
English: 
In the warm seas of the Triassic, there appeared
a new kind of predator.
It was a nimble hunter of fish and squid.
And it was a reptile, even though it had some
features that were distinctly fish-like, such
as flippers, a dorsal fin, and a tail fluke.
It’s known today as Californosaurus, and
it was an ichthyosaur, a marine reptile that
played a pivotal role in shaping ocean life
throughout the Mesozoic Era.
Ichthyosaurs arose after the catastrophic
extinction event at the end of the Permian
Period, which wiped out at least 90 percent
of life in the oceans, changing the seas forever
and triggering a new evolutionary arms race
between predator and prey.
And in these turbulent times, the ichthyosaurs
turned out to be true pioneers, innovators.
Because they helped create roles in the oceans
that had not existed before.
They got better at crunching through the shells
of ammonites, flushing out bivalves on the
seafloor, and, higher up in the water column,
hunting fish, and other reptiles.
And in time, their prey diversified, too,
and developed better defenses, like harder
shells, spines, and more mobility.
This dynamic between predator and prey marked
a revolution in marine life.
A sea change, if you will.

Vietnamese: 
Trong những vùng biển ấm vào kỷ Tam Điệp , xuất hiện 1 loài săn mồi mới
Nó là 1 thợ săn cá và mực lành nghề
Và nó thuộc lớp bò sát , mặc dù nó có 1 số đặc điểm giống cá rõ ràng như
những vây bên , 1 vây lưng , 1 vây đuôi
Ngày nay nó được biết đến với cái tên Californosaurus và nó là 1 ichthyosaur , 1 loài bò sát sống dưới nước
đã đóng vai trò then chốt trong việc định hình cuộc sống ở đại dương suốt Đại Trung Sinh
Ichthyosaur trỗi dậy sau sự kiện tuyệt chủng thảm khốc vào cuối kỷ Permi
đã quét sạch ít nhất 90% sự sống ở đại dương , thay đổi biển cả mãi mãi
và '' châm ngòi '' cho 1 cuộc chạy đua vũ trang mới giữa động vật săn mồi và con mồi
Và trong khoảng thời gian hỗn loạn này , các ichthyosaur hóa ra lại là những nhà tiên phong , đổi mới đích thực
Vì chúng đã giúp tạo ra những vai trò trong đại dương mà chưa từng tồn tại trước đó
chúng nghiền vỏ của các loài 1 mảnh tốt hơn , dọn sạch các loài 2 mảnh khỏi đáy biển
và trên những tầng nước cao hơn thì chúng săn cá và các loài bò sát khác
Và đồng thời , con mồi của chúng cũng tiến hóa và phát triển khả năng phòng thủ tốt hơn , như là
vỏ cứng, gai nhọn và cơ động hơn
Sự tương tác qua lại này giữa loài săn mồi và con mồi đã đánh dấu 1 cuộc cách mạng trong cuộc sống dưới nước
1 sự thay đổi trên biển cho bạn dễ hiểu

Vietnamese: 
Chuyện này bắt đầu chỉ sau khi các đại dương của thế giới vừa trải qua cuộc tuyệt chủng và vẫn tiếp diễn
đến ngày nay
Và các ichthyosaur là một trong những yếu tố quan trọng cho sự chuyển biến kinh ngạc này
Dù vậy , nhưng những loài bò sát kỳ lạ này sẽ không có khả năng chứng kiến sự thay đổi
vào phút cuối
Nhưng sự thật là , cuộc sống đại dương xung quanh chúng ta ngày nay là sản phẩm của một thời gian
khi ichthyosaur giúp cách mạng hóa biển cả
Khi hóa thạch của ichthyosaur lần đầu được phát hiện vào những năm 1800, chúng khá là , nói 1 cách nhẹ nhàng ,
khó hiểu
Những mẫu vật hoàn thiện hơn , như mẫu được tìm thấy bởi Mary Anning tại nước Anh , cho thấy những động vật
có hình dạng rất giống cá hay cá heo chuột , với cơ thể thuôn dài , những cái vây và
đuôi khỏe
Nhưng bộ xương của chúng thì rõ ràng là thuộc lớp bò sát
Ngày nay , chúng ta biết rằng các ichthyosaur là 1 nhóm bò sát biển thực tế có
tổ tiên trên cạn , và sau đó đã tìm đường về biển cả
Hành trình bất thường này bắt đầu ngay sau sự kiện tuyệt chủng lớn nhất lịch sử Trái Đất :
cuộc tuyệt chủng kỷ Permi - Tam Điệp , cũng được biết với tên gọi Đại Tử
Bởi vì sự kiện này , khoảng 252 triệu năm trước , nhiều động vật dưới nước có

