- [Narrator] The flu
is a highly contagious
respiratory illness.
It turns up year after year
with devastating consequences.
All caused by a most elusive virus.
The influenza, or flu virus,
is a recurring nightmare.
It causes more than 36,000
deaths in the U.S. each year.
And was responsible for some
of history's deadliest pandemics.
Like other viruses, the
flu virus is a parasite.
The viral agent itself called, a virion,
is made of ribonucleic acid
or RNA surrounded by proteins.
The flu virus uses two
proteins to attack its host,
hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
or the HA and NA proteins.
The HA protein attaches a
virus to a cell and lets it in.
Once the virus is inside, it multiplies.
Then the NA protein cuts
this viral swarm loose,
sending it off to infect more cells.
This triggers the immune
system to bombard the swarm
and to destroy infected tissue
throughout the respiratory system.
Unfortunately, this response
can also inadvertently
lead to death through organ failure
or secondary infections
like bacterial pneumonia.
The flu virus has been nearly
impossible to eradicate.
Largely due to its
uncanny ability to mutate.
Since just 2004, more than
5,000 different strains
of the influenza virus
have been sequenced.
Those that affect humans are categorized
as Types A, B or C.
With Type A strains being the most capable
of unleashing a pandemic.
Influenza A viruses mutate more rapidly
allowing them to adapt to new
hosts and even cross species.
Avian flu and Swine flu, for instance,
are two strains of Type A viruses
that through mutations, can be transmitted
from birds and pigs to humans.
One of the deadliest flu pandemics
was caused one such virus.
Between 1918 and 1919,
the Spanish flu infected a
third of the global population
and killed up to 50
million people worldwide.
Called H1N1, this
particular strain of virus
likely came from birds.
The threat of another
influenza pandemic remains.
In the meantime, scientists
are constantly monitoring
the flu virus and
developing seasonal vaccines
to create our best line of defense.
