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How political parties started in Tanzania
The East African country of Tanzania is made
up of a mainland that used to be called Tanganyika,
and an Island which is a semi-autonomous region
called Zanzibar.
While Tanganyika was a British colony, Zanzibar
was a British Protectorate. They were separate
political entities until the 26th of April
1964 when they merged and blended their names
(TANganyika and ZANzibar), adopting “The
United Republic of Tanzania” as the new
name. 
From the pre-independence era until date only
two parties have dominated the country: the
Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) and
Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) or the Party of
Revolution.
The Tanganyika African Association (TAA) was
one of the earliest political organizations
in Tanganyika (now Tanzania). It was formed
in 1929 by civil servants. After World War
I, TAA grew and expanded nationwide in towns
and in rural areas.
By 1948, there were 39 branches of the party.  The
TAA would eventually transform into the Tanganyika
African National Union (TANU) in 1954.
The Tanganyika African National Union (TANU)
was the main political party in the struggle
for independence in the East African state
of Tanganyika.
The party was formed as an offshoot of the
Tanganyika African Association by Julius Nyerere
in July 1954.
Then Nyerere was teaching at St. Francis'
College and was one of only two Tanganyikas
privileged to have received university level
education.
TANU was victorious in the Legislative Council
elections in 1958, 1959, and 1960.
Nyerere became chief minister after the 1960
election. On the 1st of May 1961, the region
became self-governing, followed by independence
on 9 December 1961.
When Tanganyika became independent on the
9th of December 1961, Nyerere became Prime
Minister, under a new constitution.
He assumed the office of president of Tanganyika
as it became a Republic the following year.
The party’s name was changed to Tanzania
African National Union in 1964.
 In January 1977 the TANU and the ruling
party in Zanzibar, the Afro-Shirazi Party
(ASP), came together in a merger to form the
current Revolutionary State Party or Chama
Cha Mapinduzi (CCM).
Zanzibar was a protectorate of Britain until
1964 when it merged with Tanganyika to become
the United Republic of Tanzania. However it
remains a semi-autonomous region of Tanzania.
The Chama Cha Mapinduzi or "Party of the Revolution",(CCM;)
is the largest and ruling party in Tanzania.
It is also the second longest-ruling party
in Africa, after the National Party of South
Africa.
The party was formed in 1977, after the merger
between the Tanganyika African National Union
(TANU) and the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP).
These two parties were the only operating
parties in mainland Tanzania and the islands
of Zanzibar respectively.
Nyerere held that multiple political parties,
in a nation with several ethnic groups, were
a threat to national unity and therefore sought
ways to ensure a one party system.
 Hence, from independence until 1992, Tanzania
was a one-party state.
In October 1985, Nyerere retired from his
position as president and handed over power
to Ali Hassan Mwinyi.
Nevertheless he retained control of the ruling
party, Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM), serving
as Chairman until 1990, when he then handed
party leadership over to Mwinyi.
TANU and its successor CCM have dominated
Tanzania’s political space as the ruling
party uninterruptedly since independence.
Since Tanzania’s constitution was amended
to allow for a multiparty system in 1992,
CCM has won the past five general elections
in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015.
The party’s presidential candidate in the
2005 elections, Jakaya Kikwete, got a landslide
victory, receiving more than 80% of the popular
vote.
In the 2010 election, it won 186 of the 239
constituencies, retaining its hold of an outright
majority in the National Assembly.
Other parties have made efforts to organize,
and have complained of being harassed by the
government and CCM activists.
 Such is the dominance of the ruling CCM
that before new parties can take part in elections,
they must undergo a six-month probation period.
In 1990, a coalition of ethnic and cultural
groups of the semi-autonomous Zanzibar demanded
a referendum on independence.
They insisted that the merger with the mainland
Tanzania, which was based on the now dead
ideology of socialism, had transformed Zanzibar
from a bustling economic power to a poor,
neglected appendage. Their demands were not
attended to.
In the last presidential election held in
October 2015, John Pombe Magufuli of the
ruling CCM emerged victorious.
The main opposition party in Tanzania is called
Party for Democracy and Progress, while in
Zanzibar, the Civil United Front (CUF) is
the main opposition political party.
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