English: 
It began just after the world’s oceans had
been at the brink of extinction, and it continues
to this day.
And the ichthyosaurs were some of the key
players in this remarkable transformation.
As it turns out, these strange marine reptiles
wouldn’t be able to see this change through
to the very end.
But the fact is, the ocean life that lives
among us today is a product of that time when
the ichthyosaurs helped revolutionize the
seas.
When fossils of ichthyosaurs were first discovered
in the early 1800s, they were, to put it mildly,
baffling.
The more complete specimens, like those found
by Mary Anning in England, revealed animals
that were shaped much like fish or porpoises,
with streamlined profiles, fins, and powerful
tails.
But their bones were distinctly reptilian.
Today we know that ichthyosaurs are a group
of marine reptiles that were actually descended
from terrestrial ancestors, and then made
their way back to the sea.
This unusual journey began right after the
biggest extinction event in Earth’s history:
the Permian-Triassic extinction, also known
as the Great Dying.
Because of this event, some 252 million years
ago, many of the marine animals that had defined

English: 
life in the Permian Period vanished -- including
98% of crinoids, 80% of brachiopods, and all
of the trilobites. Poor guys.
But for the survivors, this catastrophe presented
an opportunity.
It left a lot of niches, or environmental
roles, open for organisms to fill -- including
roles for new predators.
Now, predation itself first became a thing
some 540 million years ago, during that burst
of evolutionary complexity known, of course,
as the Cambrian Explosion.
But after the Great Dying, the complexity
of marine life ramped up to a new level.
Some predators acquired new abilities, like
being able to crush shells, or bore into them.
And some prey species responded by developing
harder, spinier shells.
And, some predators even began hunting other
predators!
Suddenly the food webs of the ocean became
much more complex.
This restructuring of sea life came to be
known as the Mesozoic Marine Revolution, in
which predators and prey radiated into new
forms and lifestyles, in a sort of evolutionary
arms race.
And this revolution is actually still underway
today.
You could say that the world’s oceans, even
now, continue to respond to the disaster of
the Great Dying.

Vietnamese: 
đời sống ổn định trong kỷ Permi tuyệt chủng , bao gồm 98% huệ biển , 80% ngành tay cuộn và tất cả
bọ ba thùy . Những gã tội nghiệp
Nhưng với những kẻ sống sót , thảm họa này hé lộ 1 cơ hội
Có rất nhiều khoảng trống được để lại , hay những vai trò của hệ sinh cho các loài lấp đầy , bao gồm
vai trò cho những loài săn mồi mới
Sự săn mồi đã trở thành 1 khái niệm khoảng 540 triệu năm trước , trong suốt đợt bùng nổ
về sự phức tạp tiến hóa được biết với tên gọi , tất nhiên , sự bùng nổ kỷ Cambri
Nhưng sau cuộc Đại Tử , sự phức tạp của đời sống dưới nước được đẩy lên 1 mức mới
1 số động vật săn mồi có được những khả năng mới : có thể nghiền vỏ hoặc khoan vào trong chúng
và một số con mồi phản ứng bằng cách phát triển lớp vỏ cứng hơn, nhiều gai hơn
Và 1 số loài săn mồi bắt đầu săn những loài săn mồi khác
Đột nhiên mạng lưới thức ăn đại dương trở nên phức tạp hơn nhiều
Sự tái cơ cấu của cuộc sống dưới biển này được gọi là cuộc cách mạng dưới biển vào đại Trung Sinh
trong đó loài săn mồi và con mồi phát triển thành nhiều hình dạng và tập tính , kiểu như
1 cuộc chạy đua vũ trang tiến hóa
Và cuộc cách mạng này vẫn tiếp tục diễn ra ngày nay
Bạn có thể nói rằng các đại dương trên thế giới , cho tới lúc này , tiếp tục phản ứng với thảm họa
của Đại Tử

