
English: 
Translator: Rhonda Jacobs
Reviewer: Peter van de Ven
(Tibetan) Greetings.
(Estonian) Good morning.
So, what do you know about Tibet?
Oh, this is the other side of the-
Now you see the whole- (Laughs)
Oh...
Yeah, okay, here we go...
So, what do you know about Tibet?
What imaginations do you have
when you hear 'Tibet'?
Snow mountains?
Or Potala Palace?
Or monks in monasteries?
The funny thing is,
when I Google about Tibet,
this came to me.
And I understand that Estonians
have a big passion and love
towards Tibetan dogs.
But in Tibet, we have yaks too.
(Laughs)

Chinese: 
譯者: Melody Tang
審譯者: Helen Chang
（西藏語）你們好。
（愛沙尼亞語）早安。
對於西藏，你了解多少？
喔，這是另一張幻燈片 -
你們看到全部了。（笑聲）
喔。
對，好了，我們開始了。
你了解西藏多少？
聽到「西藏」這個詞時，
你的腦海中會出現什麼畫面？
白皚皚的雪山？
布達拉宮？
或者是寺廟裡的僧侶？
有趣的是，
當我在谷歌裡搜索西藏時，
出現了牠（藏獒）。
我知道愛沙尼亞人對藏獒
抱有一種很大的激情和熱愛。
（愛沙尼亞每年有藏獒節日）
但是在西藏還有犛牛。
（笑聲）

English: 
And yaks are more highly
respected than the dogs
because they're called the 'boat of life.'
We survive on the plateau
offered everything by the yaks.
But of course, we have
many other important things.
So this is a thanka painting
of the most famous female Buddha
in Tibetan Buddhism.
She's Tara, in Sanskrit,
and we call her Drolma, in Tibetan.
'Drol' means to liberate; 'ma' - female.
So 'Drolma' means female liberator.
With such understanding
towards women, female,
then we're taught since we are young
not to create any negative views
or impure visions towards our mothers.
Plus, in Tibet, it's very common
for mothers to breastfeed their children
up to two, three,
even sometimes four years.
This deep physical connection

Chinese: 
犛牛其實比藏獒更受愛戴，
因為牠們被叫做生活之舟。
犛牛提供給我們
在高原上生存所需要的一切。
當然，我們還有
很多其他重要的東西。
這是一幅藏傳佛教中
最為著名的佛母的唐卡繪畫。
她在梵文裡被稱為「度母」，
藏語尊稱她為「卓瑪」，
「卓」意為「救度」，
「瑪」是「女性」，
所以「卓瑪」的含義是
救度眾生的女神。
有了這種對於女性的理解，
我們自幼受教導，
對母親是從不生起
任何消極或不淨的看法。
且在西藏，母親普遍以母奶餵嬰兒，
孩子到二、三，甚至到四歲才斷奶，
這種肉體上的連接

Chinese: 
有助於母子之間建立起
一種神聖的關係，
因此所有的母親都被認為是度母。
我從來沒有想像過母子之間
會存在仇恨與衝突，
直到三年前我來到了西方。
在西方，
現代教育已被過度商業化，
從而出現了很多準則
來標準化衡量孩子的表現，
而且父母也一味地跟隨
所謂科學證實過的教育方式，
來控制孩子做什麼以及不能做什麼。
這讓孩子感到壓抑和隔閡。
當這些孩子長大後，
往往感到難以回報父母對自己的愛，

English: 
helps children to build up
a divine relation with their mothers.
So all mothers are considered as Tara.
But I never imagined
that hatred and inharmony
can exist between a child and a mother
until I came to the West
about three years ago.
The thing is, in the West,
the modern education
is kind of over-commercialized.
It has so many standards or rules
for children to standardize
their behaviors.
Plus, parents follow all these so-called
'science-proved' education methods
of 'do's and don'ts' for their children,
and children feel suppressed
and disconnected.
And many times when they grow up,
they feel difficulties
of loving their parents in return

