
English: 
thank you thank you very much for having
me and look forward to talking about the
spacex mars architecture and what really
would have kind of achieved here is to
make mars seem possible make it seem as
though it's something that we can do in
our lifetimes and that you can go and
and is there really a way that that
anyone could go if they wanted to I
think that's that's really the important
thing
so I mean first of all why go anywhere
right the I think they're really two
fundamental paths of history is going to
bifurcate along two directions one one
one path is we stay on earth forever and
then there will be some eventual
extinction event I don't have an

Italian: 
grazie grazie mille per averlo
io e non vedo l'ora di parlare del
spacex mars architecture e cosa davvero
avrebbe un po 'raggiunto qui è quello di
far sembrare possibile Marte farlo sembrare
anche se è qualcosa in cui possiamo fare
le nostre vite e che puoi andare e
ed è davvero così
chiunque potrebbe andare se lo volessero io
penso che sia davvero importante
cosa
quindi intendo innanzitutto perché andare ovunque
proprio il penso che siano davvero due
percorsi fondamentali della storia sta per
biforcarsi lungo due direzioni una una
un percorso è rimanere sulla terra per sempre e
poi ci saranno alcuni eventuali
evento di estinzione che non ho

English: 
immediate doomsday prophecy but there's
it's eventually history suggests there
will be some some doomsday event well
the alternative is to become a
spacefaring civilization and a
multi-planet species which I hope you
would agree that is the right way to go
yes
that's what we want yeah
so how do we figure out how to how to
take you to Mars and couldn't create a
self-sustaining City a city that it's
not really an outpost but could become a
planet and its own rights and for us
that's we could become a truly
multi-planet species there you know but
sometimes people wonder well what about

Italian: 
profezia del giorno del giudizio immediato ma c'è
alla fine è la storia che suggerisce lì
ci sarà qualche evento del giorno del giudizio
l'alternativa è diventare a
civiltà spaziale e a
specie multi-pianeta che spero tu
sarebbe d'accordo che è la strada giusta da percorrere
sì
questo è quello che vogliamo sì
quindi come possiamo capire come
portarti su Marte e non potrei crearne uno
città autosufficiente una città che è
non proprio un avamposto ma potrebbe diventare un
pianeta e i suoi diritti e per noi
che potremmo diventare veramente
specie multi-pianeta lì conosci ma
a volte le persone si chiedono bene che dire

English: 
other places in the solar system why why
Mars well just to sort of put things
into perspective this is this is what
this is an actual scale of what the
solar system looks like so we're we're
currently in the third little rock from
the left that's earth exactly the and
our goal is to go to the fourth rock on
the left that's Mars but you get a sense
for the real scale of a solar system how
big the Sun is of Jupiter Neptune Saturn
Uranus and then the little guys on the
right are putto and Friends this sort of
helps see it not quite to scale but it
gives you a better sense for where
things are so our options for we're
going to be coming in multi-planet
species within our solar system are
unlimited we have in terms of nearby
options we've got Venus but Venus is a

Italian: 
altri posti nel sistema solare perché perché
Marte bene solo per mettere le cose
in prospettiva questo è questo
questa è una scala reale di ciò che il
il sistema solare sembra così siamo noi
attualmente nella terza piccola roccia da
la sinistra che è la terra esattamente la e
il nostro obiettivo è quello di andare al quarto rock su
la sinistra è Marte ma hai un senso
per la scala reale di un sistema solare come
grande il sole è di Giove Nettuno Saturno
Urano e poi i ragazzini sul
giusto sono putto e gli amici questo tipo di
aiuta a vederlo non in scala ma
ti dà un senso migliore per dove
le cose sono quindi le nostre opzioni per noi
arriverà in multi-pianeta
le specie all'interno del nostro sistema solare sono
illimitato che abbiamo in termini di vicini
opzioni abbiamo Venere ma Venere è una

Italian: 
alta pressione e altissima pressione a
bagno di acido caldo in modo che sarebbe un
una complicata Venere non è affatto come la
dea questo non è in alcun modo simile a
la vera dea così davvero
difficile far funzionare le cose su Venere a
il mercurio è anche troppo vicino al Sole
potremmo andare potenzialmente sul Mart
di loro su una delle lune di Giove
o Saturno ma quelli sono abbastanza lontani
molto più lontano dal Sole molto più difficile
arrivarci ci lascia davvero con uno
opzione se vogliamo diventare un multi
è civiltà e questo è Marte
potremmo concepire se vanno sulla nostra luna
e io hanno corso contro
la luna ma penso che sia
impegnativo per creare un diventare multi
pianeta o nella luna perché è
molto più piccolo di un pianeta esso

English: 
high pressure and super-high pressure a
hot acid bath so that that would be a
tricky one Venus is not at all like the
goddess this is not in no way similar to
the actual goddess so it really
difficult to make things work on Venus a
mercury is also way too close to the Sun
we could go potentially on the Mart one
of them on one of the moons of Jupiter
or Saturn but those are quite far out
much further from the Sun a lot harder
to get to it really leaves us with one
option if we want to become a multi
it's civilization and that's that's Mars
we could conceive if they go to our moon
and I they have running against going to
the moon but I think it's it's
challenging to create a become multi
planet or in the moon because it's it's
much smaller than than a planet it

Italian: 
non ha atmosfera non è come
ricca di risorse come Marte ha 28 giorni
giorno mentre i giorni di domani venti
quattro ore e mezza e in generale
Marte alla fine è molto più adatto
scalare per essere autosufficiente
civiltà solo per dare un po '
confronto tra i due pianeti
che sono effettivamente nutriti, lo sono
notevolmente chiuso in molti modi e in
fatto che non crediamo che presto Marte
era molto simile alla Terra e in effetti se noi
potremmo scaldare la nostra vorremmo ancora una volta
ha un'atmosfera densa e liquida
oceani così, ma come stanno le cose adesso
Martha's Mars è di nuovo circa la metà
dal sole come la terra così ancora decente
la luce del sole è un po 'fredda ma possiamo
scaldarlo ha molto utile
atmosfera che nel caso di Marte

English: 
doesn't have any atmosphere it's not as
resource rich as Mars it's got a 28-day
day whereas the tomorrow's days twenty
four and a half hours and in general
Mars is far better suited to ultimately
scale up to be a self-sustaining
civilization just to give some
comparison between the the two planets
that they're actually fed they're
remarkably close in a lot of ways and in
fact we not believe that that early Mars
was a lot like Earth and in fact if we
could warm ours up we would once again
have a thick thick atmosphere and liquid
oceans so but way things are right now
Martha's Mars is about half again as far
from the Sun as as Earth so still decent
sunlight it's a little cold but we can
warm it up it has a very helpful
atmosphere which in the case of Mars

English: 
being primarily co2 Western nitrogen and
argon and a few other trace elements
means that we can grow plants on Mars
just by compressed in the atmosphere and
it's and it has nitrogen too which is
also very important for for growing
plants it requite fun to be on laws
because you'd have gravity which is
about 36 35 % out of earth so you'd be
able to lift heavy things and bound
around and like a lot of fun and that
the day is remarkably close to that of
of Earth and so we just need to change
that bottom row because currently we
have 7 billion people on earth and zero
on Mars
so there's there's been a lot of great
work by NASA and other organizations in
early exploration of Mars and
understanding that what what was is like
where could we land what's the
composition of the the atmosphere where

Italian: 
essendo principalmente azoto occidentale di CO2 e
argon e alcuni altri oligoelementi
significa che possiamo coltivare piante su Marte
semplicemente compresso nell'atmosfera e
è e ha anche azoto che è
anche molto importante per la crescita
piante è divertente essere sulle leggi
perché avresti la gravità che è
circa il 35% fuori terra quindi saresti
in grado di sollevare cose pesanti e legate
in giro e mi piace molto
il giorno è notevolmente vicino a quello di
della Terra e quindi dobbiamo solo cambiare
quella riga in basso perché attualmente noi
hanno 7 miliardi di persone sulla terra e zero
su Marte
quindi ci sono state molte cose fantastiche
opera della NASA e di altre organizzazioni in
esplorazione precoce di Marte e
capire che com'era
dove possiamo atterrare qual è il
composizione dell'atmosfera dove

Italian: 
dov'è il loro ordine dell'acqua ghiaccio dovrei
dire e quindi dobbiamo andare da questi
missioni di esplorazione precoce in realtà
costruire una città il problema che noi
oggi è che se guardi un Venn
diagramma noi non c'è intersezione
di gruppi di persone che vogliono andare e
non puoi permetterti di andare proprio adesso
non può andare su Marte per soldi infiniti
usando metodi tradizionali
sai se prendere una specie di stile Apollo
avvicinare un numero di costo ottimista
sarebbe di circa 10 miliardi di dollari a
persona così ad esempio il programma Apollo
le stime dei costi sono da qualche parte
tra 100 e 200 miliardi di dollari in
dollari dell'anno corrente e abbiamo inviato
12 persone al servizio amoun che era
una cosa incredibile e penso probabilmente

English: 
where is their water order ice I should
say and and so we need to go from these
early exploration missions to actually
building a city the the issue that we
have today is that if you look at a Venn
diagram we the there's no intersection
of sets of people who want to go and
can't afford to go in fact right now you
cannot go to Mars for infinite money
using traditional methods
you know if taking sort of Apollo style
approach the an optimistic cost number
would be about 10 billion dollars a
person so for example the Apollo program
the costs estimates are somewhere
between 100 to 200 billion dollars in
current current year dollars and we sent
12 people to the service amoun which was
an incredible thing and I think probably

English: 
the one of the greatest achievements of
humanity but but that's there's a steep
price to pay for a ticket that's why
these circles only just barely touch so
you can't create a self-sustaining
civilization if the ticket price is ten
billion dollars person what we need is a
closer is to move those circles together
and if we get a cut the cost of moving
to Mars to be roughly equivalent to a
median house price in in the US which is
around $200,000 then I think the
probability of establishing a
self-sustaining civilization is very
high I think I think it would almost
certainly occur not not everyone would
want to go in fact I think a relatively
small number of people from Earth
to go but enough would want to go and
who could afford the trip that it would
happen now you people get sponsorship
and and I think it gets the point where
we're almost anyone if they saved up and
this was their goal they could

Italian: 
quello dei più grandi successi di
l'umanità, ma questo è un ripido
il prezzo da pagare per un biglietto è per questo
questi cerchi lo toccano appena
non puoi creare un autosufficienza
civiltà se il prezzo del biglietto è dieci
ciò di cui abbiamo bisogno è un miliardo di dollari
più vicino è spostare quei cerchi insieme
e se otteniamo una riduzione del costo del trasloco
su Marte per essere approssimativamente equivalente a a
che è il prezzo medio della casa negli Stati Uniti
circa $ 200.000 quindi penso che
probabilità di stabilire a
la civiltà autosufficiente è molto
in alto, penso che penso che sarebbe quasi
sicuramente non si verificherebbe
voglio andare in effetti penso un relativamente
piccolo numero di persone dalla Terra
andare ma abbastanza vorrebbe andare e
chi poteva permettersi il viaggio che avrebbe fatto
succede ora che la gente ottiene sponsorizzazioni
e penso che capisca dove
siamo quasi tutti se avessero salvato e
questo era il loro obiettivo che potevano

English: 
ultimately save enough money to buy a
ticket and move to Mars and Mars would
have a labor shortage for a long time so
jobs we're not being short supply so if
it is a bit tricky because we have to
forgot how to improve the cost of trips
to Mars by five million percent so this
is just not easy and I mean it's and it
sounds like virtually impossible but I
think I think there ways to do it this
is this translates to an improvement of
approximately four and a half orders of
magnitude there these are the key
elements that are needed in order to
achieve the four and a half order of
magnitude improvement
most of the improvement would come from
full reusability somewhere between two
and two and a half orders of magnitude
and then the other two orders of
magnitude would come from refilling in
orbit propelled production on Mars and

Italian: 
alla fine risparmia abbastanza denaro per acquistare a
biglietto e trasferirsi su Marte e Marte sarebbe
avere una carenza di manodopera per molto tempo così
posti di lavoro non stiamo esaurendo l'offerta quindi se
è un po 'complicato perché dobbiamo
dimenticato come migliorare il costo dei viaggi
su Marte del cinque milioni per cento quindi questo
non è facile e intendo che lo è
sembra praticamente impossibile ma io
penso di pensare che ci siano modi per farlo
questo si traduce in un miglioramento di
circa quattro ordini e mezzo di
magnitudo lì queste sono le chiavi
elementi necessari per
raggiungere il quarto e mezzo di
miglioramento di magnitudo
la maggior parte del miglioramento verrebbe
piena riusabilità da qualche parte tra due
e due ordini e mezzo di grandezza
e poi gli altri due ordini di
la grandezza verrebbe dal riempimento
orbita ha spinto la produzione su Marte e

Italian: 
scegliendo il propellente giusto così io
andremo nei dettagli su tutti quelli pieni
la riusabilità è davvero il super duro
uno è molto difficile da raggiungere
riusabilità anche per un orbitale
sistema e quella sfida diventa uniforme
sei sostanzialmente più grande per un sistema
che deve andare su un altro pianeta ma come
un esempio della differenza tra
riusabilità ed espandibilità e
aerei e questo che potresti effettivamente usare
qualsiasi forma di trasporto si potrebbe dire a
cavallo da bicicletta per auto se ci fosse
monouso quasi nessuno li userebbe
sarebbe troppo costoso ma con con con
voli frequenti puoi prendere qualcosa
come un aereo che costa novanta
milioni di dollari e se lo fosse
monouso dovresti pagare una mezza
milioni di dollari per volo ma puoi
effettivamente acquistare un biglietto a sud-ovest a destra
adesso

English: 
choosing the right propellant so I'm
gonna go into detail on all those full
reusability is really the the super hard
one it's very difficult to achieve
reusability for for even an orbital
system and that challenge becomes even
your substantially greater for a system
that has to go to another planet but as
an example of the difference between
reusability and expandability and
aircraft and this you could actually use
any form of transport you could say a
car bicycle horse if there was
single-use almost no one would use them
it'd be too expensive but with with with
frequent flights you can take something
like an aircraft that costs ninety
million dollars and if it were
single-use you'd have to pay half a
million dollars per flight but you can
actually buy a ticket on Southwest right
now