English: 
But at the start of the Mesozoic Marine Revolution,
some of the leading figures were the ichthyosaurs.
The earliest ancestor of ichthyosaurs appeared
just around 4 million years after the Great
Dying.
It was probably a reptile that spent most
of its time in the ocean but could also haul
itself onto land, kind of like a seal.
And one of the oldest true ichthyosaurs appears
in the fossil record very soon after that.
For example, Chaohusaurus was a fully aquatic
ichthyosaur.
And, thanks to a fossil of a female found
in China with embryos still in tact, we know
that it gave birth to live young, like all
ichthyosaurs did.
But Chaohusaurus still looked kind of like
a finned lizard.
The first ichthyosaurs to adopt more familiar
shapes -- ones that looked more like sharks
or porpoises -- wouldn’t appear until later,
in the Middle Triassic Period.
One of these was Phalarodon.
It used its streamlined body to keep up with
prey, which had become faster and more nimble,
as the Mesozoic Marine Revolution continued.
And this sleek body plan made these reptiles
look a lot like fish or marine mammals, even
though they’re not closely related to either
of those.
Like at all.
Sharks had been around for hundreds of millions
of years before the ichthyosaurs showed up.
And marine mammals like porpoises wouldn’t
show up until more than 200 million years

Vietnamese: 
Nhưng tại điểm khởi đầu của cuộc cách mạng , 1 số loài tiên phong là các ichthyosaur
Tổ tiên sớm nhất của ichthyosaur xuất hiện chỉ khoảng 4 triệu năm sau
cuộc Đại Tử
Rất có thể nó là 1 loài bò sát dành phần lớn thời gian trên biển nhưng cũng có thể
lê cơ thể lên mặt đất , giống như hải cẩu
Và 1 trong những ichthyosaur đích thực cổ nhất xuất hiện trong ghi nhận hóa thạch rất sớm ngay sau đó
Ví dụ , Chaohusaurus là 1 ichthyosaur hoàn toàn sống dưới nước
Và , nhờ vào hóa thạch của 1 con cái được tìm thấy ở Trung Quốc với phôi thai nguyên vẹn , chúng ta biết rằng
nó đẻ con , như mọi ichthyosaur đều làm
Nhưng Chaohusaurus vẫn nhìn trông như 1 con thằn lằn có vây
Những ichthyosaur đầu tiên phát triển thành những dạng quen thuộc hơn - giống cá mập hay
cá heo chuột - sẽ không xuất hiện cho đến mãi sau , giữa kỷ Tam Điệp
1 trong số đó là Phalarodon
Nó dùng cơ thể thuôn dài để đuổi kịp con mồi mà đã trở nên nhanh nhẹn và linh hoạt hơn
trong lúc cuộc cách mạng cuộc sống dưới nước đại Trung Sinh tiếp diễn
Và cấu trúc cơ thể trơn tru này làm chúng rất giống cá hay thú biển , cho dù
chúng không hề liên hệ gần gũi với 2 nhóm
1 chút nào
Cá mập đã có mặt được hàng trăm triệu năm trước khi có các ichthyosaur
và thú biển như cá heo chuột sẽ không xuất hiện cho đến 200 triệu

English: 
later!
So each of these groups converged separately
on the same body plan and the undulating style
of movement that these bodies made possible,
known as thunniform locomotion.
In thunniform swimming, most of the power
is generated by the motion of the tail, while
the front half the animal stays still.
This makes for fast and efficient movement
through open water.
These and other ichthyosaurs came in a range
of sizes, from Mixosaurus at about 1 meter
long, to Shonisaurus, which was more than
20 meters long, rivaling some of today’s
largest whales.
And this range in size went a long way in
helping the reptiles occupy a variety of niches
in the Mesozoic seas.
Some ichthyosaurs became generalists and ate
cephalopods and fish, or just scavenged on
whatever they could find.
But others were ram feeders -- they just keep
moving forward and ate whatever was scooped
up in their mouths.
Which is usually what I do
There were also shell-crushers that harvested
ammonites and bivalves; and there were even
macropredators that hunted other ichthyosaurs.
And together, all of these feeding mechanisms
actually created newer, more complex interactions
between predator and prey than the oceans
had seen before, with new niches to exploit
and new layers forming in marine food webs.

