate, in the New World.

Upon returning from his expedition, forty-two of Stanley's lithograph paintings went on exhibit at the Smithsonian. Today they are considered his finest work, that of a panoramic, last look, before any settlement, of the wilderness of the last frontier.....

Brumidi's eight Medallion paintings are his rendering of Stanley's earliest camera "snapshots" of what was the beginnings of travelling photography. As such, they are as his symbol for the sixth, and the last of the "quoted" inventions: Photography.

c

(The top photo[36] shows the Hudson Bay River, lithograph from John Mix Stanley, in volume 12, Pacific Survey Report, while the bottom is that of its corresponding Brumidi Landscape Medallion. The striking similarity of the two images shows that Brumidi even copied certain details and reveals their shared origin in the Pacific Survey Report.)

(The top photograph is Crossing the Bitter Root, a lithograph from a sketch by John Mix Stanley, found in volume 12, Pacific Survey Report, and, on the bottom is Brumidi's corresponding landscape medallion. The added footbridge appears to be a case of artistic license. Again, both images share striking similarities, a pattern that repeats throughout almost all of Stanley's Pacific Survey Report images and the eight medallions.)

The statements below show the remarkable, combined number of times that Brumidi had illustrated each of the six inventions, in the Capital Building, during his 25-year tenure as its main artist. The numbers are startling, as he produced at least twenty separate main images of the "inventions" in his paintings, if you do not include the Cannon, and twenty-seven, in total, if you do include it, as the image associated with gunpowder: (See Appendix I for more details)

-Magnetic Compass: (2 images)

-Gunpowder: (1 image, 7 main images of the Cannon)

-Printing Press: (5 images)

-Steam Engine: (4 images of the Steamboat, 5 of the steam-locomotive, 1 image of the James Watt Steam Engine)

-Electric Telegraph: (2 images of telegraph wire)

- Photography: NA, (8 "Photographs" as medallions in the Reception Area)

\- Total: (20 images in the Capital Building, 27 with the "Cannon")

Brumidi also painted numerous people alongside each of these discoveries, who are associated with them. They include Benjamin Franklin (printing press), Christopher Columbus (compass), Robert Fulton /John Fitch (steamboat, or "Steam Engine"), the mythological Vulcan, "known to the Romans as the inventor of all weapons", (gunpowder), Samuel Morse (telegraph), and John Stanley Mix (photography, the last of which he did not paint but instead reproduced his daguerreotype-based lithographs). In each case, these people were not themselves the inventors, but rather were most responsible for their commercial development, as well as how they began to reach and influence the New world:

Of further note, is that the two inventions Brumidi painted and emphasized most, above all else are the Gutenberg Printing Press (5 times) and the Steam Engine (5 steam locomotives, 4 steamboats, and 1 image of the James Watt Engine). Both are, coincidentally, the central devices to power the first two information networks. In addition, the telegraph and electricity, that was also crucial to the second network, is illustrated, as well, in much detail.

During his last 25 years, Brumidi devoted himself full-time to painting these frescoes, both in the Senate Corridors, as well as, during an 11-month interim, the entire interior canopy of the Capital Dome, a monumental work today known as "The Apotheosis of Washington".

Brumidi worked on these illustrations until, quite literally, the day of his death. He is listed, on the building's payroll, as having worked 26 days in January and then another 13 days in February before passing away, quietly, in his sleep, on the early morning of February 19, 1880.

The sum-total of his works as the "Main Artist of the Capital" represent a panoramic view of the complete illustration of both quotes: that in Francis Bacon's (1620) Novum Organum, and that which is mysteriously inscribed on the Daguerre Monument, the origin and the foundation of information networks, throughout history:

"It is well to note the force, and the virtue, and the consequences of discoveries. For nowhere is it more evident than in these three, previously unknown to the ancients (the Greeks) and whose recent origins, although obscure and inglorious, have done much to alter the face of and to change the stage of things of the whole world; these are, namely, the compass, gunpowder and the printing press: the first in navigation, the second in warfare and the third in literature, and from whence have followed innumerable changes, insomuch that no empire, no sect and no star has ever exerted greater influence over human affairs than these three mechanical devices."

-Francis Bacon, Aphorism CXXIX (129), Book 1, Novum Organum, 1620.

"Photography, the electric telegraph, and the Steam engine are the three great discoveries of the Age. No five centuries of human progress can show such strides as these. @@@@"

\- Inscription on the north side of the Louis Daguerre monument,

At the National Portrait Gallery, Washington D.C., Author is unknown.

Back to the Top

Chapter V. Washington D.C. and the "Original" Three Inventions  
In addition to Brumidi illustrating all six of the inventions (compass, gunpowder, the printing press, the steam engine "steamboat and steam locomotive", the electric telegraph, and Photography) in the Capital Building, Washington D.C. also has several major sites, whose features are specifically dedicated to each of the original three, listed in Novum Organum (1620): the Compass, Gunpowder, and the Printing Press (first the Printing Press....)

Chapter V(a.): The Printing Press and the "Gutenberg Bible" Exhibit

"...(Francis) Bacon, (Isaac) Newton, and (John) Locke;....I consider them as the three greatest men who have ever lived, without any exception, as having laid the foundation of those superstructures which have been raised in the physical and moral sciences".

\- Thomas Jefferson, in a personal letter, dated to January 8, 1782.

The main "Thomas Jefferson" Building of the Library of Congress is located directly at the center of Washington D.C., right next to the Capital Building along the nation's highway, Pennsylvania Avenue. It is, according to its own information, the largest library in the world. Over 38 million books are housed in its shelves, and it contains over 164 million items in total (books, film, maps, etcetera....) [37].

After it was initially destroyed in a fire in the War of 1812, Thomas Jefferson then authorized congress to purchase his own, personal library as a replacement. His collection of 6,487 books, that he had spent a lifetime amassing, were then catalogued using a system of organizational knowledge invented by Francis Bacon.

For the next eighty years, the Library continued to use the Baconian system to catalogue its books, which divided them first into 3 categories: imagination, memory, and reasoning, and from there into 44 smaller sub-categories [38]. When a building to house the Library of Congress was finally erected, in 1897, several of its main features also showed the influence of Bacon's ideas.....

The library's Great Hall, or entrance hall, is the centerpiece of this main building, and it represents the combined works of over 50 separate artists, painters and sculptors. Dan Brown, in his 2009 novel The Lost Symbol spends several paragraphs describing it[39], and many people have gone even further than his descriptions, claiming it as one of the most beautiful, and ornately decorated rooms, in the entire country.

This room is also one of the most important sites, if not the most important site, in the entire world, dedicated to Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the Printing Press.....

The bronze Tympanum Relief (see above) over the main entrance to the Great Hall, which is also the main entrance to the entire building, was created by the Sculptor Frederick MacMonnies in 1896, and it is titled "Minerva diffusing the products of typographical art". It is clearly dedicated to the Printing Press, showing it in the background (to the right), with the center image merging the figure of Johannes Gutenberg with that of the divine Roman figure of Minerva (note the owl, that often accompanies Minerva, as the symbol of intelligence, on the left). Engraved at the top is "Ars Typographica", or Latin for the art of typography, or the Printing Press.

On the back of this transom, (not shown), is also engraved the dedication: "Homage to Gutenberg". This main feature is just one of many that shows that the Great hall is a literal shine, dedicated to Gutenberg's invention of the Printing Press.

The fifty-six Printer's Devices: Along the entire perimeter of the upper wall of the Great hall (on its second, mezzanine floor) are 56 illustrations, known as either Printers' marks or Printers' devices, from the Middle Ages. A Printer's Mark is likened to an ancient trademark or copyright, as it afforded a certain amount of protection to each press operator. Each illustration was unique to that operator, and many were drawn so elaborately and distinctively that, today, they are now regarded as an art form all their own.

The following photo (above) shows one of these printer's marks. This mark is from the very first Printing Press operator, formed by Gutenberg along with his financial backers, Johann Fust and his brother-in-law, Peter Schӧffer. Today, it is known as the Fust-Schӧffer printer's device.[40]

This photo[41] (above), a close-up of a printer's mark, also from the Great hall, is that of Aldus Manutius, who was rumored to be an apprentice of Gutenberg, and then went on to form the largest press operation in all of Europe, the Aldine Press, in Venice, Italy. His device, known the world over, is that of a dolphin, wrapping its tail around an anchor. Again, this shows how the Great Hall is dedicated to Gutenberg's device.

Yet, by far, the most important feature dedicated to Gutenberg's printing press is that of the "Gutenberg Bible" Exhibit, located in the inner arcade area of the hall under the twin grand staircases. This exhibit originated when, in 1930, the library agreed to purchase, for an astonishing sum, at the time, of $1.5 million, a collection of about 3,000 fifteenth-century books, owned by an industrial chemist named Dr. Otto Vollbehr. This purchase was so much at the time that congress had to vote to authorize it and president Herbert Hoover had to personally sign, to agree to its payment [42]. A main reason as to why it was so valuable was its centerpiece: one of the last surviving, original copies of the first book ever created using Gutenberg's invention of a metallic, moveable type printing press, the Gutenberg Bible.

In about the year 1450, Gutenberg personally printed and sold 180 copies of this book. At the time its cost was about three years' average salary, yet this was still much cheaper than what most handwritten books cost at the time!! Only 49 have been found to still exist into the twentieth century, yet of these surviving copies, only a very rare three vellum copies are known to be completely intact and without any missing pages. The Otto Vollbehr copy, now current on display in the Great H all, is one of these last three, remaining, fully intact copies [43]. (see below.)

Directly opposite the Gutenberg Bible Display, in the area under the Grand Staircases, is also on display the Giant Mainz Handwritten Bible.(see photograph[44]) Created at exactly the same place and time as the Gutenberg Bible, circa 1450 in Mainz, Germany, it is one of the last handwritten bibles, and as such represents the combined efforts of all of the previous eras of the transmission of the written word prior to the invention of the printing press. These included that of papermaking, parchment, and the development of hieroglyphics in the "Evolution of the Book".

These features, when combined, show that the Great Hall is one of the most, if not the single, most important site the world over, dedicated to the Gutenberg Printing Press.

All around the perimeter of the Great Hall, surrounding these features, are also several quotes of Francis Bacon. They include:

"Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man."

-Of Studies, Bacon.

"Studies will perfect nature and are perfected by experience."

-Of Studies, Bacon.

"Books will speak plain when counsellors Blanch." -Of Counsel, Bacon.

"Books must follow Sciences, and not Sciences books."

-On Propositions touching Amendment of Laws, Bacon.

"The first creature of God was the light of sense; the last was the light of reason."

-Of Truth, Bacon.

Finally, the most well-known, and perhaps most influential of Bacon's quotes, is found directly above the doorway of the Great Hall at the entrance to the Main Reading Room:

"Knowledge is Power."

-De Hoeresibus, 1597, Francis Bacon [45].

Back to the Top

Chapter V(b.): The Floor Compasses of Washington D.C.  
Of the numerous mysteries surrounding the nation's capital, perhaps strangest of all are that of the Magnetic, Compass Markers, that can be found all over the public grounds, throughout the center city. (See Appendix II for a complete list and description of their locations)

Starting at about the turn of the twentieth century, these Markers began to be built at all different sites around center city, Washington D.C. In each case, they are made of either metal and/or stone and are very often inset onto the floor at the main entrance to a building or an outdoor site. Each compass emblem also has, without exception, eight main points. As previously mentioned, these represent the eight major winds of the mariner's (magnetic) compass emblem.

This pattern, called a windrose or compass-rose, was created at the same place and time, to coincide with the use of the magnetic compass, at the end of the 13th century in northern/central Italy.

The eight-major winds form the compass card, into which the magnetic needle is then boxed-into, to provide for nautical directions. It is based on the ancient Greek idea that each compass direction corresponds with that of a specific wind. Over time, this gradually came to include what today is the complete 32-point windrose (8 major winds, 8 half-winds, and 16 quarter-winds). At least three of these markers in Washington DC show all 32-points of the complete form of this, the Modern Mariner's Compass Emblem.

To date, a least 15 such compass markers can be found throughout the center city. Some are enormous, at about 5-10 feet in length. The largest, by far, at the John Ericsson Monument, has a total diameter of 50 feet. Some have also been placed at very important locations and are very ornate in appearance.

One particularly noteworthy example of these, is found in front of the President's House, upon a 2-by-2-by-4foot stone monument. It is called the Zero Milestone marker (see above photograph[46]). Though small, this bronze compass is very important, as it is used by the National Geodetic Survey to map out the city's geographic coordinates.

When first built and then dedicated on June 4, 1923, the man who first conceived of it, a Good Roads advocate, Dr. D. S. Johnson, stated that the bronze compass was "...an adaptation from ancient Portolan charts, of the so-called windrose or compass rose, from the points of which extend radial lines to all parts of the then-known world, the prototype of the modern mariner's compass."[47]

As previously mentioned, Portolan charts are the world's first nautical maps; they were created to both exactly coincide with, and to compliment the use of the magnetic compass. A closer look at the bronze symbol shows it is nearly identical to the signature compass of Pedro Reinel, the ancient Portuguese "Portolan" Cartographer.

(see Photograph above[48]).

The floor compass at the John Ericsson National Monument, in Potomac Park, center city, Washington D.C. is another remarkable example of that which is nearly identical to those found on ancient Portolan nautical charts. This example stands out as by far the largest of the Compass Markers.

Along the entire, 50-foot perimeter of its circular floor are inlayed 32 bronze arrows. Based on both their relative size and their position, they represent 32 winds of the complete modern Mariner's compass Emblem. This, along with the fleur-de-lis at true north, is exactly how it first appeared on Portuguese Portolan Charts over 500 years ago.

Together, this is strong evidence that these markers found all around Washington D.C. are symbols, not only of the pathfinder emblem of the Compass Rose, but specifically of the magnetic, mariner's compass, as it is listed as one of the 3 "great" inventions in Novum Organum. The only conclusion, to be had, is that the capital city's planners, over the last hundred years, have intentionally, on a grand scale, designed its layout to both reflect and commemorate the importance, in history, of the invention of this single "mechanical" device.

Later, we will reveal, in detail, an even much more significant, and a larger reason for the existence of these compass symbols, throughout Washington DC. However, next, we will look at the presence of the third and final invention....Gunpowder.

Back to the Top

Chapter V(c.): Gunpowder and the Minerva Mosaic

Gunpowder is represented by numerous paintings, statues and bas-reliefs found throughout center city, Washington D.C., of the roman figure Minerva, as well as that of her owl, that often accompanies her and symbolizes "intelligence". These figures often show her as clad in battle armor and brandishing a spear, an image known in history as the palladium, also called Palladion, or "Pallas Athena" See [Appendix III for a full list of these sites]

Perhaps most significant of all these, is a huge marble Mosaic, titled "Minerva", created by the painter Elihu Vedder in 1896, that stands at the top of the second-floor staircase in the Great Hall of the Library of Congress.

c

(Photo above. The "Minerva" Mosaic by Elihu Vedder, 1896, at the top of the central Stairway in the Great Hall, Library of Congress[49].)

Vedder built this mural (it stands 15 feet high and 9 feet wide) out of glass, gold leaf, and numerous tiny, colored marble tiles called tesserae. The Minerva mosaic is today regarded as one of his best works; and is also one of the most recognized illustrations of the Roman, divine figure of Minerva, who, again, is also known to the Greeks as Athena. She is shown here, with a spear and a scroll in hand, as the vigilant guardian of the library.

Minerva or Athena represents both wisdom as well as strategic warfare. Athens, her patron city (that is also named after her), was considered the ancient center of all Greek philosophy and wisdom. Furthermore, she is also the chief patron of all artisans, craftsmen as well as inventors, and is known as the symbol of "....a thousand works", a source of the divine mind as well as man's ingenuity.

However, the mosaic also has a historic resemblance, to that of the legend of the Palladium, or the "Pallas Athena" statue.

The Palladium in ancient times, was a protective effigy, in the likeness of Minerva/Athena, and a symbol of her as the chief protector of a city. This small statue, according to the legends, when placed within the walls of a city, then made it invulnerable to any invading army. It is also called a Xoanon, which is a wooden statue, not made by human hands, but rather divinely created by Athena herself.

It first appears, in Greek legends, at the founding of Troy, whereupon it was said to have fallen from the sky; it came as a means of protecting the ancient capital. Odysseus and Diomedes, according to Ovid's The Metamorphoses, stole the statue, whereupon, shortly thereafter, it fell to the invading Greeks[50].

It next appears in Rome, according to legend, when Aeneus, the last surviving Trojan warrior and its mythical founder, would bring the statue into the new city[51]. It was kept in the Temple of Vesta for several centuries, near the main forum, and would also, likewise, render it invulnerable to any attack. Finally, the Emperor Constantine would again move it, this time to its final location: the main forum of the "new" Rome: Constantinople.

The legend of the Palladium having been brought to the main forum is one of the oldest and the most well known about the ancient Byzantine City. Constantine was said to have brought it there from Rome when he dedicated its founding, in 332 A.D., as the new capital of the world. He was also said to have placed it inside a small edifice at the base of a huge column, he also had erected in the site. This huge granite column still exists there to the present day and is called the "Column of Constantine".

In returning to Vedder's Minerva Mosaic, it has several main features that specifically liken it to the Palladion: (1.) She is shown with a spear (the word itself, "Pallas Athena" comes from the Greek word "Pallein", which means "to brandish a spear"), and with a miniature Greek figure of Nike, who represents "Victory in Battle". (2.) The image of Medusa is also on the face of both the aegis of her armor, as well as on her shield, and this, in turn, represents "Truth in battle"

Each of these features appear in both ancient as well as modern illustrations of the Palladium. Two examples are Rembrandt's 1664 Painting, as well as Gustav Klimt's 1898 portrait of Athena/Minerva, both of which are titled "Pallas Athena".

[**Shown in the above Photo, the "Pallas Athena" statue and fountain, created between 1893-1902, is guarding over the Austrian Parliament building, and the city of Vienna. Many of the features here are exactly alike the Minerva Mosaic, including the spear, the aegis and the symbol of Nike. This shows a shared origin, that of the Palladium or "Pallas Athena".**]

Athena/Minerva relates to Gunpowder in showing how this invention fundamentally changed the nature of warfare, from relying solely on brute force, (that is represented by her brother, Mars or Ares), to that of emphasizing cunning or strategic thinking.

The Palladium is also connected to Gunpowder, regarding an alternate version of its history. Previously, we showed that the earliest known book, dedicated to gunpowder recipes for warfare, was the mysterious Liber Ignium or the book of fire by Marcus Graecus. Even though standard history assumes that gunpowder was first invented in the Orient, in the 9th century, several of the features of Liber Ignium point to a Greco-Roman Origin.

For instance, the book is predominantly written in Latin, the language of the classical Greco-Roman world, and the author goes by the pseudonym "Mark the Greek". Finally, in addition to gunpowder, the manual also contains a recipe for what is often regarded as its predecessor, Greek Fire.

Greek Fire was a very mysterious weapon that, for hundreds of years, provided the main defense against invading forces for the Byzantine capital city, Constantinople, that also had housed the Palladium in its main forum, designating Athena/Minerva as its main defender.

Greek fire's earliest mention is in Homer's The Iliad, where "unextinguishable fire" is used to destroy the Greek war ships. However, it reached its most sophisticated use much later, at Constantinople, between the 7th to the 12th centuries.

Described in Byzantine military manuals as a flammable liquid, it was launched from hand-held projectors, called siphons or cheirosiphons, or in clay grenades, as an ancient form of the flamethrower, or the Molotov cocktail. Its formula was such a closely guarded state secret, that no historian, even to this day, is certain of the recipe used to create Greek Fire.

Despite this, many have thought, throughout the centuries, that the secret ingredient was the adding of saltpeter (Potassium Nitrate) to already flammable substances, thus forming a fire that could not easily be extinguished in battle. This would make Greek fire an earlier form of Gunpowder.

The French chemist Marcellin Berthelot (1827-1907), who founded the science of Explosives (Thermochemistry) and was also said to have researched the book Liber Ignium more than anyone else in history, stated that he believed that Greek fire was a secret "Gunpowder" composition.

Another well-known supporter of the "gunpowder" theory was Tenney Lombard Davis (1890-1949), an early pioneer in researching explosives. He authored 208 articles on the composition of gunpowder and explosives, including the landmark book The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives (1943) that has been this field's definitive reference guide for the last seventy years.

In the chapter on Greek Fire in his book, Davis specifically describes it as an ancestor to the Gunpowder formula, and, in the next chapter, titled "Marcus Graecus", he quotes an early recipe for Greek fire: "take Sulfur, tartar, sarco-colla, pitch, melted saltpeter, petroleum oil, and oil of gum, boil all these together, infuse tow with the mixture, and the material is ready to be set on fire. This fire cannot be extinguished...."[52] (Note: this recipe contains both main ingredients of Gunpowder: Sulfur and Saltpeter).

Although there has never been any definite proof that Greek Fire is Gunpowder, the formula had, nonetheless, always remained a Byzantine state secret. A 10th century ruler of Constantinople, Constantine Porphyrogenitus VII, in his book De Administrando Imperio[53] (Imperial Administration) stated to his son, Romano II, that Greek Fire's composition must never be revealed, and that knowledge of the formula passes only, in secret, from Emperor to Emperor. He then further stated that Greek fire had divine origins, and that these same sources had first given the formula to the very first Emperor of Byzantium, Constantine, at the same time he founded Byzantium, only with the expressed regard that it only be used, exclusively, to defend the imperial city.

Constantine, as previously stated, is also believed to have brought the Palladium to Constantinople, as the main symbol of its impregnable defense. Hence both Greek fire and the Palladium were brought by the same man, and had the same purpose, which was to render the city invulnerable to any outside invaders.

Greek fire has been cited, in the history books, with winning numerous key battles in defense of the city. Remarkably, for almost nine-hundred years after its founding, the walls of Constantinople would never be breached, and, during this time, the unique position of its trade port made it the wealthiest, and, at many times, also the most populous city in all of Europe.

After the city finally fell to invading Latins (Venice) in 1204, Greek fire is never again mentioned as a weapon in the city's defense. Then, shortly thereafter, Gunpowder formulas begin to appear mysteriously throughout Europe, in Roger Bacon's Opus Majus (1267), and in the Liber Ignium (circa 1300).

Vedder's "Minerva" Mosaic represents the wisdom and strategic warfare, as well as Greek Fire, the historical precursor to Gunpowder, which is the last of the three inventions listed in Novum Organum.

Back to the Top

Conclusion of Part I

The inscription on the Daguerre Monument is the key to revealing the hidden design behind the entire city of Washington D.C., that it has been built according to Bacon's perception of a series of discoveries in Italy in the latter 13th century, and of their future reappearances in more modern forms, in history. We have just described the first two occurrences, what we now have called the "First and Second" waves.

More succinctly, these mark out the first two information networks in history, the rise of paper mills and the printing press, to coincide with the Renaissance and that of the railroad and telegraph wire, to coincide with the Industrial Revolution.

We will now show how these same three inventions (the compass, gunpowder, and the Printing Press), have once again re-emerged in recent times, as a final "Third Wave". In this third wave, the devices have now converged onto a single device, as the three major components used to create the "Smartphone" (GPS, the camera phone, and 20th/21st century Telecom).

This last phase takes place near the center of the final information network, that of the rise the internet, mobile devices and Big Data (more succinctly, it is that of the merger of computers and telecommunications, or computers increasing interconnecting with other computers worldwide). The three inventions are now unifying with the most important instrument of this era, the microprocessor. After all, what is the purpose of the Smartphone, but that your phone is also a miniature computer, that you can carry with you in your pocket??

We will also show much evidence that they, ultimately, and perhaps very soon, will open a gateway for all mankind into a new realm of near "limitless" knowledge. This future event was forecasted by Bacon in Novum Organum, whereupon he called it the "Instauratio Magna" or the Great Instauration:

"It is well to note the force, and the virtue, and the consequences of discoveries. For nowhere is it more evident than in these three, previously unknown to the ancients (the Greeks) and whose recent origins, although obscure and inglorious, have done much to alter the face of and to change the stage of things of the whole world; these are, namely, the compass, gunpowder and the printing press: the first in navigation, the second in warfare and the third in literature, and from whence have followed innumerable changes, insomuch that no empire, no sect and no star has ever exerted greater influence over human affairs than these three mechanical devices."

-Francis Bacon, Aphorism CXXIX (129), Book 1

Novum Organum, 1620.

"Photography, the electric telegraph, and the Steam engine are the three great discoveries of the Age. No five centuries of human progress can show such strides as these. @@@@"

-Inscription on the north side of the Daguerre monument,

At the National Portrait Gallery, Washington D.C., Author is unknown.  
Back to the Top

Part II: The "Third" Wave

Chapter VI: Introduction: The Quote at Macworld

January 9, 2007, Macworld Exposition, California.