English: 
because they are traumatized.
On the other side,
parents believe they have done
everything they could
for their children.
But, that's also
the beginning of the problem:
How can parents decide
how much love their children need?
Of course, parents can decide
how much chocolate
their children need to eat,
but the individual needs
of love is so different,
we can only find out the extent
by loving our children unconditionally.
So during the eighth century,
our Tibetan king invited
a powerful Buddhist master from India -
Guru Rinpoche.
He's also known as The Lotus-Born,
and he came to Tibet
and established two main traditions
in order to offer
the people the opportunity
of practicing compassion and wisdom

Chinese: 
因為他們曾有過精神創傷。
另一方面，
父母認為自己已經為孩子
做了該做的一切，
但這也是問題的開始。
父母如何判斷孩子需要多少愛？
當然，他們能夠決定
孩子需要吃多少顆巧克力，
但是每個孩子對於愛的需求
往往很不同，
我們只能透過
無條件地愛他們才能得知。
公元 8 世紀，
吐蕃第 37 代贊王赤松德贊
迎請一位印度佛教高僧——
咕如仁波切（上師寶），
他也被尊稱為蓮花生大士。
他親臨西藏並創立了兩大傳統，
提供人們
修習慈悲和智慧的機會。

Chinese: 
慈悲和智慧是佛教中最精華的教法，
是帶給家庭與社會和諧的關鍵。
那麼，究竟何為慈悲？
畢竟當下它是個流行的詞。
佛教認為，慈悲有兩層含義，
體現在兩個方面，
透徹了解就可以幫助我們
懂得如何在日常生活中實踐。
第一層含義：慈悲本身
代表了每個人都擁有有限的
愛和關心的能力。
第二層，證悟的含義
是基於我們都擁有的
有限的慈愛能力，
以及透過佛法的修行，
可以把有限的能力
擴展到一個無限層面，
如同無邊的宇宙。

English: 
- very essential teachings of Buddhism
and very key point of bringing harmony
into the family and society.
So what exactly is compassion?
It's such a popular word nowadays.
From the Buddhist view
there are two meanings
and two aspects of compassion.
Understanding them in detail helps us
on how to deliver them in daily life.
So meaning number one
is compassion itself.
It represents a limited
capacity of lovingkindness
that everyone has.
And meaning number two: enlightenment.
Enlightenment is based on
the limited capacity of lovingkindness
that all of us have,
and through Buddhist trainings,
we're able to extend that limited capacity
up to an unlimited level,
just like the infinite universe.

Chinese: 
第一層面：無論在生活中發生什麼事，
都要抱有一種積極的想法，
尤其當我們是受害者時，
最好的自我保護就是保持積極的想法
對待自己和他人。
第二層面：積極的行為。
假如我們能訓練
自己的心智保持積極，
哪怕在逆境中也同樣，
那麼我們就自然會
積極地行動和反應。
再次，我們相信
未開發智慧的慈悲是不圓滿的。
那麼何為智慧？
智慧是我們在日復一日的生活中
所接受到的訊息嗎？
智慧就是

English: 
Aspect number one
is to keep positive thinking
no matter what happens to our lives.
Especially when we are the victims
of certain situations,
our best self-protection would be keeping
positive thinking towards ourselves,
and then others.
Aspect number two is positive action.
So, imagine if we can train
our mind to keep positive
even in tough situations,
then it will be very natural for us
to act and react positively.
Then again, we believe
that compassion is not perfect
without developing wisdom.
But, what is wisdom?
Is it the information
that we're receiving in everyday life?
Wisdom means knowing what to do,

English: 
in what situation, with who, at what time.
Ooh la la.
(Laughs)
How omnicient that can be.
But how is it even
possible to achieve this?
Of course, no wisdom can be developed
without mistakes and learning.
So, there's a famous Buddhist teaching
practiced in all schools in Tibet
called the Six Paramitas,
or we call them Six Perfections.
So there's perfect generosity,
mindfulness, patience and effort.
So now, if we experience these four steps
with a purpose of bringing
positive change into our lives,
for example, decreasing our anger,
whenever anger arises,
we make friends with it generously,
rather than pushing it away
and making it an enemy.
And then be mindful whenever anger comes,