Vietnamese: 
năm sau
Và mỗi nhóm này đều hội tụ độc lập về cùng 1 kiểu cấu trúc cơ thể và cách bơi lượn sóng
mà các cơ thể này thực hiện được , được gọi là di chuyển kiểu thunniform
Khi bơi kiểu thunniform , phần lớn năng lượng được tạo ra bởi chuyển động của cái đuôi, trong khi
nửa trước của con vật giữ yên
Điều này tạo ra chuyển động nhanh và hiệu quả trong những vùng nước trống
những ichthyosaur có 1 dải kích cỡ khác nhau , từ Mixosaurus dài 1 m
đến Shonisaurus dài đến 20 m , có thể so sánh với một số
cá voi lớn nhất ngày nay
Và dải kích thước này đã rất thành công trong việc giúp chúng chiếm lấy rất nhiều khoảng trống
trong vùng biển đại Trung Sinh
1 số ichthyosaur trở thành generalist ( những loài dễ thích ứng ) và ăn mực, bạch tuột, cá hoặc là ăn xác
bất kể loài nào chúng tìm được
Nhưng những loài khác là "ram feeder" - chúng chỉ cần bơi thẳng liên tục và ăn bất kể thứ gì bị cuốn
vào trong miệng
Điều mà mình thường hay làm 😆
Còn có những loài phá vỏ ăn các giống 1 mảnh và 2 mảnh và còn có cả
loài săn mồi lớn săn những ichthyosaur khác
Và cùng nhau , tất cả các cơ chế ăn uống này thực sự tạo ra sự tương tác phức tạp, mới hơn
giữa loài săn mồi và con mồi mà đại dương từng thấy , với nhiều khoảng trống để khai thác
và những tầng mới được hình thành trong mạng lưới thức ăn biển

Vietnamese: 
Ví dụ, khi vỏ của các loài 2 mảnh trở nên mạnh hơn và có sức kháng cự tốt hơn với loài săn mồi
khoảng trống được mở ra cho 1 loài săn mồi mới , như giống ichthyosaur với cái tên Tholodus ,
nó có bộ răng lớn hơn , tròn hơn , cùn hơn có thể phá vỡ vỏ
Cùng lúc đó , có rất nhiều loài săn mồi đến mức các ichthyosaur bắt đầu săn chúng
như loài Thalattoarchon , được gọi là " chúa tể biển cả "
và , ichthyosaur cũng chiếm lấy cả hệ sinh thái vùng nước cạn và vùng biển khơi , với nhiều chi
sống khắp trên thế giới
Cho đến kỷ Tam Điệp, đại dương trên Trái Đất đã trở thành 1 nơi rất khác , và nó sẽ trở thành
thời hoàng kim của ichthyosaur , giống người bạn cũ của chúng ta Californosaurus
Nhưng thời hoàng kim này sẽ không kéo dài lâu
Bởi vì , cuối kỷ Tam Điệp được đánh dấu bằng 1 cuộc tuyệt chủng khác :
Cuộc tuyệt chủng kỷ Tam Điệp - Jura
Nguyên nhân chính xác của sự kiện này vẫn đang bị tranh cãi
Nhưng 1 khả năng là sự bùng nổ dữ dội của hoạt động núi lửa xảy ra khi
siêu lục địa Pangea bắt đầu tách ra
Điều mà chúng ta có biết là vào cuối kỷ Tam Điệp , nhiều nhánh ichthyosaur
bắt đầu biến mất
Cuối cùng , chỉ còn 1 loài bò sát giống cá heo chuột sống ở biển khơi dưới vùng nước sâu là có thể
trụ lại đến kỷ Jura
Và sự thiếu đa dạng có thể là khởi đầu cho ngày tàn của chúng