Upon this date, Steve Jobs, the founder and then Chairman and CEO of Apple, gave his annual keynote address to the shareholders at Macworld. (See Photo[54]) Unlike his other addresses, however, a quote taken midway through his speech has now gone down in the history books, the world over, as the first introduction of the "Iphone", a revolutionary invention that would soon have a very significant, Global impact.....

Steve Jobs paused, he then said:

"Every once in a while, a revolutionary product comes along that changes everything. Well, today we're introducing three revolutionary products of this class. The first one is a wide-screen ipod with touch controls. The second is a revolutionary mobile phone. And the third is a breakthough internet communications device. An ipod, a phone, and an internet communicator...."

"Are you getting it?? There are not three separate devices; this is one device, and we are calling it iphone....Today, Apple is going to reinvent the phone."

Does this sound familiar to you?? A quote that talks about a revolutionary device, whose influence and ability to change the world will be unequalled to that of any other invention of the era. It then continues to reveal that this is not just one device, but is really three separate inventions put together. This sounds, eerily, almost exactly like the previous two quotes, mentioned in Part I:

".....the compass, gunpowder and the printing press: the first in navigation, the second in warfare and the third in literature, and from whence have followed innumerable changes, insomuch that no empire, no sect and no star has ever exerted greater influence over human affairs than these three mechanical devices."

And.....

"Photography, the electric telegraph, and the Steam engine are the three great discoveries of the Age. No five centuries of human progress can show such strides as these. @@@@"

Since then, the iphone has met and well exceeded any of the claims Jobs' had stated at its introduction. At the time of his address, in 2007, only 3% of all people in North America were considered "Smartphone" owners. That number has since ballooned, in 2016, to over 80% of the population[55]. Many of these current owners also claim that the Smartphone is a central feature of their lives, and it has been estimated that they spend over 3 hours a day, on average, in front of its screens[56].

Meanwhile, the iphone is, to date, by far the bestselling product ever, in history, with over 1 billion units sold, and it also holds the record for the fastest product ever to sell one million units (three months).[57]

We will now see that the similarity between Jobs' introduction of the iphone, itself a quote many now also believe to have historic significance, and the two previous quotes, is no coincidence. A closer look now reveals that each of the inventions listed in Novum Organum have since reemerged, for a third and final time, as convergent features of all "Smartphone" devices:

1. The compass (1st wave) Steam Power for Navigation (2nd wave) GPS Navigation (3rd Wave)

2. Gunpowder* (1st wave)......Photography (2nd wave).............Camera Phone (3rd wave)

3. Printing Press (1st wave).....Telegraph (2nd wave) 21st century Telecom (phone,

email, Text messaging, internet) (3rd wave).

* - The Gunpowder formula reveals the main compounds used in photography (See chapter III).

As it stands, the "Smartphone" is currently poised to become more popular than ever before, as the communications and networking expert Ericsson just forecasted that, by 2020, over 6.1 billion people, almost as much as the world's population, will become "Smartphone" users[58].

The third and final reemergence of the Baconian inventions as components of a modern-day "Smartphone" is what we will now term the "Third Wave". Previously, the first wave occurred between the years 1280-1300 in north/ central Italy, the second occurred between 1780-1800 in Britain/France, while the third and final wave has now taken place in recent history, 1995-2015, in Palo Alto (Silicon Valley, California), with Jobs' quoted address at Macworld, at virtually the center of this last convergence.

The first wave transmitted the inventions to Medieval Europe, the second wave introduced them to the New World, whereas this last phase has now converged them all onto a single device, the "smartphone", thus introducing them to people all around the globe. Almost all the world's population, 6.1 billion, will be thought to carry a "Smartphone", in 2020, meaning they will have instant access to all three inventions, at any time of the day!! Again, as previously mentioned, this journey, that of the three inventions, toward becoming instantly accessible to all people, has been carefully chronicled on the monuments by the mysterious, original builders of the city of Washington D.C.

As such, we will now examine, in detail, each of these three components of the "Smartphone" (GPS Navigation, the Camera Phone, and 21st century telecom), as to show, conclusively, that they are the third return, in history, of those listed in Novum Organum. But, first, we will try to answer the following question: What is a "Smartphone"??

Back to the Top

Chapter VII: What is a Smartphone??

A "Smartphone" is a term that loosely refers to either an iphone, or an android-based cellular, mobile phone. More generally, it is any cellular phone that can also perform digital functions, or can operate as a miniature computer, or what many refer to as a digital assistant. The first device to fit the definition of a "Smartphone", was put together and patented as far back as 1992 by Frank Canova, Jr., an engineer, who, at the time, was working for IBM in their Boca Raton, Florida Laboratories. It was identified, on the US Patent Certificate, as the Simon Personal Communicator Phone.

Canova's innovation, at the time, however, proved to be far too ahead of its time, and very few people took notice. It took, in fact, until 2000, eight years later, for the first phone to arrive that was ever marketed, specifically as a "Smartphone": It was the Ericsson R380.

The smartphone, though, is not in itself a single invention, as much as it is a convergence device, or a series of inventions put together. Most of these component parts gradually became adopted and introduced onto the cellular phone: these include the camera phone, GPS navigation, and wifi internet access, between the years 2000-2005. The author Brian McCullough, in his book, How the Internet Happened: From Netscape to the IPhone, sought to describe what was happening in the beginning of the 21st century:

"The entire computer, electronics, and technology industry was converging on one singular device, one transcendent product that would seemingly be everything to everybody. And yet, few seemed to care. All of these new features, all of these new technologies, and computing innovations were converging inside the cell phone, pointing to a world of always-on, always-connected, always-updating information, but aside from these crackberry addicts, and hard-charging professionals, most people didn't see the point....In the case of the technology that would soon bend the entire arc of modern life toward the ubiquity of mobile computing, that would certainly prove to be true."[59]

McCullough's claim, that most people at first did not care about this nifty, new device, is, largely true, as previously noted, in as recently as 2007, only 3% of all people in North America were smartphone users. It was only with the introduction of the iphone, as well as Android-based mobile phone, in the same year, 2007, that sales of the "iphone" really took off and the word "Smartphone", truly became a household name.

The years 2007-2008 also saw the arrival of Android as an operating system for "Smartphones". From this point on, until the present-day (2019), nearly all "Smartphones" (about 95%) on the planet that have been made are either the iphone, by Apple, or the Android "platform" based mobile phone, by Google[60].

Android Inc. was a software company created, in October 2003, in Palo Alto California, by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White, bent on developing a Linux-based operating system, tailor-made for operating hand-held, mobile devices. Then, 22 months later, Google acquired the company for $50 million, and, in 2007 Android was launched with the creation of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of telecommunications, hardware, and software companies to form a support network for these devices. Android Smartphones then first came onto the market, the year after, in September 2008, with the T-Mobile G-1. These, again, were designed both to compliment, as well as to compete with, the iphone [61].

The term, "Android", comes from the Greek words Andros, that means man, and eidos, that means form, or entity. Together, they mean "like a man", or "of a man". It implies that all Smartphones using this platform function much like an artificial extension of the "human being" that is operating them. Even though the iphone today, still represents the bestselling product of all time, Android cellular phones are the most common "smartphones", in total, with a total of 2.3 billion having been sold, to date, worldwide [62].

As a further testament to the tremendous impart of smartphones and mobile devices, as of 2017, Apple and Google are, respectively, in terms of market capitalization, the two largest companies in the world [63]. This directly correlates to their share of the smartphone market. In other words, iphone as the bestselling product of all time ='s Apple as #1 largest company; Android as the most common Smartphone platform ='s Google as #2 largest company worldwide.

Steve Jobs' speech, on January 9, 2007, in Macworld, was thus at the center of a major turning point in history, as the takeoff of the term "Smartphone" into the public consciousness. It was also at the center of a massive convergence of new ideas and devices into a single product: (**Note: 2007, was also the first year that "Smartphones" first acquired the format they are most known for today, the multi-touch screen.**) that then first became available around the world.

Along with them, are now the three Baconian inventions, in their modern form, as components of virtually billions of Smartphones, across the entire planet. This makes perfect sense, as the iphone is the ultimate expression of what Tom Wheeler, in his book From Gutenberg to Google: The History of Our Future, describes as the third, and current information network, that of the marriage between the computer and telecommunications.

The iphone, after all, literally means "internet – phone". The "internet" meaning an entity, comprised of a worldwide network of computers, while the "phone" has been the main unit, in the 20th century, to transmit 'wireless telegraphy'. As such, it is the ideal form by which every person can now have a miniature computer in their purse or pocket. Wheeler, himself, has cited it as the "Most Powerful and Pervasive Platform on the Planet" (p. 159).

As such, we will now investigate what is the first, and perhaps the most important of Bacon's re-emergent devices: GPS Navigation, in the Smartphone, or what is, at its core, just a much more, highly evolved, form of the "Magnetic Compass":

Back to the Top

Chapter VIII: The "Smartphone" Inventions

To summarize, the "Third wave" is the third, and most recent, emergence of the 3 inventions, this time all converging as components of the Mobile Phone. These three main components are (1) GPS, (2.) the Camera Phone, and (3.) 21st century Telecom.

Back to the Top

Chapter VIII(a.): GPS Navigation

The GPS (that stands for Global Positioning Satellite) system hardwired now into virtually all major brands of "Smartphones", bought and sold throughout the world, is, in many ways, the final form in the evolution of what had first begun in 1296, Italy. It is what is cited in Novum Organum, as the Magnetic Compass.

The timeline of Smartphone GPS as the third wave, is as follows:

-First wave: 1280-1300, in central Italy, Magnetic Compass

-Second wave: 1780-1800, in England/France, Steam power for navigation.

-Third wave: 1995-2015: Palo Alto, California: Smartphone GPS navigation.

Every person, today, who buys a Smartphone is also buying a highly miniaturized compass, built into the hardware, called a magnetometer. This device is contained in tiny Microelectromechanical systems (Called MEMs) circuit boards, and these, in turn, create sensors that measure the strength of any magnetic field in, and/or around the phone, as relative to true north.

The Magnetometer, alone, provides the groundwork for any use of the phone as a navigation or locator device. However, it is only one of numerous sensors, along with a complex network of at least thirty-one satellites, hovering high above, twenty thousand kilometers in outer space, that, when working together, combine to form what is today known as Smartphone GPS.

The next two sensors are a tiny gyroscope, as well as an accelerometer, both of which are also housed in MEMS. The gyroscope (whose operation is based on the Coriolis Effect, a phenomenon discovered by Leon Foucault's 1853 Pendulum Experiment) measures each of the fields of the surrounding rotational force, while the accelerometer measures the amount of acceleration of any given force upon the phone.

Together, the gyroscope and the accelerometer MEMs measure the six-axes that govern all local motion at a given point: three that govern the directional axes (three axes of linear motion: top-down, forwards-backwards, and left-right), and then three for the "rotational" axes: yaw (normal axis), pitch (traverse axis), and roll (longitudinal axis). These six fields combine to form the metadata concerning all local motion of any Smartphone. They are loosely termed as "The six-degrees of Freedom" (See Chart).

[The "six degrees of freedom" are literally the compass points defined in terms of three-dimensions (or three-dimensional movement)].

All this "sensory" data is then combined and fed into the memory cell of the motion coprocessor, a separate unit of hardware in the Smartphone, that serves as the GPS "Brain". It is the interaction of this "Brain" with a series of any four of the active satellites "within its line of sight", at any given moment, that together form GPS. In many ways, this is the ultimate pathfinder, and the final form of what began long ago in 1296, Italy: the Magnetic Compass.

GPS has, as its earliest origin, the very first satellite launched into outer space, Sputnik I, by the Russians, in 1957. Shortly thereafter, in 1959, NASA then began coordinating US Naval Ships with its own satellites, a system known as TRANSIT, the precursor to GPS.

The US Military eventually then formally created GPS in 1973, to coordinate all their land, sea, and air forces. A series of satellites, starting in 1978, then began to be launched to aid in coordinating this program, and this, today, totals thirty-one active satellites orbiting the Globe.

However, for several decades, until the year 2000, GPS was off limits to any civilian person(s) or agency. To discourage civilian use or privatization, the military (who continue to police GPS even to this day) practiced what is called "selective availability", which is the intentional degrading of the accuracy of its systems, any of which were deemed as not in the best national interest.

"Selective Availability" was finally turned off in 2000 by a presidential mandate, but it was only until 2007, that it was permanently removed, by the authorization of the then president George W. Bush [64]. All the navigational-App based companies, that rely solely on GPS, like Uber, Lyft, Postmates, etcetera, only began in 2008 or later (Uber, the most successful of these, began in March 2009).

A   
s mentioned, earlier on, for GPS to work, every Smartphone device must be in the line-of-sight of at least four orbiting satellites. The reason as to why at least "four" sky satellite positioning points are needed, is that three are needed to match to each coordinate on a three-dimensional axis-grid, while a final, fourth, satellite is then needed to account for a possible error in time. By "time", we mean the fourth dimension, or the possible error in the lag between when each satellite relays its given position, and when the data is finally received by the Smartphone.

This is because each of these satellites have, onboard, extremely accurate atomic clocks. These, in turn, are all synchronized by a Master Clock, found in, of all places, Washington DC. (As a side note, the clock room where the master clock is found almost exactly where the Vice-president's house is, at One Observatory Hill.) However, the phone receiver itself has no atomic clock, and thus comes about the possibility of the error of time.

This process, of using four satellites, is known as trilateration, and although it sounds very complex, it can be described very elegantly as Milner writes: "four satellites, four dimensions", or a pinpoint in space and time at the GPS Receiver. This is an exact re-creation of a sky compass in outer space.[65]

(See Chart above[66]. Note: The Author Greg Milner has described this elegant diagram, that shows trilateration: "The first GPS signal tells the receiver how far it is from the satellite. It could thus be anywhere on the surface of a sphere with the satellite at the center. The second signal creates a second sphere centered on the second satellite, thus placing the receiver somewhere on the circle where those two spheres intersect. The third satellite, by adding a new sphere to the mix, narrows the location down to two points, one of which is obviously wrong – usually miles above the surface of the planet, or deep in the earth's mantle – and can be discarded. The fourth satellite signal resolves any timing ambiguities, since phones don't come with superprecise atomic clocks."[67])

The four satellites thus form a beautiful "sky" Compass Pattern. It is the moment-to-moment interaction of these, with that of the "Six Degrees of Freedom" at the Smartphone module (loosely defined as the earth-born axis-coordinates), that creates GPS navigation.

In Latin, the meeting of the "sky" compass and the Earth compass, or the celestial and the geographic pole, at any given point, is an ancient term called "Axis Mundi". Axis Mundi translates to "world center" or "Sacred Center". Axis mundi sites of the ancient world, such as the Pyramids of Giza, or the oracle center at the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, Greece, were once considered to be the center of the universe. They are, literally, a point of the world's beginning. As the author Mircea Eliade stated, in defining this term,"Every microcosm, every inhabited region, has a Centre; that is to say, a place that is sacred above all."[68]

GPS navigation is literally recreating a modern version of this sacred temple of navigation at the point of every Smartphone module. The following illustrates this coming together at every Smartphone module:

"Six degrees of Freedom" in the motion + Satellite Trilateration = Modern-day GPS  
coprocessor

Earth Compass (Geographic Pole) + Sky Compass (celestial Pole) = Axis-Mundi

This again, is further evidence to show that GPS navigation is, in many ways, the final and most complete form of the magnetic "compass".

Furthermore, another piece of evidence that GPS is important to the Smartphone, is the creation of Google Maps, or what Steve Jobs has called the first "killer" App.

Google Maps is the main software platform by which "Smartphone" GPS Navigation takes place. Among at least 3.6 million Apps now available in the Google Play Store, Google Maps remains as one of the most popular, and was the first App to gain widespread attention. The success of Google Maps has created, in and of itself, an entire multi-billion industry of App-based logistics, or "transportation" companies that mostly rely on it, such as Uber, Lyft, and Postmates. (Uber, as of 2017, has a net worth of $62 billion, and is considered the most successful of all App-based companies.) [As an interesting side-note, although GPS can be used with any computing or mobile device, such as a laptop or a tablet, for some strange reason, it is also universally agreed that it works best only with the "Smartphone".]

Currently, there are about 5 billion GPS chips combined, in all Smartphone, laptop, and tablet devices. The author Greg Milner, in his book Pinpoint: How GPS is Changing Technology, Culture and our World, wrote that the GPS economy, that was 9.0 billion in 2011, has now tripled. However, he added, that if we were to account for all the influences it has on all other services and markets affected around the globe, the total market for GPS today easily reaches into the trillions; and that, in such a short time, the combined effect of this device is so massive as to now be unfathomable. GPS, he also added, was just as influential as the internet, and that, if it were ever to fail worldwide, it would cause major catastrophes and scientific setbacks. Lastly, he makes the astounding claim that he believes it is even changing human cognition, and is reordering the human brain itself in an effort to change even the way we think[69].

This shows just how much an impact, and how significant GPS is as a part of every iphone and Android mobile device.

Finally, there is also the compass icon, that is an integral part of almost every iphone, and comes up on the touch screen the moment it is turned on (see diagram below):

The built-in magnetometer, the satellite system, the Six Degrees of Freedom, and the success of Google Maps all reveal GPS as the ultimate pathfinder. It is, also, in many ways, the reemergence of the third, and final form in the evolution of the magnetic compass.

Back to the Top

Chapter VIII(b.): The Camera Phone

The innovation of the Camera Phone represents the second of the three Baconian inventions to reemerge as a component of the "Smartphone". The timeline is as follows:

\- First wave: Gunpowder, Italy, circa 1300 (reveals "key" compounds used in photography)

-Second wave: Photography, England, 1791-1799.

-Third wave: Camera phone, idea came about between 1995-2003.

Very rarely has so simple an idea, as that of installing a camera module onto the base of a cell phone, been such an earth-shaker, to any industry, including that of, particularly, the field of Photography.

The first patent for a "Camera Phone" was in the year 1995, by two engineers, then working for Kodak, Kenneth Parulski and James Schueckler. They filed the patent on April 24, 1995, but it was only granted, by the US Patent and trade office (USPTO) over two years later, on September 7, 1997. Its description is that of a digital camera connected to a cellular phone, or, generally, both devices as sub-units of a single integrated whole. As their listed features have now been used by many camera phones made up until the present, about 207 subsequent patents since then have now listed the Parulski/Schueckler patent as the first known invention of a "camera phone"[70].

The first Camera phone "photo" to then go viral on the internet was in 1997. Camera phones, however, only began to be mass-marketed, and to become commercially available to the public, between the years 2002-2007 (available in North America during the years 2002-2004). This again shows that 2007 was truly a turning point in the creation of and the mass-marketing of "Smartphone" devices.

Since becoming readily available, the impact of the camera phone, to say the least, has been huge and unprecedented. Before its introduction, it had been estimated, that, since the start of Photography, from between the years 1800-1839, until 2000, that about a total of 85 Billion photographs had been taken. Fast-forward now to only the year 2015, and that total has dramatically increased to about 3.5 trillion (over a 3,500% increase!!), much of which has been attributed only to "camera phone" picture taking. The device has become so ubiquitous, that as of today, 90% of all people on the planet who have taken a photograph have now done so only with a "Camera Phone", and not with a stand-alone digital, or a traditional film-based Camera.[71]

More recent data concerning "Camera Phone" usage shows an even more pronounced increase. Just between 2014-2017, the number of photos taken each year has doubled, from 600 billion, to 1.2 trillion photos taken in the year 2017 alone (nearly 120 photos for every person on the earth!!) Of these, it has been shown that the vast majority, about 85%, have been taken with a camera phone, whereas only 10% have been with a digital or traditional camera, and the remaining 5% with a tablet or other mobile device[72]. The iphone/Smartphone now routinely outperforms the sales of digital cameras, and can now, easily, also be called the most popular camera in the history of the world.

As you might have already guessed, this rapid surge in Smartphone photography has also made a huge dent in the markets, in both the traditional, as well as the digital camera sales. By far, most damaging, has been the recent decline of the Kodak Company. Kodak, as late as 1973, had held a 90% market share of all camera sales in North America, now, a mere 35 years later, and the once industry giant has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in January 2012. Then, a month later, it discontinued all digital camera sales.

Another survey by Infotrends, as published by Business Magazine, also shows the digital camera market, in general, in drastic decline, from 121.5 million in worldwide sales in 2010, to only about 14 million in 2016 (according to the Camera and Imaging products Association).[73]

Yet another important impact of the camera phone has been in the realm of Social Media, whereupon hundreds of millions of photos, are downloaded each day onto various sites such as Flickr and Instagram. It has also created the "Selfie" movement", which is people taking a picture of themselves, doing various things, and then posting it online, as well as "photo sharing" and an increased awareness/knowledge about world affairs. Furthermore, it has also created an explosion in amateur photography, with people posting their photos, again, on such sites as Foap, Flickr, etcetera.

In his book, A History of Photography in Fifty Cameras, the professional photographer Michael Pritchard, who has over 30-years experience in the industry, wrote "The recent trend, since the early 2000's has been a convergence of the camera with other devices, namely the Smartphone." He also stated that the way forward, both for many amateurs as well as professionals, will be with the camera phone.[74]

As a last note, the camera mechanism itself is also both a very complex and an integral part of the "Smartphone". Graham Townsend, then CEO of Apple's iphone Camera division, told 60 minutes, in 2016, that every Camera phone has over 200 separate parts, and that 800 employees work at Apple solely in maintaining and improving the quality of the Camera Module. Altogether, this component device consists of three separate units, the Camera Sensor, the optical image-stabilizer, and the proprietor image-signal processor.

The camera icon, the universal symbol of the mechanism, is an image found on nearly every Smartphone on sale; it appears the moment it is turned on, and looks as such (see icon below):

In summary, the creation of the Camera phone and the dramatic rise in Smartphone photography between the years 1995-2015, show, conclusively, the presence of the "third wave" in the modern world, and the evolution of the second of the inventions in Novum Organum (Gunpowder – Photography – the Camera Phone).

Back to the Top

Chapter XIII(c.): Telecom

The third and final invention began as the Printing Press. This device, for almost the next 400 years, would play the central role in aiding worldwide communication. Next came the Electric Telegraph, and finally, of which the smartphone now plays a key role, is modern telecom, or what is more traditionally called "wireless telegraphy". The timeline is thus:

\- First Wave: Papermaking, 1283, Ancona, Italy, Printing Press, 1440, Mainz, Germany

\- Second Wave 1773-1816, Telegraphy, Britain / France

-Third Wave: 1995-2015, "wireless telegraphy" converging on the Smartphone, or Telecom.

According to the technology scholar Carolyn Marvin (from Brian Merchant's book The One Device: The Secret History of the Iphone, pp.36-37), all our present-day telecommunications devices, and even our technoculture itself, all derive their origins from the telegraph, as she states:

"In a historical sense, the computer is no more than an instantaneous telegraph with a prodigious memory, and all the communications inventions in between have been elaborations on the telegraph's original work. In the long transformation that begins with the first application of electricity to communication, the last quarter of the nineteenth century has a special importance. Five proto-mass media of the twentieth century were invented during this period: the telephone, phonograph, electric light, wireless, and cinema."

Merchant then succinctly concluded that these are now all integrated as parts of every Smartphone.

Each of the above-mentioned forms of Telecom, and, much later email, text messaging as well as wi-fi internet, more-or-less, all also began with the discovery of "radio waves"

The first person to theorize the existence of Radio Waves was the Scottish-born James Clerk Maxwell, in his 1865 paper that he published, called "A Dynamic Theory of the Electromagnetic Field". Then the Prussian inventor Heinrich Hertz, in an experiment, in November 1886, with two wound copper coils, induced an electrical current across a spark gap to, for the first time, create an actual, standing, electromagnetic "radio wave". Finally, the Italian inventor Gugliemo Marconi and the American Nikola Tesla (the Supreme Court finally ruled, in 1943, the very year that he died, that Tesla was the true inventor), each created a modern radio transmitter, thus beginning 20th century telecom.

The mobile phone, text messaging, email, and the browsing of the internet, all use a form (based on a loose definition), of Maxwell's "Radio Waves" for their communication signal. In addition, all four devices have also all recently converged and are main components of nearly every Smartphone sold worldwide.

Evidence of their importance is found in the research of Tomi Ahonen, who publishes Mobile Almanac. He found that the average person checks their mobile phone an astonishing 150 times per day. According to his breakdown, of these, the two most popular activities are also the major forms of telecom, text messaging (most popular 23 times per day) and voice/phone call related (22 times per day). Internet Browsing was also very common, at 12 times per day.[75]

Further evidence is also found on the four main anchor icons, located on the bottom of every first edition iphone screen in 2007, the minute it is turned on: they are internet browser, phone, text messaging and ipod (video player), in short, again, the four most modern forms of communicating, with "wireless telegraphy".