Chinese: 
在知道何時、何地，
與什麼人，做什麼事情。
歐啦啦！
（笑聲）
多麼無所不能啊！
這怎麼可能做到呢？
當然，智慧無法
脫離犯錯和學習而獲得。
因此，藏區所有的佛學院
有一著名的修行方法，
被稱為六波羅蜜多或六種圓滿。
有布施、正念、忍辱、精進。
（還有禪定和般若智慧）
若我們經歷這四個步驟，
旨在為我們的生活帶來積極的變化，
比如減少憤怒。
每當憤怒出現時，
我們思惟苦之功德，
而不是視它為敵，推開它。
繼而無論何時產生憤怒，

Chinese: 
都要生起正念，
並保持積極的心態去面對；
當你無法認清憤怒時，要學會忍耐，
我們常會遇到這種情況，
繼續以精進心去認識它，友善待它，
並且去分析其背後的緣由。
第五步驟為圓滿禪定。
禪定在藏語裡叫做「gom」，
源於藏語根動詞「kom」，
意為「習慣」。
當我們習慣住在於這五步時，
包括圓滿禪定，
我們就獲得了圓滿智慧。

English: 
and then keep
a positive reaction towards it.
And be patient whenever we fail
to recognize the arrival of anger
that mostly happens to all of us.
And then, continue with effort
to recognize it, make friends with it,
and analyze the reason behind it.
Then, we will reach the fifth step,
which is the perfect meditation.
Meditation in Tibetan is called sgom,
and 'gom' comes from a root Tibetan verb
called 'kom,' which means 'habit.'
So, when we habituate ourselves
with these five steps above,
including the perfect meditation,
the perfect habituation,
then, we will be realized
with the perfect wisdom.

English: 
The perfect wisdom
that enables us or empowers us
to bring on any positive changes
we need for our situations.
Let's come back to the two traditions
that Guru Rinpoche established in Tibet
in order to practice
compassion and wisdom.
So at first, he established
the monastic system.
Monasteries were considered
educational institutes at that time.
So one can have access
to Buddhist teaching
only when they renounce
themselves from mundane life.
So every seven lay families
sponsored a monk or a nun
as an act of good karma
for their entire life.
Secondly, he established
the yogi tradition.
Yogi tradition enabled lay people
to have access to Buddhist teachings.

Chinese: 
圓滿智慧使我們或賦予我們能力
帶來我們處境所需的積極改變。
接下來我們回到蓮花生大師在西藏
為了修持慈悲與智慧
而創立的兩個傳統。
首先，咕如仁波切創建了寺院體系。
那時，寺院被認為是教育機構，
而一個人只有放棄世俗生活
才可學習佛法。
那時，每 7 戶世俗人家
要供養一名僧人或尼姑，
以視為他們終生要做的善業。
接下來，蓮花生大師創立了瑜伽傳統。
瑜伽傳統使世俗之人也能學習佛法。

English: 
Yogis and yoginis, including Guru Rinpoche
and his consort Yeshe Tsogyal,
became the first so-called
yogi and yogini in Tibetan history.
So they work most of the time,
just like us, for making a living,
but they gather together every month
for rituals, ceremonies and practice
on auspicious days according
to the Tibetan lunar calendar.
And when time allows, they also
undertake long or short retreats
with body, mind and speech trainings.
So, here it goes...
You might be wondering, like,
what would a yogi or yogini need,
like, what one needs
to become a yogi or yogini.

Chinese: 
因此，有瑜伽士和女瑜伽士，
包括咕如仁波切
和他的隨從佛母益西措嘉
成為了藏族歷史上
第一位瑜伽士和女瑜伽士。
很多時候，就像我們一樣，
他們為了生計在工作。
但是他們於藏曆每月的殊勝日，
聚集在一起舉行一些儀式和共修。
其次如果時間允許，他們每年會實行
針對身口意長期、短期的閉關修行。
接下來，
您可能想知道一個人
如何才能成為瑜伽士或女瑜伽士？