English: 
For example, as the shells of bivalves became
stronger and more resistant to predators,
the niche opened up for a new kind of hunter,
like the ichthyosaur known as Tholodus, which
had bigger, rounded, blunt teeth that could
break open shells.
And in time, there were so many new predators
that some ichthyosaurs started to prey on
them, like Thalattoarchon, the so-called “sovereign
of the sea.”
And, ichthyosaurs also occupied both shallow-water
and open-ocean ecosystems, with many genera
living all over the worlde.
By the Triassic Period, Earth’s oceans had
become a different place, and this would be
the heyday of the ichthyosaurs, like our old
friend Californosaurus.
But this golden age wouldn’t last long.
Because, the end of the Triassic was marked
by yet another extinction event: the Triassic-Jurassic
mass extinction.
The exact trigger of this event is still being
debated.
But one possibility is massive bursts of volcanic
activity that took place as the supercontinent
Pangea started to split up.
What we do know is that toward the end of
the Triassic, many clades of ichthyosaurs
started to disappear.
In the end, only the more porpoise-like reptiles
that lived in the deep, open ocean would make
it into the Jurassic.
And this lack of diversity might have been
the beginning of their undoing.

English: 
These survivors included generalists; specialists
that ate soft-bodied prey; and some apex predators,
like Temnodontosaurus, which got to be as
long as 9 meters.
In fact, most of these deep-ocean ichthyosaurs
were on the big side, and what’s more, many
had the biggest eyes relative to body size
of any animal in history.
Some species, like Ophthalmosaurus, had eyes
the size of soccer balls, which allowed them
to see hunt in dim, deep waters.
But, as the Jurassic progressed, another change
was in the works: Ichthyosaurs soon faced
competition from other animals, including
plesiosaurs, marine crocodiles, and sharks.
Some of these competitors would even come
to prey on the ichthyosaurs themselves.
Still, ichthyosaurs made it through the Jurassic
and into the Cretaceous Period, where they
managed to hold on to similar niches that
they occupied in the Jurassic.
One of the most common ichthyosaurs of the
Cretaceous was Platypterygius, a big hunter
that included more than a half-dozen species
and whose remains have been found around the
world, including Australia, the Americas,
and Europe.
But in the Late Cretaceous, the diversity
of ichthyosaurs dropped dramatically.
And it would never recover.
The first to go were the generalists and the
soft-prey specialists, around 100 million
years ago.
About 5 million years later, mostly apex predators
remained, and they were unable to branch into

Vietnamese: 
Những kẻ sống sót bao gồm những generalist , ăn các loài thân mềm , và 1 số loài săn mồi cực lớn
như Temnodontosaurus , phải dài tới 9 m
Thực tế , phần lớn những loài ichthyosaur sống ở biển sâu này có kích thước rất lớn và thêm nữa
nhiều loài có đôi mắt lớn nhất tỷ lệ với cơ thể hơn bất kỳ sinh vật nào trong lịch sử
1 vài loài , như Ophthalmosaurus , có đôi mắt to bằng quả bóng đá , giúp chúng
săn mồi trong vùng nước tối và sâu
Nhưng, khi kỷ Jura tiếp tục , lại thêm 1 sự thay đổi nữa : ichthyosaur sớm đối diện
cạnh tranh từ những động vật khác bao gồm plesiosaur , cá sấu nước mặn và cá mập
1 số kẻ cạnh tranh còn săn cả ichthyosaur
Dù vậy , ichthyosaur vẫn tồn tại qua kỷ Jura và tiến vào kỷ Phấn Trắng ,nơi chúng
vẫn cố giữ lấy khoảng trống sinh thái mà chúng đã chiếm từ kỷ Jura
1 trong những ichthyosaur phổ biến nhất kỷ Phấn Trắng là Platypterygius , những loài săn mồi lớn
bao gồm hơn nửa tá loài và hóa thạch của chúng được tìm khắp thế giới
bao gồm châu Úc , châu Mỹ , châu Âu
Nhưng vào cuối kỷ Phấn Trắng , sự đa dạng của ichthyosaur giảm đột ngột
và không bao giờ có thể phục hồi được nữa
Đầu tiên là các generalist và những loài chuyên săn động vật thân mềm khoảng 100
triệu năm trước
khoảng 5 triệu năm sau , phần lớn các loài săn mồi lớn vẫn còn và chúng không thể chiếm lấy

