Welcome back. 
When we last left off in part one,
the Women's Suffrage Movement was split 
over whether to support the 15th amendment, 
which gave African-American
 men the right to vote. 
While this progress was celebrated by many 
women within the suffrage movement, 
others felt slighted 
because of their lack of inclusion.
A rift in ideologies arose and the suffrage
 movement experienced major setbacks.
How would women overcome this and finally
 achieve their goal of the right to vote? 
This is part two of the Women's 
Suffrage Movement.
In 1869, Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell 
formed the American Women's 
Suffrage Association, 
focusing on a strategy of winning 
women's suffrage on a state-by-state basis. 
Elizabeth Cady Stanton 
and Susan B. Anthony on the other hand,
formed a group of their own called 
the National Women's Suffrage Association, 
focusing on a strategy
of winning a constitutional 
amendment for women's suffrage.
As these groups were forming, 
women continue to take on more expanded
roles in society in the latter half 
of the 19th century. 
Some were able to take advantage 
of increasing educational 
opportunities at colleges 
such as Vassar and Wellesley. 
Others worked outside the home
 as clerks and secretaries in offices, 
as well as in department stores
 and even factories.
Women also continued to develop 
social reform movements.
The Women's Christian Temperance Union 
sought to ban alcohol to protect families 
from domestic abuse or lost wages. 
Florence Kelly fought for the protection
 of worker and consumer rights, 
Jane Addams, along with others,
created Hull House to relieve the suffering 
of poor immigrants in crowded cities.
More settlement houses would follow.
Meanwhile, the divide in the movement
 frustrated the goals 
American women had come so far to achieve. 
However, a breakthrough was made in 1890, 
when the NWSA and the AWSA merged to form 
the National American Woman 
Suffrage Association or NAWSA.
The organization lobbied 
both state and national 
governments to grant women's suffrage. 
They did achieve early success,
 particularly in the West, 
where women wants suffrage 
in the late 19th century. 
The movement continued to gain
 momentum into the early 20th century.
By 1900, three million American women
were working outside the home
 and gaining an independent voice. 
Thousands strong labor unions, 
primarily the International Ladies
 Garment Workers' Union. 
A new catalyst for the movement 
emerged when tragedy struck.
 In 1911, the Triangle
 Shirtwaist Factory fire 
killed 146 people and convinced 
many that women 
needed a larger voice in politics and reform.
Their voices indeed 
continued to grow louder, 
as more impressive strides were made. 
By 1915, the Women's Christian Temperance
 Union won prohibition in 38 states, 
Frances Perkins worked extensively 
for the protection of workers' rights, 
later even becoming the first 
female cabinet member.
However, many male politicians
 were unconvinced 
that women should attain suffrage. 
Senator JB Sanford expressed a common
 view of many in Congress that quote, 
"The mothers of this country 
can shape the destinies of the nation
by keeping their place in the home." 
In 1911, a national association
 opposed to women's suffrage was started, 
to stop a constitutional amendment 
that would give women the right to vote.
Despite this, NAWSA won the support
 of Theodore Roosevelt's progressive 
or Bull Moose party
in the 1912 presidential election. 
Unfortunately for them, 
he would lose to Woodrow Wilson, 
but while Wilson opposed women's suffrage, 
he could only provide the important
 moral persuasion of the office, 
as he had no official role as President
 in constitutional amendments.
It was during this time that a new leader
 in the movement came to prominence. 
Alice Paul, a University of Penn
 educated woman from New Jersey, 
would emerge as a leader 
within NAWSA and turn up
 the pressure on the Wilson administration. 
Inspired by the confrontational
 tactics she learned
from British suffragists 
while studying in England
Paul pushed hard for suffrage by what 
were considered radical means.
Paul persuaded NAWSA to let her 
organize a pro-suffrage parade
held the day before Wilson's 
presidential inauguration. 
On March 3rd, 1913,
 8,000 marchers holding signs 
for women's suffrage paraded 
on foot, floats and even horses. 
Hostile crowds taunted and assaulted 
the marchers, and injured more than 100.
Paul and NAWSA developed 
disagreements over tactics. 
Paul also believes that suffragists 
should hold all democrats responsible 
for failing to pass
 a Woman's Suffrage Amendment, 
as they were the party in power.
However, NAWSA supported any 
politician who favored women's suffrage,
 regardless of their party.
Paul then splits within NAWSA 
and formed the National Women's Party.
Her harsh criticisms of World War One, 
and the group's intense protests
 in front of the White House, 
led to the arrest of Paul and her companions. 
After being sentenced to prison, 
Paul and many of our allies
 went on hunger strikes. 
When prison officials 
horrifically force-fed them, 
public sympathy for the women increased. 
Maintaining her sense of pride,
 Paul would declare 
that there will never be a new world 
order until women are a part of it.
Meanwhile, Carrie Chapman Catt,
 leader of NAWSA,
continued at state and national strategies. 
When World War One began,
 Catt urged members to contribute 
by working on the homefront 
and proving their patriotism.
These efforts finally bore fruit 
when both houses of congress 
passed a Women's Suffrage
 Amendment in June 1919. 
The 19th Amendment was ratified
 on August 18th, 1920. 
The United States Constitution finally
 gave American women the right to vote.
Let it be noted, however, that not all
 American women would enjoy this right. 
Black women were still unable to vote
 in many southern states 
until the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
One of the most persevering 
struggles in American history, 
the women's suffrage movement,
 lasted 70 years
across local, state, and national levels.
Even though the movement would split 
over the best way to achieve full civic, 
economic, and social equality for women, t
the 19th Amendment meant
 that women had the right to vote 
and give their voice to a popular government 
based upon the consent of the governed.
Inspired by these accomplishments, 
we can all do our part to advance
 greater civic equality. 
Thanks for joining us. 
This was the story of the Women's
 Suffrage Movement.
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