English: 
from LA to Vegas for $43 including Texas
so that's I mean that's a massive
improvement right there it's showing a
four order of magnitude improvement now
this is harder the reasonability
doesn't apply quite as much to Mars
because the number of times they reuse
the spaceship is it the spaceship part
of the system it is left less often
because the Earth Mars rendezvous only
occurs every every 26 months so you get
to use the spaceship part roughly every
two years now you get to use the booster
and the tanker as frequently as you'd
like and so it makes but that's why it
really makes a lot of sense to to load
the spaceship into orbit with
essentially tanks dry and have it have
really quite big tanks that you then use
the booster and tanker to refill while
it's in orbit and maximize the the
payload of the spaceships that when it

Italian: 
da Los Angeles a Las Vegas per $ 43 incluso il Texas
quindi voglio dire che è un enorme
miglioramento proprio lì sta mostrando a
un miglioramento di quattro ordini di grandezza ora
questa è più difficile la ragionevolezza
non si applica tanto a Marte
perché il numero di volte che riutilizzano
l'astronave è la parte dell'astronave
del sistema viene lasciato meno spesso
perché solo l'appuntamento con la Terra Marte
si verifica ogni 26 mesi in modo da ottenere
per usare la parte della nave spaziale all'incirca ogni
due anni ormai puoi usare il booster
e la petroliera tutte le volte che avresti
piace e così fa ma è per questo che
ha davvero molto senso caricare
l'astronave in orbita con
essenzialmente i carri armati si asciugano e ce l'hanno
carri armati davvero piuttosto grandi che poi usi
il booster e l'autocisterna per riempire mentre
è in orbita e massimizza il
carico utile delle astronavi che quando

English: 
goes to Mars if you really have a very
large payload capability sir-sir
refilling it over is is one of the
essential elements of this without
refilling in orbit you you would have a
half order of magnitude impact roughly
on on the cost but by half water
magnitude
I think audience mostly knows but what
that means is each order of magnitude is
a factor of 10 so not refilling in orbit
would mean a 500 percent roughly
increase in the cost per ticket
it also analysis to to build a smaller
vehicle and lower the development cost
although this was quite big but it would
be much harder to build something that's
5 to 10 times the size and it also
reduces the sensitivity of performance
characteristics of the of the booster
rocket and tanker so if there's a
shortfall in the performance of any of

Italian: 
va su Marte se ne hai davvero una
grande capacità di carico utile signore-signore
ricaricarlo è uno dei
elementi essenziali di questo senza
ricaricandoti in orbita avresti a
metà ordine di grandezza ha un impatto approssimativo
sul costo ma a metà acqua
grandezza
Penso che il pubblico lo sappia per lo più, ma cosa
ciò significa che è ogni ordine di grandezza
un fattore di 10, quindi non ricaricare in orbita
significherebbe approssimativamente un 500 percento
aumento del costo per biglietto
analizza anche per costruire un più piccolo
veicolo e ridurre i costi di sviluppo
anche se questo era abbastanza grande ma lo sarebbe
essere molto più difficile costruire qualcosa che sia
5 a 10 volte la dimensione e anche
riduce la sensibilità delle prestazioni
caratteristiche del booster
razzo e petroliera, quindi se c'è un
carenza nelle prestazioni di uno dei

English: 
the elements you can actually make up
for it by having one or two extra
refilling trips to the spaceship so this
is it's very important for reducing the
susceptibility the system to a
performance shortfall and then producing
propellants on on wise uh actually you
know also very obviously important again
if if we didn't do this it would have at
least a half order of magnitude increase
in the in the cost of a trip so a 500%
increase in the cost of trip and if we
pretty absurd to try to build a city on
on Mars if your spaceships just kept
staying on Mars or not going back to
earth yeah this like massive grade your
graveyard of ships you like do something
with them
so it really wouldn't make sense to to
saliba spaceships and Mars you really

Italian: 
gli elementi che puoi effettivamente inventare
per questo avendo uno o due extra
ricaricare i viaggi sull'astronave così
è molto importante per ridurre il
suscettibilità del sistema a
deficit prestazionale e quindi produzione
propellenti su saggio in realtà tu
sapere anche molto ovviamente di nuovo importante
se non lo facessimo, sarebbe successo a
aumento di almeno mezzo ordine di grandezza
nel costo di un viaggio quindi un 500%
aumento del costo del viaggio e se noi
piuttosto assurdo provare a costruire una città
su Marte se le tue astronavi sono appena rimaste
stare su Marte o non tornare a
terra sì, questo è come il tuo voto massiccio
cimitero di navi che ti piace fare qualcosa
con loro
quindi non avrebbe davvero senso
astronavi Saliba e Marte davvero

English: 
want to build a propellant plant on Mars
and send the ships back so and what
happens to work out well for that
because it has a co2 atmosphere it's got
water ice in the soil and with h2o and
co2 you can do ch4 methane and oxygen o2
so you're picking the type of balance is
also important that sort of think of us
is maybe this there's three main choices
and I'm gonna have they have their
merits but
kerosene or rocket propellant grade the
kerosene which is also what jets use
rockets use a very expensive form a
highly refined form of jet fuel
essentially which is a form of kerosene
that it helps keep the vehicle size
small but because it's a very
specialized form of jet fuel it's it's
quite expensive the you reasonably
casual is lower very difficult to make
this on Mars because there's no oil so

Italian: 
vuole costruire una centrale a propellente su Marte
e rispedire le navi così e cosa
sembra funzionare bene per quello
perché ha un'atmosfera di CO2
acqua ghiacciata nel terreno e con h2o e
CO2 puoi fare ch4 metano e ossigeno o2
quindi stai scegliendo il tipo di equilibrio
anche importante quel tipo di pensare a noi
è forse ci sono tre scelte principali
e ho intenzione di avere loro
merita ma
kerosene o propellente per razzi il
cherosene che è anche quello che usano i getti
i razzi usano una forma molto costosa a
forma altamente raffinata di carburante per jet
essenzialmente che è una forma di cherosene
che aiuta a mantenere le dimensioni del veicolo
piccolo ma perché è molto
forma specializzata di carburante per jet è
abbastanza costoso il tu ragionevolmente
casual è inferiore molto difficile da realizzare
questo su Marte perché non c'è petrolio così

Italian: 
davvero abbastanza difficile da realizzare
console Marte e quindi propellente
i trasferimenti è abbastanza buono ma non no
grande
idrogeno anche se ha un alto specifico
l'impulso è molto costoso
incredibilmente difficile da evitare
in ebollizione perché idrogeno liquido
è molto vicino allo zero assoluto come
liquido quindi l'installazione richiesta è
è eccezionale e l'aspetto del costo di
in esso il costo dell'energia su Marte di
produrre e immagazzinare idrogeno è molto
alto, quindi abbiamo esaminato il sistema complessivo
l'ottimizzazione era chiaro, è meglio
la scienza che il metano era in realtà il
chiaro vincitore quindi potrebbe richiedere forse
ovunque da te conosci il 50-60% del
energia su Marte per raggiungere per riempire
propellenti che usano un deposito propellente e

English: 
really quite difficult to make the
console Mars and and then propellant
transfers is is pretty good but not not
great
hydrogen although it has a high specific
impulse is it's very expensive
incredibly difficult to do to keep from
boiling off because liquid hydrogen
it is very close to absolute zero as
liquid so the installation required is
is tremendous and the look the cost of
in it the energy cost on Mars of
producing and storing hydrogen is very
high so we looked at the overall system
optimization it was clear it's best
science that methane actually was the
clear winner so it would require maybe
anywhere from you know 50 to 60% of the
energy on Mars to reach to refill
propellants using a propellant Depot and

English: 
just that the technical challenges are a
lot easier so so we think we think
methane is actually better on you just
really almost across the board and and
we started Rolf initially thinking that
hydrogen would make sense but I'll make
camp inclusion that the the best way to
optimize the cost per unit mass to Mars
and back is is to use an all methane
system or technically deep-fryer methyl
otters so those are the four the four
elements that need to get Chiefs or this
so whatever our future whatever a system
is designed whether by SpaceX or or
anyone we think these are the four
features that need to be addressed in
order for the system to to really
achieve a low cost for a cost per ton to
the surface of Mars
and this is a simulation build the oil
system

Italian: 
solo che le sfide tecniche sono a
molto più facile, quindi pensiamo di pensare
il metano in realtà è meglio solo per te
davvero quasi su tutta la linea e e
abbiamo iniziato inizialmente Rolf a pensarlo
l'idrogeno avrebbe senso, ma io avrò
inclusione campo che il modo migliore per
ottimizzare il costo per unità di massa su Marte
e indietro è usare un tutto metano
sistema o tecnicamente friggitrice metile
lontre così quelli sono i quattro i quattro
elementi che hanno bisogno di ottenere capi o questo
quindi qualunque sia il nostro futuro qualunque sia un sistema
è progettato da SpaceX o o
chiunque pensiamo che questi siano i quattro
caratteristiche che devono essere affrontate in
ordine per il sistema per davvero
ottenere un basso costo per un costo per tonnellata a
la superficie di Marte
e questa è una simulazione costruire l'olio
sistema

Italian: 
quindi quello che hai visto è davvero
abbastanza vicino a quello che effettivamente faremo
costruirlo sembrerà quasi esattamente cosa
hai visto come quello che hai visto, quindi non lo è
impressione di un artista questi che il
la simulazione è stata effettivamente realizzata dal
SpaceX progetta modelli CAD così
non sai che non va bene così
come potrebbe essere questo è ciò che noi
piano per provare a farlo sembrare così dentro
il video che vedi ha un senso per
come appare l'architettura di sistema

English: 
so what you saw there is it's really
quite close to what we will actually
build it will look almost exactly what
you saw like what you saw so this is not
an artist's impression these that the
simulation was actually made from the
SpaceX engineering CAD models so this is
not you know it's not just well this is
what it might look like this is what we
plan to try to make it look like so in
the video you see you got a sense for
what the system architecture looks like

Italian: 
il booster a razzo nell'astronave
il decollo carica l'astronave in orbita
il booster booster poi lo ritorna
ritorna abbastanza rapidamente entro circa 20
minuti e così può effettivamente avviarsi
la versione della petroliera del
veicolo spaziale che è essenzialmente lo stesso
come l'astronave ma riempiendo il
carico non pressurizzato e pressurizzato
aree con serbatoi di propellente come sembrano
quasi identico anche questo aiuta
abbassare il costo di sviluppo che
ovviamente non sarà piccolo e quindi
il serbatoio del propellente sale e
in realtà salirà più volte
ovunque da tre a cinque volte a
riempire i serbatoi della nave spaziale
in orbita e poi una volta che l'astronave è
i carri armati sono pieni che il carico è stato
trasferito e abbiamo raggiunto il Marte
tempismo di appuntamento che come messaggi
all'incirca ogni ventisei mesi

English: 
the the rocket booster in the spaceship
takeoff loads the spaceship into orbit
the rocket booster then comes back it
comes back quite quickly within about 20
minutes and so it can actually launch
the the the tanker version of the
spacecraft which is essentially the same
as the as a spaceship but filling up the
unpressurized and pressurized cargo
areas with propellant tanks as they look
almost identical this this also helps
lower the development cost which
obviously will not be small and and then
the propellant tank it goes up and
actually it'll go up multiple times
anywhere from three to five times to
fill the tanks of the of the spaceship
in orbit and then once the spaceship is
the tanks are full the cargo has been
transferred and we reached the Mars
rendezvous timing which as messages
roughly every twenty six months that's

English: 
when the ship would depart you know over
time there would be many spaceships who
to ultimately have I think upwards of a
thousand or more spaceships waiting in
orbit and so that the Mars colonial
fleet would depart on mass they're kinda
like Battlestar Galactica you see that
thing that's good so a bit like that but
if it actually makes sense to load the
spaceships into orbit because you've got
two years to do so and then make
frequent use of the booster and the time
to get really heavy reuse out of those
and then with the with the spaceship you
get less reuse because you have said
well how long is gonna last for maybe 30
years so that might be 12 to maybe 15
flights of the spaceship at most so you
really want to maximize the cargo of the
spaceship and and and use the booster
and the that the tanker Allies so
there's the ship it goes to Mars gets

Italian: 
quando la nave partirà, lo saprai
tempo ci sarebbero molte astronavi che
alla fine ho pensato al rialzo di a
migliaia o più astronavi in ​​attesa
orbita e in modo che il Marte coloniale
la flotta sarebbe partita in massa sono un po '
come Battlestar Galactica lo vedi
cosa buona, ma un po 'così
se ha senso caricare il file
astronavi in ​​orbita perché ce l'hai
due anni per farlo e poi fare
uso frequente del booster e del tempo
per riutilizzarli davvero
e poi con la navicella spaziale
ottenere meno riutilizzo perché hai detto
bene quanto durerà forse 30
anni in modo che potrebbero essere 12 a forse 15
voli dell'astronave al massimo così te
voglio davvero massimizzare il carico del
astronave ee e usare il booster
e quello che la petroliera si allea così
c'è la nave che arriva su Marte

Italian: 
viene quindi reintegrato profondamente
ritorna sulla Terra, quindi entrerò in alcuni di
i dettagli del design del veicolo e
spettacolo e ho intenzione di chiudere o
succo di cui parlerò solo un po '
i dettagli tecnici nell'attuale
presentazione e poi lascerò il
domande tecniche dettagliate al
le domande e risposte che seguono sono da darti
un senso delle dimensioni
è abbastanza grande
e la cosa divertente è che penso in
a lungo termine le strisce saranno ancora più grandi
di questo penso che questo rappresenterà
questo sarà relativamente piccolo rispetto

English: 
gets profound replenished and then
returns to Earth so I'll go into some of
the details of the vehicle design and
performance and I'm gonna close over or
juice I'll only talk a little bit about
the technical details in the actual
presentation and then I'll leave the the
detailed technical questions to the to
the Q&A that follows this is to give you
a sense of size
it's quite big
and the funny thing is I think in the
long term the strips will be even bigger
than this I think this will represent
this will be relatively small compared

