What we at the Planetary Society do is do
our best to advance space science and exploration.
We strongly believe that the search for life
is worthy because it would change the world.
So, the two logical places to look in the
solar system are Mars and this moon of Jupiter
called Europa.
And if you've never seen Europa I encourage
you to go out there and take a look.
You need a telescope or binoculars and look
at Jupiter.
Jupiter is a very bright object.
Go to Planetary.org we'll show you where it
is.
And you can see they look like pinpricks of
light, the same pinpricks of light that Galileo
himself observed when he took what was nominally
a military instrument, a telescope for looking
at the other team, your enemy on the other
hilltop, and pointed it at the sky.
Not only did he point it at the sky, he pointed
it at the sky at night.
And so he found Jupiter and he found these
four moons, which we nowadays call the Galilean
moons after him.
But meanwhile dozens of other moons have been
found, dozens.
And the reason we talk about Europa so often
and so much in my little space community is
because it has twice as much seawater as the
Earth.
And for years people who looked at Europa
did not think it was good or well advised
to plan a mission there because of the great
expense.
You would have to have a lander and then you'd
have to have some kind of amazing drill to
drill through, pick a number, 20 or 50 km
of ice to get to this seawater.
And so the surface of Europa is frozen.
It's a crust of ice, water ice, but below
it is liquid water and it's kept liquid by
the gravitational or what we call tidal action
of Europa's orbit with this massive Jupiter.
Europa's orbital period is 85 hours.
And I got to tell you imagine the moon going
around the earth every two days, every three
days.
Instead of a month you'd have a three-day
period.
It would be really short, a short month.
And so this keeps - like squeezing a rubber
ball it keeps Europa warm so there’s seawater.
So, it's people who have looked at what it
takes to be a living thing, which nowadays
these people nowadays call themselves, we
like to call ourselves, itself astrobiology.
Astrobiologists have thought deeply about
what it takes to be a living thing.
You've got to have a membrane or a wall, something
that separates you from what's not you and
you'd probably have to have a liquid, a solvent.
And the best solvent anybody can come up with
is water.
so with the gravitational action and the frozen
icy crust, Europa shoots geysers of water
out into space all the time.
So now it would be possible, instead of landing
there and building some exotic drill and declaring
the whole mission way too expensive to ever
do, you would build a much more modest spacecraft
that would have to go the extraordinary distance
out to Jupiter and get an orbit out there
around Europa, but, you would have it fly
through the geysers, actually the orbit would
be around Jupiter, have it fly through the
geysers, and like looking at bugs on the windshield.
I mean it would be extraordinary if there
are living things there.
It would be a great, it would be a worthy
thing.
We may discover life.
Now, John Culberson, Congressman from Texas,
from West Houston, believes he's sure of it.
There's got to be life on Europa because it
has all these wonderful literally elements
of life.
The chemicals that make up life are mixed
in the seawater.
This has been determined using magnetometers
and spectrometers on the Galileo Spacecraft,
which has been in orbit out there for a long
time.
Europa has seawater, squirting it into space.
You can send a relatively inexpensive mission.
And that's a relatively inexpensive is $2
billion.
But $2 billion spread over ten years is barely
the cup of coffee per taxpayer once.
And that pays for the whole mission over ten
years.
And my feeling is people buy a lot more than
one cup of coffee every ten years.
So that's why somebody in authority, somebody
with reasonable insight at NASA said we'll
find life in the next 20 years.
I would say the next 30, but 20 is great.
Let's say if we could launch, we could get
in the orbit of Jupiter and Europa by 2022,
you'd get results back by 2025 and then things
don't happen as fast as you think they would
so add ten years.
Yeah, so 20 years.
Twenty years from 2014, that's possible.
It would change the world for a price of a
cup of coffee and wait, there's more.
It wouldn't be the work of a guy like Galileo
or Copernicus or Kepler, these are famous
names in astronomy, or Isaac Newton or Einstein.
It would be the work of all of us.
It would be the work of all of us taxpayers
and citizens of the Earth who participate
in this.
Now it might be U.S. taxpayers nominally,
but guarantee you the European Space Agency,
Canadian Space Agency, almost certainly the
Indian Space Research Organization, the Roscosmos,
everybody would have a small part on this
mission.
Everybody would be involved.
And if we were to find evidence of life it
would change the world.
Change the world.