Chinese: 
他們需要持守 14 條戒律。
其中一項戒律就是
你不能對女性造身、口、意的罪業，
尤其是對母親實現這種理想的情況，
那麼此刻，我想這裡所有女性的感受
都會像她一樣。
（笑聲）
我希望如此。
有趣的是，
藏傳佛教裡對於女性價值的看法，
不同的佛學院持有截然不同的觀點。
舉個例子，在寺院體系裡面，
年長的僧人會告訴年幼的僧人，
所有的女人
是醜陋、骯髒以及危險的。
但是，這些觀點全是為了讓僧人
消除對於女性美色

English: 
There are 14 different vows,
of the Vajrayana Path
that yogis and yoginis have to follow,
and one of them says:
you cannot do, you cannot talk,
you cannot even think
negatively towards a female.
So, if this ideal situation happens,
especially to your mothers,
then all the women in this room
will be feeling like her,
(Laughs)
I hope.
So, the interesting thing
about female value in Tibetan Buddhism
is that in different schools
they hold opposite views.
For example, in the monastic system,
older monks will tell younger monks
that all the women
are ugly, dirty and dangerous,
but these views
are mind trainings for monks
to destroy their desire
upon female beauty,

Chinese: 
和他們生理慾望的貪求
而設定的「心智訓練」。
所以，作為世俗者，
我們要明白對於女性的這種定義
並不是強調的重點，
這裡的重點
是幫助僧人消滅他們的慾望。
另外，瑜伽傳統裡的
瑜伽士和女性瑜伽士
【佛教 － 女性主義】
在學習和修習佛法上都是平等的。
在學習和修習佛法上都是平等的。
我把它理解為佛教的女性主義，
因為瑜伽傳統裡的女性修學者
遠比藏族社會中的其他女性
擁有更多的機會。
大約在兩年前，
我收到了一位女性的來信，
她在信中稱自己是一名女性主義者，

English: 
or their biological needs of physical sex.
So for us laypeople, we have to understand
that this definition of female
is not the main point.
The main point in this context
is to help monks destroy their desire.
On the other hand, yogis or yoginis
in the yogi tradition,
both genders share equally
in learning, practicing
and teaching Buddhism.
So, I understand it
as Buddhism - Feminism,
because female practitioners
in yogic tradition
can have far more opportunities
than any other women in Tibetan society.
I received a letter
about two years ago from a lady,
and she claimed
she's a feminist in the letter,

English: 
and she said she experienced
learning smoking and drinking alcohol
because she wanted to prove
that she can do anything that a man can.
But of course, this is not
what 'we can do it' means.
When one doesn't practice
compassion and wisdom,
any external appearances
and material values
can easily carry away the mind,
and it's very difficult
to focus on the topic.
I'm not against feminists,
I'm not against feminism
when they promote equality
due to female potential.
But when anger and hatred are involved,
then it's going very far
from the initial goal.
I come from the Northeastern
part of Tibet, Amdo,
and the biggest yogi community
in this area is called Regkong County,
and one person out of nine people
are yogis and yoginis.

Chinese: 
曾經有過學抽煙和喝酒的經歷，
因為她想證明自己能做
任何一個男人能做的事情。
但是，這當然不是所謂的
「我們可以做到」的意思。
如果一個人不修持慈悲心和智慧，
那麼任何外在的事物和物質價值
都能夠輕易地迷惑人心，
就很不容易再專注於主題了。
我個人不反對女權主義者，
也不反對女性主義，
當她們憑藉女性的潛能
而宣傳平等的時候，
一旦有憤怒和憎恨夾雜於其中，
那麼一切都與初心背道而馳。
我來自藏區東北部的安多地區，
在這裡，最大的瑜伽社區叫做熱貢，
每 9 人中往往有 1 個
是瑜伽士或女瑜伽士，

Chinese: 
這也是我們為何稱之為
「瑜伽士之鄉」的原因。
我的祖父母都來自這個地方。
他們有 12 個孩子，
4 個孩子夭折，只存活了 8 個：
6 個女孩，2 個男孩。
然而，當我祖父發現
兩個兒子中竟然沒有一個願意
繼承家族的瑜伽傳統時，
他變得萬分擔憂。
加上，藏族社會是一個男權社會。
寺院傳統以及大多數男性
抱持只有男性
可以成為世襲傳承者的主導思想，
這使我的祖父擔憂更甚。
我的祖母很善巧地提起
益西措嘉佛母，
這位在公元 8 世紀藏傳佛教中的
第一位女瑜伽士，
以及她身為一個佛教的女性成就者。

