Equipments are now in this video tutorial
will be talking about the rain and a book
about the different part of the urinary system
and talk about the anatomical structure of
kidney and a vital role of making the using
concentrated as well as observing vital elements
from the excretory which recall ultimately
released as using stock about the system that
is an atom learning is to of the urinary system,
particularly the kidney to examine the vascular
and portions of the electron to compare and
contrast the specialised cells of the tubular
epithelium structure of the adjustable mirror
apparatus will see all of them will also see
the structures associated with the function
figure out what are the rules played by the
structures to the system is composed of kidneys
and unit colour for the decade is for all
the strong the component for a primary urinary
system.
It is this cables and we have a unit is connecting
the kidney and ultimately to the director
is produced in the kidney and then drained
through the letters that are stored there
for a while, then contraction of the sprinkles
there.
It's released out this picture.
About the position of the kidney -shaped organ
and spike waste by the kidneys and backside,
body and atom pockets on the front and back
and explain it will kill you the idea about
the exact position can see the exact position
of is just above the waist and not at the
same present level slight change in the kidney.
The right slightly lower down compared to
the left one external structure of the kidney
this check structure resembling a pattern
and impose caps and retroperitoneal was lying
against the dorsal body wall special land
structure present on top of the kidneys.
It is not wrong what I'm doing now.
This is known as adrenal gland in the present
system is in the top of the active taxpayer
and gland was to secret weapon combos, kidney,
other structure.
It will get see structures in seat this, including
region of the kidney and the structures are
mostly being nerves being called in the casino's
job is to make their union, so being produced
in a sense body produces all those excess
materials, toxic materials which are converted
to your ear normally is made of ammonia is
made much toxic and more dangerous form taken
produced gets transported to this region of
nephron and what is doing blood circulation
is required because and maximum part of it
is water sometimes contains sodium or group
because important nutrient substances may
present in the expiration of excretory juice,
we can say case needs to really absorb those
things back so that the body can utilise for
the world is full work should be like to make
network of way and traced with the help of
the general rain and rain are likely, which
is also engaging interaction with the same
region of the blood supply of the kidney,
you will understand the kidneys shown from
section branches of the kidney branching from
the then relatively segmented start making
a branch called blood vessels and blood vessels
and divide segmented known as cortical blood
vessels structure of the kidney from outside
week and sales made up into sections cortex
and Raina Medela cortex part in the surrounding
air in the cortex part while the inside.
Medela structures we seen this cortex region:
cortical structures is a part of nephron according
to cortical part of nephron or in this case
of vessels cortical blood vessels structure
of kidney criminal cortex, the one that I
just talk to you about outermost layer is
known as adrenal cortex contains about £ 1
million which are simply the filtering unit
of the kidney this cortex and the structure
of nephron Rehana perennial arranged organised
to this cortex took it and several different
structural elements and units.
But if you look at here you'll find out that
our is especially that are maximum part of
the Nippon is present in this cortex region
and region that is within the cortex is known
as cortical nephron is, it is completely within
cortex is some part of which is in the cortex
part, Medela, so that is the just medullary
two types of products available in this picture
will see can be straight in the cortex that
is cortical but this one is some cortex part
using data is just medullary part of this
main floor part of the kidney is renal Medela
middle layer disease layer, Medela and the
tear this is mostly made up of this triangle
structures, something the pyramid be called
a list striated because of abundance of the
trucks carrying during an appearance banking
unit that is a kind of strike structures in
this are Medela triangles and part of this
is renal.
This is renal pelvis like panel should be
much better in pellets structures like panel,
which form the using and through this renal
pelvis into the curator file it with urinary
bladder.
The structure of structure of nephron is very
important, the actual unit structures that
help scheme filtering and production of the
union properly look at that point of nephron
can do difference I be talking from two different
angles first one top crore from the angle
of the blood vessels associated with the Nippon
also talked about weed out the blood vessels
of the people of nephron blood vessels entry
is very important as well as seen the entry
point of the blood exit point of the blood
because this head like structure of nephron
that is known as Bowman's capsule where there
is the transfer of all this high-pressure
blood is initiated and due to that process,
water and other things are transferred inside
the nephron entering the kidney to the renal
artery" to and activities in for a internal
segmented ~. That's how they are transferred
and finally acquitted this morning factories
and the small materials are also present surrounding
the cortex region's and region will be fine.
