
Chinese: 
上一节中 零假设是说药物无效
而备择假设说药物有效
但具体是降低还是增加反应时间却没有说
我们只说 药物有一定效果 用药后的均值同原均值不一样
我们只说 药物有一定效果 用药后的均值同原均值不一样
零假设表示 用药前后没有差别
零假设表示 用药前后没有差别
这里 我们只是检验是否存在效果
不管是正效果 还是反效果都被认为是有效
不管是正效果 还是反效果都被认为是有效
这称作是双侧检验
这里 就算是很高的反应时间
比如超过3个标准差的响应时间

Korean: 
우리의 귀무가설은
약이 효과가 없다는 것입니다.
그리고 대립가설은
약이 효과가 있다는 것이죠.
우리는 약이 반응시간을 낮추는지
혹은 올리는 지 에 대해서는 얘기하지 않았어요.
그러니깐 약이 효과가 있다는 것은
먹었을때
평균시간과 같지 않다는 것을 의미하죠.
그리고 귀무가설은 약을 먹은 후의 반응시간이
먹지 않았을때 와 같으며,
약이 효과가 없다는 것입니다.
이때, 우리는 그냥
약이 효과가 있는지 없는지 본거에요.
그게 부정적인지 긍정적인지가 아니라.
긍정, 부정 모두 효과가 있다고 본거죠.
우리는 양측검정(two tailed test)이라는 것을 할거에요.
그 이유는, 매우 높은 반응시간(지난번에는 낮은 반응시간 왼쪽만 고려했지만)
을 보인다면 (3 standard deviation 이상의) (오른쪽)
그것 역시 우리는 반응이 있다고,

Chinese: 
上一節中 零假設是說藥物無效
而備擇假設說藥物有效
但具體是降低還是增加反應時間卻沒有說
我們只說 藥物有一定效果 用藥後的均值同原均值不一樣
我們只說 藥物有一定效果 用藥後的均值同原均值不一樣
零假設表示 用藥前後沒有差別
零假設表示 用藥前後沒有差別
這裡 我們只是檢驗是否存在效果
不管是正效果 還是反效果都被認爲是有效
不管是正效果 還是反效果都被認爲是有效
這稱作是雙側檢定
這裡 就算是很高的反應時間
比如超過3個標準差的響應時間

Thai: 
ในวิดีโอที่แล้ว, สมมุติฐานว่างคือ
ยาไม่มีผล
และสมมุติฐานทางเลือกคือว่า
ยามีผล
เราไม่ได้บอกว่ายาช่วยลดเวลาตอบสนอง
หรือเพิ่มเวลาตอบสนอง
เราแค่บอกว่ายามีผล, ค่าเฉลี่ยเมื่อคุณ
ใช้ยา จะไม่เท่ากับ
ค่าเฉลี่ยประชากร
แล้วสมมุติฐานว่างบอกว่าไม่, ค่าเฉลี่ย
เมื่อใช้ยาเหมือนกับค่าเฉลี่ยของประชากร,
มันไม่มีผลอะไร
ในกรณีนี้ ที่เราแค่อยากทดสอบว่า
มันมีผลหรือไม่, ไม่ว่าจะมีผลสุดขั้วทางบวก, หรือ
มีผลสุดขั้วทางลบ, ทั้งคู่นับ
ว่าได้ผลทั้งนั้น
เราได้ทำสิ่งที่เรียกว่าการทดสอบสองหางไป. นี่คือ
การทดสอบสองหาง (two-tailed test). เพราะว่ากันตามตรง, เวลา
ตอบสนองสูงมาก, ถ้าคุณมีเวลาตอบสอง
มากเกินถึง 3 ส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน, นั่นทำให้เรา

Czech: 
V minulém videu byla nulová hypotéza formulována tak,
že lék nemá žádný efekt na reakční čas.
Alternativní hypotézou bylo,
že tento lék efekt má.
Nebrali jsme v úvahu, jestli lék tento reakční čas
snižuje nebo zvyšuje.
Prostě jsme jen řekli, že lék má nějaký efekt,
tedy že průměrný reakční čas při podání léku nebude shodný
s průměrným reakčním časem v celé populaci
A nulová hypotéza tedy říká: kdepak,
průměrný reakční čas i po podání léku bude shodný jako populační průměr.
Tedy lék nemá žádný efekt.
V tomto případě ve skutečnosti pouze testujeme,
jestli lék má nějaký efekt, ať už pozitivní, nebo negativní,
oba případy bychom považovali zkrátka
za nějaký efekt.
Provedli jsme tedy něco, čemu se říká oboustranný test.
Oboustranný test. Protože velice dlouhá reakční doba,
tedy reakční doba přesahující tři
směrodatné odchylky, by také vedla k tomu,

English: 
In the last video, our
null hypothesis was
the drug had no effect.
And our alternative hypothesis
was that the
drug just has an effect.
We didn't say whether the drug
would lower the response time
or raise the response time.
We just said the drug had an
effect, that the mean when you
have the drug will not
be the same thing as
the population mean.
And then the null hypothesis
says no, your mean with the
drug's going to be the same
thing as the population mean,
it has no effect.
In this situation where we're
really just testing to see if
it had an effect, whether an
extreme positive effect, or an
extreme negative effect,
would have both been
considered an effect.
We did something called a
two-tailed test. This is
called eight two-tailed test.
Because frankly, a super high
response time, if you had a
response time that was more
than 3 standard deviations,
that would've also made us

Bulgarian: 
Миналия път нашата нулева хипотеза беше,
че лекарството няма ефект.
А алтернативната ни хипотеза беше,
че лекарството има един ефект.
Не сме казвали дали лекарството
би понижило времето за реакция
или би го повишило.
Казахме, че лекарството има ефект,
че средната стойност,
когато сме приели лекарството, 
няма да е равна на
средната стойност на 
генералната съвкупност.
Тогава нулевата хипотеза гласи, 
че средната стойност
с тази на лекарството ще е равна на 
средната стойност на генералната съвкупност,
то няма ефект.
В тази ситуация, в която в действителност
само пробваме, за да видим дали
има някакъв ефект, без значение 
дали е крайно положителен, или
крайно отрицателен ефект, 
и двата щяха да се приемат за ефекти.
Направихме нещо, което
се нарича двустранен тест.
Ето какво представлява двустранният тест. 
Понеже, откровено казано, прекалено голямото
време за реакция, ако имахме 
време за реакция, което е по-голямо
от 3 стандартни отклонения, това 
вероятно също щеше да ни накара

Portuguese: 
No último vídeo, a hipótese de nulidade dizia
que a droga não tinha nenhum efeito
E a hipótese alternativa dizia
que a droga possuía sim efeito significativo.
Nós não falamos que a droga poderia diminuir o tempo de resposta médio (no gráfico)
ou aumentar esse tempo.
Nós somente falamos que a droga possuía um efeito... que iria, quando você
usasse a drogra, alterar a média esperada da amostra, ficando diferente
da média da população (grupo controle).
E que a hipótese de nulidade dizia assim: "Não! A média da amostra
tratada com a droga vai ser a mesma da média populacional,
porque esta droga não tem efeito".
Nesta situação, realmente estamos só testando para ver se
a droga possui efeito, seja por um resultado no extremo positivo, ou por
um resultado no extremo negativo, ambos considerados
como significantes (droga possui efeito).
Fizemos assim um negócio chamado teste bicaudal. Isto é
chamado de teste bicaudal, teste bicaaaudaal, porque, francamente, se houver um tempo
de resposta muito grande, isto é, se você tiver um tempo de resposta
maior que 3 desvios padrão, isso fará com que nós

Spanish: 
En nuestro vídeo anterior, nuestra hipótesis nula era
que la droga no tenía efecto.
Y nuestra hipótesis alterna era que la
sólo tiene efecto.
No dijimos si la droga disminuiría el tiempo de respuesta
o elevaría el tiempo de respuesta.
Sólo dijimos que la droga tenía un efecto, que la media cuando
tienes la droga no será lo mismo
que la media de la población.
Y luego la hipótesis nula nos dice no, tu media con la droga
será lo mismo que la media de la población
y esta no tiene efecto.
En esta situación donde realmente sólo estamos haciendo pruebas para determinar si
tenía un efecto, sea un efecto positivo extremo,
o un efecto negativo extremo, ambos hubieran sido
considerados como un efecto.
Hicimos algo llamado la prueba de dos colas. Esto se
llama una prueba de dos colas. Por que francamente, un tiempo de respuesta
super elevado, si tuviéramos un tiempo de respuesta que fuera mayor a
que 3 desviaciones estándar, eso nos elevaría nuestra probabilidad de

Turkish: 
Bir önceki videoda sıfır hipotezi ilacın etkisi olmadığıydı.
-
Alternatif hipotez ise, ilacın etkisi olduğu yönündeydi.
-
İlacın tepki süresini kısalttığını veya uzattığını söylemedik.
-
Yalnızca etkisi vardır dedik, ilacı aldığınız durumdaki ortalama ile nüfusun ortalaması aynı olmayacak.
-
-
Sıfır hipotezi ise, hayır, ilaç aldığınız durumdaki ortalama ile nüfusun ortalaması aynıdır, ilacın etkisi yoktur, der.
-
-
Bu durumda etkisi olup olmadığını test ediyoruz, aşırı bir pozitif veya negatif etki olabilir.
-
-
-
Burada çift kuyruklu bir test yaptık. Eğer tepki süreniz 3 standart sapmadan daha uzak ise, sıfır hipotezini reddetmeye meyilli olurduk.
-
-
-