English: 
new niches.
Fossils at this time show that existing species
were going extinct faster than new ones were
appearing.
Ichthyosaurs had just become too specialized,
and too few in number.
Finally, around 93 million years ago, the
last of the apex predators, like Platypterygius
disappeared.
Ichthyosaurs had vanished from the fossil
record.
So what caused the demise of an animal that
had persisted for more than 150 million years?
Well, as is often the case, no one knows for
sure.
But there are a few possibilities.
One idea is that they were outcompeted by
new ocean hunters, like predatory fish and
mosasaurs.
But, mosasaurs had already been around for
a long time, and the really big mosasaurs
didn’t appear until after the ichthyosaurs
had vanished.
So another idea has to do with what happened
to the climate at the start of the Late Cretaceous.
Studies of limestone that formed in the seas
at this time show that oxygen levels dropped
sharply.
This is known as an anoxic event, and it’s
thought to have started with a change in ocean
temperatures, which then disrupted circulation
patterns.
The change in circulation may have deprived
some ocean layers of oxygen, causing marine
life to suffocate.
This phenomenon began about 100 million years
ago and continued for about 7 million years,
until it culminated in a major anoxic event.

Vietnamese: 
những khoảng trống sinh thái mới
Hóa thạch thời kỳ này cho thấy những loài đang tồn tại tuyệt chủng nhanh hơn những loài mới
xuất hiện
Các ichthyosaur đơn giản là trở nên quá chuyên hóa và quá ít về số lượng
Cuối cùng , khoảng 93 triệu năm trước , loài săn mồi lớn cuối cùng , như Platypterygius
biến mất
Ichthyosaur đã biến mất khỏi ghi nhận hóa thạch
Vậy điều gì là nguyên nhân cho sự diệt vong của nhóm sinh vật đã bám trụ suốt 150 triệu năm ?
Vâng , như mọi trường hợp khác , không ai biết chắc
Nhưng có một vài khả năng
1 giả thuyết cho rằng chúng không thể cạnh tranh nổi với những thợ săn mới của đại dương , như các loài cá săn mồi và
mosasaur
Nhưng , mosasaur đã có từ trước đó khá lâu và những loài mosasaur thực sự lớn
không xuất hiện cho đến khi các ichthyosaur đã biến mất
Nên 1 giả thuyết khác cho rằng phải có sự liên quan đến khí hậu vào khởi đầu cuối kỷ Phấn Trắng
Nghiên cứu đá vôi được hình thành dưới biển thời gian này cho thấy mức oxy
giảm mạnh
Điều này được biết đến là sự kiện anoxic và sự kiện này được cho rằng đã bắt đầu cho sự thay đổi
nhiệt độ đại dương , sau đó đã phá vỡ hệ thống gió trên Trái Đất
sự thay đổi này có lẽ đã tước đi một số tầng oxy ,làm cho
nhiều sinh vật chết vì thiếu dưỡng khí
Hiện tượng này bắt đầu khoảng 100 triệu năm trước và kéo dài trong 7 triệu năm
cho đến khi nó đạt đỉnh điểm trong 1 sự hiện anoxic lớn

Vietnamese: 
Rất nhiều loài thủy sinh không xương sống , bao gồm 1 số loài mực, bạch tuột là nguồn thức ăn chính cho
các ichthyosaur , tuyệt chủng
Và sự tuyệt chủng của chúng trùng khớp với lần hiện diện cuối cùng của các ichthyosaur trên ghi nhận hóa thạch
Vì vậy , không giống như những lần trước , các ichthyosaur không thể vực dậy
như chúng từng làm
Đến cuối kỷ Phấn Trắng , ichthyosaur đã trở nên chuyên nghiệp về những gì chúng làm , nhưng chúng
không thực sự mở rộng sang các khoảng trống khác
Và khi chuyện này xảy ra , các loài có thể trở nên yếu ớt hơn trước cơn tuyệt chủng , nhất là nếu
có những chuyện xấu xảy ra đối với những môi trường ít ỏi mà chúng vẫn đang thích nghi
Nhưng điều quan trọng cần nhớ ở đây là những khoảng trống sinh thái mà chúng tạo ra và lấp đầy
tiếp tục tồn tại và được tiếp quản bởi những động vật khác
Các mosasaur cỡ trung bình như Platecarpus , trở thành loài generalist phổ biến mới
trên các đại dương
Những loài mosasaur có răng hẹp như Pluriden tiếp quản vai trò chuyên hóa trong việc
săn mồi thân mềm
Và danh hiệu loài săn mồi lớn cuối cùng về tay loài mosasaur khổng lồ như Tylosaurus
Và khi những loài bò sát trên cũng tuyệt chủng , những động vật khác thay thế chúng
Và những vai trò đó vẫn tồn tại đến ngày nay
Hiện tại , các loài generalist dưới biển bao gồm cá mập và cá heo
Và vẫn có những loài chuyên săn mồi thân mềm , như cá voi mõm khoằm
Và tất nhiên có những loài săn mồi lớn như cá voi sát thủ và cá mập trắng , cũng như các loài phá vỏ