Italian: 
alle navi interplanetarie Marte della
del futuro, ma in un certo senso deve esserlo
circa le dimensioni perché se per
per cento persone circa
sezione pressurizzata più trasporto del
bagagli e tutto il non pressurizzato
carico per costruire impianti di propulsione e
entrambi, dalle fonderie di ferro a
pizze per te lo nominiamo nel noi
ho bisogno di trasportare un sacco di carico quindi
ha davvero bisogno di essere all'incirca su questo
questo ordine di grandezza perché se noi
dire come essere la stessa soglia per
città autosufficiente su Marte o
la civiltà sarebbe un milione di persone
bene e puoi andare solo ogni due anni
se tu se tu se ne hai cento
persone per nave sono diecimila
lancia quindi penso almeno un centinaio
persone per viaggio è il giusto ordine di
magnitudo e penso che potremmo davvero
finisce per espandere la sezione dell'equipaggio

English: 
to the Mars interplanetary ships of the
of the future but it kind of needs to be
about the size because if in order to
fit a hundred people there abouts in the
pressurized section plus carry of the
luggage and all of the unpressurized
cargo to build propellant plants and
both everything from iron foundries to
pizza joints to you name it in the we
need carry a lot a lot of cargo so it
really needs to be roughly on this on
this order of magnitude because if we
say like be the same threshold for
self-sustaining city on Mars or
civilization would be a million people
well and you can only go every two years
if you if you if you have a hundred
people per ship that's ten thousand
throws so I think at least a hundred
people per trip is is the right order of
magnitude and I think we actually may
end up expanding the the crew section

Italian: 
e, infine, prendendo più come 200
o più persone per il volo al fine di
ridurre il costo per persona quindi è dieci
mille voli sono un sacco di vita così tu
voglio davvero alla fine penso su
ordine di mille navi ci vorrebbe
un po 'per costruire fino a mille navi
e quindi penso che se lo dici quando arriviamo
quella soglia di un milione di persone dal
punto a cui va la prima nave
Marte è probabilmente servito tra 20 a
50 rendasouz totali di Maas quindi probabilmente
da qualche parte tra loro forse 40 a 100
anni per raggiungere una piena autosufficienza
civiltà su Marte
quindi questo è il tipo di sezione trasversale di
la nave e in qualche modo non è quella

English: 
and and ultimately taking more like 200
or more people for flight in order to
reduce the cost per person so it's ten
thousand flights is a lot of life so you
really want ultimately I think on the
order of a thousand ships it would take
a while to build up to a thousand ships
and so I think if you say when we reach
that million person threshold from the
point of which the first ship goes to
Mars it's probably served between 20 to
50 total Maas rendevouz so it's probably
somewhere between there maybe 40 to 100
years to achieve a fully self-sustaining
civilization on Mars
so that's the sort of cross section of
the ship and in some ways it's not that

Italian: 
complicato davvero il fatto è fatto
principalmente di una fibra di carbonio avanzata
la parte in fibra di carbonio è difficile quando
trattare con criogeni profondi ed e
cercando di raggiungere sia liquidi che gas
permeabilità e avere e non avere lacune
si verificano a causa di crepe o pressurizzazione
ciò renderebbe la chiave credente comp così
questo è abbastanza significativo
sfida tecnica da fare in profondità
serbatoi criogenici in fibra di carbonio e
è solo di recente che noi
pensa che la tecnologia in fibra di carbonio
è arrivato al punto in cui possiamo
effettivamente farlo con senza doverlo fare
creare un liner in una sorta di
fodera in metallo mentre la fodera sul
all'interno dei serbatoi Richard aggiunge massa e
complessità quindi particolarmente difficile
la pressurizzazione di ossigeno gassoso caldo così

English: 
complicated really the it's made
primarily of an advanced carbon fibre
the carbon fiber part is tricky when
dealing with deep cryogens and and
trying to achieve both liquid and gas in
permeability and have and not have gaps
occur due to cracking or pressurization
that would make the comp i beliee key so
this is this is a fairly significant
technical challenge to make deeply
cryogenic tanks out of carbon fiber and
it's only recently that the that we
think that the carbon fiber technology
has gone to the point where we can
actually do this with without having to
create a liner on the in some sort of
metal liner while the liner on the
inside of the tanks Richard add mass and
complexity so a particularly tricky for
the hot gaseous oxygen pressurization so

Italian: 
questo sarà cauto
pressurizzato che significa che il carburante
e l'ossigeno attraverso cui li gassifichiamo
scambi di calore nel motore e nell'uso
quello per pressurizzare i serbatoi
quindi siamo indovinati dal metano e dall'uso
- pressurizzare il gas del serbatoio del carburante dal
uso dell'ossigeno che pressurizza l'ossigeno
serbatoio e questo confronta che questo è un
sistema molto più semplice di quello che abbiamo
con con Falcon 9 dove usiamo l'elio
pressurizzazione e usiamo azoto per
propulsori di gas in questo caso eravamo
parlando tocciamo il riso fresco addormentato e
quindi utilizzare metano gassoso e ossigeno per
i propulsori di controllo quindi davvero solo tu
solo bisogno di due ingredienti per questo come
al contrario di quattro nel caso di
Falcon 9 e in realtà cinque se tu
consideriamo il liquido di accensione così noi

English: 
this this is going to be cautiously
pressurized which means that the fuel
and the oxygen we gasify them through
heat exchanges in the engine and use
that to pressurize the tanks
so we're guessed by the methane and use
- pressurize the fuel tank gas by the
oxygen use that pressurize the oxygen
tank and this compares that this is a
much simpler system than what we have
with with Falcon 9 where we use helium
pressurization and we use nitrogen for
gas thrusters in this case we were
talking we touch asleep fresh rice and
then use gaseous methane and oxygen for
the control thrusters so really only you
only need two ingredients for this as
opposed to four in the case of
Falcon 9 and actually five if you
consider the ignition liquid so we

English: 
reused was a like it's sort of
complicated liquid to ignite the engines
that isn't is very usefulness in this
case we would use spark ignition so this
give you a sense of vehicles by
performance sort of currents and
historic you can actually read that but
in expendable mode that the Bickle purse
that were proposing would do about 550
tons and about 300 tons in reusable mode
that compares to satisfied
max capability of 135 tonnes but I think
this this really gives a better sense
for things the light bars show the
performance of the vehicle like there
was the payload to orbit of the vehicle
so you can see essentially what it
represents is what's the size efficiency
of the of the vehicle and most drugs
including ours that are currently flying

Italian: 
riutilizzato era come se fosse una specie di
liquido complicato per accendere i motori
non è molto utile in questo
caso useremmo l'accensione a scintilla così questo
ti dà un senso di veicoli da
tipo di prestazione di correnti e
storico si può effettivamente leggere ma
in modalità sacrificabile che la borsa Bickle
che stavano proponendo avrebbe fatto circa 550
tonnellate e circa 300 tonnellate in modalità riutilizzabile
rispetto a soddisfatto
capacità massima di 135 tonnellate ma penso
questo dà davvero un senso migliore
per cose che le barre luminose mostrano
prestazioni del veicolo come lì
era il carico utile in orbita del veicolo
quindi puoi vedere essenzialmente di cosa si tratta
rappresenta qual è l'efficienza dimensionale
del veicolo e la maggior parte dei farmaci
compresi i nostri che stanno attualmente volando

Italian: 
la barra delle prestazioni di velocità è solo a
piccola percentuale della dimensione effettiva di
il razzo ma con l'interplanetario
sistema con tradizionalmente l'uso di
Marte siamo stati in grado o crediamo
migliorare notevolmente le prestazioni di progettazione
quindi è la prima volta che un tipo di missili
la barra delle prestazioni supererà effettivamente la
dimensione fisica del razzo
diamo un tipo più diretto di
confronto se questo è il mughetto che
era piuttosto enorme parlando di a
spinta al decollo di 13.000 tonnellate così noi
abbastanza tettonico quando decolla
ma è una misura sul pad 39a che

English: 
the speed performance bar is only a
small percentage of the actual size of
the rocket but with the interplanetary
system with traditionally the use of
Mars we've been able to or we believe
massively improve the design performance
so it's the first time a rockets sort of
performance bar will actually exceed the
physical size of the rocket
let's give you a more direct sort of
comparison if this is the thrush that
was is quite enormous talking about a
liftoff thrust of 13,000 tons so we
quite quite tectonic when it takes off
but it is it is a fit on pad 39a which

Italian: 
nASA ci ha permesso di usarlo
dove perché sono un po 'fuori misura
che il pad dentro durante saturno v e e
di conseguenza possiamo davvero fare molto
veicolo più grande su quella stessa piattaforma di lancio
e poi il futuro che prevediamo di aggiungere
probabilmente molte altre posizioni
Pollyanna voleva sulla costa meridionale di
Texas, ma questo ti dà un senso del
capacità relativa se le leggi
ma questi veicoli hanno molto diversi
scopi a cui questo è veramente destinato
trasportare un numero enorme di persone alla fine
milioni di tonnellate di merci su Marte così te
ho davvero bisogno di qualcosa di abbastanza grande in
per farlo, quindi parla di alcuni di
gli elementi chiave dell'interplanetario
navicella spaziale e razzo che abbiamo citato

English: 
nASA has been kind of to allow us to use
where because they're sort oversized
that the pad in during saturn v and and
as a result we can actually do a much
larger vehicle on that same launch pad
and then the future we expect to add
additional most locations probably
Pollyanna wanted on the south coast of
Texas but this gives you a sense of the
relative capability if you read those
but these vehicles have very different
purposes the this is really intended to
carry huge numbers of people ultimately
millions of tons of cargo to Mars so you
really need something quite large in
order to do that so talk about some of
the key elements of the interplanetary
spaceship and rocket booster we've cited

Italian: 
sorta di sviluppo con ciò che noi
pensare sono probabilmente i due più
elementi difficili del design
uno è il motore Raptor e questo è
sarà la massima pressione della camera
motore di qualsiasi tipo di rivolta e
probabilmente la massima spinta in peso
è una combustione in fase a flusso pieno
motore che massimizza il teorico
lo slancio che puoi ottenere da un dato
fonte di carburante e ossidante serviamo pull
l'ossigeno e il metano per densificarlo così
rispetto a quando solo quando il propellente
usano sono usati vicino alla loro ebollizione
punti nella maggior parte dei razzi e nei nostri
nel caso in cui effettivamente cariciamo i profili vicino
al punto di congelamento e che può
comportare un miglioramento della densità fino a
circa dal 10 al 12 percento, il che rende un
enorme differenza nell'attuale
risultati del razzo rende anche il

English: 
sort of the development with what we
think of are probably the two most
difficult elements of the of the design
one is the the Raptor engine and this is
going to be the highest chamber pressure
engine of any any kind of revolt and
probably the highest thrust-to-weight
it's a it's a full flow stage combustion
engine which maximizes the theoretical
momentum that you can get out of a given
source fuel and oxidizer we serve pull
the oxygen and methane to densify it so
compared to when it when propellant only
use they're used close to their boiling
points in in most rockets and in our
case we actually load the profiles close
to the freezing point and that can
result in a density improvement of up to
around 10 to 12 percent which makes an
enormous difference in the in the actual
results of the rocket it also makes the

Italian: 
elimina qualsiasi rischio di cavitazione
le pompe turbo e lo rende più facile
alimentare una pompa turbo ad alta pressione se
hai un propellente molto freddo
davvero una delle chiavi qui è però
la versione sotto vuoto di rapimento avendo
un ISP di 382 secondi ma questo è davvero
abbastanza critico per l'ultimo
missione e siamo rame con che possiamo ottenere
a quel numero o almeno entro pochi
secondi di quel numero alla fine forse
superandolo leggermente questo è il razzo
il razzo in molti modi è davvero
una versione ingrandita di Falcon 9
Booster vedrai molte somiglianze
come le alette della griglia
raggruppando ovviamente molti motori a
la base e la grande differenza davvero
essendo quella la struttura principale
forma avanzata una fibra di carbonio al contrario

English: 
it gets rid of any cavitation risk for
the turbo pumps and it makes it easier
to feed a high-pressure turbo pump if
you have very cold propellant
really one of the keys here though is
the the vacuum version of rapture having
a 382 second ISP but this is really
quite critical to to the whole last
mission and we're copper with we can get
to that number or at least within a few
seconds of that number ultimately maybe
exceeding it slightly this is rocket the
rocket booster in many ways is is really
a scaled up version of the Falcon 9
booster you'll see a lot of similarities
such as the grid fins
obviously clustering a lot of engines at
the base and the big difference really
being that the primary structure is
advanced form a carbon fiber as opposed

Italian: 
all'alluminio litio e che usiamo
pressurizzazione autogena e e otteniamo
sbarazzarsi di questo l'elio e l'azoto
quindi questo utilizza 42 motori raptor è un
molti motori ma usiamo un ferro da stiro su a
falco 9 e con falco pesante che
dovrebbe essere lanciato all'inizio del prossimo anno
questi 27 motori sulla base, quindi abbiamo
una bella esperienza con avere un
ci dà anche un gran numero di motori
ridondanza in modo che se alcuni dei
i motori non funzionano, è ancora possibile continuare
missione e stare bene, ma il lavoro principale di
questo del booster è di accelerare il
astronave a circa otto e mezzo
mille chilometri un'ora prima per
quelli che hanno meno familiarità
la dinamica orbitale riguarda davvero tutto
velocità e non circa l'altezza così davvero
questo è il lavoro del booster

English: 
to aluminum lithium and that we use
autogenous pressurization and and we get
rid of that the helium and the nitrogen
so this uses 42 raptor engines it's a
lot of engines but we use an iron on a
falcon 9 and with falcon heavy which
should launch early next year there's
this 27 engines on the base so we've got
a pretty good experience with having a
large number of engines it also gives us
redundancy so that if some of the
engines fail you can still continue the
mission and be fine but the main job of
this of the booster is to accelerate the
spaceship to around eight and a half
thousand kilometres an hour before for
those that are less familiar with
orbital dynamics really it's all about
velocity and not about height so really
that's the job of the booster the

Italian: 
booster come il tipo di lanciatore di giavellotto
ne ha una classe quel giavellotto che
è il sig. astronave in caso di
altri pianeti, tuttavia, che è successo
che hanno un pozzo gravitazionale che non lo è
così profondo come Marte delle lune di Giove
vedi se eclis un giorno forse anche Venere
la Venere sarà un po 'più complicata ma
solo per la maggior parte del sistema solare
hai bisogno dell'astronave, così tu no
non hai bisogno del booster se ne hai uno
gravità più bassa, quindi nessun booster è
necessario sulla Luna o su Marte o su uno qualsiasi dei
ministri Giove o Plutone hai solo bisogno
l'astronave il booster è proprio lì
sono quattro pozzi a gravità pesante e quindi
siamo anche stati in grado di ottimizzare il
propellente necessario per il rimbalzo
atterraggio per arrivare a circa sette
percento del decollo del propellente
carico e pensiamo con qualche ottimizzazione
possiamo arrivare a circa il 6% e lo siamo