Steve Jobs himself maintained, when he first introduced the device in 2007, that every iphone, was first-and -foremost a "phone" and must operate off a signal-carrying tower. (mobile phones use a higher frequency of radio waves to connect to these towers). One of the main lines also used by Apple to first advertise the iphone, was "The internet in your pocket". The three main components Jobs listed in his Macworld quote, also each refer to telecom:

", The first one is a wide-screen ipod with touch controls. The second is a revolutionary mobile phone. And the third is a a breakthough internet communications device. An ipod, a phone, and an internet communicator..."

The term ipod is another word for digital media device, and thus the iphone is defined as a digital media player, a mobile phone, and method of internet access: In short, again, all the main descendents of the telegraph, or 21st century telecom.

Yet another feature, that shows just how important the Smartphone is to this field, is the device making up much of its circuit boards, or the circuitry of any modern electronics device: the transistor.

The history of the transistor and that of telecom are fundamentally linked; this had begun even long before the first transistor was ever built, with its earlier predecessor: the vacuum tube. The vacuum tube and the transistor can be regarded as two versions of the same device, in that they essentially perform the same function. The simplest explanation thereof is that they are electronic switches, by which impulses are translated into a series of 0's and 1's, or binary code, the universal language of all digital machinery. Essentially, the more vacuum tubes and/or transmitters used, the higher the functional ability of any electronic device.

The vacuum tube was invented in 1907 and was the main catalyst that brought about commercial radio as well as television screens, what were then the earliest forms of wireless communication. The very first "modern" computer, ENIAC, (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was built between 1943-1945, not with the transistor, but in a huge room containing over 17,000 vacuum tubes.

Then, in 1947, shortly thereafter, the first transmitter was built. Unlike the vacuum tube, that operated with a heated electrode in a vacuum, the transistor relied on smaller, more efficient semiconductors.

The very earliest transistors, however, were still rather large, as they were made of a material called germanium and had gold contact points. It wasn't until 1954, when they began to be made with silicon, that its size began to shrink tremendously, and the digital age truly began (hence the name "Silicon Valley"). As soon as the silicon transistor came to market, creation of both the home computer as well as commercial mobile phone, all-at-once became possible realities. As such, the transistor is also often now referred to as the most significant invention of the 20th century.

The author Brian Merchant further observed, in his book, The One Device: The Secret History of the IPhone, that the accelerating rate of the shrinking of the transistor and the development of digital communications, go together "hand-in-hand". He stated, as it is commonly known, that the number of transistors in any device is increasing according to Moore's Law. Moore's Law states that the number of transistors will double approximately every two years (this theory was first proposed in a 1965 paper by Gordon Moore, a co-founder of Intel). As Moore observed, the first device to use a transistor was a hearing aid in 1952 (only 1 transistor); then, in 1954, the Texas Instrument Regency TR-1, the first transistor Radio (used 4 transistors).

Then, in 1971, the first microchip processor, the 4004, was built by Intel, and it contained 2,300 transistors. Fast forward to the introduction of the iphone in 2007, however, as Merchant noted, the transistor count has sky-rocketed, and continues to grow with every new model of iphone/ "android" Smartphone, that comes onto the market.

For instance, the first version of the iphone, introduced in June 2007, had 137,500,000 tranistors!! Yet, only nine-years later, the iphone 7 now has 240 times as many transistors, with a total count of 3.3 billion[76]. Most recently, the Samsung Galaxy 8 Model, one of the most powerful "Android" phones currently on the market, has an astounding 10 billion transistor count in its main processor.

In conclusion, the rapid acceleration of the transistor count with every new edition of the "Smartphone", which, in many ways, is the only limiting factor in the capabilities of any electronics device, is the main reason why the Smartphone now has, converging in its circuitry, almost every major telecom device of the 20th and 21st century. These include, as previously mentioned, video, wifi, a mobile phone line, email, and text messaging.

As a side note, the rapidly increasing transistor count is not only a main factor in the inclusion of all three "modern" forms of the Baconian Inventions, in the Smartphone, but it is also the reason for their recent, incredible improvements.

For instance, when GPS Navigation first became available to the public in 2000, its precision was rather unpredictable, however, now, in 2017, this accuracy is now to within about 16-20 feet. Many are forecasting that, within the next few decades, it will be accurate to within an error of only an inch!!

Similarly, the "Camera Phone" module has also improved by leaps and bounds since it was first introduced. Of evidence here is the fact that many of the newer editions of both the iphone as well as the Samsung Galaxy (android) now in particular emphasize new improvements in the Camera Module. The first version of the iphone Camera only had a 2-megapixel image file. However, the Samsung Galaxy 9, has a 12-megapixel image card, that shows about 6 times as much detail. (One of the main features, in fact, that separates Galaxy 9 from previous Smartphone models is the much-enhanced camera phone. It is so powerful, in fact, that many are calling it a smart camera with a phone attached to it. It has a telephoto lens for zooming onto an image, a new display feature called a SupeAMOLED screen and 2.43 billion combinations of filters, modes and lighting. This means, at the rate of one photo every ten seconds, you would still not run out of combinations for an image after 500 years!![77])

Lastly, each newer version of the iphone, in general, also has better internet access, a faster phone speed, and better memory storage. (These are advertised as 3G, 4G, 5G technology, etcetera, by the phone companies.) This shows, conclusively, that not only are all three "modern" forms of Bacon's inventions an integral part of the "Smartphone", but that they are also getting better and better, and consistently improving, with more enhanced capabilities over such a short period of time.

The icon, again, ubitiquitous on Smartphones the moment they are turned on, for email, is, as such:

As Steve Jobs noted in his now famous quote, the iphone is a digital media player (ipod), a phone, and an internet browser, or, in short, all the main forms of 20th /21st century telecom.

Back to the Top

Chapter IX: The "Smartphone" and the Rise of the Internet

The last of the three components just described, Telecom, also shows how closely the rise of the iphone has coincided with another phenomenon: the recent and very rapid increase in worldwide internet access.

Earlier, we mentioned that the Smartphone had been developed not so much as an invention, per se, but as a "convergence" of several devices, roughly between the years 1995-2015. As recently as the beginning of this timeline, 1995, only a very few people in the world had access to the Internet. In fact, it was less than one in every 200 people, or about 0.4%, according to the site, World Internet Stats.

An entity like the internet, in various forms, had been around since the late 1960s, yet, during this time, for some unknown reason, a profound change was about to take place in the global consciousness. Internet access would soon begin to rapidly accelerate, whereby at 2000, it was 9.1%, by 2007, 17.0%, by 2010, 27%, and, most recently, in the year 2018, an incredible 55%. For the first time, a majority in the world's population now has some form of internet access[78].

The introduction of the iphone and of "Android" Smartphone devices have, undoubtedly, had a major impact on this rapid increase. The New York Post recently reported, that, as of November 11, 2016, that Smartphone and other Mobile devices, have now surpassed the household laptop to become the most common, and the preferred way to access the Internet[79]. Before then, as recently as 2006, Laptops and computers had accounted for nearly all worldwide internet access!! This again shows that the invention of the smartphone is not a singular event but is rather at or near the center of a convergence of numerous ideas and devices, not the least significant of which, is an increased internet access.

Another development that helped promote internet usage was the introduction of Broadband, that of which provided for an unbroken, or a continuous connection to the internet in most North American households. Broadband is significant here, as its development almost exactly follows the same timeline, that of 1995-2015. In fact, Broadband internet access was first made widely available almost exactly in 1995-1996[80].

As recently as 2000, almost all households still only had a dial-up connection, in which the user had to dial in, via the phone line, each time they wanted to access the world wide web. Broadband then gradually took hold of access ports between the years 2000-2015 (on March 31, 2000, broadband is in about 1% of US households, on April 1, 2015, in 66% US households, according to the PEW Research Center[81]). This again, shows how that of the Smartphone and increased internet access coincide almost exactly, in the timelines of their developments.

The rapid increase of the internet in these years also relates to another central idea in the Novum Organum: the increase of all forms of knowledge, on a worldwide scale. This, according to Francis Bacon, will then, in turn, open a metaphysial gateway to a realm of near "limitless knowledge", or the Instauratio Magna.

This phenomenon is very akin to a recent theory, cited by the American architect and theorist Buckminster Fuller, in 1981. He called it the Knowledge Doubling Curve. The Knowledge Doubling Curve states that knowledge is doubling, in human society, at an ever-increasing rate.

In 1650, for instance, Fuller observed that it had taken about 1,500 years, or rather from the time of the dawn of the current World Age (year 0 AD), until the present, for knowledge to double in society. However, by 1750, this same time frame then largely decreased to only about 250 years. By the start of the 20th Century, it was then further reduced to about 100 years, and, after the end of the Second World War (1945), it only took 25 years for knowledge to double.

Currently, as of 2013, Industry Tap (an online resource and Magazine Site) states that human knowledge is now doubling every 13 months, and, with the anticipation of IoT (the Internet of Things, for a concise definition of IofT, see footnote[82]) on the horizon, IBM has recently forecased that the Knowledge Doubling Curve may soon reach as little as every 12 hours!![83][84] Another remarkable observation, by the author Bruce Schneier, showed that human society was now, at 2010, creating more data per year than had previously existed, in total, from the beginning of time, until 2003. He also stated that by 2015, 76 Exebytes of data (an exabyte is equal to a billion, billion bytes or to 500 billion pages of text) will travel across internet channels every year[85].

Tom Wheeler, in his book, From Gutenberg To Google: The History of Our Future, further adds to describing this recent phenomenon. He wrote that Eric Schmidt, the former chairman of the board for the parent company of Google, Alphabet Inc., had stated that from the beginning of civilization until 2003, the sum-total of all knowledge created was that of about 5 exabytes of data. This amounted to, he said, to the sum-total of all the words ever spoken, by Mankind. By 2010, however, more data than this was being created each day [86]!!

He then further wrote that more recent research has now eclipsed Schmidt's quote, as the International Data Corporation (IDC) just released a survey report showing that humans, in 2017, are now generating 44 exabytes of information each day. Wheeler remarked, in an astounding comment, that this is more than 3 million Library of Congresses [87]!!

This period, that of 2005-2017, that coincides almost exactly with the rise of Mobile devices and the iphone, has seen one of the most significant changes in how society both produces and views information. Wheeler has summed up this transformation, succinctly, in his quote:

"The creation of data is the manufacturing activity of the 21st century." [88]

.....and he also points out how this markedly differs from our past, in how society operates, as he writes...

"The capital asset of the 20th century has been manufacturing production facilitated by networks. The capital asset of the 21st century is that of information created by networks." [89]

Wheeler's comment is proved only too well by the sudden rise in prominence of companies specializing in information technology. Earlier, we stated that, as of 2017, Apple and Google are the two largest companies in the world, in terms of asset capitalization. Not far behind, in 3rd and 4th place, are Amazon and Microsoft. The author George Gilder, in in his 2018 book, Life After Google: The Fall of Big Data and the Rise of the Blockchain Economy, comments on how sudden the rise in importance in information processing has become to the world Economy:

"This increasing Global dominance of U.S. information companies is unexpected. Just a decade ago leading the list of the companies with the largest market caps were Exxon, Walmart, China National Petroleum, and the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China. No internet company made the top five. Today four of the five are American vessels of information technology." [90]

Of added interest, noted Gilder, is that Google, that then occupied the #2 spot on the list, is not just a company, but rather it has a specific belief system regarding how to deal with the enormous amount of data and information worldwide. In fact, the word Google, represents both a number and an amount of data that is beyond all human ability to comprehend: 10 x 10¹ºº. Gilder states that these systems of beliefs have contributed enormously to Google's success. As Google currently also backs android, the #1 platform for the Smartphone industry, this is also relevant here.

The company's two beliefs are, succinctly, that of Big Data and Cloud Computing. Big Data is a term that has just recently come forth in the information age, and, as Gilder defines it,:

"The idea of Big Data is that the previously slow, clumsy, step-by-step search for knowledge by human brains can be replaced if two conditions are met. All the data in the world can be compiled in a single 'place' and algorithms sufficiently comprehensive to analyze them can be written." [91]

Their second vision of a world system, that of the "Cloud" is essentially, completely centralized data processing, or, as Gilder also describes:

".....gargantuan data centers composed of immense systems of data storage and processors, linked together by millions of miles of fiber optic lines and consuming electrical power and radiating heat to an extent that excels most industrial enterprises in history." [92]

The success Google owes to its beliefs of Big Data and cloud computing, again show the immense importance that information taken for society, as well as that of the new algorithms needed to handle the rapid, exponential increases in its growth rate.

Clearly, the rise in importance of information technology, along with Internet Access soon to reach a global saturation point, suggest that Mankind is fast heading towards a knowledge threshold, or some kind of "knowledge" singularity in the nearby future.

Recent internet acceleration, and the rise of information technology, again, coincides directly with the invention of the Smartphone. It shows that both events are not singular occurrences, but rather are part of a larger convergence of events, the "third" wave.

As earlier stated, this same exact period also coincides almost exactly with the reemergence, in their modern form, of the three inventions listed in Novum Organum. Much evidence shows them potentially leading us, that is, Mankind, into a New Age, that of the opening of a gateway to a realm of almost limitless knowledge, what Bacon long ago had forcasted as the "Instauratio Magna".

Back to the Top

Chapter X: The Three Inventions, Metadata, and the Washington D.C. "Volvelles"

"Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge??

Where is the knowledge we have lost in information??"

-T.S. Elliot, in his poem "The Rock"

"The creation of data is the manufacturing activity of the 21st century."

-Tom Wheeler, From Gutenberg To Google: The History of Our Future

The convergence of the three Baconian inventions unto components of the Smartphone is linked to the rapid increase of worldwide knowledge in yet another main way, through the collection of certain information known as Metadata.

Metadata is a term that has been in existence ever since 1968, but it has only recently come into the American public conscious, when people started to realize that companies, and even government agencies, most notable the NSA (National Security Agency) had been collecting large amounts of data from their daily Smartphone use. The author Jeffrey Pomerantz, who wrote a book entirely on this concept, aptly titled Metadata, details how this happened:

"The word 'Metadata' came into the public conversation, primarily from the realization that large amounts of data from Smartphones was being collected, even from government agencies, such as the NSA, and that this information could be inferred from this gathered 'metadata'. This, in particular, came about when a subcontractor, Edward Snowden, made public to various journalists from the Guardian Newspaper, "a large number of classified documents about the NSA's Surveillance Program within the US. One of these programs, PRISM, included collecting data on telephone calls directly from telecommunications companies. Needless to say, this was very big news when the Guardian published the Story". (Metadata, chapter1, pg. 1)[93]

Thus, the modern usage of the word "metadata' and Smartphone activity are linked together. Most dictionaries will define Metadata, in its simplest terms, as "data about data", or rather "data that provides information about other data". It comes from the Greek word "meta", that means higher than or transcending, and the Latin word "data" that simply means information or facts. Thus, metadata implies higher, or transcending knowledge. Pomeranz, again, gives a more complete description of the word here:

"The word metadata only came into the English language in 1968, but the idea of Metadata goes back to the first library.....librarians have been working with metadata for thousands of years. Though what we now call 'metadata' has historically just been called 'information in a library catalog'. The information in a library catalog is intended to solve a very specific problem: to help users of the library find materials in the Library's collection.

The Pinakes (which are a set of scrolls that have an inventory of books archived by Callimachus, who was one of the first curators of the Library of Alexandria, in Ancient Eqypt), is considered by historians to be the first Library catalog." (Metadata, Chapter1, pg. 5-6)[94]

As such, metadata is simply a vast card catalog of facts and information about objects, things or even people, and it signifies the process of turning the entire world into a giant library.

Ever since the Snowden Files have been released to the public, in 2013, a series of research studies have shown that quite a lot of information about a person can be revealed (and, as has also been the concern of many people, can also be exploited, simply by examining his/her metadata. ) In his 2015 book, Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect your Data and Control your World, the author Bruce Schneier wrote that researchers, in 2012, had found that they could infer, based on his/her Metadata alone, where a person would be 24 hours into the future, to within an astounding accuracy of 20 meters!! He also stated that much of this data comes from Smartphone GPS.[95]

Pomeranz also details that much of this personal metadata can be extracted though their cell phone, or Smartphone activity, as it relates to GPS:

"A lot of metadata is associated with phone calls, particularly cell phone calls. Probably the most obvious pieces of metadata about a call are the phone numbers of the caller and recipient. Then, of course, there's the time and duration of the call. And for calls made from Smartphones – most of which have GPS functionality – there are the locations of the caller and the recipient, at least to the precision of the range of the cell phone towers in which the phones are located. There's more metadata than gives privacy advocates pause. Because your phone exchanges data with the data with the local cell tower, even when you're not on a call. And, of course, your phone is presumably carried by you. A record of your location at any given moment, and your movements over time, may therefore be collected by your cell phone service provider, and is, in fact, collected, as the Snowden revelations revealed.

Thus, did the word 'metadata' enter the public conversation." (Metadata, chapter 1, pg. 3)[96]

The above details show, conclusively, that Smartphone GPS, is a crucial component in the collecting of metadata. The later chapters of Pomerantz's book also detail how the next two "modern forms" of the Baconian inventions, are also huge gathers of metadata:

(Camera Phone) "Digital photography is one of the most familiar situations in which technical metadata plays a role – and the data is often created entirely automatically. Most modern digital cameras and smartphones embed a rich metadata record into the file image that is a photograph. That metadata comes along with the file when the image is downloaded from the camera, moved to another computer, or uploaded onto a photo-sharing site such as Instagram or flickr....

All this metadata is generated at the moment of creation of a digital photograph, and embedded in the image file – and the person holding the camera does not need to do anything. After purchasing a digital camera, a photographer will probably set the internal clock, and will probably change the exposure or resolution of photos under different conditions. But it is possible that most photographers are not even aware of the existence of this metadata, as it is created automatically and invisibly at the moment of creation of the digital object itself." (Metadata, chapter 4, "Administrative Metadata", pg. 95-96.)[97]

.....as well as all forms of telecom...

"Telephone companies, and the government have collected metadata about phone calls long since the term metadata was even invented. Perhaps one of the earliest technologies for systematically collecting this type of data exhaust is the pen register, a term that dates to the era of the telegraph. A pen register is defined in the US Code (title 18, part II, chapter 206, @3127), as ' a device or process which records or decodes dialing, routing, addressing, or signaling information transmitted.' More narrowly focused data collection is perfomed by a 'track and and trace' device, which collects only data to 'identify the originating number' or other originating address if electronic communication. In other words, pen registers and track and trace devices collect metadata about electronic communication be it telegraph messages, phone calls, email, text messages, or any other medium." (Metadata, Chapter 8: The Future of Metadata, pg. 203.)[98]

What Pomerantz is telling us in these last, revealing passages, in more concise terms, is that the three main components of the Smartphone (GPS Navigation, the Camera Phone, and telecom), are the central gatherers, worldwide, of virtually all cellular metadata, and are in the process of turning the entire world into a gigantic library. This vision, that of a worldwide compendium of knowledge concentrated into a single archive, has purportedly been accomplished several times before in the remote past.

The Library of Alexandra was founded by Ptolemy Soter I of the Ptolemies, part of a line of the diadochi, or the successor generals who accompanied Alexander the Great as he conquered Egypt. It was said to hold over 500,000 volumes within its walls, containing the sum-total of all human knowledge.[99]

A second such worldwide repository of knowledge was the Imperial Library of Constantinople, said to be formed by the second Emperor of Byzantium, Constantius II. This library was said to contain over 100,000 scrolls that, for almost a thousand years, preserved the entire canon of ancient Greek knowledge. With the first sacking of Constantinople in 1204, by the Latins (the Venetians), many of these scrolls then found their way to Europe and became the main catalyst to end the Dark Ages and begin the Renaissance.

In addition to collecting vast reserves of Metadata, the Smartphone has yet another feature, that is very prominently associated with the gathering and the cataloging of knowledge: the App Store.

Even though almost everyone has heard of and used Apps, as a part of their Smartphones, very few ever associate them with information acquisition. Yet, most modern researchers today, define Apps, not just as mobile device software that performs a function, but also as a primary way to display and catalogue large amounts of data in a visual format.

Many research articles, in fact, can be found that state that the ancient predecessors to the app is what is known as astrolabes, planetariums or computational devices called "volvelles"[100]. Volvelles are defined as medieval instruments, that consist of a series of rotating concentric paper disks, that were used to find the orbital periods of the sun, the moon, and the stars of the Zodiac, in relation to each other, or to perform other various calculations. They were first invented, by Araic and/or European Astronomers in the twelfth century. In addition to the earliest known apps, they are also considered the ancient form of a calculator and today's analog computer.

(See photograph above, of a "Volvelle", showing the cycles of the Sun and the moon through the calendar year – from the National Library of Wales).

The digital archivist and media theorist Adam Rothstein, who has researched volvelles in depth, had this to say:

"One way to think about apps are as 'simplified interfaces for visualizing data'. Any app, whether social media, mapping weather, or even games, takes large amounts of data and presents it through a small interface, with a variety of buttons or gestures for navigating and manipulating that data. A volvelle does the same. It takes data from a chart and presents it in a round, slide-rule-like interface so the user can easily view the different data relationships."[101]

Rothstein later concluded by commenting that volvelles were certainly an "old school" or older form of an App.

This relationship is very significant, as Apps are considered a crucial feature to the takeoff in popularity of the iphone/Smartphone. It was only after the apple store made apps readily available on these devices, that sales of the iphone really began to soar (the same is, essentially, true for "Android" mobile phones and the Apps available at their Google Play store). Many research articles, today, can be found that state that the App is a modern descendent of volvelles, astrolabs, and planetariums, what are, essentially, maps of the universe. They are also the earliest known computers or computational devices.

One of the earliest of these devices, and what is often cited as their prototype, is an extremely significant artifact from the ancient world. It is called the Antikythera Mechanism, what has now become widely known as the earliest analog computer ever built. This strange device was recovered from an ancient Shipwreck in 1901, by a sponge diver named Elias Stadiatos, off the coast of the Greek island Antikythera in the Aegean Sea. It was found inside a wooden box, and was subsequently donated to the Museum of Athens.

For decades it was then kept in storage and out of the public eye. Finally, in 1958, the information scientist and historian Derek J. de Solla Price "stumbled" onto it and began to research the mechanism. Later next year he published his finding in an article in Scientific American in 1959.

What he found inside was a very complex machine, made of 82 separate pieces, and among them was a series of twenty interlocking, complex gears, forged from bronze (unlike much simpler astrolabs, built in ancient times, that are made of brass, bronze is much more difficult to shape and mold in a forge). Particularly interesting, is that these, intricately spoked, rotating wheels accurately represent the cycles of the sun, the moon phases, and the Zodiac, all in coordination with the 365-day calendar year.

The Antikythera Mechanism is both an ancient computing device as well as a planetarium, or a makeshift model of our solar system. Its original inventor is still unknown, although people suspect the Greek inventor Archimedes or the Librarians of Pergamon, an ancient Greek Library in Anatolia, or what is modern-day Turkey.

What de Solla Price later stated, about it, was

"Nothing like this instrument is preserved elsewhere. Nothing comparable to it is known from any ancient scientific text or literary allusion. On the contrary, from all that we know of science and technology in the Hellenistic Age we should have felt that such a device should not exist."[102]

...and he also later likened it to finding a jet plane in an ancient Egyptian Tomb. This remarkable device shows that the level of sophistication, regarding the building and the understanding of these machines, by the Greeks, had been far above that which modern historians had previously assumed, and it continues to amaze new researchers to this day (Note: For a more complete description of the Antikythera Device, please refer to Appendix V).

Like the descendents of the Antikythera device, the astrolabe, or the Volvelle wheels, Pomerantz also, in a lengthy passage, equates Metadata to a huge form of a world map, or a map of the Universe:

"There are many different kinds of maps: road maps, topographical maps, nautical charts, star maps, the list goes on and on. Different kinds of maps serve different functions, and they're not interchangeable: a nautical chart is well-nigh useless when planning a driving trip. So what do all of these different things called 'map' have in common?? Just this: they boil down the richness and complexity of the physical world to just the details that one needs in a particular situation. When you are driving, you need to know what roads go where and how they intersect, which roads are one-way, and how to get on the highway and you probably don't need topographical information or depth soundings. The map is not the territory because the map is both a separate object from the territory, and much simpler.

Similarly, Metadata is a map. Metadata is a means by which the complexity of an object is represented in a simpler form." (Jeffrey Pomerantz, Metadata, Chapter 1, Introduction, pg. 11.)[103]

Metadata, the astrolabe, volvelles and even the modern-day Apps, the software that governs almost anything you can do with a Smartphone, are all akin to a gigantic Map, showing and computing all the various data of the world, or much like a card catalogue of a giant Library, that is, a repository of all universal knowledge.

The closest thing to a truly world library (the purported largest library in the world) today is the Library of Congress, which, again, is right at the center of Washington D.C., next door to the Capital Dome. Thus, it is only fitting, that as one passes through its entrance to the Great Hall, we view an extremely intricate map of the Universe, almost identical to that of a volvelle, surrounding a giant floor compass-rose,one of the many in center city, that symbolize the magnetic,mariner's emblem. (See photo)

(The above photograph shows the floor of the Great Hall, in the Library of Congress. It displays a near complete map of the universe, centered around a floor compass. The compass is the first of bacon's great inventions, and it is here merged with an image of the Sun. Features around the floor and walls shows the orbital periods of the Sun, Earth, and the ecliptic, or path through the Zodiac Constellations.)