English: 
That's why we're called
the Land of Yogis and Yoginis.
My grandparents are from this area,
and they had 12 children together -
four died, eight survived,
two boys and six girls.
And my grandfather was not very happy
when he found out none of his two sons
wanted to continue
the yogi family lineage.
Plus, Tibetan society
is a patriarchal society,
and the monastic system
and the males, most of the males,
have a predominant belief that only males
can continue as the lineage holder-
continue the lineage.
This made my grandfather
even more panicked.
And then my grandmother
skillfully brought up Yeshe Tsogyal,
the first yogini ever in Tibetan history,
and her importance
as a female master of Buddhism.

English: 
She also mentioned Machig Labdrön,
who was a single mother
with three children
but even founded her own
Buddhist school called Chöd,
which means 'to cut.'
One practices Chöd in order
to cut fear and excessive ego.
This was the only teaching
that became so powerful
that it went back to India.
You know, Buddhism
came from India to Tibet,
but this was so powerful
a teaching it went back.
She also mentioned Sera Khandro,
who was a very precious princess
of a noble family in the center of Tibet.
And then she ran away at the age of 14
from an arranged marriage
to the northeastern part of Tibet,
and she worked as a servant girl
for years, and practicing Buddhism,
and finally Buddhist teachers
spotted her out from the crowd,

Chinese: 
她還提到過另一位在 12 世紀的
女性成就者，瑪吉拉準。
她是三個孩子的單身母親，
曾開創了自己的教派——「絕」
（「施身斷四魔」，斷境施身法）
意為「斬除」。
修習「絕」（修持斷境施身法）
是為了斷除恐懼和過度的自負心理。
而這也是唯一由於其強大的力量
而傳回到印度的佛法。
大家都知道佛教是從印度傳到藏地的，
但是這個佛法因為
有太大的影響力而傳回去了。
她還提到了偉大的女伏藏師
色拉康卓空行母，
她曾是西藏中部
一個貴族家庭的公主，
她曾是西藏中部
一個貴族家庭的公主，
14 歲時，她為了逃避家裡的包辦婚姻
來到了安多藏區。
她當過數年的女僕，
還有修學佛法，
後來一位佛教導師發現了她，

Chinese: 
她最終成了一位赫赫有名的
女性成就者。
這些佛教女性成就者的例子，
讓我的祖父深受啟發。
並徹底地改變了
對自己 6 個女兒的看法，
以及她們在世俗及靈修上
擁有的潛力。
他從而開始給她們同等的訓練。
如今，我的母親和所有阿姨們
都沿襲家族的瑜伽傳統，
我們家族已有六代人修學瑜伽傳統。
我很感激，在這個日新月異的時代，
像我這樣年輕的瑜伽修行者
還能夠接觸到古老的智慧，
從而來平衡我們自己。
因此，我堅信母親與孩子之間的和諧
可以透過修持慈悲心和智慧而來。

English: 
and she became
an influential female master.
So after hearing all these stories,
my grandfather completely changed his view
about his six daughters
and their potential
in the family and spirituality.
So he started training
all of them equally,
so now my mother, my aunts,
all are continuing the family lineage.
My family has been practicing
the yogi tradition for six generations,
and I'm grateful that in a speedy,
modern world like today,
young yogis and yoginis like myself
can still get in touch
with the ancient wisdom
and balance ourselves.
So, I really believe that harmony
between a child and a mother
can come back with practicing
compassion and wisdom.

Chinese: 
這次演講是為了
讓你們看到一個大體的藍圖，
但是每一個個體都是那麼的不同，
我們各自的生活會帶領我們
走向不同的可能性。
那時候，你就會擁有自由和潛力
去尋找你的快樂，
和諧、
慈悲心
和智慧。
感謝大家。

English: 
The talk is about giving you
a general idea of the whole picture.
But as individuals, we're so different,
and our lives lead us
to different possibilities of infinity.
Then you have the freedom
and the potential
to search for your happiness,
harmony
and compassion,
and wisdom.
Thank you.