English: 
boosters like the javelin thrower sort
of it's got a class that javelin which
is the mr. spaceship in in the case of
other planets though which happened
which have a gravity well which is not
as deep so Mars of the moons of Jupiter
see if eclis one day maybe even Venus
the Venus will be a little trickier but
for most of the solar system you only
need the spaceship so you don't you
don't need the booster if you have a
lower gravity well so no booster is
needed on the Moon or Mars or any of the
ministers Jupiter or Pluto you just need
the spaceship the booster is just there
are four heavy gravity wells and then
we've also been able to optimize the
propellant needed for boost back in
landing to get it down to about seven
percent of the liftoff of propellant
load and we think with some optimization
we can get it down to about 6% and we're

Italian: 
inoltre non mi sento abbastanza a mio agio
la precisione dell'atterraggio se lo hai fatto
stato a guardare gli sbarchi di Falcon 9
vedrai che stanno arrivando
sempre più vicino al
bullseye e pensiamo in particolare con
con l'aggiunta di ulteriori con
questa stanza di alcuni propulsori e
manovrando i propulsori possiamo effettivamente
rimetti il ​​booster sull'acqua
in piedi e poi quei giri alla base
sono essenzialmente funzioni di centraggio su
eliminare eventuali disallineamenti di posizione minori in
il lato inferiore
così sembra alla base così noi
pensa che dobbiamo solo gimbal o sterzare
il cluster di motori vCenter così
ci sono i sette motori del
cluster centrale quelli sarebbero quelli
quello che si muove per guidare il razzo
e gli altri sarebbero stati riparati
possesso che ci dà il meglio
concentrazione di possiamo massimizzare il
numero di motori perché non hai

English: 
also not getting quite comfortable with
the accuracy of the landing if you've
been watching the Falcon 9 landings
you'll see that they're getting
increasingly increasingly closer to the
bullseye and we think particularly with
it with the addition of additional with
this room of some thrusters and
maneuvering thrusters we can actually
put the booster right back on the water
stand and then those spins at the base
are essentially centering features to
take out any minor position mismatch at
the lower side
so does it looks like at the base so we
think we only need to gimbal or steer
the vCenter cluster of engines so
there's the seven engines from the
center cluster those would be the ones
that that move for steering the rocket
and the other ones would be fixed in
possession which gives us the best
concentration of of we can max out the
number of engines because you don't have

Italian: 
lasciare qualsiasi spazio per il gioco d'azzardo si sposterà
nei motori e come detto questo è un
poco progettato in modo da poterlo fare
effettivamente perdere anche più motori hanno
decollo o ovunque nei voli e
continuare la missione in modo sicuro così per il
l'astronave stessa nella parte superiore che abbiamo
lo scompartimento pressurizzato lo farò
mostrarti una mosca attraverso quella in a
momento quindi sotto quello è il dove
avremmo il carico non pressurizzato che
sarebbe molto piatto in un molto
tappetino ballabile e quindi sotto
il serbatoio di ossigeno liquido il
il serbatoio di produzione è probabilmente il più difficile
pezzo di questo intero veicolo perché lo è
gestirà il propellente per chiamare questo
livello e esso e i serbatoi stessi
in realtà formano il proform la cellula
in modo che la struttura della cellula e il
la struttura fiscale si combina così com'è
tutti i moderni razzi e in aereo per

English: 
to leave any room for gambling will move
in the engines and like said this is a
little designed so that you could
actually lose multiple engines even have
liftoff or anywhere in flights and
continue the mission safely so the for
the spaceship itself in the top we have
the the pressurized compartment I'll
show you a fly through of that in a
moment then beneath that is the is where
we'd have the unpressurized cargo which
would be really flat packed in a very
danceable mat and and then below that is
the liquid oxygen tank the the
production tank is probably the hardest
piece of this whole vehicle because it's
going to handle propellant to call this
level and it and the tanks themselves
actually form the proform the airframe
so that the airframe structure and the
tax structure are combined as it is in
all modern rockets and in aircraft for

English: 
example the the wing is really a fuel
tank in in wing shape so that it has to
take the thrust loads of a sense the
loads of reentry
and and then it has to be impermeable to
gaseous oxygen which is which is tricky
and non reactive to gaseous oxygen so
that's that's the hardest piece of the
spaceship itself which is actually why
we started on that element as well and
I'll show you some pictures out later so
and they blow the oxygen tank is the
fuel tank and then the engines are
mounted directly to the thrust cone on
the base and then there there are there
six of the vacuum the high-efficiency
vacuum engines around the perimeter and
those of those those don't gamble and
and then there three of the c-level
versions of the engine which do gimbal
and provide the steering although we can
do some some amount of steering if

Italian: 
ad esempio l'ala è davvero un carburante
serbatoio a forma di ala in modo che debba
prendere i carichi di spinta di un certo senso il
un sacco di rientro
e quindi deve essere impermeabile
ossigeno gassoso che è difficile
e non reattivo all'ossigeno gassoso così
questo è il pezzo più difficile del
astronave stessa che è in realtà il motivo
abbiamo iniziato anche su quell'elemento e
Ti mostrerò alcune foto più tardi, quindi
e soffiano il serbatoio di ossigeno è il
serbatoio del carburante e poi i motori sono
montato direttamente sul cono di spinta
la base e poi ci sono lì
sei del vuoto ad alta efficienza
motori a vuoto attorno al perimetro e
quelli di quelli che non giocano d'azzardo e
e poi ci sono tre del livello c
versioni del motore che eseguono il gimbal
e fornire lo sterzo anche se possiamo
fare un po 'di sterzo se

Italian: 
sei nello spazio perché era differenziale
spinta sui bordi esterni della rete
l'effetto è un'auto che va su Marte fino a 450
tonnellate a seconda di quante ricariche
fare con la petroliera e l'obiettivo è
almeno 100 passeggeri per nave
anche se penso che alla fine lo faremo
probabilmente vedrai quel numero andare a 200 o
più questo è scaricato un po '
difficile da interpretare all'inizio ma io
possiamo decidere di metterlo lì per
persone che vogliono guardare il video
successivamente e quindi dare un'occhiata più da vicino
analizzare alcuni dei numeri guardare il
colonna a sinistra è probabilmente ciò che è
più pertinente e questo è ciò che ti dà
il tempo di viaggio quindi a seconda di quale
la terra stava correndo verso il drenaggio per il
durata del viaggio alle 18:00 anni al secondo
la velocità di partenza può arrivare fino a 80

English: 
you're in space by it was differential
thrust on the outside edges the net
effect is a car go to Mars of up to 450
tons depending upon how many refills you
do with the the tanker and the goal is
at least 100 passengers per ship
although I think ultimately we'll
probably see that number go to 200 or
more this is discharged a little
difficult to interpret at first but I
can we decided to put it there for
people who want to watch the video
afterwards and and so take a closer look
analyze some of the numbers look the
column on the left is probably what's
most relevant and that's that gives you
the trip time so depending upon which
earth was running to draining for the
trip time at 6 p.m. years per second
departure velocity can be as low as 80

Italian: 
giorni e poi nel tempo penso che sarebbe
ovviamente migliorarlo e alla fine io
sospetto che vedresti transito su Marte
tempi di oltre 30 giorni in più
futuro lontano quindi è abbastanza gestibile
considerando i viaggi che le persone hanno usato
da fare ai vecchi tempi che di routine
fare viaggi in barca a vela che sarebbero sei
mesi di guerra
così all'arrivo il termosifone
le tecnologie sono estremamente importanti
abbiamo perfezionato lo scudo termico
tecnologia che utilizza il nostro veicolo spaziale Dragon
e ora non abbiamo la versione 3 di
pica impregnata di fenolo
ablatore di carbonio e sta diventando di più e
più di noi con ogni nuova versione con
con meno ablazione più assistenza in meno
necessità di rinnovare gli scudi termici
fondamentalmente una gigantesca pastiglia, quindi è come
quanto sei bravo a fare quella pastiglia del freno
contro condizioni di rientro estreme e
minimizzare i costi di ristrutturazione e

English: 
days and then over time I think would
obviously improve that and ultimately I
suspect that you'd see Mars transit
times of as well as 30 days in the more
distant future so it's fairly manageable
considering the trips that people used
to do in the old days that routinely
take sailing voyages that would be six
months of war
so on arrival the the heatshield
technologies is extremely important
we've been refining the the heat shield
technology using our Dragon spacecraft
and we now have we're not version 3 of
pica which is phenolic impregnated
carbon ablator and it's getting more and
more of us with each new version with
with less ablation more assistance less
need for refurbishment the heat shields
basically a giant brake pad so it's like
how good can you make that brake pad
against extreme reentry conditions and
minimize the cost of refurbishment and

Italian: 
e immagino che potresti averne molti
voli con nutrimento a tutti
questo è un volo attraverso l'equipaggio
scomparto
ti darà un'idea di cosa
mi piacerebbe davvero essere nel
astronave intendo per farcela
accattivante e aumentare quella parte di
il diagramma di Venn in cui le persone che
in realtà vuole andare deve essere

English: 
and I guess that you could have many
flights with nourishment at all
this is a flight through of the the crew
compartment
it's gonna give you a sense of what it
would feel like to actually be in the
spaceship I mean in order to make it
appealing and increase that portion of
the Venn diagram where people who
actually want to go it's got to be

English: 
really fun and exciting and it can't
feel cramped or boring so the crew the
crew compartment or the occupant
compartment is setups that you can do
zero-g games you can float around
they'll be like movies liquor poles your
cabins a restaurant
it'll be like really fun to go you can
have a great time
serve it the propellant plants on Mars
against one of the slides that I would
going to in detail here but people can
think about offline the key point being
that the ingredients that are Mars to
create a propellant plant with relative
ease because the atmosphere is primarily
co2 and there's water ice almost
everywhere you've got the the co2 plus
h2o to make methane ch4 and oxygen or to

Italian: 
davvero divertente ed eccitante e non può
sentirsi angusti o noiosi così l'equipaggio il
compartimento dell'equipaggio o occupante
compartimento è configurazioni che puoi fare
giochi zero-g su cui puoi giocare
saranno come i tuoi film di liquore
cabine un ristorante
sarà davvero divertente andarci
divertiti
servire le piante propellenti su Marte
contro una delle diapositive che vorrei
andando in dettaglio qui, ma le persone possono
pensa offline al punto chiave
che gli ingredienti che sono Marte
creare una pianta propellente con relativo
facilità perché l'atmosfera è principalmente
CO2 e c'è quasi ghiaccio d'acqua
ovunque hai il plus co2
h2o per produrre metano ch4 e ossigeno o per

English: 
using the survived a reaction that the
the trickiest thing really is the the
energy source which we think we can do
with a large field of solar panels so
then to give you essentially cost really
the key is is making this affordable to
almost anyone who wants to go and we
think based on this architecture this
architects receiving optimization over
time at the very first flights would be
would be fairly expensive but the
architecture allows for a cost per
ticket of less than $200,000 maybe as
less maybe as it was a hundred thousand
over time depending upon how much mass
opposed to take so we're right now
estimating about a hundred and forty
thousand dollars per ton to reception
mars therefore person plus the luggage
is less than that taking is about

Italian: 
usando il sopravvissuto una reazione che il
la cosa più difficile è davvero il
fonte di energia che pensiamo di poter fare
con un ampio campo di pannelli solari così
quindi per darti essenzialmente costi davvero
la chiave sta nel rendere questo accessibile
quasi chiunque voglia andarci e noi
pensare basato su questa architettura questa
architetti che ricevono l'ottimizzazione
il tempo al primo volo sarebbe
sarebbe abbastanza costoso ma il
l'architettura consente un costo per
biglietto di meno di $ 200.000 forse come
meno forse perché era centomila
nel tempo a seconda di quanta massa
contrariamente a prendere così siamo in questo momento
stimando circa centoquaranta
mille dollari per tonnellata alla reception
Marte quindi persona più il bagaglio
è inferiore a quello che sta prendendo

Italian: 
conto del consumo di cibo e della vita
supporto quindi pensiamo che i costi di
trasferirsi su Marte alla fine potrebbe cadere
sotto centomila dollari così
il finanziamento di questi è costituito dal finanziamento
fonti e così potremmo rubare mutande
lanciare i satelliti nello stesso spazio cognitivo
La stazione Kickstarter ovviamente seguì
per profitto, quindi ovviamente sarà
una sfida per finanziare tutto questo
sforzo che prevediamo di generare piuttosto
decente flusso di cassa netto dal lancio
molti satelliti e manutenzione del
stazione spaziale per la NASA di trasferimento
affrettato da e verso la stazione spaziale e e
allora so che ce n'è molto
di persone nel settore privato che lo sono
interessato ad aiutare a finanziare una base su

English: 
account food consumption and life
support then we think that the costs of
moving to Mars ultimately could drop
below a hundred thousand dollars so
funding these are put about funding
sources and so we could steal Underpants
launch satellites same cognitive Space
Station Kickstarter of course followed
by profit so the obviously it's gonna be
a challenge to to fund this whole
endeavor we do expect to generate pretty
decent net net cash flow from launching
lots of satellites and servicing the
space station for NASA of transferring
hager to and from space station and and
then I know that there's there's a lot
of people in the private sector who are
interested in helping fund a base on

English: 
Mars and then perhaps there will be
interest on the government sector side
to also do that ultimately this is going
to be a huge public-private partnership
and I think that's that's that's how the
United States was established and many
other countries around the world is a
public-private partnership I think
that's probably what what occurs and
right now we're just trying to make as
much progress as we can with the
resources that we have available and
just sort of keep keep moving both
forward and hopefully I think I think as
we as we show that this is possible that
this dream is real
not just a dream it's something that we
made real I think the support will
snowball over time and I should say also
the that the main reason I'm personally