Burmese: 
အရင် video တုန်းက ကျွန်တော်တို့ရဲ့ အဆိုတစ်ခုက
ဆေးဟာ ဘာအကျိုးသက်ရေက်မှုမှ မရှိဘူးလို့ ပြောခဲ့တယ်
နောက် ဆန့်ကျင်ဘက်အဆိုကတော့
ဆေးဟာ အကျိုးသက်ရောက်မှုရှိတယ်လို့ ပြောခဲ့တယ်
ကျွန်တော်တို့က ဆေးဟာ တုန့်ပြန်မယ့် အချိန်ကို လျှော့ချပေးလိမ့်မယ်
ဒါမှမဟုတ် တုန့်ပြန့်မယ့် အချိန်ကို တိုးမြှင့်ပေးလိမ့်မယ်လို့ ပြောခဲ့တာ မဟုတ်ဝူး
ဆေးဟာ အကျိုးသက်ရောက်မှုရှိမရှိကိုပဲ ပြောခဲ့တာဖြစ်တယ်
အဲဒါကြောင့် ဆေးဟာ အကျိုးသက်ရောက်မှုရှိလိမ့်မယ်ဆိုတဲ့ မင်းရဲ့ mean ဟာ
Population mean နဲ့တူမှာမဟုတ်ဝူး
ပြီးတော့ မင်းရဲ့တင်ခဲ့တဲ့ အဆိုက မဟုတ်ခဲ့ဝူးဆိုရင်
မင်းရဲ့ ဆေးဟာ နဂိုအတိုင်းပဲ ဖြစ်လိမ့်မယ်ဆိုတဲ့ mean ဟာ population mean နဲ့တူတူပဲဖြစ်လိမ့်မယ်
ဆေးဟာ ဘာအကျိုးသက်ရောက်မှုမှ မရှိဝူး ဖြစ်တယ်
ဒီလို အခြေအနေမျိုးမှာ ကျွန်တော်တို့ဟာ testing လုပ်ကြည့်ရမှာဖြစ်တယ်
တကယ်ပဲ ဆေးဟာ အကျိုးသက်ရောက်မှု မရှိဝူးလားဆိုတာမျိုးဖြစ်တယ် ကောင်းတဲ့ အကျိုးသက်ရောက်မှုရော
မကောင်းတဲ့ အကျိုးသက်ရောက်မှုရော နှစ်မျိုးလုံးကို
အကျိုးသက်ရောက်မှုတစ်ခုအနေနဲ့ သတ်မှတ်မှာဖြစ်တယ်
ကျွန်တော်တို့ဟာ two-tailed test လို့ခေါ်တဲ့ တစ်ခုကို လုပ်ကြည့်တယ်
အကြမးဖြင်းအားဖြင့် ကျွန်တော်တို့က ဆေးဟာ
စံသွေဖယ်မှု ၃ ခုထက် ပိုပြီးတော့ တုံ့ပြန့်မှုရှိခဲ့ရင်
ဆေးဟာ အကျိုးသက်ရောက်မှုမရှိဝူးဆိုတဲ့ အဆိုကို
ပယ်ဖျက်ရမှာ ဖြစ်တယ်
ဒါကြောင့် ကျွန်တော်တို့ဟာ tail(ဖြစ်နိုင်ခြေ) ၂ ခုနဲ့ test လုပ်နေရတယ်လို့ ဆိုနိုင်တယ်

Dutch: 
In de vorige video was onze nulhypothese
dat de drug geen effect had

Portuguese: 
No último vídeo, nossa
hipótese nula foi que a
droga não fez efeito.
Nossa hipótese alternativa
foi que a
droga fez efeito.
Não dissemos se a droga pode 
abaixar o tempo de resposta
ou aumentar o tempo de resposta.
Só dissemos que a droga tem um efeito, 
que a média quando você
tem a droga não é igual
a média populacional.
E se a hipótese nula diz não,
a média com
a droga será a mesma que
a média populacional,
ou seja, não tem efeito.
Nessa situação onde nós só 
testamos para ver se
tem um efeito, seja um efeito
extremamente positivo, ou um
extremamente negativo, 
ambos considerados
como um efeito.
Nós fizemos algo chamado de
teste bilateral. Este é
chamado de teste bilateral.
Porque, francamente, uma taxa
de resposta super alta, se você tem um
tempo de resposta que foi mais
de 3 desvios-padrão,
que também estaríamos

Estonian: 
Eelmises videos oli meie nullhüpotees
et ravimil ei ole toimet
ning meie alternatiivne hüpotees oli,
et ravimil on lihtsalt toime.
Me ei öelnud, kas ravim alandab
või tõstab reageerimisaega.
Me ütlesime lihtsalt, et ravimil on toime, et ravimiga saavutatud keskmine
ei ole sama, mis
populatsiooni keskmine.
Ja siis nullhüpotees ütleb, et ei, su keskmine
koos ravimiga tuleb täpselt sama nagu populatsiooni keskmine,
et toimet ei ole.
Selles situatsioonis testime me tegelikult, et näha,
kas sellel on toime. Nii ekstreemselt positiivne kui ka
ekstreemselt negatiivne toime oleks mõlemad
käsitletud toimena.
Me tegime midagi, mida kutsutakse kahe otsaga testiks.
Sest tõepoolest, superkõrge
reaktsiooniaeg, kui su reaktsiooniaeg oleks rohkem
kui 3 standardhälvet, see paneks meid samuti

Korean: 
말할 수 있기 때문이죠.
그래서 우리는 양쪽을 모두 고려할 것입니다.
넌 비슷한 상황을
단측검정으로도 할 수 있어요
이랬든 저랬든 귀무가설이
약에 효과가 없다는 것은 가능합니다.
혹은 약의
반응시간이
1.2 초라는 것을 의미하죠.
니가 만약에 어떤 약이 반응시간을
낮춰줄 것이라고 알고 있다면,
한쪽으로만 대립가설을 세워도 됩니다.
그냥 단순히 너 편하라고 그렇게 하는거죠.
어떤 책이나 선생님들은 그 대립가설을
H1이라고 적고요,
H라고도 적어요. 어떤 것이든지 좋아요.

Bulgarian: 
да отхвърлим нулевата хипотеза.
Занимавахме се един вид с двете опашки.
Можеше да направим 
подобен тест на хипотезата,
със същия експеримент, 
когато има само една опашка.
И можехме да направим това, 
когато отново приемем
нулевата хипотеза да бъде, 
че лекарството няма ефект.
И че средната стойност при лекарството – 
средната стойност, и може би
бих казал средната стойност със
лекарството – още ще е
1,2 секунди, нашето 
средно време за реакция.
Ако искаме да направим 
едностранен тест, но по някаква
причина вече сме разбрали, 
че това лекарство
би намалило времето за реакция, тогава 
нашата алтернативна хипотеза...
и само да се запознаеш
с различните видове отбелязване,
някои учебници или учители 
ще записват алтернативната
хипотеза като Н1, понякога 
я записват като Н алтернативна,
и двете са приемливи.

Portuguese: 
rejeitemos a hipótese de nulidade (droga sem efeito).
Nessa situação a gente está lidando com as duas caudas da curva.
Você pode testar uma hipótese parecida com essa
no mesmo experimento, porém analisando somente uma cauda.
E a maneira para fazer isso... Nós ainda poderiamos
ter a mesma hipótese de nulidade: "a droga não possui nenhum efeito"
Ou que a média da amostra tratada com a droga, a média que
eu poderia chamar de média com a droga-- ela irá permanecer
com 1,2 segundos de tempo de resposta médio.
Agora, se nós quisermos usar o teste unicaudal, mas por alguma
razão, nós já sabemos... Temos uma visão de que a droga testada poderia
reduzir o tempo de resposta, então nossa hipótese alternativa-- e
só para você se familiarizar com os diferentes termos,
alguns livros ou professores vão escrever a hipótese alternativa
como H1, outras vezes eles podem escrever só o Ha (H alternativo)
qualquer um dos jeitos está certo.

Portuguese: 
propensos a desprezar
as hipóteses nulas.
Então estávamos lidando com
ambos os tipos de teste.
Você poderia ter feito um tipo semelhante
de teste de hipóteses com
o mesmo experimento onde você
só tinha um teste unilateral.
E a maneira que poderíamos ter feito
que ainda poderíamos ter
tido a hipótese nula de que as
drogas não tem efeito.
Ou que a média com a droga--
a média, e talvez eu
possa dizer a média com
a droga-- ainda vai ser
1,2 segundos, nosso
tempo de resposta médio.
Agora se nós queremos fazer um
teste unilateral, mas por alguma
razão nós já temos uma
visão de que essa droga poderia
ter um tempo menor de resposta, 
então nossa hipótese alternativa-- e
só para você se familiarizar com
diferentes tipos de notação,
alguns livros ou professores vão
escrever a hipótese
alternativa como H1, algumas vezes
escreverão isso como H alternativa,
qualquer
uma está boa.