This "volvelle" like astrolabe is built on an enormous scale, and has metal/marble features of the earth, the Sun, and each of the twelve signs of the Zodiac, as well as features of their orbital patterns, all these details, again, are shown to oscillate around the giant bronze floor compass, that is, in self, merged with the bronze rays of the "Sun". This display conforms to heliocentrism. This is the idea that the Sun is at the center of the universe, or, more simply, that the earth revolves around the Sun. Historians today, generally, classify and equate this discovery, by the Hungarian Nicholas Copernicus in 1543, with, no less, than the birth of Modern Science itself.

The Great Hall of the Library of Congress (the world's largest library) reveals the underlying symbol of metadata, the volvelle, and the modern-day Apps. It is that of a giant world map, able to compute and store vast amounts of information: it is also the symbol of the future vision Francis Bacon has of the world in Novum Organum: the translation of the Earth, through a huge, invisible infrastructure of Metadata "knowledge"(much like the world wide web), into a single, gigantic Library.

If this is not convincing enough, two additional facts also support this claim. First, these features, found at the Library of Congress, are not the only astrolabe, or "map of the universe" built, on a grand scale, in Washington DC. In fact, at least four other additional sites, built on an incredibly large scale, can each be found throughout the capital city. In each case, they surround and emerge from a floor, magnetic, compass emblem, those of which, as mentioned earlier, have been built into the public grounds. (for a complete description of these sites, refer to Appendix IV , titled "The Metadata Laboratories of Washington DC")

This explanation solves the enigma of these compass markers, and why they were built, as emerging from them are displays of a world map device, a cosmic display of the gathering of all forms of knowledge, that will ultimately lead to the creation of a Global library. This new instrument is called, in latin, the machina munda, or literally, world machine.

Perhaps the most ancient form of a Machina Mundi, is the strange, out-of-place artifact, the Antikythera Mechanism. Later, in the Middle Ages, it was the Volvelle or the astrolabe. At that time, the astrolab, or armillary sphere was also often regarded as a symbol of wisdom or knowledge itself. Then, during the Age of Reason (1700's), it was Isaac Newton's notion that the universe operates as pre-determined and mechanical, much like a well-built clock: this idea is called Clockwork universe.

Finally, such a world machine is also the basis of Francis Bacon's title Novum Organum (literally a New instrument of Science), that of the book that now defines him. In the 20th century, this idea has now evolved into the analog computer, and finally, in the 21st century, to merge with the iphone and android devices to take on its final form: the modern-day "App". This last phase coincides almost exactly with Wheeler's description of the third and current information network, the fusion of the computer with telecommunications, or the ever-increasing interconnection of the computer with other computers, worldwide.

This is the secret of Washington DC, that its main features are all hidden forms, built on a truly grand scale, of such a machine, transforming the Earth into an enormous, ethereal library by the covering of the Earth with a "web" (like a world-wide web) or an invisible infrastructure of Metadata, or "data about data".

The Third wave (1995-2015) is the merging of the three Baconian inventions with the analog or digital computer, within the realm of telecommunications. The main idea of having a Smartphone is that the phone you carry is now also a miniature computer, and a virtual store filled with "Apps".

It was this vision, of such a device that opens human consciousness into increasingly higher levels of world knowledge, that Francis Bacon filtered down into a single quotation, in the book that now defines him: Novum Organum

A second detail is that the Great Hall is also the site containing the Gutenberg Exhibit, the floor compass-rose, as well as the Minerva Mosaic. This means that it centrally displays the main symbols of each of the three Baconian inventions. This, in addition to it showing a huge map of the universe, is an exact display of his future world vision, that of the cataloguing of a huge "one world" library. The three devices are destined to become literal "living" extensions of the human body, and perhaps even of the human brain/mind itself. This is exactly what Android means, as "of man", "out of man", or "an extension of a man". Washington D.C. is to be the center point in the takeoff of using the three-in-one devices as a means of the creating, cataloguing, and navigating of this future vision of the ultimate, cosmic library of the universe.

Finally, additional evidence is also found in the structure of the library itself. The Library of Congress was built between 1891-1897. It has innumerable rooms and corridors to contain all its printed material. However, there are only two central, main rooms. The first is the room we just described, the Great Hall, the second, which the Great hall adjoins to, from the entrance, is the inner rotunda, called the Main Reading Room. The author Dan Brown, who wrote the 2009 book on Washington DC titled The Lost Symbol, has stated in interviews that he believes this is the most important room in all of Washington DC.

The huge main reading room is an octagon, with eight main walls and eight main glass stained windows on top. At each corner are eight marble statues, each with a plaque upon which are inscribed the eight fields of knowledge: Poetry, Commerce, Religion, Science, History, Philosophy, Art, and Law. The "octagon" design mirrors that of the 8-point floor compass-rose found in the Great Hall.

Between the years 1901-1987, the library relied on a physical card catalogue to categorize its books, a process that, today, has now been taken over by computers. During these years, the cards were housed in very elegant oak cabinets, that framed the Main Reading Room. Recently, in 2017, the Library assembled together a book, published under Chronicle Books, with photos of many of the original cards, alongside some of their more well-known books. It is titled The Card Catalog: Books, Cards, and Literary Treasures, and within its front cover are design schematics of the cabinets, and photos of them in the rotunda.

(First floor plan for the Library of Congress. The card catalog, from 1901-1987 were the circles emanating from the Main Reading Room. This diagram is from the Library of Congress online site).

For most of the twentieth century the library's card catalog was, no less than, Metadata of the largest compendium of knowledge, world-wide. Its location, in the Main reading Room, shows metadata expanding to all corners of the Earth, in the form of an eight-point compass-rose, again, the symbol of the magnetic compass. This was the precursor of the computer, the internet and the creation shortly after of Big Data. This is also very strong evidence that this is the point of origin, and the giver of the "meaning" of the floors compass-rose markers throughout the city.

This is because this room concides with the Great Hall, and its design, as an octagon, exactly resembles the bronze "Sun" Compass rose in the Hall. This was the earliest of these markers to be built in the city. It also resembles the historic origin of the compass-rose, that of the eight-sided wind tower, said to have been in Athens, Greece. It was from this very structure that the concept began that each compass direction was associated with a specific wind. The rest of these floor compass-rose sites around the city, built in the 20th century, are showing a world machine, one that is ever-expanding computing and navigation of all knowledge, in the form of metadata.

Metadata collections take place on vast levels, by individuals, phone companies, banks and even certain agencies of the United States government, particularly the NSA. Besides the knowledge about individuals that the data reveals, it is also vital to the continued improvement of and the functioning of the Internet. This is primarily because the Worldwide web, at its core, is just bits of data all joined together. The stronger those connections are, the better the internet communicates knowledge, and can perform operations automatically for people, much in the same way that Apps work. Similarly, Pomerantz stated:

".....the more records about more entities that can be connected together, the richer the knowledge represented online can be."[104]

As well as,

"What makes it possible for the web to be composed of small pieces loosely joined together?? Metadata. Passing structured data back and forth enables online services to be small and focused, yet rely on other services to provide needed data."[105]

Thus, Smartphone metadata collections and the increased improvement of the Internet are fundamentally linked. Numerous monument sites in Washington D.C., built on a grand scale throughout the 20th century, display the future reality of this vision, that of the world being categorized, and efficiently operated through a huge card catalogue or Computer database. This is the coming of the future world machine (what is called, in Latin, the Machina Mundi), or new instrument of science, forecast by Francis Bacon, long ago, in the title itself, of the book, Novum Organum.

Back to the Top

Chapter XI: The Union of Asia Pacific and the United States

Lastly, the third wave is also a symbol of the return of the three inventions, as coming full circle, to the point of origin where they were first created, in history: Pacific Asia. The components of every iphone and/or Smartphone have either been thought of and, in some sense, designed in the westernmost point of the New World, Palo Alto (Silicon Valley), California, yet they are mass-produced, daily, on a global level, primarily in Mainland China.

According to the New York Times Article, as it has also been cited in Brian Mechant's book, Apple has been forced to go to Mainland China for their labor to produce the iphone units because of the sheer scale and "speed-efficiency" of their factories:

"Apple Executives say that going overseas, at this point, is their only option. One former executive described how the company relied upon a factory to revamp iphone manufacturing just weeks before the device was due on shelves. Apple had redesigned the iphone's screen at the last minute, forcing an assembly line overhaul. New screens began arriving at the plant near midnight. A foreman immediately roused 8.000 workers inside the company's dormitories, according to the executive. Each employee was given a biscuit and a cup of tea, guided to a workstation and half-an-hour started a 12-hour shift fitting glass screens into beveled frames. Within 96 hours, the plant was producing over 10,000 iphones a day.

'The speed and flexibility is breathtaking', the executive said, 'There's no American Plant that can match that.'"[106]

As Merchant also mentioned, on the back of every iphone is the label: "Designed in California by Apple, assembled in China", indicating that nearly all Smartphones sold worldwide are built enmasse in assembly lines in Asia Pacific, where, as Merchant also observes, nearly every other electronic gadget is also manufactured.

In 2011, the filmmaker and author Charles H. Ferguson won the academy award for his documentary film Inside Job, that was a commentary on the 2008 fiscal collapse. Later, in a book about the same subject, Predator Nation, published in 2012, Ferguson also wrote how there has been a tremendous amount of outsourcing in high technology, particularly to Mainland China:

"It would probably not surprise many Americans to learn that most personal computers, laptops, and smartphones are now manufactured in Asia. However, most of these devices are now designed in Asia, and by Asian firms, not American ones. The United States retains its high-technology lead in advanced research, systems design, software and systems integration, but has largely lost the capability to design high technology hardware. The employment and competitive implications are profound. For example, Apple has about 70,000 employes worldwide, including its retail stores. But its largest supplier, Foxconn, a Taiwanese Company, has 1.4 million employees. The United States has already become a net importer of high technology goods, and high technology actually employs a smaller fraction of the total workforce in America than it does in many other nations"[107]

Ferguson shows that not only is the decision-making of U.S. technology being outsourced enmasse to Asia, but it is also losing ground in internet access, specifically broadband:

"As noted above, the United States has fallen far behind other nations in broadband deployment. Broadband service in much of Asia, and even parts of Europe, is now vastly superior to U.S. services in speed, cost and universality. To cite just one example among many, as of early 2012, 60-megabit per second Internet Access was available in Taiwan for $30 per month, and, by the time this book is published in mid-2012, 100-megabit per second service will be available for the same price. Japan, South Korea, and even portions of mainland China now have far better broadband service than the United States. America, home of Silicon Valley and inventor of the Internet, does not have universal broadband access, for either landlines or Wi-Fi, and its services are slow, unreliable and inexpensive. This situation has now existed for over a decade, America's lag relative to Asia and Scandinavia is if anything worsening."[108]

The degree to which the technology of mobile devices and the internet, has shifted to China and Asia Pacific, shows just how interconnected the rising of both these entities are.

This phenomenon is also at the center of another, major trend occurring at the same time, between the years 1995-2015: the coming together and the merging of two of the world's largest economies, that of China and the United States.

Of strong evidence for this, is the ever-increasing trade deficit between the two countries; many researchers today cite the reason for the ballooning of this deficit as an increase in Global Trade, of which two events are particularly significant to have helped create. The first was the signing into effect of the NAFTA trade agreement, which lifted many of the pre-existing barriers between the United States and Mexico, which occurred in 1994-1996. The second occurred in December 2001, which was that China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO). [As evidence, the two largest trade deficits the United States had, in 2017, respectively were with China and Mexico.] The combined effects of these events, for the United States, in trading as a sovereign nation, has been no less than devastating.

In viewing the statistics, the average trade deficit between China and the US during the 1990's was, on average, about $34.21 billion. Again, fast-forwarding, only a short time, to the year 2017, and the annual deficit is now $375.2 billion, meaning that the US now pays China, every year, more than the total sum it paid out during the entire decade of the nineteen nineties[109]. Most of this is in the areas of electronics, clothing, and automobile parts. The Smartphone, as a substantial part of around $70 billion worth of electronics, is again at the center of this issue.

This growing economic union between these two countries, has been foreseen by many for a long time, and has been a major part of US politics. One of the most powerful figures in recent decades in this arena, a former National Security Advisor and a close counsel to several US presidents, had been Zbigniew Brzezinski (he recently passed away in 2017). In 1972, Brzezinski left his teaching post in Russian Studies at Columbia University to, with David Rockefeller, the longtime former head of Chase Manhattan Bank, form the Trilateral Commission; In a paper he had written for Foreign Affairs in 1970, called "Between Two Ages- America's Role in the Technetronic Era", Brzezinski wrote that he believed that the rapid rise of computing devices and the microprocessor would soon begin to drastically change the world economy, and would begin to merge the political/financial realms of the East and the West. Both men then formed a commission to begin to facilitate this change.[110]

The name "Trilateral" denotes a union between Europe, North America, and Asia Pacific, represented by Japan. The organization, as it currently stands, consists of 427 members, (120 from North America, 170 from Europe, and about 117 from Asia Pacific). The North American list includes a who-is-who of some of the highest-ranking people in business and politics, among them are billionaries, Silicon Valley Moguls, media talking-heads, and former presidents.

Particularly noteworthy here was the 1976 presidential election, the outcome of which was that the then trilaterals Jimmy Carter, as Preseident, Walter Mondale, as VP, and Zbigniew Brzezinski, as national security advisor, all came into power. The incoming secretaries of state, defense, and the treasury, Cyrus R. Vance, Harold Brown, and W. Michael Blumethal were also members. This meant that out of only 120 people in North America, the top three to six highest positions in government were now all occupied by trilaerals.[111] This 'coincidence' shows just how much power the organization has had to influence world affairs, as it has done so now for the last 45 years.

The growing union between the two largest economies of the world, China and the United States, through the ballooning trade deficit, the mass-production of mobile devices and Smartphones abroad, and the power of the Trilaeral Commission have also all converged during this period 1995-2015.

Back to the Top

Conclusion of Part II

The Interior of the Capital Dome, Washington DC, Present day

Any visitor who enters the rotunda of the capital dome is immediately drawn to its crowning interior mural, painted by the late Constantino Brumidi. Over 8.9 million pounds of Steel form the dome itself, with 108 side windows illuminating the mural each dawn; At the top is also a windowed structure called an oculus, derived from the Latin word that means "eye", that also catches the rays of the morning Sun to focus onto the mural from above.

The main theme of this image is that of Apotheosis, or the elevating of a single man, (in this case George Washington) from that of an ordinary human, to 'Supeman", what the Germans call the Ubemensch, or someone as having that of an otherworldly, or a semi-divine, mythological status. Here Washington is shown as seated in front of a throne, that is itself on a rainbow; directly behind him, in the background, is a "Sun" gate. He is surrounded by thirteen maidens, atop each of whose heads is crowned a "Star". Washington is holding a downturned sword in one hand, a symbol of the ending of all wars and conflicts through strength, while his other hand is pointing towards an "open" book" (See Photograph above [112]).

The symbol of the open book is also very significant to Washington DC, as it is another feature that keeps reappearing throughout various monument sites (see Appendix VI for a full list and description). It shows that Washington himself is being guided by otherworldly forces into a previously unknown realm of "limitless" knowledge. He is about to enter the Instauratio Magna.

More specifically, Washington is shown being guided by Bacon's three inventions, as they appear, in different forms, throughout the entire mural. For instance, one of the features, the rainbow that Washington is seated upon, is very significant. Rainbows often, in mythology, symbolize a "funerary bridge" or a gateway to another dimension. A closer look reveals that it arises and emanates from a scene titled Science, that shows three inventors, and their devices, who represent all three "information networks".

c

[See Photo – "Science" Scene on interior of the Capital Dome – Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Morse, and Robert Fulton conversing with Minerva. A printing press is far right. Minerva points to Franklin's electrostatic machine/ leyden jars, from which arises the rainbow. George Washington seated above.]

More specifically, the scene shows Benjamin Franklin alongside a printing press (the 1st information network), as well as Robert Fulton (an inventor of the Steamship/Steam Engine) and Samuel Morse (inventor of the commercial telegraph – 2nd information network). The rainbow appears to arise from the floor, where Franklin's electrostatic machine and leyden jars lay. These devices reveal his early experiments in electricity and are the predecessors to the voltaic pile battery. (Ben Franklin was the first to create the word battery, when he likened rows of his leyden jar capacitors to a 'battery of cannons'.)

The electric telegraph, in turn, was the first machine to use electricity, in the form of batteries. This, along with the steam engine, powered the 2nd information network. The 'binary transmissions' emanating thereof, eventually would then lead to the 3rd and final, current network: computers interconnecting with other computers worldwide.

The three inventors are conversing with Minerva, who personifies wisdom and human ingenuity. A closer look also shows she is pointing directly at Franklin's electrostatic machine, at which the three are also gazing. This again further emphasizes the importance of electricity in the history of establishing information networks.

Other scenes of the Baconian inventions and information networks abound throughout the mural: they include the Marine scene, showing the Greek Poseidon laying the transcontinental telegraph wire, the Roman Vulcan creating a steam locomotive from a canon (the cannon is also the symbol of gunpowder, and Vulcan is both the inventor of all weapons as well as a symbol of the dark side of fire, hence the term 'volcano'). Finally, another ironclad steamboat and an anchor further emphasize navigation via "Steam power".

In the room directly below the rotunda, called the crypt, is inlaid another bonze/stone floor compass that aligns to the mural. Aligning to these compass points above, atop the four entrances in the rotunda, are marble busts of the four most influential navigators of the New World: Christopher Columbus (discoverer of the New World), John Cabot (discoverer of North America), Sir Walter Raleigh (founder of the Roanoke Settlement), and Renѐ Robert Cavelier (discovered the Mississippi River). This shows that George Washington is not only entering a new era of "limitless" knowledge, but that he is also emerging as a navigator of knowledge.

The capital dome, for those who do not know, has three levels: at the top level is the dome itself and the rotunda, that is directly beneath it. Under that room, however, is a secret room of the ground floor, called the Crypt, whose many columns support the rotunda. Finally, within the crypt, is the entrance to a third, underground chamber, called the tomb. Here Washington was laid in State and supposed to have been entombed (he is currently buried in his nearby estate of Mount Vernon).

The analogy here is that, like George Washington, America will experience a death or death-like trance state, before its people will be reborn, and re-emerge from their tomb, as divine navigators of knowledge. This is analogous to the process of Egyptian Pharoahs, and adepts being buried in the Great Pyramid, as it is written in the Pyramid texts found in Saqqara, Egypt, and then reemerging as enlightened or illuminated persons, to whom secret knowledge concerning the world and the cosmos is then bestowed.

At their behest, according to the dome's mural, is the Novum Organum, or Bacon's world machine for the gathering of knowledge to catalogue and order the universe. Like the term, 'android' this new machine will be and will operate as if it were a literal, "living" extension of their physical being. In the poem, "The Rock" mentioned earlier, by T.S. Eliot, had written:

"Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge??

Where is the knowledge we have lost in information??"

Pomerantz wrote that this quote, cited often by information scientists, shows a hierarchy, that of wisdom, knowledge, information, and lastly raw data, as the following chart (see below [113]) shows:

Wisdom  knowledge  information  raw data

The navigators of Washington DC will be able to utlilize a compendium of the entire catalog of all knowledge or metadata on the Earth, to then sift through and siphon off from it only the highest forms of wisdom.

What is being described here is the literal attaching, and perhaps even the union, at the most fundamental level, or the human brain, (or mind), to that of a giant machine or a card catalog system, of the "library" of the earth. This is, to a limited extent, what is happening with people today with their iphones.

Most Smartphone users today will admit that this device has become a central feature of their lives, with many spending at least 3 hours per day in front of its screens. As Brian McCollough stated, in a previous quote, it has led to a lifestyle that is "always on, always updating, always connected....." Meanwhile, banks, surveillance companies, and even government agencies, such as the NSA, continue to collect and catalogue vast stores of "metadata" from all this activity. What we have here is the "hooking up" of the human mind to the Global, and even eventually the "cosmic" computer, at the centerpoint of Washington DC.

Earlier, it was mentioned that the only limitation to the efficacy and speed of any electronics device, and the cataloguing of metadata, is the number of transistors in its central processor. Currently, engineers in Silicon Valley have been able to shrink the size of the transistor down to only 7 nanometers. This is the reason circuit boards can now contain about 30 billion transistors!! While this is an amazing accomplishment, many are now forecasting that they will someday make a transistor, and electronic machinery that will operate at the atomic or the molecular level.

If this happens, electronic devices will become faster by a magnitude of a billion, billion, billion, billion, billion times from today's computers [114]. Will such a future advancement bring about in information a singularity or threshold point, opening the gateway to an unforeseen realm of literally "limitless" knowledge, and the future coming of an entirely new kind of person who is able to navigate through its channels.

Only the future and the passing of time will tell if this is true and will be able to unravel the mystery contained in these three quotations:

"It is well to note the force, and the virtue, and the consequences of discoveries. For nowhere is it more evident than in these three, previously unknown to the ancients (the Greeks) and whose recent origins, although obscure and inglorious, have done much to alter the face of and to change the stage of things of the whole world; these are, namely, the compass, gunpowder and the printing press: the first in navigation, the second in warfare and the third in literature, and from whence have followed innumerable changes, insomuch that no empire, no sect and no star has ever exerted greater influence over human affairs than these three mechanical devices."

-Francis Bacon, Aphorism CXXIX (129), Book 1, Novum Organum (1620)

"Photography, the electric telegraph, and the Steam engine are the three great discoveries of the Age. No five centuries in human progress can show such strides as these. @@@@"

-Inscription on the Daguerre Monument, author is unknown.

"Every once in a while, a revolutionary product comes along that changes everything. Well, today we're introducing three revolutionary products of this class. The first one is a wide-screen ipod with touch controls. The second is a revolutionary mobile phone. And the third is a a breakthough internet communications device. An ipod, a phone, and an internet communicator...."

"Are you getting it?? There are not three separate devices; this is one device, and we are calling it iphone....Today, Apple is going to reinvent the phone."

-Steve Jobs, Macworld Exposition, California, January 9, 2007.

Back to the Top

Epilogue: The Washington DC Navigator

"Time will reveal hidden truths."  
Inscription on the cover of Francis Bacon's final book, New Atlantis, published in 1626.

Freedom Plaza, 14th and Pennsylvania Avenue, center city, Washington DC, Present Day [115].

Standing directly in front of the freedom plaza, today, one is immediately drawn to the huge floor map, that spans hundreds of feet in dimension, of Charles L'Enfant's original design for the center city of Washington DC. Build from inlays of colored stone in 1980, at one of the entrances is also a large floor compass-rose, the symbol of the universal pathfinder. What is being shown is a huge 'map of the universe', in the likeness of the earliest street plan of the nation's capital. Alongside are etched various quotes, by Thomas Jefferson, Henry Adams, etcetera, and an accompanying outline/legend written by L'Enfant himself (See photograph above, compass is slightly left of center). Every day, numerous people step upon this compass emblem, without thinking any thought of what it means.

The eight-point Compass-rose with the fleur-de-lis, is the almost exact symbol of the first of Bacon's inventions, listed in Novum Organum: the magnetic compass, and the map that emanates from its points thereof, that of an enormous visual catalogue of all known information in the universe. It could also be compared to a fullscale volvelle or ancient App, here represented in the 1791 outline of the city of Washington DC.

This site is only one of several such sites, each built on an immense scale, in DC, showing a map of the universe, as an invisible infrastructure of metadata, arising from a floor emblem of the magnetic, mariner's compass points. Pomerantz had been previously cited, as mentioning that there were many forms of maps (star maps, nautical charts, road maps, etcetera) and each one, like the volvelles, shows the world in a different format, or as a simplified form of a visual display of data. Likewise, from each one of these 'compass' monument sites also arises and emanates a different visual display of the rebirth of this New World, as a huge card catalogue of metadata:

1. John Ericsson National monument \- as viking mythology/cosmogony, i.e. the Old Norse version of the creation of the universe.  
2. Meridian Hill Park – as a knowledge of astronomy/geography.  
3. Nat'l Archives, Naval Memorial outdoor Plaza – as a full-scale map projection of a hemisphere of the Earth, seen from a point in outer space.  
4. Zero milestone – as the point all roads are meant to lead to, and from which they are measured. (i.e., a road map)  
5. Freedom plaza – as the original 1791 map of Washington DC.  
6. The Great Hall in the Library of Congress – in terms of Copernican Heliocentrism, or the idea that the Earth revolves around the Sun, a discovery seen today as representing the birth of Modern Science.