Italian: 
Marte e poi forse ci sarà
interesse da parte del settore pubblico
per fare anche questo alla fine questo sta andando
essere un enorme partenariato pubblico-privato
e penso che sia così che è
Gli Stati Uniti sono stati istituiti e molti
altri paesi nel mondo è a
partenariato pubblico-privato penso
questo è probabilmente ciò che accade e
in questo momento stiamo solo cercando di fare come
molti progressi che possiamo con il
risorse che abbiamo a disposizione e
solo una specie di continua a muoverti entrambi
avanti e speriamo di pensare come
noi come mostriamo che questo è possibile quello
questo sogno è reale
non solo un sogno è qualcosa che noi
reso reale penso che il supporto lo farà
palla di neve nel tempo e dovrei dire anche
il che il motivo principale sono personalmente

Italian: 
accumulare attività è per finanziare
questo quindi non ne ho davvero nessun altro
motivazione per accumulare personalmente
attività tranne per essere in grado di effettuare il
il più grande contributo che posso dare
vita multiplanetaria
le tempistiche non sono le migliori in questo tipo di
cosa ma
solo per mostrarti quando siamo partiti
2002 SpaceX era sostanzialmente costituito da
tappeto e una banda di mariachi ma quello era
questo è tutto ciò che riguarda SpaceX in
Nel 2002 come vedi sono una danza
macchina e sì, credo nella raccolta

English: 
accumulating assets is in order to fund
this so I really don't have any other
motivation for personally accumulating
assets except to be able to make the
biggest contribution I can to making
life multiplanetary
timelines not the best at this sort of
thing but
just to show you when we started off in
2002 SpaceX basically consisted of
carpet and a mariachi band but that was
it that's that's that's all of SpaceX in
2002 as you can see I'm a dancing
machine and yeah I believe in picking

Italian: 
negli eventi celebrativi con Mario
in realtà mi piace molto l'assicurazione Maury
questo è ciò con cui abbiamo iniziato
2002 e davvero intendo che pensavo di sì
forse una probabilità del 10% di fare qualcosa
persino ottenere un razzo da manifestare e tanto meno
andare oltre e ed e prendere
Marte sul serio, ma se venissi alla clusione
che se ci fosse se non fosse un po 'nuovo
ingresso nell'arena spaziale
con una forte motivazione ideologica
allora non sembrava che fossimo su un
la traiettoria di essere sempre spaziale
civilization and be out there among the
stars because you know in 69 we were
able to go to the moon and the Space
Shuttle could get to low-earth orbit and
then obviously spatial got retired but
that trend line is down down to zero so
I think what a lot of people don't
appreciate is that technology does not
automatically improve it only improves

English: 
over celebratory events with Mario
actually I really like Maury insurance
that was what we started off with in
2002 and really I mean I thought we have
maybe a 10% chance of doing anything of
even getting a rocket to overt let alone
getting beyond that and and and taking
Mars seriously but if I came clusion
that if there were if it wasn't some new
entrance into it into the space arena
with a strong ideological motivation
then it didn't seem like we were on a
trajectory to ever be a spacefaring
civilization and be out there among the
stars because you know in 69 we were
able to go to the moon and the Space
Shuttle could get to low-earth orbit and
then obviously spatial got retired but
that trend line is down down to zero so
I think what a lot of people don't
appreciate is that technology does not
automatically improve it only improves

Italian: 
if a lot of really strong engineering
talent is applied to the problem that it
improves and there many examples in
history where civilizations have reached
a certain technology level and then have
fallen well below that and and then
recovered only millennia later so we go
from 2002 where we basically were
clueless and then felt with Falcon one
the smallest useful orbital rocket that
we could think of
which would deliver half a ton to orbit
and then four years later we developed a
both the first the first vehicle so we
dropped the main image in the upper
stage engine the the airframes the
fairing and the launch system and had
our first attempt at launch in 2006

English: 
if a lot of really strong engineering
talent is applied to the problem that it
improves and there many examples in
history where civilizations have reached
a certain technology level and then have
fallen well below that and and then
recovered only millennia later so we go
from 2002 where we basically were
clueless and then felt with Falcon one
the smallest useful orbital rocket that
we could think of
which would deliver half a ton to orbit
and then four years later we developed a
both the first the first vehicle so we
dropped the main image in the upper
stage engine the the airframes the
fairing and the launch system and had
our first attempt at launch in 2006

Italian: 
which failed that lasted about 60
seconds unfortunately but but it's 2006
four years after starting is also when
we we actually got our first national
contract and I just want to say I'm
incredibly grateful to NASA for
supporting SpaceX you know despite the
fact that our rocket crashed was awesome
well hello i'm NASA's biggest fan so
yeah I think thank you very much to the
people that had the faith to do that
grazie
so then 2006 followed by a lot of grief
and then finally the fourth launch of
falcon wine worked in 2008 and we were
really down to our last pennies in fact
I only thought I had enough money for
three launches and first three buddy

English: 
which failed that lasted about 60
seconds unfortunately but but it's 2006
four years after starting is also when
we we actually got our first national
contract and I just want to say I'm
incredibly grateful to NASA for
supporting SpaceX you know despite the
fact that our rocket crashed was awesome
well hello i'm NASA's biggest fan so
yeah I think thank you very much to the
people that had the faith to do that
thank you
so then 2006 followed by a lot of grief
and then finally the fourth launch of
falcon wine worked in 2008 and we were
really down to our last pennies in fact
I only thought I had enough money for
three launches and first three buddy

English: 
failed and we were able to scrape
together enough to just barely make it
and do do a fourth launch and that think
their goodness that fourth launch
succeeded in 2008 I was a lot of pain
and and then most at the end of 2008 is
when where NASA awarded us the first
signature operational contract which was
for resupplying cargo to the space
station of bringing cargo back then a
couple years later we did the first
launch of Falcon 9 version one and that
had about a 10 ton to over capability so
it was about 20 times the capability of
Falcon 1 and it also was signed to to
carry out Dragon spacecraft then 20 2010
is our first mission to the space
station so we were able to finish

Italian: 
failed and we were able to scrape
together enough to just barely make it
and do do a fourth launch and that think
their goodness that fourth launch
succeeded in 2008 I was a lot of pain
and and then most at the end of 2008 is
when where NASA awarded us the first
signature operational contract which was
for resupplying cargo to the space
station of bringing cargo back then a
couple years later we did the first
launch of Falcon 9 version one and that
had about a 10 ton to over capability so
it was about 20 times the capability of
Falcon 1 and it also was signed to to
carry out Dragon spacecraft then 20 2010
is our first mission to the space
station so we were able to finish

English: 
development of Dragon and dock with the
space station in 2010 so sorry 220 sorry
2010 is expendable
Mutulu bracket expendable Dragon 2012
when we delivered and return cargo from
the space station 2013 when we first
started doing a boat of takeoff or
landing tests and in 2014 is when we
were able to have the first orbital
booster do a soft landing in the ocean
landing was soft wood fell over exploded
but landing for seven seconds it was
good
and we also improved the capability of
the vehicle from 10 tons to about
13 tonnes to Leo and then 2015 rule last
year in December I was definitely where
the best moments of my life when the

Italian: 
development of Dragon and dock with the
space station in 2010 so sorry 220 sorry
2010 is expendable
Mutulu bracket expendable Dragon 2012
when we delivered and return cargo from
the space station 2013 when we first
started doing a boat of takeoff or
landing tests and in 2014 is when we
were able to have the first orbital
booster do a soft landing in the ocean
landing was soft wood fell over exploded
but landing for seven seconds it was
bene
and we also improved the capability of
the vehicle from 10 tons to about
13 tonnes to Leo and then 2015 rule last
year in December I was definitely where
the best moments of my life when the

English: 
rocket booster came back and landed it
at Cape Canaveral so I was really yeah
so they think that really sure that we
could bring an orbit class booster back
from a very high velocity all the way to
the launch sites and landed safely and
and with with almost no refurbishment
required for a flight and if things go
well we're hoping to reef lie one of
landed bruises in a few months so yeah
and then 2016 we're also demonstrated
landing on on a ship the landing on the
ship is important for the very high
velocity geosynchronous missions and
that's that's important for feasibility
of Falcon 9 because about a roughly a

Italian: 
rocket booster came back and landed it
at Cape Canaveral so I was really yeah
so they think that really sure that we
could bring an orbit class booster back
from a very high velocity all the way to
the launch sites and landed safely and
and with with almost no refurbishment
required for a flight and if things go
well we're hoping to reef lie one of
landed bruises in a few months so yeah
and then 2016 we're also demonstrated
landing on on a ship the landing on the
ship is important for the very high
velocity geosynchronous missions and
that's that's important for feasibility
of Falcon 9 because about a roughly a

Italian: 
quarter of our missions are servicing
the space station and then there's a few
other low-earth orbit missions but most
of our missions probably 60% of our
missions are commercial geo missions so
we've got to do these high velocity
missions that really need to land on a
ship out to sea they don't have enough
propellants on board so you boost back
to the launch site so looking at the
futuro
next steps we were kind of intentionally
a bit fuzzy about the same line but
we're going to try to make as much
progress as we can obviously it's with a
very constrained budget but we're gonna
try to make as much progress as we can
on the elements of the interplanetary
transport Brewster and spaceship and and
hopefully we'll be able to do to

English: 
quarter of our missions are servicing
the space station and then there's a few
other low-earth orbit missions but most
of our missions probably 60% of our
missions are commercial geo missions so
we've got to do these high velocity
missions that really need to land on a
ship out to sea they don't have enough
propellants on board so you boost back
to the launch site so looking at the
future
next steps we were kind of intentionally
a bit fuzzy about the same line but
we're going to try to make as much
progress as we can obviously it's with a
very constrained budget but we're gonna
try to make as much progress as we can
on the elements of the interplanetary
transport Brewster and spaceship and and
hopefully we'll be able to do to

English: 
complete the first development spaceship
in maybe about four years and start
doing several flights with with that in
fact actually has enough capability that
you could maybe even go to orbit but if
you limit the amount of cargo with the
spaceship of it well you have to really
really strip it down but in in tanka
form it can definitely get to open check
it back
we can get to over it actually starts
thinking like maybe there is a market
for really fast transport of stuff
around the world provided we can land
somewhere where noise is not a super big
deal rockets are very noisy but we could
transport cargo to anywhere on earth in
45 minutes at the longest so most places
on earth would be maybe 20 25 minutes so
maybe if we had a floating platform out

Italian: 
complete the first development spaceship
in maybe about four years and start
doing several flights with with that in
fact actually has enough capability that
you could maybe even go to orbit but if
you limit the amount of cargo with the
spaceship of it well you have to really
really strip it down but in in tanka
form it can definitely get to open check
it back
we can get to over it actually starts
thinking like maybe there is a market
for really fast transport of stuff
around the world provided we can land
somewhere where noise is not a super big
deal rockets are very noisy but we could
transport cargo to anywhere on earth in
45 minutes at the longest so most places
on earth would be maybe 20 25 minutes so
maybe if we had a floating platform out

English: 
there off the coast of you know say of
Costa New York I said 20 30 miles out
you could go from you know New York to
Tokyo in
at 25 minutes for across the Atlantic in
ten minutes as really most your time
would be getting to the ship and then
there'd be real quick after that so
there's some intriguing possibilities
there although we're not counting on
that and then and then develop another
boost we actually think the Brewster
part is is relatively straightforward
because we've it's it amounts to scaling
up of the Falcon 9 booster so this we
don't see a lot of sort of showstoppers
there yeah so then but they're trying to
put it all together and and and make
this actually work for Mars
if things go super well it might be kind

Italian: 
there off the coast of you know say of
Costa New York I said 20 30 miles out
you could go from you know New York to
Tokyo in
at 25 minutes for across the Atlantic in
ten minutes as really most your time
would be getting to the ship and then
there'd be real quick after that so
there's some intriguing possibilities
there although we're not counting on
that and then and then develop another
boost we actually think the Brewster
part is is relatively straightforward
because we've it's it amounts to scaling
up of the Falcon 9 booster so this we
don't see a lot of sort of showstoppers
there yeah so then but they're trying to
put it all together and and and make
this actually work for Mars
if things go super well it might be kind

English: 
of in the ten year time frame but that
this this look I don't want to say
that's when it will occur it's like
there's a huge amount of risk it's gonna
cost a lot good chance we don't see but
we're gonna do our best and try to make
as much progress as as possible all
right and we're gonna try to send
something to Mars on every Moss
rendezvous from here on out so dragon 2
which is a propulsive lander we plan to
send Mars in in a couple years and and
then do probably another dragon mission
in 2020 in fact we want to establish a
steady cadence that there's always a
flight leaving like a train leaving the
station with every Monday we we will be
transferred we will be sending a dragon
at least a dragon to Mars and ultimately
the big spaceship so if they're people

Italian: 
of in the ten year time frame but that
this this look I don't want to say
that's when it will occur it's like
there's a huge amount of risk it's gonna
cost a lot good chance we don't see but
we're gonna do our best and try to make
as much progress as as possible all
right and we're gonna try to send
something to Mars on every Moss
rendezvous from here on out so dragon 2
which is a propulsive lander we plan to
send Mars in in a couple years and and
then do probably another dragon mission
in 2020 in fact we want to establish a
steady cadence that there's always a
flight leaving like a train leaving the
station with every Monday we we will be
transferred we will be sending a dragon
at least a dragon to Mars and ultimately
the big spaceship so if they're people

Italian: 
that are interested in putting payloads
on on Dragon you know you can count on a
ship that's going to transport something
in order
at least two or three tons of useful
payloads the surface of Mars
yes that's that's part the reason why we
designed dragon 2 to be a propulsive
lander is as a propulsive landing you
can you can go anywhere in the solar
system so you could go to the moon you
go to wealth anywhere really
whereas if something relies on
parachutes or wings then you can pretty
much only well if it's if it's wings you
can pretty much on the land on earth
because you need a runway most places
don't have a runway and then any place
doesn't have a dense atmosphere you
can't use parachutes so but propulsive

English: 
that are interested in putting payloads
on on Dragon you know you can count on a
ship that's going to transport something
in order
at least two or three tons of useful
payloads the surface of Mars
yes that's that's part the reason why we
designed dragon 2 to be a propulsive
lander is as a propulsive landing you
can you can go anywhere in the solar
system so you could go to the moon you
go to wealth anywhere really
whereas if something relies on
parachutes or wings then you can pretty
much only well if it's if it's wings you
can pretty much on the land on earth
because you need a runway most places
don't have a runway and then any place
doesn't have a dense atmosphere you
can't use parachutes so but propulsive