Chinese: 
也會導致最終拒絕零假設
這是在雙側進行的
類似地 我們可以進行一個單側檢測
類似地 我們可以進行一個單側檢測
我們可以這樣做
零假設仍然是藥物無效
或者說 用藥後的反應時間均值仍然是1.2秒
或者說 用藥後的反應時間均值仍然是1.2秒
我們要進行單側檢定
我們知道藥物的作用是爲了減少反應時間
因此備擇假設…
我簡單講一下記號
有些教科書或老師喜歡用H
而有些人則喜歡用H

Turkish: 
-
Yani iki kuyrukla birden ilgileniyoruz.
Aynı deney için tek kuyruklu test adında bir başka hipotez testi de uygulayabiliriz.
-
Yine sıfır hipotezi olarak ilacın etkisinin olmadığını söyleyebiliriz.
-
Veya ilaçla birlikte ortalama tepki süresi yine 1,2 saniye olacak, deriz.
-
-
Şimdi tek kuyruklu test uygulamak isteyelim. Belki bu ilacın tepki süresini azalttığını düşünüyoruz. Bu durumda alternatif hipotezimiz şöyle olur. Değişik notasyonlara alışalım.
-
-
-
Bazı kitaplar veya öğretmenler alternatif hipotezi H1 olarak yazarlar, bazıları da H alternatif olarak ifade ederler, ikisi de olur.
-
-

Estonian: 
nullhüpoteesi ümber lükkama.
Nii et me tegeleme mõnes mõttes kahe otsaga.
Me oleks võinud teha sarnase hüpoteesi testi
sama eksperimendiga, kus oleks ainult ühe otsaga test.
Ja kuidas me oleks seda teinud, oleks nii et meil oleks endiselt
nullhüpotees, et ravimil pole toimet.
Või hoopis, et ravimiga keskmine - keskmine koos ravimiga -
on endiselt
1.2 sekundit, meie keskmine reaktsiooniaeg.
Kui me tahaks nüüd teha ühe otsaga testi, aga mingil põhjusel
on meil võib-olla juba teada, et ravim alandab
reaktsiooniaega, siis meie alternatiivne hüpotees oleks -
lihtsalt et te tutvuks erinevate kirjapiltidega:
mõned raamatud või õppejõud kirjutavad alternatiivset hüpoteesi
H1-na, mõned kirjutavad seda H
alternatiivina. Mõlemad variandid sobivad.

Czech: 
že bychom zamítli nulovou hypotézu.
Takže bereme v úvahu oba extrémy.
Mohli bychom provést podobný test
s využitím téhož experimentu, ale pouze s jednostrannou alternativní hypotézou.
I v tomto případě by naší nulovou hypotézou mohlo být to,
že lék nemá žádný efekt.
Neboli že průměr při požití léku,
průměr při požití léku,
bude roven 1,2 sekund, tohle bude naše průměrná reakční doba.
V případě, že bychom chtěli provést jednostranný test,
ale z nějakého důvodu bychom předem předpokládali,
že lék sníží reakční čas, pak naše alternativní hypotéza -
jen abyste se seznámili s různými druhy značení,
některé knihy či vyučující píší alternativní hypotézu
jako H1, někdy jako H alternativní,
obojí je v pořádku.

Burmese: 
မင်းတို့ဟာ ဆင်တူတဲ့ hypothesis testing တစ်မျိုးကို လုပ်ကြည့်ခဲ့ြပြီး ဖြစ်တယ်
ဒါပေမဲ့ မင်းတို့ one-tailed test ကိုပဲ လုပ်ကြည့်ခဲ့တာ ဖြစ်တယ်
ပြီးတော့ ကျွန်တော်တို့ရဲ့ စမ်းသပ်ခဲ့ပုံအရ ကျွန်တော်တို့က
ဆေးဟာ အကျိုးသက်ရောက်ဝူးမရှိဝူးဆိုတဲ့ အဆိုကို မှန်ကန်တယ်လို့ ယူခဲ့တယ်
ဒါမှမဟုတ် ကျွန်တော်က
ဆေးရဲ့ ပျမ်းမျှ တုန့်ပြန့်မယ့် အချိန်ကို
၁.၂ စက္ကန့်လို့ သတ်မှတ်တယ်ပဲ ထားလိုက်ပါတော့
အခု ကျွန်တော်တို့က one-tailed test လုပ်ချင်တယ်ဆိုရင်
ဆေးဟာ တုန့်ပြန့်မယ့် အချိန်ကို လျှော့ချကောင်း လျှော့ချနိုင်တယ်လို့
ထင်ထားတယ်ဆိုပါတော့ အဲဒါဆိုရင် ကျွန်တော်တို့ရဲ့ ဆန့်ကျင်ဘက်အဆိုဟာ
အော် ဒါနဲ့ မင်းတို့ အမျိုးမျိုးခေါ်တတ်အောင်လို့
တချို့ စာအုပ်တွေမှာ ဒါမှမဟုတ် အချို့ဆရာတွေက ဆန့်ကျင်ဘက်အဆိုကို
H1 လို့ရေးတတ်ကြတယ် တစ်ခါတစ်လေ H alternative လို့ ရေးတတ်တယ်
ဘယ်လိုရေးရေး ရပါတယ်
မင်းတို့ဟာ one-tailed test လုပ်ချင်တယ်ဆိုရင် ဆေးဟာ တုန့်ပြန့်မယ့်အချိန်ကို
လျော့ကျစေမယ် ထားပါတော့
ဒါမှမဟုတ် ဆေးရဲ့ တုန့်ပြန့်မယ့်အချိန်ဟာ ၁.၂ စက္ကန့်အောက် ဖြစ်လိမ့်မယ် ဆိုပါတော့

Thai: 
มีโอกาสทิ้งสมมุติฐานว่างอย่างยิ่ง
เราได้ยุ่งกับหางทั้งสองข้าง
คุณสามารถทดสอบสมมติฐานคล้ายๆ กัน
ด้วยการทดลองเดียวกันนี้ โดยคุณทดสอบด้วยหางเดียว
และวิธีที่เราทำ คือว่า เรายัง
มีสมมุติฐานว่างว่า ยาไม่มีผล
หรือค่าเฉลี่ยที่ยา -- ค่าเฉลี่ย, บางทีผม
ควรบอกว่าค่าเฉลี่ยเมื่อใช้ยา -- จะยัง
เป็น 1.2 วินาที, คือเวลาตอบสนองเฉลี่ย
ตอนนี้ถ้าเราอยากทดสอบแบบหางเดียว, แต่ด้วย
เหตุผลบางอย่าง เราพอรู้ว่ายานี้จะ
มีเวลาตอบสนองสั้นลง, แล้วสมมุติฐานทางเลือก --
แค่ให้คุณคุ้นเคยกับสัญลักษณ์แบบอื่น,
หนังสือหรือครูบางคนจะเขียนสมมุติฐาน
ทางเลือกว่า H1, บางครั้งเขาเขียนว่า H
ทางเลือก, อันไหนก็ได้

Chinese: 
也会导致最终拒绝零假设
这是在双侧进行的
类似地 我们可以进行一个单侧检测
类似地 我们可以进行一个单侧检测
我们可以这样做
零假设仍然是药物无效
或者说 用药后的反应时间均值仍然是1.2秒
或者说 用药后的反应时间均值仍然是1.2秒
我们要进行单侧检验
我们知道药物的作用是为了减少反应时间
因此备择假设…
我简单讲一下记号
有些教科书或老师喜欢用H
而有些人则喜欢用H

Spanish: 
rechazar nuestra hipótesis nula.
Asi que estamos lidiando con ambos tipos de colas.
Se podría hacer un tipo de hipótesis similar con
el mismo experimento donde se tiene sólo una prueba de una cola.
Y la manera en que podríamos hacerlo es que nosotros todavía podríamos
suponer que la hipótesis nula es que la droga no tiene efecto.
O que la media con la droga-- la media, y podría decir que
la media con la droga-- seguirá siendo
1.2 segundos, nuestro tiempo medio de respuesta.
Ahora bien, si quisieramos hacer una prueba de una cola, pero por algún
motivo nosotros ya habíamos tenido tal vez una indicación que esta droga
disminuiría el tiempo de respuesta, entonces nuestra hipótesis alterna-- y
sólo para que te familiarices con diferentes tipos de notación
algunos libros o maestros escriben la hipótesis alterna
como H1, en ocasiones como H alternativa
cualquiera esta bien.

English: 
likely to reject the
null hypothesis.
So we were dealing with
kind of both tails.
You could have done a similar
type of hypothesis test with
the same experiment where you
only had a one-tailed test.
And the way we could have done
that is we still could have
had the null hypothesis be that
the drug has no effect.
Or that the mean with the drug--
the mean, and maybe I
could say the mean with the
drug-- is still going to be
1.2 seconds, our mean
response time.
Now if we wanted to do a
one-tailed test, but for some
reason we already had maybe a
view that this drug would
lower response times, then our
alternative hypothesis-- and
just so you get familiar with
different types of notation,
some books or teachers will
write the alternative
hypothesis as H1, sometimes
they write it as H
alternative, either
one is fine.