Above all else, they symbolize the ancient form of the analog computer, as well as Apps in the Smartphone. The three Baconian inventions are the main components thereof, each as universal collectors of massive amounts of 'metadata'.

The author Greg Milner, in his book Pinpoint: How GPS is Changing Technology, Culture, and our Minds, made a profound statement, when he wrote that GPS, that is now responsible for almost all Global navigation, as well as an entire industry, whose value may run into the trillions of dollars, is, at its core, just a "radio signal"[116]. GPS is the translation of the first Baconian inventions into no less than a wave of energy, travelling and communicating at the speed of light.

Similarly, the introduction of digital photography is the capturing of an image into electrical impulses, that translate into "light" pixilation. Finally, wifi, the phone signal, and email are all electrical communications through the air, in a rough sense "radio waves", again traveling at the speed of light.

The person in history to unify light and electricty, to first show that light functions as a wave of electromagnetic energy, was the Scottish thinker James Clerk Maxwell, in his publication A Dynamic Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, in 1865. This has since been called the second unification of physics (The first unification was Isaac Newton's Da Principia manuscript and is that of terrestrial and celestial mechanics). Like Isaac Newton, Nikola Tesla, Robert Boyle, and many others, Maxwell believed in a universal medium that could transit both electromagetic power and light, what was then dubbed as the 'Luminiferous Ether' (also spelled as Aether).

Ether, or Aether, is a greek word, signifying an ancient, primordial being, (in mythology one of the "first born" beings or the protogenos) that symboizes light. It is derived from the word αίθήρ that means in Homeric Greek, "fresh air" or "clear sky", but is also likened to the word αϊθω, that means burning, to incinerate, and thus, also to 'burning air'. Aether was then first directly described in the writings of Plato and Aristotle.

Plato was the first to mention it, in his dialogue "Timaeus" (58d), stating that there existed the most rarified, translucent form of air, called Aether. Aristotle then completed this definition, by naming it as the fifth Element, in addition to air, fire, earth, and water. Unlike the other four, however, the aether was incorruptible, and could only be found in the upper atmosphere in the cosmos. The aether was also responsible, Aristotle noted, for the turning of all the planets and stars, that revolved in their 'crystal spheres' of the aether. Like its etymology, he also equated it with both fire and air.

This word has just recently, again, reemerged in popular culture, as a synonym for wifi or the internet, called the Ethernet. Ethernet, however, today, has a more exact definition, as it means 'a localized system that connects computers to computers'[117]. This again, reveals the importance of the Baconian inventions, as massive collectors of metadata, they also form the backbone of all internet functioning, or the main conduit by which computers are all interconnected.

Today, one person using a computer terminal is, on average, also communicating with dozens of other computers in remote locations. Often the person is even unaware of this most of the time, yet most people are now interacting with hundreds, and very soon thousands of computers on-a-daily basis[118]. The Baconian inventions are now three components that centrally contribute to the continued functioning of this network.

In addition, many people throughout history, including Tesla, and Maxwell, himself, believed that the Ether also denoted electricity without wires, or longitudinal, electric 'soundwaves'. Tesla even tried for many years, unsuccessfuly, to experiment, between 1899-1906, in his Colorado Springs laboratories and the Wardenclyffe Tower site in New York State, to make wireless electricity a reality. Many have likened this supposed final form of electricity to ball lightning, or the modern equivalent to Thor's hammer, mjolnar, or Zeus's lightning bolts.

The inference is that whosoever can successfully navigate through the universal map of metadata will wield the final form of the three Baconian inventions, as they would exist as a proverbial beam of light, or an electromagnetic wave of energy, in its most basic form.

Tesla, himself, who experimented far more with wireless electricity than any other historical figure, made this very prescient statement, in an interview, in the January 30, 1926 issue of Collier's Magazine:

"When wireless is perfectly applied the whole Earth will be converted to a huge brain, which is, in fact, all things being part of a real and rhythmic whole. We shall be able to communicate with one another instantly, irrespective of distance. Not only this, but through Television and telephony we shall see and hear one another as perfectly as though we were face-to-face, despite intervening distances of thousands of miles; and the instruments through which we shall be able to do this will be amazingly simple compared with our present telephone. A man will be able to carry one in his vest pocket."[119]

Tesla, who practically invented modern electricity with patents for the AC power generator and the modern radio, has now come very close to describing worldwide communication via the Smartphone, well over 70 years before it happened!!

The connection of these features in DC along with numerous images of Minerva (who represents strategic warfare), Vulcan ( the inventor of all weapons), Ares (brute warfare) and Zeus (said to have all wars in his keeping and decides when men will fight [120]) throughout the city, also infer a much darker interpretation of metadata: not only can it be the ultimate device to collect information, but it could also symbolize a future, ultimate instrument of warfare, or a weapon which could be used to end all wars.

The concept of metdata collection as the future, perfect weapon for surveillance, entrapment, assassination, and even warfare is not new-at-all. One of the most striking statements in Pomerantz's book Metadata, is a quote taken from General Michael Hayden, in 2014, at a conference titled "Re-evaluating the NSA" at Johns Hopkin's University, in which he said "We kill people based on Metadata" [121]. This was quite startling to many, since Hayden had been a former head of both the CIA and the NSA' as such, he was considered to know as much as anybody about what goes on there. Pomerantz later explained this statement by describing that Metadata gathering could reveal enough about a person's social ties to "....justify taking military action against that individual, according to the burden of proof required by the United States intelligence community."[122]

Having been said this, the devices that are, today, some of the main gatherers of Metdata, GPS, the earliest cellular phones, and the internet were all first created by the United States military, and for over a decade, roughly from 1973-1990, could be only accessed by military personnel. During this time, their sole purpose was in coordinating various armed forces in the case of a major war or a nuclear holocaust. It is also no coincidence, as well, that the two main agencies of the government that gather the most metadata are, in themselves, quasi-branches of the military or law enforcement: the NSA and the FBI [123]. Even the antecedent of photography is gunpowder, which for several centuries was the main weapon and a deciding factor in winning virtually all major, worldwide conflicts.

The main theory of metadata as the ultimate world weapon, is that by collecting enough information about any person(s) or entities, in the most effective manner, any military personnel could succesfully predict any-and-all future movements of the enemy. People could, in theory, be assasinated using metadata, populations could be systematically decimated, and even whole nations could be destroyed without the public having any awareness of what is happening. All this would occur by covert means, through the simple process of an efficient algorithm for the mass-gathering of information.

Whether-or-not such an instrument could one day mean either enlighment or mass-destruction, or whether these features in Wasington DC mean one or another, is left open, thus far, to the imagination. Ultimately, it can only be determined by the future course of society. To an extent, it is also up to each-and-every person to decide their own fate, as to how to utilize the knowledge of the future.

From the beginning of their creation, about a hundred years ago, until the present, no doubt thousands and perhaps even millions have stepped upon the floor compasses throughout Center City, Washington DC. Yet there may come a day when a person steps onto these markers who can truly understand and be able to actualize their true meaning and purpose. This person would have fulfilled the vision of these unknown, mysterious builders of the city, that of the final translation of the best of mankind, into the Washington DC Navigator.

Back to the Top

###

Thank you for reading my book A "Secret" in Washington DC"!! This book is different from most other books, in that, I personally believe, it also has an additional historic, and even national significance. I wrote it primarily as a contribution, and a dedication to our country's history. If you enjoyed this book, and you share my sentiments, won't you please take the time to leave me a review at your favorite retailer. Thanks, again.

Christopher Drew

About Christopher Drew

A "Secret" in Washington DC is Christopher Drew's first self-published book, and it took an incredible amount of preliminary research into the monuments and the background of Washington DC, before even the first page was written.

All stages of the book's development, from the research, the gathering of public domain photographs, the cover, and all stages of its publication were done by Christopher Drew alone and without any external support. The book's primary purpose is to make known the truth about Washington DC and our nation's history.

Back to the Top

Supplemental Text #1: "William Shakespeare" in Washington DC

[Note: information obtained by visiting the sites themselves, the government websites of the sites, and the general info. thereof available. Also obtained by info. found on Wikipedia, online travel sites on DC, and viewing photos of the sites on Flickr and Wikimedia Commons, as well as that which is cited below.]

Another piece of evidence to support the idea of the design of Washington DC as the model of a world computer database or card catalogue, is the fact that several large, very prominent libraries have also been constructed in the last hundred-or-so years in DC. Among these, first -and foremost, is the Library of Congress, the purported largest library in the world, at the virtual center of DC, next to the Capital Dome, along the nation's highway, Pennsylvania Avenue.

However, other lesser known, but also very extensive libraries include the Carnegie Building, at Mount Vernon Square. It is one of over two-thousand libraries around the world, built from money donated by the industrial magnate and philantropist Andrew Carnegie. The Carnegie Library used to function as the Public Library of Washington DC but is now the center of the Historical Society.

Two other, unique libraries include one of which is dedicated entirely to astronomy and navigation, and is also considered the largest of its kind, at the top of the Naval Observatory Hill, where the clock room that houses the "master" atomic clock, that coordinates GPS worldwide, is also found. The vice-president's residence, at One Observatory Hill, is also located there.

A few blocks north of the president's house is also found a huge and intricately built step-pyramid building, called the House of the Temple, that is the headquarters, worldwide, of the Mother Council of the 33rd degree of the Masonic Lodges. This building also houses an extensive, circular library on Masonic literature from all over the world.

Lastly, and perhaps most intriguing, however, is the Folger Shakespeare Library, found less than two blocks away from the Capital Dome and the Library of Congress. It contains the largest amount of printed material in the world relating to the British author and Stratfordian William Shakespeare.

If someone were to ask you, "Where is the largest library of printed material related to William Shakespeare??", most people would probably say somewhere in Britain, or Europe. This is not the case, however, as it is the Folger Library, that houses 82 copies of First Folio (the earliest edition of all Shakespeare's 39 plays), out of only 235 copies known to exist. This largest collection of its kind is also found, almost right next to the capital dome, at the very center of Washington DC.

This becomes even more intriguing, when considering that many people believe that Francis Bacon and William Shakespeare to be one-and-the same person, or rather, that it was Francis Bacon who is the true author of William Shakespeare's Plays. While this theory may, at first, seem far-fetched, many well-known people in history have believed it, with the list including, Henry James, Mark Twain, Sigmund Freud, and Ralph "Waldo" Emerson. The belief and the amount of evidence is such, that several books have also been written entirely to support this claim. The conspiracy author Jim Marrs also wrote, in his book Rule by Secrecy, that an anagram has been supposedly found in Love's Labour Lost, that, in Latin, spells out "These plays, the offspring of F. Bacon, are preserved for the world."[124]

Part of the reason for this belief, is the large absence of documentation concerning the bard's life as a Playwright. No known original writings of Shakespeare have ever been found to exist, for certain, and there is no definitive proof, in his biography, that Shakespeare was ever an actor or a playwright. Furthermore, in all the known signatures that have been found in Shakespeare's handwriting (six in total), he spells his name differently each time, and nowhere is it spelled as is attributed to him in First Folio, William Shakespeare. To many, this has been evidence of illiterate scrawl, and that the person known as William Shakespeare was an illiterate businessman, who could neither read nor write [125].

Bacon, on the other hand, Marrs contended, was a "master of English Prose", and having been of noble birth (unlike Shakespeare, who was born as a commoner), would know more than enough about the courtly aristocracy, to write about it accurately in the Shakespearean Plays.

One of the strongest pieces of evidence to support this theory is a notebook that Francis Bacon kept during his lifetime, called the Promus of Formularies and Elegancies (Promus for short). It currently resides in the British Museum, under the Harleian Collection No.7017. Within it are notes, in Bacon's own handwriting, that consist of about 1,600 entries in the various languages of English, Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, and French. Of much interest to proponents of the Baconian/Shakespeare Theory, are 203 English Proverbs contained therein. At least ¾, or approximately 152 of them, are a near identical match, semantically, to passages in Shakespeare's plays. Since the Promus was written between 1594-1596, at a time when Shakespeare was all but unknown to the public, many take this as direct evidence that Bacon is the real, "hidden" author of the Shakespearean Plays [126].

The author Robert Theobald, wrote, in his 1901 book Shakespearean Studies in a Baconian Light (Chapter 6: The Promus, page 202):

"If Bacon wrote Shakespeare, the Promus is intelligible, if he did not, it is an unsolvable riddle."

The Promus provides a strong basis to believe both men are, at the very least, somehow connected through their writings, which no doubt only adds to the intrigue of the Folger Library.

The Folger Library was built between 1930-1932, by the funding of the businessman Henry Clay Folger, a former president and head of Standard Oil for New York, with his wife, Emile Jordan Folger, who had been lifelong collectors and lovers of Shakespearean lore. Today it is administered and endowed by the trustees of Amherst College [127]. However, there exists another very odd coincidence regarding this library at the center of DC, which is that the combined works of Shakespeare are, in themselves, a literal card catalogue or metadata infrastructure of the English Language.

More generally, language is also, like metadata, a symbol of a world map. Each language, and there are over 7,000 known languages that have ever existed, is, in its written form, a slightly different, simplified visual display of all objects and ideas of the world. In this way, language is also akin to the earliest form of volvelles and the modern-day app, with Shakespeare as its most prolific author.

Shakespeare is the most quoted writer in Johnson's dictionary and is also attributed with having created the most, new words of any author: about 1,500-2,000. The total word count of all the bard's plays use between 28,000-29,000 words, with, amazingly, at least 12,000 words, he uses no more than once [128]. You could easily learn the English language much better than most native-born speakers, just by reading and studying his plays!! He remains today as the most widely read author in English, and his writings have been translated into every known "living" language throughout the world [129].

References to William Shakespeare, surprisingly, can be found all throughout center city, Washington DC. Quotes from Shakespearean plays are engraved on the walls of Union Station, on a statue in front of the National Archives, and he is the most quoted author in the inscriptions on the walls of the Library of Congress. A bronze statue of Shakespeare, along with that of Francis Bacon, is one of sixteen perched among the upper ballustrades under the dome of the nation's Library. The author Dan Brown, who wrote the 2009 book on Washington DC "secrets", The Lost Symbol, has stated in interviews, his belief that the room that houses these statues, the Main Reading Room, is also the most important room in all Washington DC.

An aluminum statue of the mythical Puck, from A Midsummer's Night Dream, is also found in front of the Folger Library, at the base is inscribed his outcry, "What fools these motals be!!" [130] Is there a hidden meaning in this quote?? Could it be that the builders of Washington DC have secretly fooled everyone, and have really designed the city as dedicated to both men William Shakespeare and Francis Bacon?? This is, in secretly knowing that, sometime in the future, his plays are to be utilized as a language version of a Novum Organum, a literal card catalogue or metadata infrastructure of the English Language, as well as that both men are, in fact, either in some way secretly connected or are, in fact, one-and-the same person.

Back to the Top

Supplemental Text #2: Summary, the 1645 Woodcut, and Ben Johnson's Eulogy

Summary

The three quotes that form the basis of the theory of this book, once again, are as follows:

"It is well to note the force, and the virtue, and the consequences of discoveries. For nowhere is it more evident than in these three, previously unknown to the ancients (the Greeks) and whose recent origins, although obscure and inglorious, have done much to alter the face of and to change the stage of things of the whole world; these are, namely, the compass, gunpowder and the printing press: the first in navigation, the second in warfare and the third in literature, and from whence have followed innumerable changes, insomuch that no empire, no sect and no star has ever exerted greater influence over human affairs than these three mechanical devices."

-Francis Bacon, Aphorism CXXIX (129), Book 1, Novum Organum (1620)

"Photography, the electric telegraph, and the Steam engine are the three great discoveries of the Age. No five centuries in human progress can show such strides as these. @@@@"

-Inscription on the Daguerre Monument, author is unknown.

"Every once in a while, a revolutionary product comes along that changes everything. Well, today we're introducing three revolutionary products of this class. The first one is a wide-screen ipod with touch controls. The second is a revolutionary mobile phone. And the third is a a breakthough internet communications device. An ipod, a phone, and an internet communicator...."

"Are you getting it?? There are not three separate devices; this is one device, and we are calling it iphone....Today, Apple is going to reinvent the phone."

-Steve Jobs, Macworld Exposition, California, January 9, 2007.

A closer look reveals that these three quotes represent the beginnings of the three main information networks or information Superhighways, that have been created throughout history. The author Tom Wheeler recently wrote a book in 2019 called From Gutenberg to Google: The History of Our Future, in which he describes, to a great length, each of these networks.

Tom Wheeler has a background that shows he is, today, one of the foremost experts on technology and information. He was the head of the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) between November 2013 and February 2017. Before then, he had over 30 years of experience in telecommunications, and was the CEO of several tech consulting firms, including the Shiloh Group, LLC, and Smart Brief. He is also the only person ever to be inducted into both the Cable Television Hall of Fame and the Wireless Hall of Fame [131].

Wheeler's book, From Gutenberg To Google: The History of Our Future shows the history of information technology in terms of three distinct network revolutions. Remarkably, Wheeler's three divisions exactly coincide with that which is delineated in both these quotes and the previously mentioned sites in Washington DC. As he states:

"Railroads pulled economic activity out of the hands of individual artisans and into massive industrial institutions. Now the skilled individual is returning to prominence, thanks to the ability to connect to a massive market without the need to be massive oneself.

The telegraph and telephone extended the user's reach but at the price of being tied to a wire coming through the wall. Now individuals can access wireless networks to deliver connectivity where the user is rather than where the wire is.

The mechanized productivity of information that began with Gutenberg, the power of engines that began with the harnessing of steam, and the binary transmission of electrons that began with the telegraph have all combined to create the third great network revolution. Accompanying this is the same kind of upheaval, opposition, opportunity and stress that attended preceeding network transformations." [132]

The first quote, in Novum Organum, describes and accurately coincides with that of the first Information Network in Wheeler's book; that is the rise of the Gutenberg Printing Press throughout Medieval Europe. The Renaissance also began at almost the exact same time detailed in this quote, that of 1280-1300. Standard historians date its start to the early 14th century, with the writings of Dante Alighieri and Petrarch.

Dante wrote his Divine Comedy, between the years 1308-1320, and then first published it at about the time of his death, in 1321. Shortly thereafter, Petrarch's writings take place between 1327-1371. Petrarch has often been dubbed as the father of the Renaissance [133]. He was also the first to describe the phenomenon of Europe coming out of the "Dark Ages", which is a term he also invented [134].

At this same time, many Greek manuscripts, previously thought lost for over a thousand years, began to surface throughout the continent (Many believe they came from the sacking of Constantinople in 1204, as it was said their Imperial Library was the last major repository of knowledge of the ancient world). The reappearance of these manuscripts, as well as that of the creation of Papermills and later Press Operators throughout Europe, is what, in turn, formed the "book fed" Renaissance, that of the first information superhighway in modern times. Much evidence also exists, that the three inventions listed in this quote are the main catalysts to have started the Renaissance. This is because they had each increased information access, respectively, on a large scale, via navigation, conquest, and the availability of printed material worldwide.

Likewise, the second quote is an exact description of Wheeler's second information network, that resulted from the rise of the railroad and telegraphy wire. Whereas the first network took place in Medieval Europe, the second primarily occurred in the New World, and coincided with the birth of the Industrial Revolution. The timeframe of this quote occurs, as well, precisely at the dawn of the Industrial Era, between 1780-1800. Again, the three inventions listed here are at the forefront, as they include the electric telegraph, and the Steam Engine (the railroads had used Steam Locomotion, and steamboats proliferated in the rivers of the new World).

Photography, the third and last invention, was the primary vehicle used to procure investment, in the form of government-backed bonds, for the trans-continental railroad, between 1863-1868. This marked the first major project in history, in which commercial photography would play such a key role. Photos, at the same time, began to merge with the printed word in the form of magazines and newspapers, a new medium that, again, tremendously increased knowledge among the masses. Much later, it would then morph into 20th century cinema and that of amateur camera photography.

Finally, the last quote, from Steve Jobs at Macworld, matches that of the third and last, most current of Wheeler's Information Networks. This last information highway, Wheeler wrote, is that of the computer, the internet and the rise of big data. Rather, more specifically, he writes that it is the "marriage" of the computer and the telecommunications industry, to create a network of computers increasingly interconnecting with computers worldwide.

Wheeler writes that this began with the creation of the modern digital computer, that was created by several different researchers, at the university level, between the years 1936-1943, attempting to create a machine that "was capable of automating algorithms" [135]. This ultimately resulted in the building of ENIAC (Electronic numerical Integrator and calculator), the first "modern" computer.

ENIAC was 30 tons, took up a huge room, and its circuitry was composed of around 18,000 vacuum tubes. It was built between 1943-1945 (it was later dismantled after the silicon transistor was invented, twelve years later, in 1956) and was an outgrowth of modern mechanization for the WWII war effort. Its main purpose, at the time, was in automating ballistics, as to find the trajectory of missiles. ENIAC, as Wheeler reports, could calculate a missile trajectory in 30 seconds, what humans before had taken manually 20 hours [136]!!

A crucial period in this, the digital age, has been the years 1995-2015, with the tremendous increase in metadata, internet availability, and ultimately the creation of the iphone.

Wheeler later describes, in detail, the singular importance he places on the mobile phone, later in his book, as he states:

"Today the mobile phone of 2002 is a musueum antique; that it made phone calls without a physical connection was a wonder in its time. In the new network revolution, however, wireless delivery and the internet have merged. The computing engine that started with Babbage is now a powerful processor in pocket or purse, and the universal network envisioned by Vail has become as ubiquitous as the air. Together they have created the most powerful and pervasive platform in the history of the planet." [137]

A closer look at the passage shows Wheeler is zeroing in on the merger of two entities. The first is the 'computing device', that he mentions was created by 'Charles' Babbage. Charles Babbage was an English thinker and inventor who, between the years of 1834 and 1836, wrote down the first conceptual design of what would, only a century later, finally be built: a digital computer. The other entity is the wireless network of Theodore Vail.

Theodore Vail was the younger cousin of Alfred Vail, the assistant to Samuel Morse, who would later become the head of and be most responsible for the development of AT&T (American Telegraph and Telephone) into a major utility company. As such, he would also play the key role in creating a "universal telephone system" across the United States.

What is Wheeler describing?? It can only be the union of the telephone and computer networks, which is none other than that of the iphone ("internet" phone) and the mobile smartphone. He cites it as "the most powerful and pervasive platform", and that is also the title of the chapter of his book where this quote is found (Chapter 7: The Most Powerful and Pervasive Platform on the Planet). In so doing, he clearly believes the Smartphone to be the most crucial and significant development in the 3rd information network, that of the merger of the computer with telecommunications, or what is computers increasingly interconnecting with computers worldwide.

Wheeler again writes and reconfirms this same idea, later in his book:

"The computing technology that evolved from Charles Babbage's work to the microprocessor, the binary impulses of the telegraph, and Gutenberg's idea of breaking information into its smallest usable parts have all combined to redefine how we connect and how we live." [138]

The creation of the iphone is none other than the three inventions of Francis Bacon, reemerging in the modern era to centrally fuse with the microprocessor, in the form of GPS, the Camera Phone, and modern telecom. Can this be a coincidence, that the three main information networks Tom Wheeler describes in his books, are exactly as that described by these three quotations?? Can it also be a coincidence that he claims the most important development in this history, is also that which is the most current convergence of the inventions in Novum Organum, the mobile Smartphone device??

The truth is that the architects of Washington DC have created the city, over the last 100-150 years, to intentionally reflect the development of information networks, using Francis Bacon's Novum Organum quote as a template for describing their starting point in history.

The 1645 Woodcut

This woodcut is from the title page of the 1645 edition of the publication of Novum Organum (See Photograph below – From Houghton Library, Harvard University).

c

It is significant because it is a visual description of the final goal of the book, that of Mankind passing through a metaphysical gateway into a previously unknown world of "limitless knowledge". The illustration is that of a ship's Galleon about to pass through the Pillars of Hercules. To the ancient Greeks and Romans, these two mythical columns were said to be at the Strait of Gibraltar and were said to mark the barrier of the end of the known world. Underneath is a quote in Latin (Novum Organum was written by Bacon in Latin), "Multi perambulant & augebitur Scientia", that translates to "Many will pass through, knowledge will be increased."

Behind this is the idea of "limitless" knowledge, and that the computer processor is a device that will eventually be able to cross through all barriers in the attainment of world knowledge. In the final chapter of the book, Garfinkel, Simson L. & Grunspan, Rachel H., The Computer Book: From the Abacus to Artificial Intelligence, 250 Milestones in the History of Computer Science, the authors state that there exist only two limiting factors to the capability of the computer: (1.) that of the speed of light, and (2.) the scale and the computational power of its circuitry, which are essentially the number of transistors in its main processor.

The authors then continue to say that several scientists believe that the speed of the light may one day be surpassed, by a theoretical process called quantum entanglement. In so doing, one day, they surmise that the compational power of machines may one day surpass this speed by well over ten-thousand-fold. In addition, as previously noted, many scientists are also trying to shrink circuitry down to the size of molecules and atoms. Again, this could also possibly increase the computational power of the computer tremendously, making it many billions of times faster than its present speed [139].