Italian: 
works anywhere so so dragon should be
capable of landing on any solid or
liquid surface in the in the solar
system and then as I was really excited
to see that the team managed to do the
all up rapture engine firing in advance
of this conference that I sort of say
thanks to to the Raptor team for really
working seven days a week to try to get
this done of in advance of a
presentation so I really want to show
that we've made some hardware progress
in this direction and and the Raptors
are really tricky engines it's a lot
trickier than Dan Mullen because it's a
full flow stage combustion much higher
pressure and I kind of amazed didn't
blow up on the first firing but
unfortunately it was it was good

English: 
works anywhere so so dragon should be
capable of landing on any solid or
liquid surface in the in the solar
system and then as I was really excited
to see that the team managed to do the
all up rapture engine firing in advance
of this conference that I sort of say
thanks to to the Raptor team for really
working seven days a week to try to get
this done of in advance of a
presentation so I really want to show
that we've made some hardware progress
in this direction and and the Raptors
are really tricky engines it's a lot
trickier than Dan Mullen because it's a
full flow stage combustion much higher
pressure and I kind of amazed didn't
blow up on the first firing but
unfortunately it was it was good

Italian: 
it's kind of interesting to see the
markdown is forming
so the apart and parties before making
the engines sort of small like Raptor
although it has three times the thrust
of a Merlin is actually only about the
same size as a Merlin engine because it
has three times the operating pressure
and that means we can use a lot of the
production techniques that we've honed
with Merlin we're currently producing
Merlin engines at almost three hundred
per year so we understand how to make
rocket engines in volume so even though
the the Maas vehicle uses 42 on the base
and nine on the upper stage so we're 51

English: 
it's kind of interesting to see the
markdown is forming
so the apart and parties before making
the engines sort of small like Raptor
although it has three times the thrust
of a Merlin is actually only about the
same size as a Merlin engine because it
has three times the operating pressure
and that means we can use a lot of the
production techniques that we've honed
with Merlin we're currently producing
Merlin engines at almost three hundred
per year so we understand how to make
rocket engines in volume so even though
the the Maas vehicle uses 42 on the base
and nine on the upper stage so we're 51

English: 
engines to make that that's well within
our production capabilities for Merlin
and this is a similarly similarly sized
engine to Berlin except for the
expansion ratio so we feel really
comfortable about being able to make
this engine in volume at at a price that
doesn't doesn't break our budget and
then we also want to make progress on
the primary structure so as I mentioned
this is really a very difficult thing to
make is to make something out of carbon
fiber even the compiler has incredible
strength to weight when when you want
one of them but super cold liquid oxygen
and liquid methane a particular
particular liquid oxygen in the tank is
subject to to cracking at leaking and
it's it's a variable thing to make just
the sheer scale of it is also
challenging because you've got to lay
out the carbon fiber and exactly right

Italian: 
engines to make that that's well within
our production capabilities for Merlin
and this is a similarly similarly sized
engine to Berlin except for the
expansion ratio so we feel really
comfortable about being able to make
this engine in volume at at a price that
doesn't doesn't break our budget and
then we also want to make progress on
the primary structure so as I mentioned
this is really a very difficult thing to
make is to make something out of carbon
fiber even the compiler has incredible
strength to weight when when you want
one of them but super cold liquid oxygen
and liquid methane a particular
particular liquid oxygen in the tank is
subject to to cracking at leaking and
it's it's a variable thing to make just
the sheer scale of it is also
challenging because you've got to lay
out the carbon fiber and exactly right

English: 
way on a huge mold and you've got to
cure that mold at temperature and and
then it's and then it's just really hard
to make large large carbon fiber
structures that could do all of those
things and carry incredible
so so that's that's the other thing we
want to focus on was the rapture and
then building the first development tank
for the Mars spaceship so yeah like I
said this is this this is that this is
really the hardest part of the spaceship
the other pieces are we we have a pretty
good handle on but this was the
trickiest one so we wanted to tackle it
first you get a size for how big the
tank is it's really very quite big also
big congratulations to the team that
worked on that they're also working
seven days a week to try to get this

Italian: 
way on a huge mold and you've got to
cure that mold at temperature and and
then it's and then it's just really hard
to make large large carbon fiber
structures that could do all of those
things and carry incredible
so so that's that's the other thing we
want to focus on was the rapture and
then building the first development tank
for the Mars spaceship so yeah like I
said this is this this is that this is
really the hardest part of the spaceship
the other pieces are we we have a pretty
good handle on but this was the
trickiest one so we wanted to tackle it
first you get a size for how big the
tank is it's really very quite big also
big congratulations to the team that
worked on that they're also working
seven days a week to try to get this

Italian: 
done in advance of the IAC and so the
way we managed to build the first tank
and the initial tests with the cryogenic
propellant actually looked quite quite
positive we have not seen any leaks or
major issues this is what the the tank
looks like on the inside
so you can get it to get a real sense
for how much just how big this this tank
is the it's actually completely smooth
on the inside but the way that the
carbon fiber plies lay out and reflect
the light makes it look look faceted so
then what about beyond Moz so as we
thought about the system and the reason
we call it a system because generally I
don't like pulling things systems
because everything's a system including
your dog the is that it's that it's
actually more than a vehicle there's
this absolute the rocket booster the

English: 
done in advance of the IAC and so the
way we managed to build the first tank
and the initial tests with the cryogenic
propellant actually looked quite quite
positive we have not seen any leaks or
major issues this is what the the tank
looks like on the inside
so you can get it to get a real sense
for how much just how big this this tank
is the it's actually completely smooth
on the inside but the way that the
carbon fiber plies lay out and reflect
the light makes it look look faceted so
then what about beyond Moz so as we
thought about the system and the reason
we call it a system because generally I
don't like pulling things systems
because everything's a system including
your dog the is that it's that it's
actually more than a vehicle there's
this absolute the rocket booster the

Italian: 
spaceship the tanker and the propellant
plant the the Institute of propellant
production if you have all of those four
elements you can actually go anywhere in
the solar system by but by planet
hopping or moon hopping so by
establishing a propellant Depot on in
the asteroid belt or on one of the moons
of Jupiter you can go to you can make
flights from Mars to Jupiter no problem
in fact even from even without a
profiling tifo at Mars you can you can
do a flyby of of Jupiter without a
penalty boat so but by establishing
propellant Depot let's say you know in
slightest or throw up over or any of
this few few options and then doing
another one on Titan Jupiter Saturn

English: 
spaceship the tanker and the propellant
plant the the Institute of propellant
production if you have all of those four
elements you can actually go anywhere in
the solar system by but by planet
hopping or moon hopping so by
establishing a propellant Depot on in
the asteroid belt or on one of the moons
of Jupiter you can go to you can make
flights from Mars to Jupiter no problem
in fact even from even without a
profiling tifo at Mars you can you can
do a flyby of of Jupiter without a
penalty boat so but by establishing
propellant Depot let's say you know in
slightest or throw up over or any of
this few few options and then doing
another one on Titan Jupiter Saturn

English: 
smooth and perhaps another one further
out on Pluto or elsewhere in the solar
system if this system really gives gives
you freedom to go anywhere you want in
the greater solar system so you can
actually travel out to the Cape Abell to
the earth cloud
I wouldn't recommend this for
interstellar journeys but
this just this basic system provided we
have filling stations along the way
it means full access to the entire
Greater solar system
we're really great to do a mission to
Euro but particularly alright so any

Italian: 
smooth and perhaps another one further
out on Pluto or elsewhere in the solar
system if this system really gives gives
you freedom to go anywhere you want in
the greater solar system so you can
actually travel out to the Cape Abell to
the earth cloud
I wouldn't recommend this for
interstellar journeys but
this just this basic system provided we
have filling stations along the way
it means full access to the entire
Greater solar system
we're really great to do a mission to
Euro but particularly alright so any

Italian: 
questions that I can answer
hello yeah Derek Stanley I can't see a
thing by the way so they all upset I
won't try to look at you guys yeah
there's some party voices play calm okay
can you talk a little bit about from the
video it looks like launching complex
39a is gonna be initial launch site can
you talk about some of the initial test
flights modifications to the pad and
where the booster and spacecraft may be
built sorry I think we need to speak a
little bit about it
sure the video showed launching from
launch complex 39 talked a little bit
about initial test flights booster
construction site and where the
spacecraft may be built as it seems to
be too large to transport by Road or any

English: 
questions that I can answer
hello yeah Derek Stanley I can't see a
thing by the way so they all upset I
won't try to look at you guys yeah
there's some party voices play calm okay
can you talk a little bit about from the
video it looks like launching complex
39a is gonna be initial launch site can
you talk about some of the initial test
flights modifications to the pad and
where the booster and spacecraft may be
built sorry I think we need to speak a
little bit about it
sure the video showed launching from
launch complex 39 talked a little bit
about initial test flights booster
construction site and where the
spacecraft may be built as it seems to
be too large to transport by Road or any

Italian: 
other terrestrial transport yeah so we
are expecting to do the initial flights
from 39a so we're setting a plan to set
up 39 days such that it can launch
either Falcon Heavy or the
interplanetary system the it's it's
quite a big launch site so I think we we
can do that in terms of construction of
these the ship and booster you're right
it is quite big not something you can
really transport on the roads so the I
think we would probably look at
construction of the the booster and the
spacecraft at some of the Gulf Gulf
states were actually looking at service
should
Louisiana is one of the possibilities
and but but I think we would end up

English: 
other terrestrial transport yeah so we
are expecting to do the initial flights
from 39a so we're setting a plan to set
up 39 days such that it can launch
either Falcon Heavy or the
interplanetary system the it's it's
quite a big launch site so I think we we
can do that in terms of construction of
these the ship and booster you're right
it is quite big not something you can
really transport on the roads so the I
think we would probably look at
construction of the the booster and the
spacecraft at some of the Gulf Gulf
states were actually looking at service
should
Louisiana is one of the possibilities
and but but I think we would end up

English: 
constructing the booster and spacecraft
in probably multiple states and then
perhaps doing final assembly at the
launch site thank you hi Ellen Oh Jo
okay
it's very nice to meet you my name is
Aldo and three weeks ago I was at
Burning Man in the Nevada desert right
and it felt like I was in Mars it was a
dusty storm and it was really cold at
night and there was no water but there
was one problem with Bernie man with a
population of only 75,000 there was a
lot of shit and there was no water to
take it into the rivers which is kind of
what we do today you know current
sanitation system so I was like is this
what Mars going to be like just a dusty

Italian: 
constructing the booster and spacecraft
in probably multiple states and then
perhaps doing final assembly at the
launch site thank you hi Ellen Oh Jo
va bene
it's very nice to meet you my name is
Aldo and three weeks ago I was at
Burning Man in the Nevada desert right
and it felt like I was in Mars it was a
dusty storm and it was really cold at
night and there was no water but there
was one problem with Bernie man with a
population of only 75,000 there was a
lot of shit and there was no water to
take it into the rivers which is kind of
what we do today you know current
sanitation system so I was like is this
what Mars going to be like just a dusty

English: 
waterless sheet storm so I was like hey
Ellen are you working on a sustainable
sanitation are we gonna have toilet a
Mars that doesn't use water today on
earth there's three billion people that
don't have a nice actually have to say
we have to keep it known essays only
questions all right so are you getting
the Mars yeah I think mines actually has
a huge amount of water and water ice so
I don't think we'll really suffer a
water shortage in laws the main thing
about Wallace is actually gonna be
energy if you have energy there's plenty
of water because there's this massive
amounts of ice so it's really just about
getting huge numbers of
solar panels out there and potentially
doing geothermal energy and you know
ultimately I think if serving the public
is receptive we you know there might be
nuclear I think certainly if you build
nuclear on Mars as to where the
transporting fluid or Mars would be up

Italian: 
waterless sheet storm so I was like hey
Ellen are you working on a sustainable
sanitation are we gonna have toilet a
Mars that doesn't use water today on
earth there's three billion people that
don't have a nice actually have to say
we have to keep it known essays only
questions all right so are you getting
the Mars yeah I think mines actually has
a huge amount of water and water ice so
I don't think we'll really suffer a
water shortage in laws the main thing
about Wallace is actually gonna be
energy if you have energy there's plenty
of water because there's this massive
amounts of ice so it's really just about
getting huge numbers of
solar panels out there and potentially
doing geothermal energy and you know
ultimately I think if serving the public
is receptive we you know there might be
nuclear I think certainly if you build
nuclear on Mars as to where the
transporting fluid or Mars would be up

English: 
to the public to the side right next
question I'm George letters from MIT as
DM and MIT GSL I along the first humans
on Mars will be in the history books as
we all know who should these men and
women be maybe children - who should
these people be carrying the light of
humanity to Mars for all of us thank you
well I think the first journeys to Mars
can be really very dangerous the risk of
fatality will be high there's no way
around it so I would not just have
ascending children or it would be
basically are you prepared to die then
that's okay then then you know your
candidate for going but really this is
this is less about like you know who
goes there first or it's the thing that

Italian: 
to the public to the side right next
question I'm George letters from MIT as
DM and MIT GSL I along the first humans
on Mars will be in the history books as
we all know who should these men and
women be maybe children - who should
these people be carrying the light of
humanity to Mars for all of us thank you
well I think the first journeys to Mars
can be really very dangerous the risk of
fatality will be high there's no way
around it so I would not just have
ascending children or it would be
basically are you prepared to die then
that's okay then then you know your
candidate for going but really this is
this is less about like you know who
goes there first or it's the thing that

Italian: 
really matters is making a
self-sustaining civilization on Mars as
fast as possible it is this different
from Apollo this is you know this is
really about minimizing existential risk
and and having a tremendous sense of
adventure I mean a thing that Mars
really represents I mean there's the
whole life insurance and protecting life
and ensuring that the land of
consciousness is not extinguished which
i think is incredibly important they're
backing up the biosphere
and to be clear this is not about
everyone moving to Mars it's about
becoming multiplanetary I think earth
will be a good place for a long time but
but it's just it's the problem I span of
human civilization we much greater for a
multi-planet species now that's the
defensive argument but the yeah the
other that actually find most compelling