Bulgarian: 
Ако искаме да направим едностранен тест, 
можем да кажем, че
лекарството намалява 
времето за реакция.
Или че средната стойност с лекарството 
е по-малка от 1,2 секунди.
Ако направим едностранен тест 
по този начин, трябва да решим
какво искаме да разгледаме.
Имаме нашето извадково 
разпределение.
Всъщност, мога да използвам диаграмата,
която направих тук горе.
Имахме едно извадково
разпределение
на средната стойност.
Знаем каква беше средната стойност тук, 
1,2 секунди, равна
на средната стойност на
генералната съвкупност.
Пресметнахме нейното 
стандартно отклонение чрез
извадковото стандартно отклонение, 
и това беше оправдано, защото
имаме размер на извадката,
по-голям от 30, така че още можем
да получим нормално разпределение
при извадковото разпределение.
И като използвахме това, видяхме, че резултатът, 
извадковата средна стойност,

Czech: 
Kdybychom chtěli provést jednostranný test,
mohli bychom říct, že lék sníží reakční čas.
Tedy že průměr po požití léku bude méně než 1,2 sekund.
Pokud provedeme takovýto test s jednostrannou alternativní hypotézou,
pak uvažujeme následujícím způsobem.
Máme nějaké výběrové rozdělení.
Vlastně můžu použít tento obrázek nahoře.
Máme nějaké výběrové rozdělení
výběrového průměru.
Víme, že jeho průměr je 1,2 vteřin,
tedy roven populačnímu průměru.
Byli jsme schopni odhadnout jeho směrodatnou odchylku
s využitím výběrové směrodatné odchylky,
což je použitelné, protože máme výběr o velikosti více než 30,
takže můžeme předpokládat, že výběrové rozdělení
se blíží normálnímu.
Nakonec jsme zjistili, že výběrový průměr,

Korean: 
만약에, 단측검정을 하고 싶다면
약이 반응시간을 떨어뜨린다고 잡읍시다.
혹은 약을 먹은후의 반응 시간이 1.2보다 작다고 하세요.
이제 니가 이렇게 단측검정을 한다고 하면
음..
여기에 우리의 샘플 분포가 있습니다.
위에있는거 잠깐 다시 볼께요.
여기 샘플이있습니다.
여기 샘플이있습니다.
우리는 평균 시간이 1.2 라는 것 압니다.
전체 평균이죠.
우리는 샘플의 표준편차를 모집단의 표준편차(standard deviation)라고
얘기할 수 있는데요,
그 이유는 샘플 사이즈가 30보다 크기 때문이죠.
그래서 우리는 이 샘플에 정규분포(normal distribution)
을 적용할 수 있습니다.
우리가 봤던 결과를 사용하면, 샘플은

Chinese: 
要做单侧检验 可以说用药降低反应时间
即 用药后均值小于1.2秒
此时要进行单侧检验
我们来看看抽样分布
其实我可以用原来的图
这是样本均值的抽样分布
我们知道其均值是1.2秒 同总体均值一样
我们可以用样本标准差估计出其标准差
因为这里样本容量大于30
所以使用正态分布作为抽样分布是可行的
通过这些 我们发现样本均值

Portuguese: 
Se você quer fazer um teste unilateral,
você pode dizer que a
droga diminui o tempo de resposta.
Ou que a média com a droga 
é menor que 1,2 segundos.
Agora se nós fazemos um teste unilateral
como esse,
o que nós pensamos, 
o que nós queremos ver,
nós temos a distribuição da nossa amostra.
Na verdade posso usar simplesmente 
desenhar aqui em cima.
Você já tinha a distribuição da amostra
da média da amostra.
Nós sabemos que a média disso 
foi de 1,2 segundos
a mesma da média populacional.
Conseguimos estimar o desvio padrão
usando o nosso
desvio padrão da amostra,
e isso fez sentido, porque
tivemos uma amostra maior do que 30
e desta maneira podemos
usar a a distribuição normal
para a distribuição
da amostra.
Verificamos que o resultado,
a média da amostra,

Chinese: 
要做單側檢定 可以說用藥降低反應時間
即 用藥後均值少於1.2秒
此時要進行單側檢定
我們來看看抽樣分布
其實我可以用原來的圖
這是樣本平均數的抽樣分布
我們知道其均值是1.2秒 同總體均值一樣
我們可以用樣本標準差估計出其標準差
因爲這裡樣本容量大於30
所以使用正態分布作爲抽樣分布是可行的
通過這些 我們發現樣本平均數

English: 
If you want to do one-tailed
test, you could say that the
drug lowers response time.
Or that the mean with the drug
is less than 1.2 seconds.
Now if you do a one-tailed test
like this, what we're
thinking about is, what we want
to look at is, all right,
we have our sampling
distribution.
Actually, I can just use the
drawing that I had up here.
You had your sampling
distribution
of the sample mean.
We know what the mean of that
was, it's 1.2 seconds, same as
the population mean.
We were able to estimate its
standard deviation using our
sample standard deviation, and
that was reasonable because it
had a sample size of greater
than 30, so we can still kind
of deal with a normal
distribution for the sampling
distribution.
And using that we saw that the
result, the sample mean that

Estonian: 
Kui me tahaks teha ühe otsaga testi, võiksime öelda,
et ravim alandab reaktsiooniaega.
Või et ravimiga keskmine on vähem kui 1.2 sekundit.
Kui me nüüd teeme ühe otsaga testi, siis peame mõtlema sellele
ning jälgima seda...
Meil on meie valimjaotus.
Tegelikult võib kasutada ka eelmist joonist.
Meil on meie valmijaotus
valimkeskmistest.
Me teame, mis selle keskmine on - see on 1.2 sekundit, sama, mis
populatsiooni keskmine.
Me saame hinnata selle standardhälvet kasutades
oma valimi standardhälvet ja see oli mõistlik, sest
valimi suurus oli suurem kui 30, nii et me saame endiselt
tegeleda normaaljaotusega
valimjaotuse jaoks.
Kasutades seda nägime, et tulemus, valimi keskmine

Turkish: 
Tek kuyruklu test yaparsanız, ilacın tepki süresini azalttığını söyleyebilirsiniz.
-
Veya ilaçla ortalamanın 1,2 saniyeden az olduğunu söyleyebilirsiniz.
Böyle bir tek kuyruklu test yaparsak, şöyle düşünüyoruz. Örneklem dağılımımız burada.
-
-
Aslında buradaki çizimi kullanabilirim.
Örneklem ortalamasının dağılımı.
-
Bunun ortalamasını biliyoruz, 1,2 saniye, nüfus ortalamasıyla aynı.
-
Standart sapmayı da örneklem standart sapmasını kullanarak tahmin edebiliriz. Bunu yapmak mantıklı, çünkü örneklemdeki veri adedi 30'dan fazla. Yani örneklem dağılımı normal dağılıma yakın.
-
-
-
-
Ve bunu kullanarak sonucun, 1,05 olarak bulduğumuz örneklem ortalamasının, ortalamanın 3 standart sapma altında olduğunu gördük.

Portuguese: 
Se você quiser usar o teste unicaudal, você teria que dizer que
a droga... diminui, diminui o tempo de resposta.
Ou que a média da amostra tratada com a droga é menor que 1,2 segundos.
Agora, se você usar um teste unicaudal como este. O que
estamos pensando é... O que nós queremos procurar é... tudo certo,
nós temos já distribuição amostral (desenhando)
Na verdade, eu posso usar o desenho com a distribuição aqui de cima,
Você tem a sua distribuição
a partir da média amostral
Nós sabemos que a média desta distribuição era de 1,2 segundos, igual à
da média populacional.
Nós podemos estimar o desvio padrão dessa distribuição (amostra da droga) usando
o desvio padrão dessa amostra (controle). E isto é razoável porque isso
tem um número de elementos maior do que 30, então nós ainda podemos, meio que,
lidar com os dados como se eles tivessem uma distribuição normal para a distribuição
amostral.
E sabendo que nós vimos o resultado, a média da amostra que

Spanish: 
Si deseas efectuar una prueba de una cola, se puede decir que
la droga disminuye el tiempo de respuesta.
O que la media con la droga es menor de 1.2 segundos.
Ahora si efectúas una prueba de una cola como esta, lo que
tenemos en mente es, lo que queremos observar es, bien
tenemos una distribución de muestreo.
En realidad, puedo utilizar el dibujo que tenía aquí arriba.
Tenías tu distribución de muestreo
de la media de la muestra.
Conocemos lo que la media de eso era, es 1.2 segundos, igual que
la media de la población.
Fuimos capaces de estimar su desviación estándar utilizando nuestra
desviación estándar de la población, y esto resultó razonable por que
teníamos un tamaño de muestra mayor que 30, así que todavía podemos
lidiar con una distribución normal para la
distribución del muestreo.
Y al utilizar eso vimos que el resultado, la media de la muestra

