bjbjLULU JUDY WOODRUFF: Next, North Carolina
moves toward compensating victims of a sterilization
program that lasted more than four decades.
Ray Suarez has the story.
RAY SUAREZ: North Carolina was by no means
the only state to have people sterilized against
their will, but it was among the most aggressive
in pursuing the policy.
Roughly 7,600 people were sterilized between
1929 and 1974, many of them poor, sick, uneducated,
or institutionalized, sometimes through force
and coercion.
The vast majority of the procedures took place
in the years after World War II, when other
states pulled back from such programs.
The state apologized for the offenses in 2002.
Today, a task force voted to pay the remaining
living victims $50,000 apiece.
We look at the history and today's decision
with one of the principal activists working
with the state's task force.
Charmaine Fuller Cooper the executive director
of the state foundation for victims of sterilization.
Welcome to the program.
How did North Carolina first get involved
in sterilizing people?
CHARMAINE FULLER COOPER, North Carolina Justice
for Sterilization Victims Foundation: North
Carolina first became involved in the whole
sterilization procedure at the height of eugenics
in America.
At the height of eugenics, we had approximately
over 30 states that had sterilization programs
or laws, with Indiana being the first state.
Ironically, North Carolina actually didn't
sterilize as many people in the early years
like other states, but after World War II,
North Carolina became very aggressive.
RAY SUAREZ: But after World War II, eugenics
-- that is, keeping people who are judged
to be inferior from having children -- was
thoroughly discredited.
How come North Carolina continued with the
program for almost 30 years?
CHARMAINE FULLER COOPER: You know, it's very
unexplainable in North Carolina why our program
continued for another 30 years after other
states had pretty much dismantled their programs.
And it's very horrifying and very shocking.
And that's one of the reasons why North Carolina's
governor and other people in the state are
really working to gain justice for victims
now.
RAY SUAREZ: Over the years, a lot of state
employees, most notably social workers, judged
people to be feeble minded, epileptic, mentally
diseased.
Were these professionally qualified judgments?
Were these people who were tested and screened,
or just on the say-so of a social worker made
unable to have children?
CHARMAINE FULLER COOPER: Many people were
sterilized based on the say-so of social workers.
Also, many people were given I.Q. tests, but
we have to remember that these I.Q. tests
were given in North Carolina around the time
that you had literacy tests being declared
unconstitutional throughout the South.
RAY SUAREZ: Well, you got to know many of
the victims over the years.
Beyond the medical fact of not being able
to be parents, what's the effect been on their
lives?
CHARMAINE FULLER COOPER: You know, a lot of
the victims are devastated.
Many of them have had to heal in their own
ways.
But no victim is the same.
Many victims have different stories to tell.
And we have a lot of diverse victims within
North Carolina, but the common thread is that
many of them were targeted because of poverty.
RAY SUAREZ: Well, the survivors today, the
class that is going to be compensated in this
way, what's their age range, and what was
the range of their ages when they were sterilized?
CHARMAINE FULLER COOPER: The age range of
victims today, the youngest victim would be
50 years of age.
The youngest victim who was sterilized within
North Carolina was 10 years old at the time
of the sterilization.
RAY SUAREZ: Ten years old.
Can you tell us the story that's involved
there?
CHARMAINE FULLER COOPER: No, I don't have
his specific story.
But the stories throughout North Carolina
range from people who thought they had their
appendix removed, and they find out later
in life that they were actually sterilized.
We also have individuals who they had children
as a result of incest or rape, and immediately
after they had their first child, they were
raped.
We had a lot of individual who were sterilized
as a condition of being released from a state
institution.
RAY SUAREZ: So, in some cases, as a condition,
so they knew what was happening to them.
But, for some, as you mentioned, told they
were having their appendix out, they didn't
know they were unable to bear children until
many years later.
CHARMAINE FULLER COOPER: That is true.
And even many of the people in state institutions
didn't really realize the conditions.
Some were told that they had to have a small
procedure before they could come home.
And for some of them, they found out later
in life, both men and women, that that small
procedure resulted in the long-term consequence
of them never being able to bear children.
RAY SUAREZ: In this multiyear process, how
did you finally arrive at the amount of $50,000?
And do the victims think it's enough?
CHARMAINE FULLER COOPER: The task force has
had a very difficult time with trying to come
down to a figure.
They wanted to make sure that the public knew
that no amount of money would ever compensate
a person for their inability to have any more
children in the future.
But they want to make a huge statement both
to North Carolina and to the world that these
sterilizations were awful and should never
be conducted again.
They began looking at the figure of $20,000.
Some of that figure was looked at in looking
at what happened after Japanese interment
victims were compensated many, many years
ago and a $20,000 award was given.
But, ultimately, today, many of the task force
members voted as a majority to recommend $50,000
for all of the living victims of North Carolina's
sterilization program.
RAY SUAREZ: Now, some of those people had
tried to sue North Carolina over the years
and were not successful.
Is this meant to be the end of it?
Or if someone figures $50,000 is simply not
enough for them and they want to continue,
can they?
CHARMAINE FULLER COOPER: You know, that would
be a question for a lot of the legal experts
throughout the nation.
Two victims did sue the state of North Carolina
in the early 1970s, when a lot of human experimentation
was coming to light, such as the Tuskegee
experimentation in Alabama.
But that's really a question for the legal
experts.
But the hope in North Carolina is that compensation
will help to provide some closure.
We understand that for many victims, there's
nothing that will ever completely heal them.
And they will need a support system for the
rest of their lives.
But the state of North Carolina feels that
compensation will go beyond just a verbal
apology.
RAY SUAREZ: Beyond simply apologizing, beyond
the payment, has this case reopened a conversation
in North Carolina about the conditions that
allowed this kind of thing to happen?
CHARMAINE FULLER COOPER: You know, that has
been part of the conversation, but it's certainly
at the beginning stages to looking at, how
did this happen in the first place?
What happened with eugenics?
And this also occurred during the time when
the Great Depression had just ended in the
United States, and a lot of people never recovered
after the Great Depression.
But for many states, eugenics was a solution
for poverty.
And, unfortunately, North Carolina wants to
make sure that people recognize that this
is not okay.
RAY SUAREZ: Charmaine Fuller Cooper, thanks
for joining us.
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place JUDY WOODRUFF: Next, North Carolina
moves toward compensating victims of a sterilization
program that lasted more than four decades
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