English: 
really matters is making a
self-sustaining civilization on Mars as
fast as possible it is this different
from Apollo this is you know this is
really about minimizing existential risk
and and having a tremendous sense of
adventure I mean a thing that Mars
really represents I mean there's the
whole life insurance and protecting life
and ensuring that the land of
consciousness is not extinguished which
i think is incredibly important they're
backing up the biosphere
and to be clear this is not about
everyone moving to Mars it's about
becoming multiplanetary I think earth
will be a good place for a long time but
but it's just it's the problem I span of
human civilization we much greater for a
multi-planet species now that's the
defensive argument but the yeah the
other that actually find most compelling

English: 
is that is that it would be an
incredible adventure and it would be the
most inspiring thing that I could
possibly imagine and life needs to be
more than just solving problems every
day you need to wake up and be excited
about the future and be inspired and
want to live
you're the best everybody get up for
ulong please inspires the shit out of us
come on I've got a gift for you to comic
book called the future of fusion it's
about the first man on Mars if it's like
you I can't get past old Chapo's militia
though so I don't know should I just
throw this onto the stage sorry
my question is going to give you this
gift so if you the future of fusion
thank you all right thank you hi Lauren
crush from the verge you talk about how
the Mars colonization architecture is
meant to serve as a plan and this

Italian: 
is that is that it would be an
incredible adventure and it would be the
most inspiring thing that I could
possibly imagine and life needs to be
more than just solving problems every
day you need to wake up and be excited
about the future and be inspired and
want to live
you're the best everybody get up for
ulong please inspires the shit out of us
come on I've got a gift for you to comic
book called the future of fusion it's
about the first man on Mars if it's like
you I can't get past old Chapo's militia
though so I don't know should I just
throw this onto the stage sorry
my question is going to give you this
gift so if you the future of fusion
thank you all right thank you hi Lauren
crush from the verge you talk about how
the Mars colonization architecture is
meant to serve as a plan and this

Italian: 
somebody likes you yeah you can see be
okay but Mars architecture supposed to
serve as a back-up plan for Humanity but
you didn't touch much on how you will
keep humans safe on the way over there
from either a deep space radiation or
how they will live on the planet can you
give give us some insight into the life
support systems have attacks stuff like
that sure thing is that there's
certainly some risk of radiation but
it's not it's not it's not deadly there
was some slight increased risk of cancer
but it's it's I think relatively minor
you need to have some shielding
particularly if there's a solar flare or
sort of a big if any kind of solar storm
we'd want to basically point the rocket
at because at the Sun and maximize your
shielding effect that before you point
the rear of the rocket the Sun so you
maximize your shielding effect and and

English: 
somebody likes you yeah you can see be
okay but Mars architecture supposed to
serve as a back-up plan for Humanity but
you didn't touch much on how you will
keep humans safe on the way over there
from either a deep space radiation or
how they will live on the planet can you
give give us some insight into the life
support systems have attacks stuff like
that sure thing is that there's
certainly some risk of radiation but
it's not it's not it's not deadly there
was some slight increased risk of cancer
but it's it's I think relatively minor
you need to have some shielding
particularly if there's a solar flare or
sort of a big if any kind of solar storm
we'd want to basically point the rocket
at because at the Sun and maximize your
shielding effect that before you point
the rear of the rocket the Sun so you
maximize your shielding effect and and

Italian: 
have the passengers cluster around a
column of order
I think the radiation risk there is
relatively small once you're on Mars
obviously you cut your radiation in half
just because you've got the planet
shielding you and then there's at least
some atmosphere
and I think then when you construct it
over time is an artificial magnetic
field to deflect high-energy particles
so I actually the radiation thing is
something brought up but I think it's
not not too big of a deal and then
there's what happens once
most people are there I mean the goal of
SpaceX is really to build the transport
system it's like pulling the Union
Pacific Railroad and and once once that
transport system is built then there's a
tremendous opportunity for anyone who
wants to go to Mars and create something

English: 
have the passengers cluster around a
column of order
I think the radiation risk there is
relatively small once you're on Mars
obviously you cut your radiation in half
just because you've got the planet
shielding you and then there's at least
some atmosphere
and I think then when you construct it
over time is an artificial magnetic
field to deflect high-energy particles
so I actually the radiation thing is
something brought up but I think it's
not not too big of a deal and then
there's what happens once
most people are there I mean the goal of
SpaceX is really to build the transport
system it's like pulling the Union
Pacific Railroad and and once once that
transport system is built then there's a
tremendous opportunity for anyone who
wants to go to Mars and create something

Italian: 
new or both the the foundations of a new
planet so it's like who wants to sort of
be you know among the founding members
of a new planet and and Mike said both
everything from iron refineries to so
the first pizza joint there won them all
and then things on Mars that no people
can't even imagine today that might be
unique or would be unique to to Mars and
but but that that's that's really where
a tremendous amount of entrepreneurship
and talent would flourish just just as
happened in California when the Union
Pacific Railroad was completed and when
they're building the Union Pacific a lot
of people said well that's a super dumb
idea because there's no you know there's
hardly anybody lives in California but
now today we've got a sort of the he's
the US epicenter of technology
developments and entertainment and it's
the biggest state and
in the nation so but you need that
transport link if you can't get there

English: 
new or both the the foundations of a new
planet so it's like who wants to sort of
be you know among the founding members
of a new planet and and Mike said both
everything from iron refineries to so
the first pizza joint there won them all
and then things on Mars that no people
can't even imagine today that might be
unique or would be unique to to Mars and
but but that that's that's really where
a tremendous amount of entrepreneurship
and talent would flourish just just as
happened in California when the Union
Pacific Railroad was completed and when
they're building the Union Pacific a lot
of people said well that's a super dumb
idea because there's no you know there's
hardly anybody lives in California but
now today we've got a sort of the he's
the US epicenter of technology
developments and entertainment and it's
the biggest state and
in the nation so but you need that
transport link if you can't get there

Italian: 
and none of those opportunities exist so
our goal is just to make sure you can
get there thank you I would like to ask
you the following thing I'm Russian and
a lot of people here are from many
different countries you're going
interplanetary but you're not going
international when are you gonna hire
people from other countries than the US
yes I think people are confused about
this unfortunately this is not up to us
so the US government regulations
well they meet they make getting a job
in the us hard as it is you're just
getting a job as hard as it is but if
you're working on rocket technology
that's considered an advanced weapons
technology so even a normal work visa

English: 
and none of those opportunities exist so
our goal is just to make sure you can
get there thank you I would like to ask
you the following thing I'm Russian and
a lot of people here are from many
different countries you're going
interplanetary but you're not going
international when are you gonna hire
people from other countries than the US
yes I think people are confused about
this unfortunately this is not up to us
so the US government regulations
well they meet they make getting a job
in the u.s. hard as it is you're just
getting a job as hard as it is but if
you're working on rocket technology
that's considered an advanced weapons
technology so even a normal work visa

English: 
isn't sufficient unless you get a
special permission from the secretary
defense of the state or the secretary
state so I want to be clear this is not
some out of some desire of SpaceX to
just hire people with with green cards
it's it's because we're not allowed to
do anything else and I mean I think this
is not a wise thing for this is not a
wise policy for you know for the US
because there's so many talented people
all around the world that we would love
to have work at our company but unless
the listing is somehow get a green card
we can't we're just a we're legally
prevented from
from hiring anyone but for example this
is not the case at Tesla Tesla we're
about about a quarter of our engineering
team is from outside the US and weird
either 30% because we don't have the
ITAR restriction so I really wish we

Italian: 
isn't sufficient unless you get a
special permission from the secretary
defense of the state or the secretary
state so I want to be clear this is not
some out of some desire of SpaceX to
just hire people with with green cards
it's it's because we're not allowed to
do anything else and I mean I think this
is not a wise thing for this is not a
wise policy for you know for the US
because there's so many talented people
all around the world that we would love
to have work at our company but unless
the listing is somehow get a green card
we can't we're just a we're legally
prevented from
from hiring anyone but for example this
is not the case at Tesla Tesla we're
about about a quarter of our engineering
team is from outside the US and weird
either 30% because we don't have the
ITAR restriction so I really wish we

English: 
could do more it's just hands of time
thank you
hey you on so can't wait for the SpaceX
improbability drive but you often talk
about wanting to inspire the masses and
kind of push technology forward for
conquest and I'm developing a series
with Funny or Die which like questions
and on essays yeah yeah so it's about
you sending someone to Mars but kind of
like that first monkey that got shot
into space they're never coming back
it's gonna be a one-way trip
so mr. B well so you mathematically
determine the world's most expendable
human being to make the journey and
that's Michael Cera so wanted to see if
this is like a project that you might
have any interest in supporting Funny or
Die just drove 31 million views to a
like Hillary Clinton's egg elephant
Atticus video a few days ago I think I

Italian: 
could do more it's just hands of time
grazie
hey you on so can't wait for the SpaceX
improbability drive but you often talk
about wanting to inspire the masses and
kind of push technology forward for
conquest and I'm developing a series
with Funny or Die which like questions
and on essays yeah yeah so it's about
you sending someone to Mars but kind of
like that first monkey that got shot
into space they're never coming back
it's gonna be a one-way trip
so mr. B well so you mathematically
determine the world's most expendable
human being to make the journey and
that's Michael Cera so wanted to see if
this is like a project that you might
have any interest in supporting Funny or
Die just drove 31 million views to a
like Hillary Clinton's egg elephant
Atticus video a few days ago I think I

English: 
think it's pretty important to give
people the option of returning the
number of people who will be willing to
move to Mars is much greater if they
know that they have the option of
returning even if they never actually
return I mean most people that went to
the original English colonies in North
America they never returned to Europe
even once but some did and just knowing
that if you don't like it there you can
come back I think makes a big difference
in people's willingness to to go there
in the first place and in in case we
need the spaceship back so it's gone
it's coming you can jump on board or not
that's cool you get you get a free
return trip if you want
hi Elan Cameron a star here from the
outer space education Alliance over the
years we watched an admiration as you've
drawn up great blueprints of how we are

Italian: 
think it's pretty important to give
people the option of returning the
number of people who will be willing to
move to Mars is much greater if they
know that they have the option of
returning even if they never actually
return I mean most people that went to
the original English colonies in North
America they never returned to Europe
even once but some did and just knowing
that if you don't like it there you can
come back I think makes a big difference
in people's willingness to to go there
in the first place and in in case we
need the spaceship back so it's gone
it's coming you can jump on board or not
that's cool you get you get a free
return trip if you want
hi Elan Cameron a star here from the
outer space education Alliance over the
years we watched an admiration as you've
drawn up great blueprints of how we are

Italian: 
going to get to Mars I'm just curious
about what type of initiatives you have
in mind for answering the question of
why an increasing public interest and
actually desiring to do such a thing
that's so vast and complex exactly
that's that's what I really want I start
off but the talk by saying what really
matters is the intersection of sex about
the intersection of sets of people that
want to go and can't afford to go so
that anything it can be done to increase
the desire of people to go I think it's
a good thing and this I mean there's
I've been a lot of Marsh shows most you
know movies and and this TV shows that I
know that are getting written and you
really want to create the the dream of
Mars in people's minds and have it be
like you know it's the new frontier and
it's and make it as exciting and fun and
desirable as possible so I think this is

English: 
going to get to Mars I'm just curious
about what type of initiatives you have
in mind for answering the question of
why an increasing public interest and
actually desiring to do such a thing
that's so vast and complex exactly
that's that's what I really want I start
off but the talk by saying what really
matters is the intersection of sex about
the intersection of sets of people that
want to go and can't afford to go so
that anything it can be done to increase
the desire of people to go I think it's
a good thing and this I mean there's
I've been a lot of Marsh shows most you
know movies and and this TV shows that I
know that are getting written and you
really want to create the the dream of
Mars in people's minds and have it be
like you know it's the new frontier and
it's and make it as exciting and fun and
desirable as possible so I think this is

English: 
where this is where the entertainment
industry play a huge role and just me in
just you just imagine you're putting
putting that dream in people's heads
showing them what it could be alive and
I think this is really something that
appeals to anybody with with an
exploratory spirit if you if you're an
explorer if you want to be on the
frontier and I push the envelope and you
know be where things are super exciting
even if it's dangerous that's I mean
that's really we're appealing to here
and I think anything that anyone here
could do in that direction we're
would be great getting people excited
about going getting the public behind
this and the truth is like right now on
earth you can basically go anywhere in
24 hours I mean anywhere good you can

Italian: 
where this is where the entertainment
industry play a huge role and just me in
just you just imagine you're putting
putting that dream in people's heads
showing them what it could be alive and
I think this is really something that
appeals to anybody with with an
exploratory spirit if you if you're an
explorer if you want to be on the
frontier and I push the envelope and you
know be where things are super exciting
even if it's dangerous that's I mean
that's really we're appealing to here
and I think anything that anyone here
could do in that direction we're
would be great getting people excited
about going getting the public behind
this and the truth is like right now on
earth you can basically go anywhere in
24 hours I mean anywhere good you can

English: 
get you can go you fly over the
Antarctic Pole and parachute out 24
hours from now if you want you can get
you can get parachuted to the top of
Mount Everest
from the right plane and that you can go
to the bottom of the ocean from a
physical standpoint you can go anywhere
anywhere so there is no real physical
frontier on earth anymore but space is
is that frontier and so I think it's
gonna appeal to anyone with that without
exploratory spirit thank you very much

Italian: 
get you can go you fly over the
Antarctic Pole and parachute out 24
hours from now if you want you can get
you can get parachuted to the top of
Mount Everest
from the right plane and that you can go
to the bottom of the ocean from a
physical standpoint you can go anywhere
anywhere so there is no real physical
frontier on earth anymore but space is
is that frontier and so I think it's
gonna appeal to anyone with that without
exploratory spirit thank you very much

English: 
it's really hard to figure out whether
disembodied voices coming from sorry I
can't
yeah like if normal people want to
travel to Mars do we need some specific
requirements we're trying to make it
such that anyone can go nope maybe a few
days of training I mean paint more if
you want in behalf of all the ladies can
I go upstairs and give your kids a
good-luck kiss
that's sounds great I don't have them
here but appreciate thank you appreciate
the thought
hi Jeff house spaces over on your right
question on the resources how much