Thai: 
ถ้าคุณอยากทดสอบแบบหางเดียว, คุณก็บอกว่า
ยาทำให้เวลาตอบสนองลดลง
หรือค่าเฉลี่ยเมื่อใช้ยา น้อยกว่า 1.2 วินาที
ตอนนี้ถ้าเราทำการทดสอบหางเดียวแบบนี้, สิ่ง
ที่เราจะคิดถึงว่า, สิ่งที่เราจะดูคือ, เอาล่ะ,
เรามีการกระจายตัวตัวอย่างอยู่
ที่จริง, ผมใช้รูปที่ผมวาดบนนี้ไว้
คุณมีการกระจายตัวตัวอย่าง
ของค่าเฉลี่ยตัวอย่าง
เรารู้ว่าค่าเฉลี่ยอันนั้นคืออะไร, มันคือ 1.2 วินาที, เหมือนกับ
ค่าเฉลี่ยประชากร
เราสามารถประมาณค่าเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐานโดยใช้
ค่าเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐานตัวอย่าง, และมันสมเหตุสมผล เพราะมัน
มีขนาดตัวอย่างมากกว่า 30, เราจึงใช้
การกระจายตัวแบบปกติ สำหรับการกระจายตัว
ตัวอย่าง
และเมื่อใช้นั้น เรารู้ผลแล้ว, ค่าเฉลี่ยตัวอย่าง

Burmese: 
အခု မင်းတို့one-tailed test လုပ်ချင်တယ်ဆိုရင်
ကျွန်တော်တို့ အခု စဉ်းစားမှာက ဟုတ်ြပြီ
ကျွန်တော်တို့မှာ ကျွန်တော်တို့ရဲ့ sampling distribution ရှိမယ်
တကယ်တမ်း ကျွနိတော် အပေါ်က ပုံကိုပဲ သုံးလိုက်လို့ရတယ်
သင့်မှာ သင့် နမူနာပျမ်းမျှခြင်းရဲ့
Sampling distribution ရှိမယ်
ကျွန်တော်တို့ အဲဒီ့ ပျမ်းမျှခြင်းကို သိြပြီးသား ဖြစ်တယ် ၁.၂ စက္ကန့်
Population mean နဲ့တူတူပဲဖြစ်တယ်
ကျွန်တော်တို့ဟာ sample standard deviation ကိုသုံးြပြီးတော့
အဲဒါရဲ့ standard deviation ကို ခန့်မှန်းလို့ရတယ် အဲလိုလုပ်တာက အကျိုးအကြောင်းဆီလျော်ပါတယ် ဘာလို့လဲဆိုတော့
သူ့ရဲ့sample size ဟာ ၃၀ ထက်များြပြီးတော့
ကျွန်တော်တို့ဟာ sampling ရဲ့ normal distribution အတိုင်း
လုပ်လို့ရတယ်
အဲဒါကို သုံးြပြီးတော့ ကျွန်တော်တို့ ရလာတဲ့ ပျမ်းမျှခြင်းဟာ
၁.၀၅ စက္ကန့်ဖြစ်တယ် population mean ရဲ့
စံသွေဖယ်မှု ၃ ခုအောက်ဖြစ်တယ်
အင်း ကျွန်တော်တို့ရဲ့ အဆိုအသစ်အတိုင်း ပြန်လုပ်ကြည့်မယ်ဆိုရင်

English: 
we got, the 1.05 seconds,
is 3 standard
deviations below the mean.
So if we look at it-- let me
just re-draw it with our new
hypothesis test. So this is
the sampling distribution.
It has a mean right over
here at 1.2 seconds.
And the result we got
was 3 standard
deviations below the mean.
1, 2, 3 standard deviations
below the mean.
That was what our 1.05
seconds were.
So when you set it up like this
where you're not just
saying that the drug has an
effect-- in that case, and
that was the last view, you'd
look at both tails.
But here we're saying we only
care is does the drug lower
our response time?
And just like we did before, you
say OK, let's say the drug
doesn't lower our
response time.
If the drug doesn't lower our
response time, what was the

Burmese: 
ဒီဟာက sampling distribution ဖြစ်တယ်
ဒီမှာ သူ့ရဲ့ ပျမ်းမျှခြင်းဟာ ၁.၂ စက္ကန့်ဖြစ်တယ်
ပြီးတော့ ကျွန်တော်တို့ ရလာတဲ့ အဖြေဟာ population mean ရဲ့
စံသွေဖယ်မှု ၃ ခုအောက်ဖြစ်တယ်
Mean ရဲ့ စံသွေဖယ်မှု ၁ ၂ ၃ ခုအောက်မှာဖြစ်တယ်
ဒါဟာ ကျွန်တော်တို့ရဲ့ ၁.၀၅ စက္ကန့်ရှိတဲ့ နေရာပဲဖြစ်တယ်
အခု မင်းဒီလိုမျိုး လုပ်လိုက်မယ်ဆိုရင် မင်းဟာ ဆေးမှာ
အကျိုးသက်ရောက်မှု ရှိတယ်လို့ပဲ ပြောနေတာ မဟုတ်တော့ဝူး
ကဲ နောက်ဆုံးအနေနဲ့ tail ၂ ခုလုံးကို ကြည့်ကြည့်ရအောင်
ဒီမှာတော့ ကျွန်တော်တို့က ဆေးဟာတုန့်ပြန့်မယ့် အချိန်ကို
လျော့ကျစေမလားဆိုတာပဲ ကြည့်ရအောင်
ကျွန်တော်တို့ အရင်က လုပ်ခဲ့သလိုပဲ ဆေးဟာ
တုန့်ပြန့်မယ့် အချိန်ကို မလျော့ကျစေဝူးပဲ ထားပါတော့

Chinese: 
也就是1.05秒 在均值1.2以下三個標準差範圍之外
我爲新假設檢定重新畫一下吧
這是抽樣分布
其均值處在1.2秒
結果在均值左方3個標準差之外
低於均值1 2 3個標準差
1.05秒在這裡
這裡 我們不只看藥物是否有效
這是上次講的雙側的情況
這裡 我們還想知道藥物是否降低了反應時間
和原來一樣 我們說 藥物不能降低反應時間
如果藥物不能降低反應時間

Estonian: 
mille me saime, on 1.05 sekundit, mis on 3
standardhälvet alla keskmise.
Kui me seda nüüd vaatame - las ma joonistan meie uue
hüpoteesi testi uuesti. See siin on valimijaotus.
Selle keskmine on siin - 1.2 sekundit.
Ja tulemus, mis me saime on 3
standarhälvet alla keskmise.
1,2,3 standardhälvet alla keskmise.
See on mis meie 1,05 sekundit oli.
Nii et kui me paneme selle nii, siis sa lihtsalt
ei väida, et ravimil on toime - kui see nii oleks
ning nii oli eelmises vaates, siis sa vaatad mõlemat otsa.
Kuid siin me väidame, et me hoolime ainult sellest, kas ravim alandab
meie reaktsiooniaega?
Ning nagu me tegime enne, ütleme OK, ütleme, et ravim
ei alanda meie reaktsiooniaega.
Kui ravim ei alanda meie reaktsiooniaega, mis on selle

Turkish: 
-
-
Yeni hipotez testimiz için bunu baştan çizeyim. Bu, örneklem dağılımı.
-
Ortalaması 1,2 saniye.
Ve bizim sonucumuz ortalamanın 3 standart sapma altında.
-
Ortalamanın 1, 2, 3 standart sapma altında.
1,05 saniye burada.
Eğer sadece ilacın etkisi vardır diyorsanız, iki kuyruğa da bakarsınız.
-
-
Ama burada sorduğumuz, ilacın tepki süresini azaltıp azaltmadığı.
-
Daha önce yaptığımız gibi, ilacın tepki süresini azaltmadığını söyleyelim.
-
Eğer ilaç tepki süresini azaltmıyorsa, bu kadar az veya daha az bir değer elde etme olasılığı nedir?

Thai: 
ที่เราได้, คือ 1.05 วินาที, มันต่ำกว่า
ค่าเฉลี่ยอยู่ 3 ส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน
ถ้าเราดูมัน -- ขอผมวาดใหม่นะ สำหรับการทดสอบ
สมมุติฐานใหม่ของเรา. นี่ก็คือการกระจายตัวตัวอย่าง
มันมีค่าเฉลี่ยตรงนี้ ที่ 1.2 วินาที
และผลที่เราได้ คือ ต่ำกว่าค่าเฉลี่ย
3 ส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน
1, 2, 3 ส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐานใต้ค่าเฉลี่ย
นั่นคือ 1.05 วินาทีของเรา
แล้วเมื่อคุณตั้งมันแบบนี้ โดยคุณไม่ได้แค่
บอกว่า ยามีผล -- ในกรณีนั้น,
นั่นคือมุมมองที่แล้ว, คุณดูทั้งสองห่าง
แต่ตรงนี้ เราบอกว่า เราสนใจแค่ยามีผลลด
เวลาตอบสนองหรือเปล่า?
และเหมือนกับที่เราทำมาก่อน, คุณบอกว่า โอเค, สมมุติว่า
ยาไม่ได้ลดเวลาตอบสนอง
ถ้ายาไม่ได้ลดเวลาตอบสนอง, ความน่าจะเป็นคือ

Korean: 
우리가 얻은 그 결과는 1.05초의 평균 반응시간,
3의 표준편차(아랫쪽으로)를 갖습니다.
다시 그릴께요.
새로운 가설검정을 위해서.
1.2 가 여기있고,
3 표준 편차가 여기있고,
편차도 여기 평균 밑에 있고,
1,2,3 여기있고,
우리가 구한 1.05의 평균 시간이 여기있죠.
니가 이렇게 설정하면
넌 그냥 약이 효과가 있다고 말을 못해요.
그게 니가 전에 본 결과 치에요.
그러나 우리 여기에서
반응 낮추는 시간에만 얘기하고 있죠?
우리가 지난번에 한것 처럼,
약이 반응시간을 낮추지 않는다고 말합시다.
만약 약이 반응시간을 낮추지 않는다고 말하면(높이는 건 신경도 쓰지말고)