This goes a long way to show that the potential for the computer as a data acquisition device, may indeed be "limitless", and that the 1645 illustration might not represent just an idea, but a concrete and a definable reality, one that the builders of Washington DC have long since been aware of, and have been trying to show in the features of their monuments, well into the end of the 20th century.

Ben Johnson's Eulogy

Ben Johnson, besides William Shakespeare, was England's other great man of letters and, besides the bard, is considered the second most influential writer during the Elizabethan Era (16th century). Ben Johnson's Eulogy, after the death of Francis Bacon in 1626, is famous and worth repeating here, as it shows the singular influence he had during his lifetime. It is the source for which people now regard Bacon as "the greatest English man who ever lived", and also as the "last man who knew everything".

[Note: Ben Johnson was also, curiously, rumored to be one of the very few people in history who personally knew William Shakespeare, or, rather, perhaps, the secret identity of William Shakespeare, as he wrote the introduction to First Folio in 1623, the first published edition of the complete Shakespearean Plays.]

(notes are in square brackets)

Dominus Verulaminus [another name for Francis Bacon, as the Baron Verulamen]

One, though he be excellent and the chief, is not to be imitated alone; for never no imitator ever grew up to his author; likeness is always on this side truth. Yet there happened in my time one noble speaker who was full of gravity in his speaking; his language, where he could spare or pass by a jest, was nobly censorious.[severe] No man ever spake more neatly, more presly [concisely], more weightily, or suffered less emptiness, less idleness, in what he uttered. No member of his speech but consisted of his own graces. His hearers could not cough, or look aside from him, without loss. He commanded where he spoke, and had his judges angry and pleased at his devotion [choice, disposal]. No man had their affections more in his power. The fear of every man that heard him was lest he should make an end.

Scriptorum catalogus [catalogue of writers]. \- Cicero is said to be the only wit that the people of Rome had equalled to their empire. Ingenium par imperio. We have had many, and in their several ages (to take in but the former seculum[century] Sir Thomas More, the elder Wyatt, Henry Earl of Surrey, Chaloner, Smith, Eliot, B[ishop] Gardiner, were for their times admirable; and the more, because they began eloquence with us). Sir Nico[las] Bacon was singular, and almost alone, in the beginning of Queen Elizabeth's times. Sir Philip Sidney and Mr. Hooker (in different matter) grew great masters of wit and language, and in whom all vigor of invention and strength of judgment met. The Earl of Essex, noble and high; and Sir Walter Raleigh, not to be contemned, either for judgment or style; Sir Henry Savile, grave, and truly lettered; Sir Edwin Sandys, excellent in both; Lo[rd] Egerton, the Chancellor, a grave and great orator, and best when he was provoked; but his learned and able, though unfortunate, successor [Bacon] is he who hath filled up all numbers, and performed that in our tongue which may be compared or preferred either to insolent Greece or haughty Rome. In short, within his view, and about his times, were all the wits born that could honor a language or help study. Now things daily fall, wits grow downward, and eloquence grows backward; so that he may be named and stand as the mark and "akun"[acme] of our language.

De augmentis scientiarum [Concerning the Advancement of the Sciences] - I have ever observed it to have been the office of a wise patriot, among the greatest affairs of the State, to take care of the commonwealth of learning. For schools, they are the seminaries of State; and nothing is worthier the study of a statesman than that part of the republic which we call the advancement of letters. Witness the care of Julius Caesar, who, in the heat of the civil war, writ his books of Analogy, and dedicated them to Tully. This made the late Lord S[aint] Alban [Bacon] entitle his work Novum Organum; which, though by the most of superficial men, who cannot get beyond the title of nominals [names of things] it is not penetrated nor understood, it really openeth all defects of learning whatsoever, and is a book which extends to the famous author a long future.

"My conceit of his person was never increased toward him by his place or honors. But I have and do reverence him for the greatness that was only proper to himself, in that he seemed to me ever, by his work, one of the greatest men, and most worthy of admiration, that had been in many ages. In his adversity I ever prayed that God would give him strength; for greatness he could not want. Neither could I condole in a word or syllable for him, as knowing no accident could do harm to virtue, but rather help to make it manifest.

Supplemental Text #3: Authentication: The Bulletin Building and the Garfield Monument

The contents of this book have, so far, given much evidence to show that a grand design exists in Washington DC concerning the rise of information networks, as well as the beliefs and writings of Francis Bacon. This is in no way a small plan, as the features in the monuments described here have cost millions of dollars (more likely tens of millions of dollars and perhaps even more), the hiring of several very well-known sculptors (including James Earl Fraser, one who is best known for designing the reliefs on the Buffalo Nickel), and have spanned over a 120 years, or more than any human life span, in the making. Furthermore, two very important historical figures have contributed to it, Constantino Brumidi, as the main artist of the interior of the Capital building and Dome, as well as Thomas Jefferson, the third President and the author of the Declaration of Independence.

All this said, is there any way to prove this design exists? Remarkably, there exist two sites in DC that do provide such evidence, thereby rendering a definitive authentication, beyond all doubt, that everything said in this book has been the truth.

The first site is called the Bulletin Building. Located in downtown Chinatown, at 717, 6th Steet. NW, it is only about two blocks away from the Daguerre Monument, and is within a mile walking distance of most major sites in DC, including the Washington Monument, the Capital Dome and the Whit House. The building was constructed in 1928 to house the printing press and offices of a small, one-page newspaper, formed by a businessman named Henry Tait Rodier. Though it thrived for several decades, the publication was eventually shut down in 1956. Since then, the building has been listed on the National Register as a historic site in the nation's Capital. Recently, the bottom floor has been made into a Deco bar and lounge.

What makes this building so significant to this book is its main artwork, that of four art-deco, limestone friezes along the top of the front entrance. Created by Charles Sullivan, they depict, in four stages, the history of the Printing Press (See photograph below).

cc

From left to right, chronologically, they are:

Panel 1 shows an oriental man operating a printing press, with numerous Chinese glyphs. This is a symbol of the earliest origin of the Press, in ancient China, in about the mid-eleventh century.

Panel 2 shows Johannes Gutenberg with a Press, and shows its introduction to Medieval Europe, at about 1450.

Panel 3 then shows Benjamin Franklin, operating a press by candlelight. This now shows how the Press has travelled to the New World, as Franklin was one of the most influential press operators in the earliest days of American History.

Finally, Panel 4 clearly shows a man operating an electric telegraph. He is seated, with his hand typing on the transmitter key. Telegraphy ticker tape, as well as the mechanical gears of the device are also shown, indicating electricity. The telegraph was the first commercial invention to use wide-spread electricity, in the form of dry-cell batteries. While it is not as clear, the operator bares a likeness to Samuel Morse, who invented the first commercial telegraph in the New World [140], [141].

A closer look shows that these illustrations, remarkably, are also an exact match to that which is described in the three quotations, for that of the most important of the listed invetions, the Printing Press. For instance, the transition from Panel 1 to Panel 2 exactly coincides with the passage of Novum Organum: it shows the transfer of the knowledge of the press from Asia to Medieval Europe, via Johannes Gutenberg's moveable type. Likewise, Panel 2 to both Panels 3 and 4 show the Printing Press travelling to the new world, where it has now morphed into the next phase of communications, the Electrical Telegraph.

[As a side note, both Ben Franklin as well as Samuel Morse were instrumental to the electric telegraph, as Franklin was one of the very first to experiment with electricity as well as Leyden Jars, which are a predecessor to the dry-cell battery. Ben Franklin, in fact, is the person in history who invented the word 'battery'.]

Finally, Panel 4 also shows the future destiny of the telegraph, as continually merging with mechanics and electricity, to form higher levels of modern technology. As the technology expert Carolyn Marvin previously was quoted (in chapter VIII(c.): Telecom – reprinted here)

"In a historical sense, the computer is no more than an instantaneous telegraph with a prodigious memory, and all the communications inventions in between have been elaborations on the telegraph's original work. In the long transformation that begins with the first application of electricity to communication, the last quarter of the nineteenth century has a special importance. Five proto-mass media of the twentieth century were invented during this period: the telephone, phonograph, electric light, wireless, and cinema."

What Marvin is saying, is that the telegraph represents the modern origin of all technoculture and our current telecom, with the iphone as the culmination and convergent device thereof. As Brian Merchant has observed, each of those devices listed are now infused as components of every iphone.

What are the chances that such a feature on a building can be found, only a few blocks in walking distance from all the monument sites listed and pertaining to this book?? It is beyond all reasoning to say that this is coincidence. The only reason for the Bulletin 'friezes' to exist is as 'verification', a cypher or "secret" writing, to show that the overall message of all the rest of the sites in DC can not be ignored as anything less than the truth. Offhand, the odds of all this occurring by accident, and without the guiding hand at work of a larger, grand design, are at least a million to one.

A second feature that provides similar authentication is the Garfield Monument. This important site is found in its own traffic island in front of the Capital Building on 1st Street, SW, and Maryland Avenue. It is in memoriam to the former President James A. Garfield, who was elected in 1880 but then was shot and assassinated, with only four months into his term.

Only a few years later, plans for a memorial began, and it was commissioned in 1884, with John Quincy Adams Ward as the sculpter. It was then finally built and dedicated on May 12, 1887, directly in front of the Capital Dome, where it still stands to this day.

Over the years, numerous onlookers and tourists have noticed a very strange feature on this monument. It is a bronze relief on the main pedestal, and shows that of a circular planetarium, or astrolabe. It is almost exactly like that shown in vollvelles or depicted in the much older Antikythera device, which are the symbol of the ancient form of an analog computer. What is so remarkable about this feature, that we will from now on call the 'Garfield Device' is that it is completely out of place in a monument, commemorating an ex-president. Yet, in contrast, it makes perfect sense, when described in terms of all the information pertaining to this book.

For instance, in researching the device we found that it shows, in very intricate detail, a map of the universe, in terms of Ptolemaic Geocentrism, or the Greek notion that the Earth is immovable and at the center of the universe. A near identical description can be found in Claudius Ptolemy's work on Astronomy, titled the Amalgest, from the 1st century AD (again, what is this doing on a monument in Washington DC??) At the center is a globe of the earth, also showing two measurement circles and a cartesian grid. The map appears to center on Washington DC, and this is another way of showing the compass points, radiating out from the nation's capital. Along the periphery are seven spheres on orbital tracks, representing the seven planets visible to the naked eye: mercury, venus, Mars, the moon, the Sun, Jupiter and Saturn, while the outermost ring shows all 12 signs of the Zodiac.

The Greek Ptolemaic model of the universe would later become the foundation template for almost all "cosmic maps" (volvelles and astrolabs) of the middle ages, as well as the planetarium displayed in "hardware" of the Antikythera Mecahanism. (Ptolemy, a curator of the Library of Alexandria in ancient Egypt, is regarded as the first geographer and mapmaker.) Hence, the Garfield funerary cartouche shows the ancient origin or earliest conceptual design for the predecessor of an analog/digital computer. It is also the starting point for the mapping of huge amounts of visual data, that would ultimately lead to, in the 21st century, what would be known as the "App".

It helps to remember, in 1887, when this monument was dedicated, that a digital computer would not be invented for over another 50 years (the first modern computer ENIAC, as previously mentioned, was built between 1943-1945). As such, the Garfield device, that many also refer to, mysteriously, as a "funerary cartouche", is how a computer is symbolized in its ancient form: a set of spinning wheels for computing the universe, called a "volvelle".

This same design was later replicated several times, on a very large scale, all throughout the center city in the early 20th century. It shows the compass-rose, or compass points radiating to form a map of the universe. This is the symbol of the 3rd, current information network, that of navigating all knowledge through a world device, in the form of an ever-expanding network of computers.

Surrounding the Garfield device are a quill pen, a compass divider, and the bronze plaque it is on, is that of an outstretched scroll. The statue of Garfield, above, is holding, in both hands, a "closed" book and an "opened" book. These again, are two images that repeatedly appear throughout the city's monuments, as symbols of the sum-total of all esoteric and exoteric knowledge in the universe.

All these images, again, are representative of universal recorded knowledge, reinforcing that what is being shown here is the cataloguing of all worldwide metadata. The Garfield device is a miniature "microcosmic" version of all the rest of these sites, emphasizing an instrument for the navigation, visual display, and acquisition of metadata. This is the world 'knowledge' machine that Francis Bacon has alluded to in the title of his book, Novum Organum, or the New Instrument of Science.

What is even more interesting, is that the Garfield "device" must have been created when the monument was dedicated, on May 12, 1887, well before any of the larger sites in DC were built. That means that whoever was behind the carving of this relief, has done so with the intent of making it a cypher, much like the bulletin building or the Daguerre inscription, a "secret" writing to decode the design for the later building of all the rest of these sites. It also exists for verification purposes, as further proof that such a grand design for a world machine is among the features of Washington DC.

In summary, then, there are three such cyphers that exist throughout the Capital City. These "secret writings" encode, through signs and symbols, the larger, hidden design plan in DC. As such, each cypher represents one of the three information networks in history:

(1.) Bulletin Building Panels – History of the Printing Press (1st information network)

(2.) Daguerre monument "Inscription" – Steam Engine and the Electric Telegraph (2nd information network

(3.) Garfield Device – the Computer fusing with telecommunications, or computers interconnecting with computers worldwide [can also symbolize generating visual displays of information, such computer software or the App]. (3rd and current information network)

Again, it is beyond all belief to say all these features were created randomly, and are not, in any way, connected. Added to this are all the other seemingly "coincidental facts" concerning the monuments, such as:

What are the odds that Constantino Brumidi has painted and/or described all six inventions listed in the Daguerre Monument, and in Novum Organum? Brumidi also appears to be emphasizing, in particular, the inventions central to the two earlier information networks in history, i.e. the Printing Press, as well as that of the Steam locomotive and the laying of telegraph wire. Several other unique "coincidences" found in the monument sites include:

What are the odds that numerous features found all thoughout DC, specifically depict all three original inventions listed in the Novum Organum quote?

What are the odds that the inscription on the Daguerre Monument, is an almost exact reference to the earlier quote in Novum Organum?

Finally, what are the odds that this same design, that of a huge world map of metadata, arising from a floor compass-rose emblem, appears all throughout the city? Again, this is a symbol of a giant machine for the cataloguing of all knowledge in the universe, as envisioned by Francis Bacon.

The odds of all these features occurring together by chance, all within walking distance of each other in DC, is, again, beyond all belief. To say offhand, the odds are at least a hundred million-to-one.

Without a doubt, this is verification that all that is said in this book, concerning Washington DC is true. What this means, is that the builders of the city have long since, even before the time of the Civil War, known of the importance of information networks, and information superhighways, that they were ultimately destined in the future to have a tremendous effect on the country. They have been tracking these changes throughout history and are showing what they believe is the end-result, in the features of their monument sites.

This idea, that stresses importance on the attainment and ability to navigate knowledge and wisdom, is an ancient concept, dating back to Greek as well as Roman Philosophy.

Cicero, said to have been the most influential of all people who wrote in Latin, at the time of the Roman Empire, had this to say concerning the attainment of wisdom:

"For what, in the name of heaven, is more to be desired than wisdom? What is better for a man, what more worthy of his nature ? Those who seek it are called philosophers; and philosophy is not anything else, if one will translate the word into our idiom, than 'the lov of wisdom'. Wisdom is 'the knowledge of things human and divine and the causes of which those things are controlled.' And if man lives who would belittle the study of philosophy, I quite fail to see what in the world he would see fit to praise."

.....and this same notion is echoed, time and again, throughout the most famous thinkers in the ancient world.....

"All men, by their nature, desire to know."

-Aristotle

"Reasoning is divine, all else is mortal."

-Pythagoras

"Wisdom is the oneness of mind, that guides and permeates all things."

– Heraclitus

....and finally the last quote, most famous in that it signifies Francis Bacon as the father of the study of information networks and information sciences.....

"Knowledge is power."

Their goal is that of the birth of a new type of person, who will be, essentially more than human, in that they will be able to navigate through amounts of information no ordinary person could ever even begin to fathom.

This is the vision of these builders: that of the final creation of the Washington DC navigator.

This book is the beginning of an entirely new way of looking at our nation's history. The door has now been opened, and now all that is left is to walk through it. Beyond is the birth of a new era that is beyond all imagination to describe, where the license of old limits no longer ceases to exist. Yet the builders of Washington DC sought to make this knowledge known to all those who are Americans, and to those who have come to seek what this country has long since stood for, in its principle as well as in its history.

Supplemental Text #4: Verification of the Monuments

In a book such as this, it becomes very important to have accurate citation for the Monuments and their features, as highlighted, in Washington DC. Thus, this last section is dedicated to making easily available this information, again, for verification puproses.

First, we will begin with the three cyphers found in the Capital City. These cyphers, or "secret writings" are various features found in historical sites throughout the center city. They encode for its larger design plan, that the city has been built to show the future importance of "information networks", and for the increased ability to navigate all forms of knowledge.

The cyphers, that each represent one of the three information networks in history, are as follows:

(1.) Bulletin Building Panels – Printing Press and the Renaissance (1st information network)

(2.) Daguerre monument "Inscription" – Steam Engine and the Electric Telegraph (2nd information network

(3.) Garfield Device – the Computer, the App, and computers interconnecting with computers worldwide. (3rd and current information network)

Verification for the Bulletin Building Panels:

Photos and descriptions of this feature can be found at these two online articles:

- Kelly, John, "Why is 'The Bulletin' carved on a Chinatown Building? Answer man has the Score.", The Washington Post, October 14, 2017,  https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/why-is-the-bulletin-carved-on-a-chinatown-building-answer-man-has-the-score/2017/10/14/c7a09ade-af6c-11e7-a908-a3470754bbb9_story.html?utm_term=.103619740d7f, last visited on June 1, 2019, at 7:57pm.

-Silverman, Dan, "What an Awesome Building – the Bulletin – in Chinatown", March 27, 2014, at 4:00 pm,  https://www.popville.com/2014/03/what-an-awesome-building-the-bulletin-in-chinatown/, last visited on June 1, 2019, at 8:03 pm.

Verification of the Daguerre Monument Inscription:

Descriptions and photos of this inscription can be found at these two sites:

-  https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/daguerre-monument, last visited on June 2, 2019, at 6:03 pm.

- https://www.hmdb.org/Marker.asp?Marker=28545 (The Historical Marker Database), last visited on June 2, 2019, at 6:09 pm.

Verification of the Garfield "Device":

-http://www.stariq.com/Main/Articles/P0001999.HTM (mentions it), last visited on June 2, 2019, at 6:10 pm.

- http://www.darkstar1.co.uk/darksatellite.htm (describes it and has detailed photos), last visited on June 2, 2019, at 6:14pm.

-  https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/arqueologia/worldwonders/Garfield.htm (has detailed photos and a description), last visited on June 2, 2019, at 6:14pm.

The Paintings by Constantino Brumidi, described in this book, in the Capital Building, are all found in the Government Published Resources:

-Constantino Brumidi: Artist of the Capital, July 11, 2000, prepared by the architect George M. White and completed by the architect Alan M. Hantman, under the direction of the Architect of the Capital ( http://www.aoc.gov ) agency It was authorized by the 103rd Congress (S. Congress Resolution 40) to celebrate the bicentennial of the construction of the Capital, and is senate-document 103-27. It can be found at  http://govinfo.gov/app/details/GPO-CDOC-103sdoc27/context, last visited on March 6, 2019, at 3:49pm.

\- Compiled by Burton, Amy Elizabeth, To Make Beautiful the Capital: Rediscovering the Art of Constantino Brumidi, Prepared under the direction of the U.S. Senate Commission on Art, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., 2014, Article: "The most 'Practicable Route': Brumidi's Landscapes and the Transcontinental Railroad", 52-56. Note: Amy Elizabeth Burton was responsible for the "breakthrough in research" that linked Brumid's Medallion paintings to the Pacific Survey Report and the Transcontinental Railroad.

Photos of the features at the Library of Congress, particularly of their two main rooms, the Great Hall and the Main Reading Room, can be found at the archives of its online site: https://www.loc.gov.

Information and photos concerning the bronze compass at the Zero Milestone Marker, can be found at: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/zero/cfm, last visited on June 4, 2019, at 7:35pm.

Information about the John Ericsson National Memorial (site of the largest Mariner's Compass) can be found at:  https://www.nps.gov/nama/planyourvisit/john-ericsson-memorial.htm, as well as:  http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMBFBR_John_Ericsson_Washington_DC

The rest of the monuments cited in this have been referenced in the footnotes section. Information about them can also be found online, at certain government and/or historical websites, on Wikipedia, or by visiting the sites themselves.

Appendices

Appendix I: List of the Images of the Six Inventions Found  
in the Brumidi Frescos in the Capital Building, in Washington DC

Note: This information was obtained from the Government Publication Office Book, Constantino Brumidi: Artist of the Capital, July 11, 2000, prepared by the architect George M. White and completed by the architect Alan M. Hantman, under the direction of the Architect of the Capital ( http://www.aoc.gov ) agency It was authorized by the 103rd Congress (S. Congress Resolution 40) to celebrate the bicentennial of the construction of the Capital, and is senate-document 103-27. It can be found at  http://govinfo.gov/app/details/GPO-CDOC-103sdoc27/context, last visited on March 6, 2019, at 3:49pm.

Magnetic Compass (2x):

1. Columbus "Discovery" Ceiling Mural, in the President's Room of the Senate Wing (S-216)

2. One of the nine panels of maidens holding various navigation instruments, Senate Appropriations Room (S-127).

The Printing Press (5x):

1. Benjamin Franklin, "History", Ceiling Mural in the President's Room (S-216) in the Senate wing.

2. Benjamin Franklin Portrait, Patent Corridor, Senate Wing, above the entrance to Room S-117.

3. Mural atop the Capital Dome, "Apotheosis of Washington", perimeter "Science" Scene, next to Benjamin Franklin.

4. "History" Ceiling Mural, Lyndon B. Johnson Room (S-211).

5. "Science" Ceiling Mural for the Senate Committee on the Library, Room S-129.

The Electric Telegraph (4x)

1. Mural atop the Capital Dome, "Apotheosis of Washington", Laying of the Transatlantic Telegraphic Wire by Poseidon and his cohorts in the "Marine" perimeter Scene.

2. "Telegraph" Mural above the entrance to the Lyndon B Johnson Room, Senate Wing, room S-211.

3. Benjamin Franklin Portrait, Image of his leyden jar experiment, Above the entrance of room S-117 in the Patent Corridor in the Senate Wing. (Note: According to the Capital Building's own general information on the Brumidi Frescoes, Ben Franklin's leyden jar experiments relate to the Telegraph, as they are early "electric battery" experiments that predate the Voltaic Pile, the first dry-Cell battery used to power the Electric Telegraph. The telegraph was the first widespread commercial invention to use both electricity as well as the voltaic battery, and Benjamin Franklin was the first person to create the word "Battery".)

4. Mural atop the Capital Dome, "Apotheosis of Washington", "Science" perimeter Scene, again shows Ben Franklin and his Leyden Jar experiments, alongside Samuel Morse, the inventor of the first commercial telegraph.

Steam Engine (4x Steamboat, 2x Steam Locomotive, 1x Steam Engine)

1. Mural atop the Capital Dome, "Apotheosis of Washington", "Marine" perimeter scene shows an Ironclad steamboat, "Mechanics" perimeter scene shows a steam locomotive, "Science" perimeter scene shows Robert Fulton, inventor of the first commercial Steamboat.

2. Ceiling Mural titled "Physics" in the Lyndon B. Johnson Room, S-211, shows both the Steamboat and the Steam locomotive.

3. Robert Fulton Portrait, above the entrance to room S-118, Patent Corridor of the Senate wing, shows the Steamboat and the James Watt Steam engine.

4. John Fitch Portrait, above the entrance to room S-116, Patent Corridor of the Senate Wing, shows him working on a model of the Steamboat.

Gunpowder (1X)(Cannon 7x)

1. The two main frescos of the Trophy Room in the Senate Wing, show four cannons with the sponge, ramrod and the gunpowder barrel. (Note: In addition, the cannon is featured numerous times, very prominently, in Brumidi's Capital building frescoes. Another such example is on the Capital Dome Mural, "Apotheosis of Washington, "Mechanics" perimeter scene shows the Roman figure Vulcan, who represents fire and is the maker of all weapons of war, as forging all parts of a cannon and cannonballs. The ceiling fresco titled "Telegraph" in the Lyndon B. Johnson room, S-211 in the Senate wing, also prominently features a cannon, along with the ramrod and the sponge staff.

Photography

The eight medallion Landscapes Brumidi painted in the refractory hall of the Senate Wing.

Back to the Top

Appendix II: Locations of the "Compass Rose", or the "Mariner's Compass" Floor Markers throughout Center City, Washington DC

[Note: information obtained by visiting the sites themselves, the government websites of them and the general info. thereof available. Also obtained by info. found on Wikipedia sites for these monuments, online travel sites on D.C., and viewing photos (and cross-referencing them) of the sites on Flickr and Wikimedia Commons.]