Italian: 
it's really hard to figure out whether
disembodied voices coming from sorry I
non si può
yeah like if normal people want to
travel to Mars do we need some specific
requirements we're trying to make it
such that anyone can go nope maybe a few
days of training I mean paint more if
you want in behalf of all the ladies can
I go upstairs and give your kids a
good-luck kiss
that's sounds great I don't have them
here but appreciate thank you appreciate
the thought
hi Jeff house spaces over on your right
question on the resources how much

English: 
resources are you putting into
development right now in terms of
funding employees and so on and how do
you expect that to change is the
development of the booster and spaceship
ramp up well right now that resources
that have been put into the
interplanetary transport system are are
pretty low I mean certainly well under
5% of the company and maybe we're
spending a few tens of millions of
dollars on it right now so it's it's
relatively small and but then as we
finished development of the sort of the
final version of Falcon 9
I wish it should be sometime next year
and Dragon 2 and get the reusability of
the boost stage and reasonability of
Dragon 2 sorted out then regret will
gradually apply more more resources to

Italian: 
resources are you putting into
development right now in terms of
funding employees and so on and how do
you expect that to change is the
development of the booster and spaceship
ramp up well right now that resources
that have been put into the
interplanetary transport system are are
pretty low I mean certainly well under
5% of the company and maybe we're
spending a few tens of millions of
dollars on it right now so it's it's
relatively small and but then as we
finished development of the sort of the
final version of Falcon 9
I wish it should be sometime next year
and Dragon 2 and get the reusability of
the boost stage and reasonability of
Dragon 2 sorted out then regret will
gradually apply more more resources to

Italian: 
the in planetary system and so hopefully
over time we'll be able to have most of
our engineering team well we will help
perhaps within a year and a half to two
years we should have most those basics
engineering working on
battery system and hopefully be able to
spend maybe more on the order of of a
couple hundred million dollars a year
maybe 300 million dollars a year on on
the system so not a lot relative to the
overall thing and you know to make this
whole thing work and work reliably
before it starts generating maybe some
kind of positive cash flow is he's
probably an investment on the order of
ten billion dollars so it's you know a
lot of money to get there can you talk a

English: 
the in planetary system and so hopefully
over time we'll be able to have most of
our engineering team well we will help
perhaps within a year and a half to two
years we should have most those basics
engineering working on
battery system and hopefully be able to
spend maybe more on the order of of a
couple hundred million dollars a year
maybe 300 million dollars a year on on
the system so not a lot relative to the
overall thing and you know to make this
whole thing work and work reliably
before it starts generating maybe some
kind of positive cash flow is he's
probably an investment on the order of
ten billion dollars so it's you know a
lot of money to get there can you talk a

English: 
little bit about the future of humans in
space and are you gonna go yeah I would
definitely definitely like to go to
orbit and maybe visit the space station
and then I'll put the go to Mars you're
gonna make sure that if something goes
wrong in the flight and you know I die
then you know that there's a good
succession plan and that the mission of
the company continues and and then it
doesn't somehow get taken over by
investors who just want to you know
maximize the profit of the company and
not go to Mars that would be my biggest
fear in that situation
hi mr. mas this is Nancy Wilson with
aerospace education Alliance and I know

Italian: 
little bit about the future of humans in
space and are you gonna go yeah I would
definitely definitely like to go to
orbit and maybe visit the space station
and then I'll put the go to Mars you're
gonna make sure that if something goes
wrong in the flight and you know I die
then you know that there's a good
succession plan and that the mission of
the company continues and and then it
doesn't somehow get taken over by
investors who just want to you know
maximize the profit of the company and
not go to Mars that would be my biggest
fear in that situation
hi mr. mas this is Nancy Wilson with
aerospace education Alliance and I know

Italian: 
you've been talking about I will get
into Mars okay okay so and I know we
need to get first Mars but I have a
question in the back of your head have
you been thinking about interstellar
travel interstellar yes I mean I think
if we were to do instead of travel the
best way to do it would be with kind of
an antimatter drive that would give you
the best obviously mass efficiency it's
difficult to be antimatter so I but even
in the best case scenario that's really
quite a long journey even to get to
Proxima Centauri I think the key thing
is to establish a base on on Mars and as
soon as there's a base on Mars then

English: 
you've been talking about I will get
into Mars okay okay so and I know we
need to get first Mars but I have a
question in the back of your head have
you been thinking about interstellar
travel interstellar yes I mean I think
if we were to do instead of travel the
best way to do it would be with kind of
an antimatter drive that would give you
the best obviously mass efficiency it's
difficult to be antimatter so I but even
in the best case scenario that's really
quite a long journey even to get to
Proxima Centauri I think the key thing
is to establish a base on on Mars and as
soon as there's a base on Mars then

Italian: 
there's a very powerful forcing function
for improving space transport technology
I mean right now there just isn't that
forcing function because all we do is
it's very local stuff in Earth orbit so
as soon as we've got a base on on Mars
we can see them leave in a base on the
moon but certainly based on Mars that
creates a very powerful forcing function
for making space technology better and
better every year and and and that's
ultimately what will lead us to
interstellar travel I think trying to do
interstellar travel right off the bat is
would be very tricky you know it's sort
of like if you're developing aircraft
you really want to close to the Wright
Flyer and then maybe get to a dc-3 and
then a 707 and a
and then you know 747 but but trying to

English: 
there's a very powerful forcing function
for improving space transport technology
I mean right now there just isn't that
forcing function because all we do is
it's very local stuff in Earth orbit so
as soon as we've got a base on on Mars
we can see them leave in a base on the
moon but certainly based on Mars that
creates a very powerful forcing function
for making space technology better and
better every year and and and that's
ultimately what will lead us to
interstellar travel I think trying to do
interstellar travel right off the bat is
would be very tricky you know it's sort
of like if you're developing aircraft
you really want to close to the Wright
Flyer and then maybe get to a dc-3 and
then a 707 and a
and then you know 747 but but trying to

Italian: 
build the 747 right off the bat would be
a tall order so yeah I agree but you
agree that is something that we need to
start talking about yeah I think it's
definitely worth talking about I mean I
think the technical solution likes it is
is I think optimally antimatter Isaac
yes okay thank you for coming to the IAC
2016 by the way Thanks
I was curious to know if you ever
considered the idea of using a cycler in
a semi cycler to go to Mars on a routine
basis and if yes why didn't you
eventually go for it yeah I think when
we do the try to figure out the best
cost per unit mass to the surface of
Mars the I mean you could do a cycler
but I would our calculations at least

English: 
build the 747 right off the bat would be
a tall order so yeah I agree but you
agree that is something that we need to
start talking about yeah I think it's
definitely worth talking about I mean I
think the technical solution likes it is
is I think optimally antimatter Isaac
yes okay thank you for coming to the IAC
2016 by the way Thanks
I was curious to know if you ever
considered the idea of using a cycler in
a semi cycler to go to Mars on a routine
basis and if yes why didn't you
eventually go for it yeah I think when
we do the try to figure out the best
cost per unit mass to the surface of
Mars the I mean you could do a cycler
but I would our calculations at least

English: 
show that it's just better to go
directly there and and not have a cycler
the transit time actually matters quite
a lot before we use it for reuse of the
spaceship spaceship so if you can even
reuse that spaceship very frequently
then your cost per times Mars props
drops a lot so we could be wrong about
that and it could turn out in the future
that having a cycler is a good way to go
but I would consider that to be in the
realm of potential future optimization
along with having a propellant Depot on
the moon that that might make sense but
I would say put that in the category of
the future optimization thank you hello
Ilan Tim Dodd here the everyday
astronaut was Space Flight now and now
in the animation you showed
just loading up on the MCT and or sorry
the interplanetary IPT yeah and then
going into orbit we're thinking about

Italian: 
show that it's just better to go
directly there and and not have a cycler
the transit time actually matters quite
a lot before we use it for reuse of the
spaceship spaceship so if you can even
reuse that spaceship very frequently
then your cost per times Mars props
drops a lot so we could be wrong about
that and it could turn out in the future
that having a cycler is a good way to go
but I would consider that to be in the
realm of potential future optimization
along with having a propellant Depot on
the moon that that might make sense but
I would say put that in the category of
the future optimization thank you hello
Ilan Tim Dodd here the everyday
astronaut was Space Flight now and now
in the animation you showed
just loading up on the MCT and or sorry
the interplanetary IPT yeah and then
going into orbit we're thinking about

Italian: 
names the name thing is really cheap
really hard I think like maybe for the
name of the first ship that goes to Mars
not the name of the whole sort of the
ship line or whatever necessarily but
the first ship that goes to Mars like my
current crave it is heart of gold from
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the galaxy I
think I probably will name the first
ship that goes to Mars heart of gold and
and I like the fact that it's that is
driven by infinite improbability because
I think our ship is also extremely
improbable so I like the infinite
improbability drive the acronym is not
the best you know but you show it going
into orbit with the hundred passengers
and then refueling it three to five

English: 
names the name thing is really cheap
really hard I think like maybe for the
name of the first ship that goes to Mars
not the name of the whole sort of the
ship line or whatever necessarily but
the first ship that goes to Mars like my
current crave it is heart of gold from
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the galaxy I
think I probably will name the first
ship that goes to Mars heart of gold and
and I like the fact that it's that is
driven by infinite improbability because
I think our ship is also extremely
improbable so I like the infinite
improbability drive the acronym is not
the best you know but you show it going
into orbit with the hundred passengers
and then refueling it three to five

English: 
times and then doing your Mars injection
right is this the plan or is it to have
a fully fueled you know IPT MCT or
whatever and then co passengers on board
or can you tell me a little bit about
that process yeah
so the it really it really kinda depends
on how quickly we do the propellant
replenishment and how many missions are
pure cargo versus have people on board
if we can do the refueling very quickly
then we can send people up there and
maybe complete the refueling process in
a few weeks if we're loading spacecraft
into orbit with crew compartments say
year in advance you wouldnt want people
on both ends so what we would do is
probably just launch a one of the it's
just do a mission which all business
transfer people so it would wait until

Italian: 
times and then doing your Mars injection
right is this the plan or is it to have
a fully fueled you know IPT MCT or
whatever and then co passengers on board
or can you tell me a little bit about
that process yeah
so the it really it really kinda depends
on how quickly we do the propellant
replenishment and how many missions are
pure cargo versus have people on board
if we can do the refueling very quickly
then we can send people up there and
maybe complete the refueling process in
a few weeks if we're loading spacecraft
into orbit with crew compartments say
year in advance you wouldnt want people
on both ends so what we would do is
probably just launch a one of the it's
just do a mission which all business
transfer people so it would wait until

English: 
the spacecraft is fully whew
they launched another spacecraft which
dachshund transpose people from the
empty one which to a tanks empty to one
with tanks full yep that makes sense
thank you hello miss oh I think what you
presented today is just incredible topic
I have a startup to make electric
transport buses face questions only
sorry sorry the thing is I just have my
prototype outside the awesome you could
go out and see it it's a 30-ton electric
bass great space questions this is the
IAC so we're space questions are like we
just have time for a few more questions
so we will take two or three more

Italian: 
the spacecraft is fully whew
they launched another spacecraft which
dachshund transpose people from the
empty one which to a tanks empty to one
with tanks full yep that makes sense
thank you hello miss oh I think what you
presented today is just incredible topic
I have a startup to make electric
transport buses face questions only
sorry sorry the thing is I just have my
prototype outside the awesome you could
go out and see it it's a 30-ton electric
bass great space questions this is the
IAC so we're space questions are like we
just have time for a few more questions
so we will take two or three more

Italian: 
questions and then instead and also do
you intend to be the first man on Mars I
think it's good for there to be multiple
paths to to Mars so you know when it's
just any anything you know any attempt
at interplanetary travel VB cancelled I
think it's good to have multiple irons
in the fire and and in fact a big part
of me coming here today was to really
try to encourage the international
community to to think about building
architectures like this I think it's
actually much better for the world if
there are multiple companies or
organizations building interplanetary
spacecraft you know
the more the better anything I think
that improves the probability of the

English: 
questions and then instead and also do
you intend to be the first man on Mars I
think it's good for there to be multiple
paths to to Mars so you know when it's
just any anything you know any attempt
at interplanetary travel VB cancelled I
think it's good to have multiple irons
in the fire and and in fact a big part
of me coming here today was to really
try to encourage the international
community to to think about building
architectures like this I think it's
actually much better for the world if
there are multiple companies or
organizations building interplanetary
spacecraft you know
the more the better anything I think
that improves the probability of the

Italian: 
future is good and multiple companies
doing and I think would be would be
would be great so I wanted to come and
describe the architecture in actually in
the hopes that this would encourage
companies and organizations around the
world to perhaps do something like this
or maybe they've got a better
architecture that's why I wanted to do
it at the IC was to really encourage a
really coach people to compete with
SpaceX or potentially team up or just
just get it kept community in general to
think about grandma's taking Mars
seriously but but each use more funding
for mass of course sorry I can't hear
you so more funding from NASA and also
will you be the first man on Mars II
don't think so maybe but I I'm not
really sure I have to I don't know the

English: 
future is good and multiple companies
doing and I think would be would be
would be great so I wanted to come and
describe the architecture in actually in
the hopes that this would encourage
companies and organizations around the
world to perhaps do something like this
or maybe they've got a better
architecture that's why I wanted to do
it at the IC was to really encourage a
really coach people to compete with
SpaceX or potentially team up or just
just get it kept community in general to
think about grandma's taking Mars
seriously but but each use more funding
for mass of course sorry I can't hear
you so more funding from NASA and also
will you be the first man on Mars I I
don't think so maybe but I I'm not
really sure I have to I don't know the

Italian: 
pros and cons to that because I said I
if II would definitely need to have a
very good succession plan because the
probability of death is quite high on
the post mission so and I'd like to see
my kids grow up and everything so some
pros and cons there like Kate I'm sorry
where house over time and have to make
way for a new session so this is gonna
be our last question each session sorry
ragazzi
thank you for going thanks for listening

English: 
pros and cons to that because I said I
if I I would definitely need to have a
very good succession plan because the
probability of death is quite high on
the post mission so and I'd like to see
my kids grow up and everything so some
pros and cons there like Kate I'm sorry
where house over time and have to make
way for a new session so this is gonna
be our last question each session sorry
guys
thank you for going thanks for listening