Chinese: 
也就是1.05秒 在均值1.2以下三个标准差范围之外
我为新假设检验重新画一下吧
这是抽样分布
其均值处在1.2秒
结果在均值左方3个标准差之外
低于均值1 2 3个标准差
1.05秒在这里
这里 我们不只看药物是否有效
这是上次讲的双侧的情况
这里 我们还想知道药物是否降低了反应时间
和原来一样 我们说 药物不能降低反应时间
如果药物不能降低反应时间

Bulgarian: 
която получихме, 
1,05 секунди е на 3 стандартни
отклонения под средната стойност.
Ако погледнем – нека отново 
го изобразя с новия ни
тест на хипотезата. И това е 
извадковото разпределение.
То има средна стойност тук, 
при 1,2 секунди.
И резултатът, който получихме, 
беше 3 стандартни
отклонения под средната стойност.
1,2,3 стандартни отклонения 
под средната стойност.
Това представляват тези 1,05 секунди.
Така че, когато го изкажем по този начин, 
като не просто казваме, че
лекарството има ефект - в този случай
и това беше последното разглеждане,
ще погледнем от двете страни.
Но тук казваме, че единствено се интересуваме 
от това дали лекарството
намалява времето за реакция.
И точно както направихме преди, 
ще предположим, че лекарството
не намалява времето за реакция.
Ако лекарството не намалява 
времето за реакция, каква

Portuguese: 
que foi de 1,05 segundos,
é 3 desvios padrão
abaixo da média.
Considerando isso -
deixa eu re-desenhar com o nosso
novo teste de hipótese.
Essa é a distribuição da amostra.
Tem a média exatamente aqui
a 1,2 segundos
e o resultado obtido foi
de 3 desvios padrão
abaixo da média.
1, 2, 3 desvios padrão
abaixo da média.
Esses foram os nossos
1,05 segundos.
Colocando assim,
não apenas
dizemos que a droga tem um efeito,
nesse caso, e esta foi
a última abordagem,
vemos os dois testes.
Mas aqui dizemos que apenas queremos
saber se a droga reduz
o nosso tempo de resposta.
E como já fizemos antes,
dizemos que a droga
não reduz o nosso
tempo de resposta.
Se a droga não reduz
o nosso tempo de resposta

Portuguese: 
obtemos, os 1,05 segundos, está 3 desvios
padrão abaixo da média (1.2 segundos).
Então, se olharmos aqui -- deixa só eu redesenhar isso com o nosso novo
teste de hipótese (unicaudal)... Então, está é a distribuição amostral.
Ela possui a média bem aqui, em 1,2 segundos.
E o resultado que nós obtemos foi 3 desvios
padrão abaixo da média.
Um, dois, três desvios padrão abaixo da média.
Aqui é que estavam os nossos 1,05 segundos.
Então, quando você estabelece, como se você não apenas estivesse
falando que a droga possui um efeito-- como naquele caso
visto agora (bicaudal), você olharia para as duas caudas.
Mas aqui nós estamos falando que só importa que a droga diminua... que a droga diminua
o nosso tempo de resposta?
E assim como nós fizemos antes, você diz: "OK, vamos dizer que a droga
não diminui o nosso tempo de resposta".
Se a droga não diminui o nosso tempo de resposta, qual era a

Spanish: 
que obtuvimos fue de 1.05 segundos, es de a 3
desviaciones estándar debajo de la media
Así que si observamos-- permite me volver a dibujarlo con nuestra nueva
prueba de hipótesis. Así que esto es la distribución del muestreo
y tiene una media aquí mismo a 1.2 segundos.
Y el resultado que obtuvimos fue de 3 desviaciones
estándar debajo de la media.
1,2,3 desviaciones estándar debajo de la media.
Eso era lo que nuestros 1.05 segundos eran.
Entonces cuando lo preparas de esta forma donde no estas solamente
diciendo que la droga tiene un efecto-- in este caso, y
esa era la última vista, observarías ambas colas.
Pero aquí estamos diciendo que sólo nos importa que si la droga disminuye
nuestro tiempo de respuesta?
Y tal como lo hicimos antes, dices OK, digamos que la droga
no disminuye nuestro tiempo de respuesta.
Si la droga no disminuye nuestro tiempo de respuesta, cuál era

Czech: 
tedy 1,05 sekund, se nachází 3 směrodatné odchylky
pod průměrem.
Takže když se na to podíváme - nakreslím náš nový
test hypotézy. Tohle je výběrové rozdělení.
Má průměr zde, tato hodnota se rovná 1,2 sekund.
A výsledek, který jsme dostali,
byl vzdálený 3 směrodatné odchylky dolů od průměru.
1, 2, 3 směrodatné odchylky pod průměrem.
Toto odpovídá zjištěné době 1,05 sekund.
Takže v tomto případě neříkáme pouze to,
že lék má nějaký efekt. V tomto případě
se nedíváme na oba konce rozdělení.
Tentokrát nás zajímá jen to, jestli lék,
sníží reakční dobu.
A půjdeme na to stejně jako předtím. Řekneme si, dobře,
předpokládejme, že lék nesníží reakční dobu.
Pokud lék nesníží reakční dobu,

English: 
probability or what is the
probability of getting a
lowering this extreme
or more extreme?
So here it will only be one
of the tails that we could
consider when we set our
alternative hypothesis like
that, that we think it lowers.
So if our null hypothesis is
true, the probability of
getting a result more extreme
than 1.05 seconds, now we are
only considering this tail
right over here.
Let me just put it this way.
More extreme than 1.05 seconds,
or let me say, lower.
Because in the last video we
cared about more extreme
because even a really high
result would have said, OK,
the mean's definitely
not 1.2 seconds.
But in this case we care about
means that are lower.

Korean: 
확률은 어떻게 변할까요
확률은 어떻게 변할까요
여기 우리가 고려해야하는 꼬리가 하나 있고
이런 대립가설을 고려해 봅시다.
ㅇㅇ
만약 우리의 귀무가설이 사실이라면,
결과가 1.05 보다 좀 더 낮게 나온다면
우리가 고려해야할 부분은 이쪽이죠.
여기에 쓰죠
1.05 보다 더 낮죠.
지난번 비디오에서 극심한 부분만을 고려했기 때문에
높은 결과치를 다뤄도
그것은 1.2랑은 관계가 없었죠.(중요치않음)
그러나 이번에는 낮은 부분만 고려해서

Chinese: 
得到這種極端情況 或更極端情況的機率是多少
於是我們考慮的就只有這一個尾部
這就是備擇假設認爲降低反應時間時的情況
如果零假設成立
得到結果比1.05秒更極端的機率…
現在我們只考慮左側一邊的尾部
這樣說吧 不說"比1.05秒更極端" 改成"低於"
上一節講的是"更極端"
從雙側檢定得到均值肯定不是1.2秒
這裡我們關心反應時間更小的情況

Spanish: 
la probabilidad o cuál es la probabilidad de obtener
una disminución así de extrema o más extrema?
Entonces aquí será sólo una de las colas que podríamso
considerar cuando planteemos nuestra hipótesis alterna como
que, pensamos que disminuye.
Entonces si nuestra hipótesis es verdad, la probabilidad de
obtener un resultado mas extremo que 1.05 segundos,

Thai: 
เท่าไหร่ หรือความน่าจะเป็นที่ได้เวลาลดลง
ขนาดนี้หรือลดยิ่งกว่านี้อีกเป็นเท่าไหร่?
ตรงนี้ มันจะเป็นแค่ห่างอันเดียว ที่เรา
พิจารณาเวลาตั้งสมมุติฐานทางเลือกแบบนั้น
ที่เราคิดว่ามันลดเวลาลง
ดังนั้นถ้าสมมุติฐานว่างเป็นจริง, ความน่าจะเป็น
ที่ได้ผลสุดขั้วกว่า 1.05 วินาที, ตอนนี้เรา
สนใจแค่หางทางขวาตรงนี้
ขอผมใส่แบบนี้ดีกว่า
ยิ่งกว่า 1.05 วินาที, หรือผมบอกว่า, น้อยกว่า
เพราะในวิดีโอที่แล้ว เราสนใจค่าที่สุดขั้วกว่า
เพราะผลที่สุดขั้วมากบอกเราว่า, โอเค,
ค่าเฉลี่ยไม่ใช่ 1.2 วินาทีแน่นอน
แต่ในกรณีนี้ เราสนใจค่าเฉลี่ยที่น้อยกว่า

Chinese: 
得到这种极端情况 或更极端情况的概率是多少
于是我们考虑的就只有这一个尾部
这就是备择假设认为降低反应时间时的情况
如果零假设成立
得到结果比1.05秒更极端的概率…
现在我们只考虑左侧一边的尾部
这样说吧 不说"比1.05秒更极端" 改成"低于"
上一节讲的是"更极端"
从双侧检验得到均值肯定不是1.2秒
这里我们关心反应时间更小的情况

Turkish: 
-
-
Eğer alternatif hipotezimizi azalttığı yönünde kurarsak, kuyrukların bir tanesine bakarız.
-
-
Eğer sıfır hipotezimiz doğruysa, 1,05'ten daha düşük bir sonuç elde etme olasılığımız için sadece buradaki kuyruğa bakarız.
-
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Şöyle ifade edeyim.
1,05 saniyeden daha az.
Bir önceki videoda iki yönde aşırı değerlere baktık, çünkü yüksek bir değer de ortalamanın 1,2 saniye olmadığını gösterirdi.
-
-
Ama bu durumda yalnızca düşük ortalamalarla ilgileniyoruz.