[** What is most interesting to note here, is the large span of time, between the building of these markers, which is from 1896-1987. This shows, beyond a doubt, that they are part of a grand design, that spans almost 100-years in the making.**]

1. Location: Entrance to the Freedom or Western Plaza, at 14th and Pennsylvania Avenue Description: About 5 feet in length, made from mosaic stone inlays, has fleur-de-lis, built circa 1980.

2. Location: Entrance to the outdoor Navy Memorial Plaza, opposite the National Archives Building at 8th and Pennsylvania Avenue Description: About 5 feet in length, made of stone/metal inlays, shows all 32-points of the complete Modern Mariner's Compass Emblem, with measurement circle, built circa 1987.

3. Location: center of the floor of the Great Hall of the Library of Congress. Description: about 5 feet in length, made of bronze inlays, merged with image of the Sun and has all twelve metal inlays of the Zodiac images surrounding it on the floor's perimeter. N, S, E and W engravings. (very ornate), built circa 1896.

4.Location: Zero-Milestone Marker: in front of the President's House on E Street, at the entrance to the Ellipse Park. Description: Made of bronze, shows all 32 points and the fleur-de-lis, is atop a small granite monolith, built and dedicated on June 4, 1923.

5. Location: John Ericsson Monument, in Potomac Park. Description: Largest compass marker, forms the fifty-foot floor perimeter of the monument. Made of stone inlays, has all 32 points and the fleur-de-lis, built circa 1926.

6. Location: Meridian Hill Park, in Washington DC. Description: at least 10 mosaic stone compass-rose floor markers found at the entrances and inside the Park itself. All slightly different in design, inlaid most likely when the Park was being built, between the years 1912-1936.

Back to the Top

Appendix III: The Effigies of the Palladium in Washington DC

[Note: Information obtained by visiting the sites themselves, the government websites of the sites, and the general info. thereof available. Also obtained by info. found on Wikipedia sites of the monuments, online travel sites on D.C., and viewing photos of the sites on Flickr and Wikimedia Commons.]

Of all the features that show the Palladium, or the image of Minerva/Athena, clad in battle armor with the aegis and branishing a spear, the most prominent of which is the Minerva Mosaic, created by Elihu Vedder in 1986, on the top of the staircase in the Great Hall of the Library of Congress.

Several, other prominent depictions of "Minerva" in the Capital City include:

(1.) -Image of Minerva clad in armor and holding a spear, addressing the three inventors

Ben Franklin, Samuel Morse and Robert Fulton, in a scene on the interior of the Capital

Dome (painted by Constantino Brumidi).

(2.) -The Minerva of Peace and Minerva of War Statues, by Herbert Adams, in the entrance vestibule of the Library of Congress.

(3.) -Several statues and reliefs of Minerva's Owl in the John Adams adjunct Library of

Congress Building.

(4.) -Several images of a Minerva-type armored figure in the Brumidi Corridors, by

Constantino Brumidi.

(5.) -A set of armor-clad Minerva-type figures as opposite reliefs on the base of the General John A. Logan Monument, in center city, Washington D.C.

Back to the Top

Appendix IV: The "Metadata" Laboratories of Washington DC

[Note: information obtained by visiting the sites themselves, the government websites of the sites, and the general info. thereof available. Also obtained and cross-referenced by info. found on Wikipedia about these monuments, online travel sites on D.C., and viewing photos of the sites on Flickr and Wikimedia Commons.]

The Great Hall of the Library of Congress is one of the most beautiful and most significant rooms in all of Washington DC. As previously noted, in 1896 it was created by the combined works of 50 individaul artists. In addition, its main features also display a complete map of the cosmos, showing the orbits of the Earth, Sun, and the Zodiac constellations. It has been constructed according to Copernican Heliocentrism, which is the idea that the Sun occupies the central position in the Universe (or that the Earth revolves around the Sun). In terms of history, the founding of this idea, in the early 16th century by the Hungarian Nicholas Copernicus, has come to symbolize the birth of the era of Modern Science.

The map of the universe is often found on an astrolabe, a planetarium, or has been shown as a series of concentric, rotating paper disks called 'volvelles'. They all represent the same thing: a visual way to display and compute massive amounts of information about the World. In the modern era, they are now represented by the microcomputer, Apps on the iphone store, and the Global collecting of metadata. This is also the emblem of the 3rd, current information network, that of the fusion of the computer with telecommunications, or, more succinctly put, that of computers increasingly interconnecting with other computers, worldwide.

Yet this grand-scale design is not an isolated occurrence. In Washington DC, there exist several sites, each built on a massive scale, that show a map of the universe as emerging from an inlaid compass-rose floor marker. This is the solving of the riddle of these numerous compasses; they are showing the coming of a giant instrument for the cataloguing of all forms of data and knowledge, thus turning the Earth into a giant library. The predecessors, again, to such a machine, in the past, have been the Antikythera Mechanism, Paper Volvelles, astrolabs, the analog computer, and, most recently, the modern-day iphone "App". This is the vision Bacon had for the future when he titled the work that now defines him: Novum Organum.

This is the secret of Washington DC, that it has been designed on an incredibly large and grand scale as the symbol of this future world machine (or, in Latin, what is call "machina mundi") for the cataloguing and computing of all forms of knowledge. This, in turn, represents the third and most current information network.

The compasses, themselves, are a symbol that the best of mankind, in the future, are those who will undergo a symbol deat, or enter a trancelike state that mirrors deat, (much like Pharoahs and Adepts who would be entombed in and then re-emerge from the Great Pyramid in ancient Egypt) only to be rebor again as the most efficient navigators of world knowledge.

The second monument in DC that shows this grand design is also interesting, as it has been built, seemingly with the intent to remain hidden. It is the John Ericsson National Monument. The site is found on a traffic island, along the edge of the Potomac on Ohio Drive. It is cut off from the rest of the monument sites by incoming traffic to Arlington Cemetery, even though it is right near the Lincoln Memorial. The circular floor of the monument is a giant, 50-foot diameter stone mariner's floor compass, out of the center of which arises a granite sculpture of an Yggdrasil (pronounced 'Egg-dreh-sil). The Yggdrasil is the Viking World Ash tree, a living symbol of the Old Norse view of the Cosmogony, or the creation story of the universe.

The twenty-foot sculpture was carved by the American Sculpor James Earl Fraser in 1926, on site, out of pink granite from Milford, Massachussetts, and was, at the time, said by newspapers to be the largest stone ever sent to Washington DC, outside of Egypt. The Ericsson Monument is clearly showing this time a Viking 'map of the universe' arising out the compass points. Again, this is a visual display of massive amounts of knowledge about the world, and the navigation and cataloguing thereof.

At the corner of 13th and Pennsylvania Avenue has been constructed an outdoor plaza in 1980, called either the Western Plaza or the Freedom Plaza. A floor map, hundreds of feet in length, of Washington DC, is shown with inlays of colored stone. This map shown, is the earliest of the city, drawn out by Charles (Peter) L'Enfant, in 1791. Alongside it, is also engraved L'Enfant's outline details, and various quotes by people like Thomas Jefferson, Henry Adams, etcetera. Similarly, a large floor compass-rose or windrose emanates from near its center. This design, again, shows metadata, and the cataloguing of the world as an intricate "Volvelle" or a visual display of knowledge.

The fourth site, several blocks north of the White House, was created by Thomas Jefferson himself. When he was president, in 1804, Jefferson placed two stones to mark out the city's central longitude line, or what is called its prime meridian. The first was near the Washington Monument, and the second was an Egyptain obelisk-shaped stone at the site we are mentioning, today called Meridian Hill Park.

At the start of the 20th century, a plan was formed to create a huge 12-acre park, surrounding the site of Jefferson's Stone. A 300-foot cascading waterfall was built there, and, at its base, was placed another "Map of the Universe", called the 'Noyes Sphere'. The 'Noyes Sphere', was named after Bertha Noyes, a lifelong resident of DC, who donated the money for the project.

The Sphere is a bronze, six-foot diameter astrolab. It was said to be fully functional, and to be able to measure the relative distances between the Sun, moon, and the neighboring Stars. Among its concentric rings was one, upon which had engravings of all 12 Signs of the Zodiac. On the public grounds right next to where the sphere once stood are also inset a series of six mosaic stone compass-roses, again, the symbol of the universal pathfinder.

This is clearly another form of metadata, a "cosmic" map or a volvelle, arising from "magnetic" compass points. Further evidence of this is that eight-point compass-rose markers have been placed at the ground at every main entrance to the park. Stone Sculptures in the shape of Jefferson's obelisk-shaped stone also abound throughout the Park, showing that this site is the literal symbol for the 3rd President's vision of an ancient "World" computer. (see photographs on next page)

(Photo of the Noyes Armillary Sphere, from http://www.nps.gov, the National Park Service Site.)

( above: one of numerous compass-rose markers next to the Armillary sphere, and at every entrance to the Meridian Hill Park [142])

The Noyes Sphere and the waterfall were both constructed and placed in the park in 1936. The sphere remained there until sometime in the late sixties, whereupon it was taken down for repairs, and subsequently mysteriously vanished without a trace. Even unto this day, its current whereabouts are still unknown. Several photos taken earlier, however, prove its existence, and that it is the fourth such site to visually display an ancient analog computer, alluding to what Bacon called a New instrument of Science, or the Novum Organum.

Another very interesting monument, showing this same phenomenon, is the Zero Milestone Marker. It is located directly in front of the President's House, across the street, at the entrance to a large park area called the Ellipse. This small granite monolith (2ft-2ft-4ft) was built and then subsequently dedicated on June 4, 1923. It was meant to emulate the Roman Gold milestone (Milliarium Aureum) which, in the ancient forum, was the site from which all the roads in the empire were measured.

Atop the monolith, as previously described, is a very intricate bronze mariner's compass emblem. As its name suggests, this granite monolith is the symbol of the 'center' of a huge roadmap of America, meant to represent, again, a microcosm of a map of the universe. On the north side is engraved a winged helmet, along with the words, "Zero Milestone". This is also significant as this is a symbol of the Greek Hermes, who represents 'divine messenger' as well as the bringer of a body of wisdom, called 'hermetic knowledge' or the corpus Hermeticum, that encompasses all other forms of knowledge. This, again, supports the idea of a device to catalogue and navigate all forms of knowledge, as well transforming the Earth into a huge, "world" library of knowledge.

Finally, the last Metadata site is directly in front of the National Archives building, at 8th and Pennsylvania Avenue. Directly opposite is the entrance to the outdoor naval plaza. At its entrance is, again, a 32-point mariner's compass emblem, and on the Plaza floor itself is etched a huge circular projection map of the earth, centered on the compass points at Washington DC. It is called the Granite Sea, and, at 100 feet in diameter, is the largest of its kind anywhere in the world.

Across the street, at the National Archives entrance, are two seated figures, called the Past and Future Statues **sculpted by Robert Aiken and dedicated circa 1936**. The Past is that of an old man, holding a closed, locked book and a scroll. At the base, it has been written: "Remember the Past". In contrast, the future statue is that of a veiled female, this time holding an open book, and below is the phrase: "The Past is Prologue". The two statues are directly aligned to both the floor compass, and the Granite Sea; they show the opening of the world's knowledge and the aligning of it to a single point in outer space directly above Washington DC.

This again, shows Metadata, or the cataloguing of the earth, as radiating out of the nation's capital. This is the final map of universal knowledge, or Metadata, in Washington DC.

Back to the Top

Appendix V: The Antikythera Mechanism and its significance

(Photo of the Antikythera Mechanism)

Note: General information on the Antikythera Mechanism was retrieved from the book, The Ancient Alien Question, by Philip Coppens, ©2012 by The Career Press, Inc., 220 West Parkway, Unit 12, Pompton Plains, NJ 07744, pp. 179-181. Also from the book, When Time Began: Book V of the Earth Chronicles, by Zecharia Sitchin, ©1993 by HarperCollins, pp. 283-286.

The Antikythera Mechanism was an item that was retrieved in an underwater shipwreck, by sponge divers off the coast of the Greek Island Antikythera in 1900. Even though, at the time, it was observed as being a type of "astronomical clock", very few took notice of it and it was subsequently donated to the National Archeologial Museum in Athens, Greece, where it then remained in storage and was virtually unseen by the public for the next 50 years (See Photo).

It was only in the 1950s, when the information scientist Derek J. De Solla Price first noticed and began researching it. Price wrote the first article describing it, in 1958, in Scientific American and included it in a book, The Gears of the Greeks. To his amazement, what he found is now considered to be, by far, the earliest and most ancient form of an analog computer. How he later described it, was:

"In a way, the venerable progenitor of all our present day scientific hardware."[143]

Since then, several modern-day scientists have done their own extensive research on the device, published their reports, and some have even built reconstructions of how they believed it had looked like and functioned.

The artifact was found in a wooden box and contained at least 82 separate bronze components. Among these were 30 intricate gears, that were, as the author Zecharia Sitchin observed,

".....interconnected by several differentials – a sophistication which we now find in automatic gearshift boxes in cars."[144]

Sitchin also observed that the device is more sophisticated than even modern chronometers, and that nothing even comes close to it in intricacy, either from previous or subsequent times in the ancient world. Since then, different researchers have carefully examined and written extensively about the device. In most of their proposed models of how it functioned, they believe it to be a mechanical display of the solar system, or a planetarium, with several of the bronze gears representing the orbital periods of the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, the Moon (both monthly and metonic, or the almost 19-year lunar cycle), the Sun, Saturn and Jupiter. (See Photo)

The Antikythera Mechanism is what is called an Oop-Art, that stands for "out-of-place-artifact". This is because many of these bronze gears are believed to have been built to a precision accuracy of much less than a millimeter, standards that would not exist in machinery for well over the next thousand years. Today a replica is also on display at the American Computer Museum in Bozeman, Montana and it is widely regarded as the first analog computer in history[145].

(Antikythera Device – Reconstructed.)

The device is significant because of this sole fact and because it lends credence to the idea that Apps or computers are descended from objects like volvelles, astrolabes, and ancient calculators. These are large displays of information in the format of a world or cosmic map of the universe. Aside from the Greek Antikythera device, volvelles were said to have been created by Arab or medieval European astronomers in the 12th century.

Beginning in 1896, with the building of the Great Hall in the Library of Congress, center city Washington DC has had several sites built in its public grounds, each on an enormous scale, that all show this same phenomenon, a map of the universe, or a volvelle, as arising from a huge compass-rose floor marker. These, plus the evidence of Francis Bacon's quotes, show that the city planners intended long ago for DC to be a model of an enormous cataloguing computer, or that of an ancient form of an App, linking at the most fundamental level with the human brain or mind, decades before there ever was a computer, App Store, tablet or smartphone. This is the real "secret" of Washington DC.

Back to the Top

Appendix VI: The symbol of the "Open" book in Washington DC

[Note: information obtained by visiting the sites themselves, the government websites of the sites, and the general info. thereof available. Also obtained by info. found on Wikipedia, online travel sites on DC, and viewing photos of the sites on Flickr and Wikimedia Commons.]

The symbol of an "open" book is present in many sites throughout center city, Washington DC. Its most well-known example is the main image of the mural on the interior of the Capital Dome, painted by Constantino Brumidi in 1865. It shows that of George Washington, seated on a throne high above in the clouds, with his right hand pointing to an "open" book.

The open book, here, represents a gateway into a realm of ever-increasing knowledge, what Bacon had very early on forcasted as occurring in the future for mankind, what he termed as the Instauratio Magna.

However, other, lesser known images of the "open book" can also be found. Upon either side of the research entrance to the National Archives Building, along Pennsylvania Avenue, are two Statues, known as the Past and the Future Statues. Sculpted by Robert Aiken in 1935, the granite Statutes show an elderly man and veiled female. The Elderly man is a symbol of the past: He is seated, and, in his lap, he is holding both a scroll and a closed, locked book. At the base is written, "Remember the Past". On the opposite side of the entrance, the veiled female is the future statue, and in her lap is an open book. At the base is written "The Past is Prologue" (Note: This phrase is also a quote from the Shakespearean play, The Tempest, Act I, Scene ii).

Here the open and closed books are, respectively, the symbols of esoteric and exoteric knowledge. Esoteric knowledge ("open" book) is knowledge associated with the coming of the New Age and could easily also represent the information found on the internet, computers, Smartphones, etcetera. Meanwhile, exoteric knowledge ("closed" book) means traditional, or standard knowledge; here it could mean that of printed books and of the thinkers of the past. Esoteric can also refer to the inner, secret meanings behind certain objects and symbols, while exoteric is their literal, outer definitions that is "public" knowledge. [146]

This very intricate symbolism could mean that the ultimate purpose of the knowledge of the documents of the nation are, in the future, meant to, in some way, unify the knowledge of the internet with that of the remote past, as well as that of both the hidden meanings, known only to the initiates of various secret societies of learning and the outer, literal interpretations of things, that of which is known to the general public.

The motif of the open book mysteriously reappears, in several, additional sites. This includes such sites as the Oscar S. Straus Memorial Fountain, (statue of the cherub at the Justice Portion of the memorial is holding an "open" book), that is in front of the Ronald Reagan Building. It is also found on the Arts of War and the Arts of Peace Equestrian Statues at the Lincoln Memorial Circle in West Potomac Park. One of the Arts of Peace statues, symbolizing Literature, is a horse with its rider holding an "open" book. This was sculpted by the American James Earl Fraser and put on display in 1929.

Finally, the Main Reading Room of the Library of Congress has, on its octagonal walls, at least eight bas-reliefs of an "open book" and, eight images of an open book on the center of the floor. They symbolize the eight parts of knowledge: philosophy, history, art, commerce, religion, science, law, and poetry.

Back to the Top

Footnotes

Part I The Monuments
Chapter I: The Introduction

1] Wikimedia contributor (bdking), May 13,2007, 13:29 " Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre", File: Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre.jpg, [ http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre.jpg&oldid=277194503. (last visited Mar 5, 2018).

[2] An information network is, loosely defined, any system that aides in the breakdown of the barriers to and allows for knowledge to travel and disperse. To put it another way, it is any system or device(s) that aides in the navigation of worldwide knowledge. In standard history, there have been three main stages in the development of "information neworks".

These are (1.) the Gutenberg Printing Press, (2.) The steam engine and the electric telegraph and (3.) the fusion of the computer with telecommunications, or, put more succinctly, computers increasing interconnecting with other computers worldwide. A brief description of these three phases, and information networks in general, can be found in Tom Wheeler's book, From Gutenberg to Google: The History of Our Future, ©2019, published by the Brookings Institute Press.

For a complete description of these three networks see Tom Wheeler's book From Gutenberg to Google: The History of Our Future. Tom Wheeler was the former head of the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) between November 2013 and February 2017; prior to that he has had over 30 years experience in the telecommunications industry, as the CEO of several major firms: It is cited as follows: Wheeler, Tom, From Gutenberg to Google: The History of Our Future, ©2019, The Brookings Institute Press, 1775 NW Maryland Ave., Washington DC, 20036, pp. 27-55, 87-119, and 119-156.

[3] The term "Big Data" is a new word that describes Google's system of information technology. It is defined, in a book, by George Gilder, as ".....that the previously slow, clumsy, step-by-step search for knowledge by human brains can be replaced if two conditions are met. All the data in the world can be compiled in a 'single' place, and algorithms sufficiently comprehensive to analyze them can be written." Gilder, George, Life Afer Google: The Fall of Big Data and the Rise of the Blockchain Economy, ©2018 Regnery Gateway, an imprint of Regnery Publishing, A Division of Salem Media Group, 300 New Jersey Ave. NW, Washington DC, 20001-2253, p. 20.

[4] The term "Big Data" is meant to show the rapid increase in society in the creation of data in the 21st century. It can also be defined as (1.) sets of data that are far too massive to be handled with traditional hardware, and (2.) data that is characterized by very large volume, very high velocity, and very wide variety.

These definitions come from:

Anderson, Alan Phd and Semmelroth, David, Statistics for Big Data for Dummies, © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, pp. 9-10.

[5] Wikimedia Contributor: Myers, Michael, Feb 10, 2008, 15:34, "Daguerre Statue", File: Daguerre Statue.jpg, http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Daguerre_Statue.jpg&oldid=275690948. (last visited Mar 5, 2018).

Chapter II: Francis Bacon's Original Quote

[6] The full title is Novum Organum Scientiarum, that means, in Latin, "New instrument of Science". It is a spinnoff and a reference to Aristotle's much earlier book on logic, called Organon, or simply "instrument".

Chapter II(a.): The (Magnetic) Compass

[7] Robertson, John, The Elements of Navigation, J. Nourse, London, 1780, p.231.

[8] Gilbert, William, De Magnete, 1600, chapter 1, p. 4.

9] Wikimedia Contributor "Fred the Oyster", 32-point compass (traditional winds), Oct 7, 2014, File: 32-point compass(traditional winds).svg, [ http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:32-point_compass_(traditional_winds).svg&oldid=242738321.svg&oldid=242738321) (last visited July 3, 2018).

[10] The exact definition of the compass-rose, sometimes also known as a windrose or a rose of the winds, is an eight-point emblem that shows both the compass directions and their intermediaries. These are the four cardinal points (N, S, E, and W), and the four ordinal points (NE, NW, SE and SW). It refers to an ancient Greek idea that there are eight main winds, that each corresponds with a compass direction.

11] Wikimedia Commons Contributor Maximillian Dӧrrbecker (Chumwa), April 2008, "Genuessische Kolonien", File: Genuessische Kolonien.png, [ http://commons.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Genuessische_Kolonien.png&oldid=254225955 (last visited July 3, 2018).

12] Wikimedia Commons Contributor Img, 2009, "Winds in Corsica", File:Ventu in Corsica.png, [ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ventu_in_Corsica.png, last visited March 25, 2019, at 12:15 am.

[13] Lawrence V Mott, "Development of the Rudder, AD 100-1600, A Technological Tale", Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University, pp.82-84, 96, 105.

[14] Tafur, Pero, Travels and Adventures, 1435-1439, RoutledgeCurzon: Taylor and Francis Group, 2005, p.28.

Chapter II(b.): Gunpowder

15] Gunpowder, [ http://en.wikipedia.org/w/indexphp?title=Gunpowder&oldid=827957847 (last visited Mar 4, 2018).

[16] Davis, Tenney Lombard, The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives, Angriff Press, 1943, p.34-36.

[17] Davis, Tenney Lombard, The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives, Angriff Press, 1943, p.36.

18] History of Gunpowder, [ http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_gunpowder&oldid=829174933 (last visited Mar 8, 2018).

Chapter II(c.): Papermaking and the Printing Press

[19] Fuller, Neathery Batsell, July 2002, "A Brief History of Paper", Online Paper, St. Louis Community College, St. Louis, MO, http://users.stlcc.edu/nfuller/paper (last visited Mar 6, 2018).

20] Dorn, Nathan and Albro, Sylvia, "Fabriano Paper in Library of Congress Collections", Jan 31, 2017, Online Post, [ http://blogs.loc.gov/law/2017/01/fabriano-paper-in-library-of-congress-collections/ (last visited Mar 6, 2018).

Chapter II(d.): The Printing Press

[21] Burke, James (1985) The Day the Universe Changed. Boston, Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, ISBN:0-333-24827-9.

22] History of Printing [ http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_printing&oldid=825399351 (last visited mar 4, 2018).

[23] found in Wheeler, Tom, From Gutenberg To Google: The History of Our Future, ©2019 The Brookings Institute, 1775 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington DC 20036, p. 15, and was cited there as:

Clapham, Michael, Printing: A History of Technology from the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution, ed., Charles Singer, E.J. Holmyard, A.R. Hall, and Trevor Williams, 4 volumes (Oxford University Press, 1957), p. 37, as well as:

Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent for Change, (Cambridge University Press, 1979), p. 45.

[24] Drucker Peter, The Age of Discontinuity; Guidelines to our Changing Society, New York: Harper and Row, 1969, Title of Chapter 12.

[25] Wikimedia Contributor (TentoTwo), Dec 16, 2011, "European Output of Manuscripts 500-1500", File: European Output of Manuscripts 500-1500.png, http://commons.wikimedia.en.org/w/index.php?title= File:European Output_of_Manuscripts_500%E2%80%931500.png&oldid=275111747 (last visited Mar 6, 2018).

Wikimedia Contributor (TentoTwo), Dec 16, 2011, "European Output of Books, ca 1450-1800", File:European Output of Books, ca 1450-1800.svg, http://commons.wikimedia.en.org/w/index.php?title= File:European_Output_of_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.png&oldid=219746383 (last visited Mar 6, 2018).
Chapter III: Comparing the Original with the "Daguerre" Quote

[26] Hero (1851) [reprint of 1st century CE original], "Section 50 – The Steam Engine", written at Alexandria, Pneumatica, translated by Bennett Woodcroft, London: Taylor Walton and Maberly, retrieved July 3, 2009.