English: 
Many marine invertebrates, including some
cephalopods that were a main source of food
for the ichthyosaurs, went extinct.
And their extinction coincides the last appearance
of ichthyosaurs in the fossil record.
So, unlike all of those other times in the
past, the ichthyosaurs couldn’t bounce back
like they had before.
By the Late Cretaceous, ichthyosaurs had become
very good at what they did, but they hadn’t
really expanded into new niches.
And when this happens, animals can be more
vulnerable to extinction, especially if something
drastic happens to the few environments that
they’re still adapted to.
But the important thing to remember here is
that the niches that they formed, and filled,
continued to exist and were taken over by
other animals.
Mid-sized mosasaurs like Platecarpus, for
example, became the new common generalists
in the world’s oceans.
And narrow-toothed mosasaurs like Pluridens
took over the role of specializing on soft-bodied
prey.
And the title of apex predator was eventually
handed off to the mega-mosasaurs like Tylosaurus.
And when all of these reptiles also went extinct,
other animals replaced them.
And those roles still exist today.
These days, marine generalists include many
species of sharks and dolphins.
And there are still specialists in soft prey,
like beaked whales.
And of course there are apex predators like
orcas and great whites, as well as shell crushers

English: 
in the form of stingrays, and many more.
So the ichthyosaurs didn’t see the Mesozoic
through to its end, but they did last for
a staggering 157 million years, making them
one of the world’s greatest evolutionary
success stories.
They exploded into diversity just as Earth
was recovering from the largest mass extinction
in history.
And they were a key part of the revolution
that took place in marine ecosystems, making
ocean life more complex than ever.
So the legacy of these strangely familiar
reptiles continues to this day, in the oceans
we find around us.
The ichthyosaurs died out.
But their revolution lives on.
Thanks for joining me today in the Konstantin
Haase studio
and if you want to join us for more adventures
in deep time, just go to youtube.com/eons
and subscribe.
Thanks to this month’s Eontologists: Patrick
Seifert, Jake Hart, Jon Davison Ng, and Steve.
If you’d like to join them and our other
patrons in supporting what we do here, then
go to patreon.com/eons and make your pledge!

Vietnamese: 
như cá đuối ó và còn nhiều nữa
Vậy là các ichthyosaur đã không thể chứng kiến đại Trung Sinh kết thúc , nhưng chúng đã
bám trụ đến 157 triệu năm , giúp chúng trở thành 1 trong những câu chuyện tiến hóa
thành công nhất trên thế giới
Chúng bùng nổ về sự đa dạng chỉ ngay sau khi Trái Đất vẫn đang phục hồi sau cơn đại tuyệt chủng
của lịch sử
Và chúng là nhân tố quan trọng của quá trình tiến hóa diễn ra trên hệ sinh thái biển,
làm cho sự sống ở đại dương phức tạp hơn bao giờ hết
Vì vậy di sản của những loài bò sát trông thân quen đến kỳ lạ này vẫn tiếp tục đến ngày nay , trên các vùng biển
xung quanh chúng ta
Các ichthyosaur chết đi
Nhưng thành quả tiến hóa của chúng tiếp tục sống
Cảm ơn đã theo dõi mình hôm nay ở phim trường Konstantin Haase
và nếu bạn muốn tham gia cùng bọn mình phiêu lưu về thời cổ đại , hãy tìm đến địa chỉ youtube.com/eons
và đăng ký
Cảm ơn những nhà tài trợ lớn của tháng này : Patrick Seifert , Jake Hart ,Jon Davison Ng và Steve
Nếu bạn muốn tham gia cùng họ và những người đóng góp khác để hỗ trợ những gì bọn mình làm ở đây
hãy đến pattern.com/eons và đăng ký