Bulgarian: 
беше вероятността или 
каква е вероятността това да
намалее толкова много
даже още повече?
Така че тук е едната опашка, само която
ни интересува при допускането 
на алтернативната хипотеза
по този начин, мислейки, че 
има намаляване.
И ако нулевата ни хипотеза 
е вярна, вероятността да
получим резултат по-краен 
от 1,05 секунди...
сега разглеждаме единствено 
тази страна тук.
Нека го представим така.
По-крайно от 1,05 секунди, 
или да кажем, по-ниско.
Понеже миналия път 
ни интересуваше още по-краен резултат,
защото дори и действително 
висок резултат би показал, че
средната стойност 
определено не е 1,2 секунди.
В този случай ни интересуват 
средните стойности, които са по-ниски.

Czech: 
jaká je pravděpodobnost, že dostaneme
takto extrémně nízký výsledek či ještě nižší?
Tentokrát se tedy zaměříme pouze na jeden konec rozdělení,
který bereme v úvahu, když specifikujeme alternativní hypotézu
tímto způsobem, tedy když si myslíme, že reakční čas bude nižší.
Takže jestli naše nulová hypotéza platí,
pak pravděpodobnost, že dostaneme extrémnější výsledek než 1,05
odpovídá této oblasti zde.
Řeknu to jinak.
Extrémnější výsledek než 1,05, nebo lépe řečeno nižší...
v minulém videu nás zajímal jakýkoli extrémnější výsledek,
protože i v případě velmi vysokého výsledku bychom řekli,
že průměr rozhodně není 1,2 sekund.
Ale tentokrát nás zajímají jen průměry, které jsou nižší.

Portuguese: 
probabilidade... ou qual é a probabilidade de se conseguir
diminuir esse extremo para um extremo ainda mais extremo.
Então aqui só vai ser uma das caudas que poderemos
considerar quando nós estabelecemos uma hipótese alternativa como
aquela, em que pensamos que a droga diminui mais ainda o efeito.
Então, se a nossa hipótese de nulidade é verdadeira, a probabilidade de se
conseguir um resultado mais extremo... que 1,05... agora nós estamos
só considerando esta cauda bem aqui.
Deixa eu colocar dessa maneira.
Mais extremo que 1.05 segundos, ou, digamos, menor ainda.
Porque no último vídeo, nós nos preocupamos com esse mais extremo
porque mesmo que o resultado fosse muito alto, a gente falaria: "OK,
a média definitivamente não é 1,2 segundos."
Mas neste caso, nós nos preocupamos com médias que são menores.

Estonian: 
tõenäosus või mis on tõenäosus saamaks
sellest veel ekstreemsemalt madal tulemus?
Nii et siin oleks ainult üks ots mida me
kaaluks kui me paneks paika oma alternatiivse hüpoteesi,
et me arvame, et see alandab.
Kui meie nullhüpotees on tõsi, tõenäosus saamaks
veel ekstreemsem tulemus kui 1.05 sekundit - kusjuures
me käsitleme ainult seda otsa siin.
Sõnastame selle nii
Ekstreemsem kui 1.05 sekundit või ütleme madalam
Sest eelmises videos huvitas meid ekstreemsem,
sest isegi väga kõrge tulemus oleks öelnud, et OK
see pole kindlasti 1.2 sekundit.
Aga sellel puhul huvitume me ainult keskmistest, mis on madalamad.

Portuguese: 
qual é a probabilidade de
baixar esse extremo
ou mais extremo?
Aqui vamos considerar apenas um
teste unilateral
quando consideramos a nossa
hipótese alternativa,
que nós achamos que vai baixar.
Se a nossa hipótese nula for
verdadeira, a probabilidade de
obter um resultado
mais extremo do que 1,05
agora consideramos apenas
esse lado, bem aqui.
Quero dizer ...
mais extremo do que 1,05 segundos,
ou em outras palavras, mais baixo.
No vídeo anterior procuramos
o mais extremo,
porque até um resultado 
muito alto teria dito, OK,
isso definitivamente
não significa 1,2 segundos.
Mas nesse caso queremos ver
uma média mais baixa.

Portuguese: 
Então nós nos preocupamos com a probabilidade de um resultado ainda menor
que 1,05 segundos.
Isso é a mesma coisa que fazer amostragem, que pegar uma parte
da distribuição amostral que está mais de 3 desvios
padrão abaixo da média.
E neste caso, nós apenas vamos considerar a área nessa
única cauda.
Então isto bem aqui seria um teste unicaudal, em que nós só
nos preocupamos com os valores abaixo da média.
Se você olhar pra o teste unicaudal -- essa área bem aqui --
nós vimos da última vez que a soma dessas áreas é 0,3%.
Mas se você está considerando uma dessas áreas, se você
só está considerando esta área bem aqui, o valor será a metade
daquilo (metade de 0,3%), porque a distribuição normal é simétrica.
Então esse valor será de 0,13%
Então este bem aqui vai ser, desculpa, vai ser 0.15%, ou se você
expressar como um número decimal, ele será 0,0015.
Então, de novo, se você estabelecer sua hipótese como neste caso, você

Bulgarian: 
И в момента търсим вероятността 
един резултат да е по-нисък
от 1,05 секунди.
Това означава, че извадковата... 
получаването на извадка
от извадковото разпределение, 
което е на повече от 3 стандартни
отклонения под средната стойност.
И в този случай ще обърнем 
внимание на площта
от тази опашка.
Така че това тук ще е един 
едностранен тест, където сме
заинтересовани единствено от 
едната посока под средната стойност.
Ако погледнем едностранния тест –
тази област тук –
миналия път видяхме, че 
тези две площи общо са 0,3 %.
Но ако обръщаме внимание 
само на една от тези области,
ако разглеждаме само тази тук, 
тя ще е наполовина на това,
защото нормалното разпределение 
е симетрично.
Така че ще имаме 0,13 %.
Така че това тук ще е 
0,15 %, извинявам се,
а ако го изразим като 
десетична дроб, ще е 0,0015.
И още веднъж, ако формулираме
нашите хипотези по този начин,

Portuguese: 
Agora queremos saber da probabilidade
de um resultado
menor de 1,05 segundos.
Isso é a mesma coisa,
como pegar uma amostra
da distrubuição de amostras,
que fica mais do que 3 desvios padrão
abaixo da média.
E nesse caso consideramos
apenas a região
nesse lado.
Isso aqui será um teste
unilateral, aonde nós
consideramos apenas 
a direcão abaixo da média.
olhando para o teste unilateral
-- essa área bem aqui --
entendemos na última vez, que as
duas áreas juntas respondem a 0,3%.
Mas considerando apenas uma das áreas,
considerando
apenas essa área aqui,
será a metade disso,
porque a distribuição normal
é simétrica.
Vai para o 0,13%.
Esse aqui será 0,15%
ou
expressando como decimal
será 0,0015
Então resumindo,
considerando a nossa hipótese assim,

Estonian: 
Nii et nüüd huvitume me tõenäosusest saamaks tulemus madalam
kui 1.05 sekundit.
See on sama asi nagu saamaks valimjaotusest tulemuse,
mis on vähem kui kolm standardhälvet
alla keskmise.
Sellel juhul käsitleme me ainult piirkonda
selles ühes otsas.
Nii et see siin oleks ühe otsaga test, kus me huvitume
ainult ühest suunast keskmisest madalamal.
Kui vaadata ühe otsaga testi - see piirkond siin...
Eelmine kord me nägime, et nende piirkonnad olid kombineeritult 0.3%.
Kuid kui arvestafa ainult ühte nendest piirkondadest, kui sa
arvestad ainult seda ühte siin, siis on see pool
sellest, kuna normaaljaotus on sümeetriline.
Nii et see tuleb 0.13%.
Nii et see siin tuleb - vabandust - 0,15% või kui
seda kümnendmurruna esitada siis 0.00015.
Nii et jällegi, kui oma hüpotees nii üles ehitada,

Thai: 
ตอนนี้เราสนใจความน่าจะเป็นผลออกมา
น้อยกว่า 1.05 วินาที
นั่นก็เหมือนกับการสุ่ม -- การได้ตัวอย่าง
จากการกระจายตัวตัวอย่าง ที่อยู่ใต้ค่าเฉลี่ยถึง
3 ส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน
และในกรณีนี้, เราพิจารณาแค่พื้นที่
ในหางอันเดียวนี่
เจ้านี่ตรงนี้คือ การทดสอบหางเดียว โดยเราสนใจ
แค่ทิศทางเดียวใต้ค่าเฉลี่ย
ถ้าคุณดูการทดสอบแบบหางเดียว -- พื้นที่นี่ตรงนี้ --
เราเห็นครั้งที่แล้วว่าพื้นที่สองอันรวมกันเป็น 0.3%
แต่ถ้าคุณพิจารณาแค่พื้นที่อันเดียว, ถ้าคุณ
พิจารณาแค่อันนี่ตรงนี้ มันจะเป็นครึ่งหนึ่ง
ของอันนั้น, เพราะการกระจายตัวแบบปกตินั้นสมมาตร
มันจะเป็น 0.13%
เจ้านี่ตรงนี้จึงเป็น 0.15%, หรือถ้าคุณ
เขียนมันเป็นทศนิยม, นี่จะเป็น 0.0015
เหมือนเดิม, ถ้าคุณตั้งสมมุติฐานแบบนี้, คุณ