[27] Lucas, Henry C. (2012), The Search for Survival: Lessons from Disruptive Technologies, ABC-CLIO, LLC, p. 16, ISBN 9781440802775.

28] Electrical Telegraph, [ http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&oldid=827274499 (last visited Mar 6, 2018).

Chapter IV: The "Lost" Quotes and the Brumidi Corridors

29] The photos in this chapter of the Paintings of Constantino Brumidi were obtained from the Government Publication Office Book, Constantino Brumidi: Artist of the Capital, July 11, 2000, prepared by the architect George M. White and completed by the architect Alan M. Hantman, under the direction of the Architect of the Capital ( [http://www.aoc.gov ) Agency It was authorized by the 103rd Congress (S. Congress Resolution 40) to celebrate the bicentennial of the construction of the Capital, and is senate-document 103-27. It can be found at http://govinfo.gov/app/details/GPO-CDOC-103sdoc27/context, last visited on March 6, 2019, at 3:49pm. Images of the Photos can be found on pp. 81, 82, 85, 102, 103, 111, 120, 128, 135, 137-138, 161, 200-201. In the Preface it states that these are a part of the records of the Architect of the Capital, and, as per their website, www.aoc.gov, under the section Multimedia, it states they are part of the Public Domain. Each of these photos will be credited only as "Architect of the Capital".

[30] Architect of the Capital

[31] Ibid.

[32] Ibid.

[33] Ibid.

[34] Ibid.

[35] Compiled by Burton, Amy Elizabeth, To Make Beautiful the Capital: Rediscovering the Art of Constantino Brumidi, Prepared under the direction of the U.S. Senate Commission on Art, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., 2014, Article: "The most 'Practicable Route': Brumidi's Landscapes and the Transcontinental Railroad", 52-56. Note: Amy Elizabeth Burton was responsible for the "breakthrough in research" that linked Brumid's Medallion paintings to the Pacific Survey Report and the Transcontinental Railroad.

[36] Architect of the Capital

Chapter V: Washington DC and the "Original" Three Inventions

Chapter V(a.) The Printing Press and the "Gutenberg Bibl" Exhibit

37] "Fascinating Facts – Statistics", The Library of Congress, [https://www.loc.gov/about/fascinating-facts/, last visited on June 10, 2019, at 9:16am.

38] Johnson, Julie, "The Library of Congress – at the Pratt!", Pratt Chat, posted on October 11, 2018, [ https://blog.prattlibrary.org/2018/10/11/the-library-of-congress-at-the-pratt/, last visited on June 10, 2019, at 9:23am.

[39] Dan Brown, The Lost Symbol, Random House: New York, Sept. 15, 2009, chapter 46, opening page.

40] File:Second Floor Corridor. Printers' marks+Columns. Printer's mark of Johann Fust and Peter Schoeffer in West Corridor. Library of Congress Thomas Jefferson Building, Washington, D.C. LCCN2007684456.tif. (2016, October 17). Wikimedia Commons, the ree media repository. Retrieved 10:34, June 13, 2019 from [ https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Second_Floor_Corridor._Printers%27_marks%2BColumns._Printer%27s_mark_of_Johann_Fust_and_Peter_Schoeffer_in_West_Corridor._Library_of_Congress_Thomas_Jefferson_Building,_Washington,_D.C._LCCN2007684456.tif&oldid=210081381.

41] Djembayz, June 28,2012, "Aldus Manutius LOC photo meetup 2012", File: Aldus Manutius LOC photo meetup 2012.jpg, [ http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aldus_Manutius_LOC_photo_meetup_2012.jpg&oldid=251120725 (last visited Mar 05, 2018).

42] "The Library of Congress Bibles Collection – Interactive Presentation – Provenance", [ https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/bibles/interactives/gutenberg/provenance.html, last visited on Junes 11, 2019, at 7:09 pm.

43] "The Library of Congress Bibles Collection – Interactive Presentation - overview", [ https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/bibles/interactives/gutenberg/index.html, last visited on June 11, 2019, at 7:03 pm.

44] Mattis, James N., "Secretary of Defense....Giant Mainz Bible", Aug 20,2016, Online Image, Flickr, [http://www.flickr.com/photos/secdef/29305607296/ (last visited Mar 30, 2018).

45] "On These Walls – Inscriptions and Quotations in the Buildings of the Library of Congress – Part 1-2", [https://www.loc.gov/loc/walls/jeff1.html, and https://www.loc.gov/loc/walls/jeff2.html, last visited on June 12, 2019, at 7:18 pm.

Chapter V(b.): The Floor Compasses of Washington DC

[46] Eric Diao, "Kilometre Zero of US", July 15, 2014, File:Kilometre Zero of US.JPG, http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kilometre_Zero_of_US.JPG&oldid=215433236. (Last visited mar 4, 2018).

47] "Zero Milestone – Washington DC", Weingroff, Richard F., updated on June 6, 2017, US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, [https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/zero.cfm, last visited on June 12, 2019, at 7:04 pm.

48] Joaquin Alves Gaspar, "Reinel Compass Rose", Oct 2006,"File: Reinel compass rose.svg, [http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File: Reinel_Compass_Rose.svg&oldid=256722485", (last visited Mar 04,2018.)

Chapter V(c.): Gunpowder and the Minerva Mosaic

[49] The Latin inscription at the bottom "Nil Invita Minerva quae Monumentum aere perennius Exegit" translates to "Not unwillingly, Minerva raise a monument more lasting than bronze", and is from Horace, Ars Poetica, Carminum, iii, 1, 30.

[50] The theft of the Palladium by Odysseus and Diomedes is Chronicled in The Metamorphoses, by Ovid (Book XIII, 336-340) ".....just as I stole away from the midst of the enemy the enshrined image of Phrygian Minerva. And does Ajax compare to me? The fact is, the fates declared that we could not capture Troy without this sacred Statue."

[51] The bringing of the Palladium to Rome is chronicled in Fasti, by Ovid, Book 6.433: "Whether it was the descendent of adrastus (Diomedes), or the guileful Ulysses, or Aeneas, they say someone carried it off; the culprit is uncertain, the thing is now in Rome: Vesta guards it, because she sees all things by her light that never fails", as well as Description of Greece, by Pausanias, 2.23.5: "For the Palladium, as it is called, was manifestly brought to Italy by Aeneas."

[52] Davis, Tenney Lombard, The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives, Angriff Press, 1943, p.28-30.

[53] Moravcsik, Gyula, Jenkins, R.J.H. ,eds. (1967), Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio, Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, Washington D.C., pp.68-71.

Part II: The "Third" Wave

Chapter VI: Introduction: The Quote at Macworld

54] File: Steve Jobs Headshot 2010-CROP.jpg, [ http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Steve_Jobs_Headshot_2010-CROP.jpg&oldid=315366243 (last visited March 7, 2019).

55] McCullough,Brian, How the Internet Happened: From Netscape to the Iphone, @ 2018, W.W. Norton Co., Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110, p. 319, where it claims as its source: Adam Lella, "U.S. Smartphone Penetration Surpassed 8o Percent in 2016," comScore, February 3, 2017, [ http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Blog/US -Smartphone-Penetration-Surpassed-80-Percent-in-2016.

[56] http://www.emarketer/Article/Growth-Time-Spent -with-Media-Slowing/1014042.

[57] Merchant, Brian, The One Device: The Secret History of the Iphone, © June 2017, Little, Brown and Company, a division of Hatchette Book Group, 1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York NY, 10104, p. 5.

58]"6.1 Billion Smartphone Users Globally by 2020, Overtaking Basic Fixed Phone Subscriptions", TechCrunch, June 2, 2015, [ http://techcrunch.com/2015/06/02/6_1B_Smartphone_users_globally_by_2020_overtaking_basic_fixed_phone_subscriptions/.

Chapter VII: What is a Smartphone??

[59] McCullough, Brian, How the Internet Happened: From Netscape to the Iphone, ©2018 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10110, pp.302-303.

60] Wielen, Bernd van der, "Insights into the 2.3 Billion Android Smartphones in Use Around the World", Jan 7, 2018, online article at Newzoo, [ https://newzoo.com/insights/articles/insights-into-the2-3-billion-android-smartphones-in-use-around-the world/, last visited on May, 7 2019 at 7:02pm.

[61] Murach, Joel, Murach's Android Programming, 2nd Edition, ©2015, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc., 4340 Knoll Ave., Fresno, CA 93722, p. 9.

62] Wielen, Bernd van der, "Insights into the 2.3 Billion Android Smartphones in Use Around the World", Jan 7, 2018, online article at Newzoo, [ https://newzoo.com/insights/articles/insights-into-the2-3-billion-android-smartphones-in-use-around-the world/, last visited on May, 7 2019 at 7:02pm.

[63] Gilder, George, Life After Google: The Fall of Big Data and the Rise of the Blockchain Economy, ©2018 Regnery Gateway, an imprint of Regnery Publishing, a division of Salem Media Group, 300 New Jersey Avenue NW, Washington DC 20001, p. 11.

Chapter VIII: The "Smartphone" Inventions

Chapter VIII(a.): GPS Navigation

64] information on Selective Availability can be found at [https://gps.gov/systems/gps/modernization/sa, last visited on May 7, 2019, at 7:22pm.

[65] Milner, Greg, Pinpoint: How GPS is Changing Technology, Culture, and our Minds, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110, p. xv.

66] Diagram is from the "free" e-text at [www.giscommons.org. It was downloaded from the site www.giscommons.org/chapter2-input/ on February 8, 2019.

[67] Milner, Greg, Pinpoint: How GPS is Changing Technology, Culture, and our Minds, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110, p. xv.

[68] Mircae, Eliade (tr. Philip Mairet), 'Symbolism of the Center' in Images and Symbols. Princeton, 1991, ISBN 069102068X, p. 39.

[69] Milner, Greg, Pinpoint: How GPS is Changing Technology, Culture, and our Minds, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110, p. xvi, xvii, xix-xx.

Chapter VIII(b.): The Camera Phone

70] US Patent 5,666,159, Electronic Camera system with programmable transmission capability, found at [http://patents.google.com/patent/5666159.

[71] Pritchard, Michael, A History of Photography in Fifty Cameras, ©September, 8, 2015, Firefly Books, Limited, Box 1338 Ellicott Station, Buffalo, New York, 14205, p. 214.

72] Cakebread, Caroline, BusinessInsider Article "People will take 1.2 Trillion digital Photos this year – thanks to Smartphones.", published on August 31, 2017, 7:50 pm, [ http://www.businessinsider.com/12-trillion-photos--to-be-taken-in-2017-thanks-to-smartphones-chart-2017-8, last visited on February 8, 2019.

73] Dunn, Jeff, BusinessInsider Article "The Latest Iphones are very bad News for Digital Cameras", published on Sept.9, 2016, at 1:29 pm, [ http://www.businessinsider.com/iphone-7-plus-digital-camera-sales-chart-2016-9/.

[74] Pritchard, Michael, A History of Photography in Fifty Cameras, ©September 8, 2015, Firefly Books, Limited, Box 1338 Ellicott Station, Buffalo, New York, 14205, p.215.

Chapter VIII(c.): Telecom

[75] Tomi Ahonen, 'The Annual Mobile Industry Numbers and Stats Blog – Yep, this year we will hit the mobile moment', blog post on CommunitiesDominate.blogs.com, 6 March 2013, communitiesdominate.blogs.com/brands/2013/03/the-annual-mobile-industry-numbers-and-stats-blog-yep-this-year-we-will-hit-the-mobile-moment.html. [This was found in the book How to Build A Billion Dollar App, by George Berkowski, published by Piatkus, an imprint of Little, Brown Book Group, Carmelite House, 50 Victoria Embankment, London, UK, EC4Y0DZ, on pp. 45-47.]

[76] Merchant, Brian, The One Device: The Secret History of the Iphone, @ June 2017, Little Brown and Company, a division of Hatchette Book Group, 1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10104, pp. 151-153.

[77] Hughes, Bill, Samsung® Galaxy S9 for Dummies, 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, pp. 141-145.
Chapter IX: The "Smartphone" and the Rise of the Internet

78] data statistics comes from [https://www.worldinternetstats.com/emarketing.

[79] Heisler, Yoni, "Mobile Devices Become Most Popular Way To Access Internet", New York Post, online article, originally published by BGR, Nov. 3, 2016, 10:55 am, last visited on March 2, 2019.

80] [ https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/history-of-broadband-internet-connection.

81] [ www.pewinterest.org/fact-sheet/internet-broadband/.

[82] Internet of Things (IofT) – The Internet of Things is defined in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary as the networking capability that allows information to be sent to and received from objects and devices using the internet. Until the present, the internet has been primarily a "social" vehicle; the increased linking and the sharing of data between various devices to the Internet is thought to open an entirely new dimension to its capability. Already many companies have invested heavily in IofT, with many believing that the new industry could breakout by the year 2021.

[83] Buckminster, Fuller R., Critical Path, 1981, New York: S. Martin's Press.

84] Schilling, David Russell, "Knowledge Doubling every 12 months, soon to be every 12 Hours", IndustryTap, online article, April 19, 2013, [ https://www.industrytap.com/knowledge-doubling-every-12-months-soon-to-be-every-12-hours/3950, last visited February 12, 2019, 7:18 pm.

[85] Schneier, Bruce, Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect your Data and Control Your World, W.W. Norton Co., Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110, ©2015, p. 21.

[86] Wheeler, Tom, From Gutenberg To Google: The History of Our Future, ©2019 The Brookings Institute, 1775 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington DC 20036, p. 187. It was cited there as:

M.G. Siegler, "Eric Schmidt: Every 2 Days We Create As Much Information As We Did Up to 2003", TechCruch, August 4, 2010.

[87] Wheeler, Tom, From Gutenberg To Google: The History of Our Future, ©2019 The Brookings Institute, 1775 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington DC 20036, p. 187. It was cited there as:

"Data Age 2025",  http://www.idc.com/prodserv/custom-solutions/RESOURCES/ATTACHEMENTS/thought-leadership-cs.pdf.

[88] Wheeler, Tom, From Gutenberg To Google: The History of Our Future, ©2019 The Brookings Institute, 1775 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington DC 20036, p. 187.

[89] Wheeler, Tom, From Gutenberg To Google: The History of Our Future, ©2019 The Brookings Institute, 1775 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington DC 20036, p. 184.

[90] Gilder, George, Life After Google: The Fall of Big Data and the Rise of the Blockchain Economy, ©2018, Regnery Gateway, an imprint of Regnery Publishing, a division of Salem Media Group, 300 New Jersey Ave NW, Washington DC, 2001, p. 11.

[91] Ibid., p. 20.

[92] Ibid., p. 21.

Chapter X: The Three Inventions, Metadata, and the Washington D.C. "Volvelles"

[93] Pomerantz, Jeffrey, Metadata, ©2015 MIT Press, 1 Rogers Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, ©2015, p1.

[94] ibid., pp. 5-6.

[95] Schneier, Bruce, Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect your Data and Control Your World, W.W. Norton Co., Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110, ©2015, p. 2.

[96] Pomerantz, Jeffrey, Metadata, MIT Press, 1 Rogers Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, ©2015, p. 3.

[97] ibid., pp. 95-96.

[98] ibid., p. 203.

[99] Tarn, W.W. 1928. Ptolemy II. The Journal of Egyptian Archeology, 14(3/4), 246-260. The Byzantine Writer Tzetzes gives a similar number in his essay "On Comedy", archived 20 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine.

[100] Merchant, Brian, The One Device: The Secret History of the Iphone, @ June 2017, Little, Brown, and Company, a division of the Hatchette Book Group, 1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York NY, 10104, p.171.

101] Two examples of such articles are (1.) Adam Rothstein, The Original Mobile App was made of Paper. Retrieved from [ https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/8q89gv/the-earliest-mobile-apps. And (2.) Emily Maranker, "The original 'App': Paper Volvelles", retrieved from https://nyamcenterforhistory.org/2017/06/12/the-original-app-paper-volvelles.

[102] Childress, David Hatcher, Technology of the Gods: The Incredible Sciences of the Ancients, Kempton, Ill.: Adventures Unlimited Press, 1991, p. 94, also at www.world-mysteries.com/sar_4.htm.

103] "Antikythera Mechanism." The Economist, 2002. Magikgarde.frehostia.com/Antikythera.html (accessed September 2011). Also on worldmysteries.com, [https://www.world-mysteries.com/sar_4.htm (last visited on September, 2011).

[104] Pomerantz, Jeffrey, Metadata, MIT Press, 1 Rogers Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, p. 173.

[105] ibid., pp. 195-196.
Chapter XI: The Union of Asia Pacific and the United States

[106] Merchant, Brian, The One Device: The Secret History of the Iphone, @ June 2017, Little, Brown, and Company, a division of Hatchette Book Group, 1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York NY, 10104, pp.

[107] Ferguson, Charles H., Predator Nation, ©2012, Crown Business, an imprint of the Crown Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, p.14-15.

[108] ibid., p. 292.

[109] The data can be found at https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade//balance/c5700.html.

[110] Marrs, Jim, Rule by Secrecy: The Hidden History that Connects the Trilateral Commission, the Freemasons and the Great Pyramids, ©2000 by HarperCollins Publishers, 195 Broadway, New York, NY, 10007, pp. 22-23.

[111] ibid., p. 26-27.

Conclusion of Part II

[112] This photo is in the public domain in the United States and in other countries where the copyright term is the author's life plus 100 years or less.

[113] This schema is known, to information scientists, as the DIKW Pyramid (Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom). These are loosely defined as:

Data: "created through abstractions or measurements taken from the world".

Information: "data that have been processed, structured, or conceptualized so that it is meaningful to humans"

Knowledge: "information that has been interpreted and understood by a human so that she can act on it if required"

Wisdom: "acting on knowledge in an appropriate way"

\- as found in: Kelleher, John D., and Tierney, Brendan, Data Science, ©2018, The MIT Press, p. 55-56.

[114] Garfinkel, Simson L. & Grunspan, Rachel H., The Computer Book: From the Abacus to Artificial Intelligence, 250 Milestones in the History of Computer Science, 2018, Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., 1166 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10036., p.514.

Epilogue: The Washington DC Navigator

115] File: Federal Plaza, Washington DC.jpg, [ https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Federal_Plaza, Washington,_DC.jpg&oldid.=45390525 (last visited March 7, 2019).

[116] Milner, Greg, Pinpoint: How GPS is Changing Technology, Culture, and our Minds, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110, p. xviii.

[117] paraphrasing of the online definition of Merriam-Webster's Dictionary at https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethernet, last visited on March 6, 2019, at 3:04 pm.

[118] Schneier, Bruce, Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect your Data and Control Your World, W.W. Norton Co., Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110, ©2015, p. 23.

[119] Tesla, Nikola, from an Interview in the January 30, 1926 Issue of Collier's Magazine.

[120] Homer, The Iliad, Book IV, lines 96-97.

[121] Pomerantz, Jeffrey, Metadata, MT Press, 1 Rogers Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, ©2015, p. 118.

[122] ibid. p. 124.

[123] Schneier, Bruce, Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect your Data and Control Your World, W.W. Norton Co., Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110, ©2015, p. 79.

Appendix VII: "William Shakespeare" in Washington DC

[124] Marrs, Jim, Rule by Secrecy, ©2000 by HarperCollins Publishers, pp.229-230.

125] Drake, Nathan, Shakespeare and his Times: including the Biography of the Poet, Vol 1 (1817), p. xiv, online at [ https://www.archive.org/stream/shakespeareandhi01drakuoft#page/n21/mode/2up and Thompson, Edward Maunde. Shakespeare's Handwriting: A Study. Oxford: Claredon Press, 1916.

[126] Johnson, Edward Dinwoody, Bacon-Shakespeare Coincidences, (Second Edition), 1950, London: The Bacon Society Incorporated.

127] The history of the Folger library can be found at [https://www.folger.edu/history, last visited on May 28, 2019, at 10:24pm.

[128] The data is found at http://www.opensourceshakespeare.org/stats.

129] Times Online on William Shakespeare: "Christie sold more than two billion books, translated into 103 languages. Only the Bible and Shakespeare's works are said to have sold more.", September 14, 2005, [ https://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article566261.ece.

130] Photo of the Puck Statue and the Inscription can be found at [ https://luna.folger.edu/luna/servlet/detail/FOLGERCM1~6~6~283819~120773?cic=FOLGERCM1%7E6%7E6, last visited on May 28, 2019, at 10:23pm. The quote "....What fools these mortals be!!" is from A Midsommer Night's Dream, Act III, Scene II.

Supplemental Text #2: Summary, the 1645 Woodcut, and Ben Johnson's Eulogy

131] Tom Wheeler's biography found at: [ https://www.fcc.gov/biography-former-fcc-chairman-tom-wheeler, last visited on May 21, 2019 at 10:24pm.

[132] Wheeler, Tom, From Gutenberg to Google: The History of Our Future, ©2019, The Brookings Institute Press, 1775 NW Maryland Ave., Washington DC, 20036, p. 23.

133] This designation appears, for instance, in a review of Carol Quillen's Rereading the Renaissance, found at [https://www.umich.edu/script/press/15299, last visited on June 12, 7:35 pm.

134] "Renaissance or Prenaissance", Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Jan 1943), pp.69-74; Theodore E. Mommsen, "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'". Speculum 17.2, (April 1942: 226-242), link to a collection of letters found in the same issue at [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2707236, last visited on June 12, 2019, at 7:44 pm.

[135] Wheeler, Tom, From Gutenberg to Google: The History of Our Future, ©2019, The Brookings Institute Press, 1775 NW Maryland Ave., Washington DC, 20036, p. 128.

[136] ibid., p. 125.

[137] ibid., p. 159.

[138] ibid., p. 167.

[139] Garfinkel, Simson L. & Grunspan, Rachel H., The Computer Book: From the Abacus to Artificial Intelligence, 250 Milestones in the History of Computer Science, ©2018 Sterling, An Imprint of Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., 1166 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10036, p. 514.

Supplemental Notes #3: Authentication: The Bulletin Building and the Garfield Monument

140] Photos and a detailed description of each of the panels can be found at the online article: Kelly, John, "Why is 'The Bulletin' carved on a Chinatown Building? Answer man has the Score.", The Washington Post, October 14, 2017, [ https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/why-is-the-bulletin-carved-on-a-chinatown-building-answer-man-has-the-score/2017/10/14/c7a09ade-af6c-11e7-a908-a3470754bbb9_story.html?utm_term=.103619740d7f, last visited on June 1, 2019, at 7:57pm.

141] Photos and a detailed description of each of the panels can be found at the online article: Silverman, Dan, "What an Awesome Building – the Bulletin – in Chinatown", March 27, 2014, at 4:00 pm, [ https://www.popville.com/2014/03/what-an-awesome-building-the-bulletin-in-chinatown/, last visited on June 1, 2019, at 8:03 pm.

142] Barnes, Elvert, ""Mosaic Paving Stone", Flickr, taken on the morning of June 7, 2010, found at [ https://www.flickr.com/photos/perspective/8387950717/in/photolist-dMdrvX-7RSTw-ommVWU-imFsb7-7GqyVG-4KBHX7-6ZT65K-24SJRD8-8KTVKB-6ZT6jv-8xjvyY-8KTVzZ-XKfq9b-8KWYY1-8VXDda-o4UYHZ-2ers4Kh-2ersaud-5Vv7z7-2ew4AE8-SnWfpA-29kQsau-SnWnMw-SnWmGW-2ew4wTk-QKLVJF-2d8ijep-SnWhXm-23UDao6-SnWgMq-2d8ihe2-23UD43v-2d8icu2-2d8ifot-2d8iepe-SnWhzh-2ew4vgH-2d8iarp-x6t1yt-SnWow7-2d8iidg-2ers27m-2ew4spa-2d8idB2-2ersbyN-2d8ifNX-6AzKVg-7RSSG-23MVJoL-7RSLz/, last visited on July 5, 2019, at 2:46pm.

Appendix V: The Antikythera Mechanism and its Signifiicance

143] Coppens, Philip, The Ancient Alien Question, ©2012 by The Career Press, Inc., 220 West Parkway, Unit 12, Pompton Plains, NJ 07444, p.181, and was cited there as "Antikythera Mechanism." The Economist, 2002. Magickgarden.freehostia.com/antikythera.html (accessed September 2011). Also on World-Mysteries.com: [www.world-mysteries.com/sar_4.htm (accessed 2011).

[144] Zecharia, Sitchin, When Time Began: Book V of the Earth Chronicles, ©1993 HarperCollins Publishers, pp. 285.

145] [https://www.atlaobscura/places/antikythera-mechanism, last visited on March 6, 2019, on 5:04 pm.

Appendix VI: The Symbol of the "Open Book" in Washington DC

146] The definitions of the words esoteric and exoteric are paraphrased from the definitions found in the online version of Merriam-Webster's Dictionary, and can be found at [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/esoteric and https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/exoteric.