Korean: 
우리는 1.05치보다 낮은 결과값만
신경 쓰죠.
이것은 샘플링에도 똑같은데요
샘플링 분포에서도 3 표준편차보다 낮은 부분만을
고려합니다.
이 경우에 우리는
하나만 고려할 꺼에요.
여기 이쪽에
아래쪽으로만 고려합니다.
한쪽만을 볼때여기서 고려해보면
우리는 양쪽을 합쳐서 0.3%로 생각했기 때문에
만약 우리가 한쪽만을 고려한다면
그것은 전체의 절반이 되겠죠.
그 이유는 정규분포가 대칭이기 때문이죠.
그래서 그 0.13%가 될꺼고.
미안해요 0.15% 가 될것이고
소수로 표현하면 0.0015 입니다.
니가 일단 가설을 세운다면

English: 
So now we care about the
probability of a result lower
than 1.05 seconds.
That's the same thing as
sampling-- of getting a sample
from the sampling distribution
that's more than 3 standard
deviations below the mean.
And in this case, we're only
going to consider the area in
this one tail.
So this right here would be a
one-tailed test where we only
care about one direction
below the mean.
If you look at the one-tailed
test-- this area over here--
we saw last time that both of
these areas combined are 0.3%.
But if you're only considering
one of these areas, if you're
only considering this one over
here it's going to be half of
that, because the normal
distribution is symmetric.
So it's going to the 0.13%.
So this one right here is going
to be 0.15%, or if you
express it as a decimal, this
is going to be 0.0015.
So once again, if you set up
your hypotheses like this, you

Czech: 
Takže teď se zajímáme o pravděpodobnost výsledku
nižšího než 1,05 sekund.
To je totéž jako provádět výběr
z výběrového rozdělení a ptát se na pravděpodobnost výběru
hodnoty více než 3 směrodatné odchylky pod průměrem.
Tentokrát nás zajímá jen tato oblast
pouze na jedné straně.
Tohle by tedy byl jednostranný test,
kdy se zajímáme pouze o jeden směr - pod průměrem.
Pokud se podíváme na jednostranný test, tedy na tuto oblast,
víme již z minula, že obě tyto oblasti odpovídají pravděpodobnosti 0,3 %.
Pokud nás však zajímá pouze jedna z nich,
jestli nás zajímá jen tato, pak bude pravděpodobnost poloviční,
protože normální rozdělení je symetrické.
Takže to bude 0,15 %.
Pravděpodobnost, že výběrový průměr bude spadat do této oblasti, je 0,15 %.
Nebo v jiném vyjádření je to 0,0015.
Ještě jednou tedy: jestliže formulujeme alternativní hypotézu takto,

Turkish: 
Şimdi sonucun 1,05 saniyeden düşük olma olasılığına bakıyoruz.
-
Bu, ortalamadan 3 standart sapmadan fazla düşük bir değer elde etmekle aynı şey.
-
-
Ve bu durumda yalnızca bu kuyruğa bakacağız.
-
Ortalamanın tek yönüne baktığımız bu teste tek kuyruklu test diyoruz.
-
Tek kuyruklu testi uygularsak - yani bu alan- bir önceki videoda bu iki alanın toplamının yüzde 0,3 olduğunu bulmuştuk.
-
Bu alanlardan yalnızca birine bakıyorsak, normal dağılımın simetrisi nedeniyle bunun yarısını alacağız.
-
-
-
Yani bu, yüzde 0,15 olacak. Veya ondalıklı olarak ifade edersek, 0,0015.
-
Tekrar edersek, eğer hipotezlerinizi böyle kurarsanız, şöyle dersiniz. Eğer sıfır hipoteziniz doğruysa, bulduğumuz sonuçtan daha düşüğünü elde etme olasılığımız yalnızca yüzde 0,15'tir.

Chinese: 
现在我们关心的是低于1.05秒的概率
相当于从抽样分布中抽取的样本值比均值小超过3个标准差
相当于从抽样分布中抽取的样本值比均值小超过3个标准差
这里 相当于只考虑这一个尾部的面积
所以这里称为单侧检验
我们只关心低于均值这一侧
上次我们知道两侧尾部加起来是0.3%
上次我们知道两侧尾部加起来是0.3%
这里只考虑左侧这一部分
根据正态分布对称性 也就是0.3%一半
因此左侧尾部面积也就是0.15%
写成小数也就是0.0015
假设像这样设置的话

Chinese: 
現在我們關心的是低於1.05秒的機率
相當於從抽樣分布中抽取的樣本值比均值小超過3個標準差
相當於從抽樣分布中抽取的樣本值比均值小超過3個標準差
這裡 相當於只考慮這一個尾部的面積
所以這裡稱爲單側檢定
我們只關心低於均值這一側
上次我們知道兩側尾部加起來是0.3%
上次我們知道兩側尾部加起來是0.3%
這裡只考慮左側這一部分
根據正態分布對稱 也就是0.3%一半
因此左側尾部面積也就是0.15%
寫成小數也就是0.0015
假設像這樣設定的話

English: 
would have said, if your null
hypothesis is correct, there
would have only been a 0.15%
chance of getting a result
lower than the result we got.
So that would be very unlikely,
so we will reject
the null hypothesis and go
with the alternative.
And in this situation
your P-value is
going to be the 0.0015.

Chinese: 
如果零假設正確
得到低於結果1.05秒的機率只有0.15%
這非常不可能發生 所以我們拒絕零假設
接受備擇假設
這種情況下p值是0.0015

Turkish: 
-
-
-
Bu, son derece ihtimal dışı olur. Yani sıfır hipotezini reddederiz ve alternatif hipotezi kullanırız.
-
Ve bu durumda p değeriniz 0,0015 olur.
-

Czech: 
pak tvrdíme, že pokud nulová hypotéza platí,
máme jen 0,15 % pravděpodobnost, že dostaneme takto extrémní
či ještě nižší výsledek.
Což je velmi málo, proto bychom zamítli
nulovou hypotézu ve prospěch alternativní.
A v téhle situaci je p-hodnota
rovna 0,0015.

Portuguese: 
considerando a hipótese nula,
a probabilidade de ter
um resultado menor do que o
resultado obtido teria sido
apenas de 0,15%.
Isso é muito improvável, 
e sendo assim vamos rejeitar
a hipótese nula e vamos
com a hipótese alternativa.
E nessa situação
seu valor P
será 0,0015.
Legendado por [Soraia Novaes] e
revisado por [Raul Guimaraes].

Thai: 
ก็บอกว่า, ถ้าสมมุติฐานว่างเป็นจริง,
มันมีโอกาสเพียง 0.15% ที่ได้ผล
น้อยกว่าผลที่เราได้
มันจึงเป็นไปได้น้อยมาก, เราจึงทิ้ง
สมมุติฐานว่างแล้วเลือกเชื่อสมมุติฐานทางเลือก
และในกรณีนี้ ค่า P ของคุณ
จะเท่ากับ 0.0015

Portuguese: 
poderia ter falado, se a sua hipótese de nulidade estiver correta, que
só existe uma possibilidade de 0,15% de conseguir um resultado
menor do que o resultado que foi obtido.
Isso seria bastante improvável e assim nós vamos rejeitar
a hipótese de nulidade e vamos optar pela hipótese alternativa.
E nesta situação o seu valor de P
será de 0.0015.

Korean: 
가설이 맞다면,
결과치가 일어날 확률이 0.15% 보다
낮게 나타날 것이에요.
이것이 매우 안일어날 것 같기 때문에
귀무가설을 버리고, 대립가설을 택해야하죠.
이런 경우게 P-value 는
0.0015 가 됩니다.

Estonian: 
sa oleks öelnud, et kui meie nullhüpotees on õige, siis
oleks ainult 0.15% võimalus saamaks tulemust
mis on madalam kui me saime.
See oleks väga ebatõenäoline nii et me lükkame tagasi
nullhüpoteesi ja kasutame alternatiivi.
Selles situatsioonis on P väärtus
0.00015.

Chinese: 
如果零假设正确
得到低于结果1.05秒的概率只有0.15%
这非常不可能发生 所以我们拒绝零假设
接受备择假设
这种情况下p值是0.0015

Bulgarian: 
щяхме да кажем, че,
ако нулевата хипотеза е вярна,
тогава ще има вероятност
само 0,15 % да получим резултат,
по-нисък от резултата, който получихме.
Така че това щеше да е много невероятно, 
поради което ще отхвърлим
нулевата хипотеза
и ще приемем алтернативната.
И в тази ситуация P – стойността
ще е 0,0015.