Bowman's capsule Scriptural having signed
the bunch of rules inside the glomerulus that
is ultimately lead leaches into B bed glomerulus
is.
This is very very important structure., The
blood is transferred versus and is larger
in diameter than the parent structure think
this picture is clearly presenting the butt
actually, I draw the structural exhibition
of the Bowman's capsule and not will find
that the material for the referendum is much
bigger compared to the diameter of different
is pressure increases Ferenc is important
for the separation of the components from
the blood for the purification of the blood
passes from the effort and into the relatively
capillary buys and finally, we'll talk about
that drinks in vain interest and final renal
the structure represented (title blood is
flowing to) finally going to the region and
finally) different angles in the diameter
is already Barry steals ship structurally
talked about Obama's capsule what shall pass
from the blood capsule.
Obama's capsule and proximal convoluted builder.
This one now this picture start flowing to
the prevalence and finally solution water
are taking entry from the glomerulus.
This first part of the Nippon known as proximal
convoluted and is transferred from their diameter
structure known as loop of heavenly compact
pistol convoluted to PCT in will have several
fragments starts with Bowman's capsule where
they have glomerulus, then it has proximal
convoluted idiom is low pistol convoluted
to do finally, the collecting duct collecting
all the cheering renal pelvis and into the
unit could hear and all the salutes which
are taking a plate in his Bowman's capsule
can proximal convoluted loops and conclusion
is that even students are out and close down
this structure at the sentencing of case is
presenting made region of the kidney will
start afterwards and thicker compared to be
sending the fluid enters into the priest and's
still convoluted to view all this material
for the collecting of nephron structure of
his Bowman's capsule.
This is the region as well corpus corpus of
structure of renal purposes glomerulus incoming
afferent arterial and small.
It is listed capsule something like the casting
balloon structure layers of the global capsule
is made up of specialised cells known as site
structure carefully, you'll see a is drawn
here along the cell nucleus within the thoughts
surrounding this arterial order cells are
known as Google sites specialised cells that
surround the perennial capillaries the capsule
capsule space Topresent between the capillary
and overall parietal layer of the Caps space
also proximal convoluted to starts structure
of Google sites and how the surrounding skin
important feature of this site sells awesome
sight of extensions extension helps them to
grab range of centimetres square centimetre
region of our miss capillary type can really
see so is very important because this this
are seats and social skills structures is
also to put processes of the porno sites.
They can help to transfer the components with
his water and salutes from his Bowman's capsule
region.
The proximal convoluted to see traditions
between the endothelial cells in the important
why's basement membrane inclusions capillary
endothelial layer upon the sites right.
This process of process -like structures.
So what happens when substance being Peter
must pass for us to this always frustrations
and through the basement membrane and going
to the filtration slits that are produced
here by the sites so properly are out all
the salutes that need.
This is normally the sports frustrations normally
sports of water and contents me, but as the
motorcycle covering the complete capillary
structure and form this filtration slits.
Not all the molecules are able to pass the
speed only few molecules will be able to pass
and 18 in the blood Endothelial basement membrane
sites make up the filtration membrane filtration
membranes them things work together cross-section
of that look like it will look something like
this.
This is the first section deputies of the.
It contains all the schools and are the basement
where the basement and the top of this we
have slippage in the colour of sites arranged
so salutes molecules coming out from the pool.
They need to again go to the basement membrane
and finally through the slits and bandits
site to finally enter into the proximal convoluted
to such said round of talks, constraints and
filtration units that are produced., The sales
of the proximal convoluted people remember
we talked about the different segments of
nephron's earlier and it would you like difference
are containing for different types of people's
proximal convoluted tubule loop of heavenly
and distal convoluted proximal convoluted
tubule and the structures will see that the
simple cuboid cells that actually make the
structure o'clock proximal convoluted to the
Detroit, mi draw the structure to take a colour
slot laid definitely take a black such most
are all those killer cells, but all the cells
they contains microbial and I draw something
like this six of the cells are arranged and
organised one and a link with each other of
the cells are linked this Michael Willie,
which is simply extension of the cytosolic
domain content greatly expand in the surface
area of the luminal membrane adapting it well
for the process of re-absorption because the
job of this treaty builds that is the filtration
job is only done by the glomerulus and the
glomerular apparatus in the bombing capsule
region, but the second part of the evening
production reabsorption reabsorption of the
required needles and nutrients.
The very beginning of the reproduction that
we saw that is a filtration step that we saw
in the filtration step all the materials that
can take entry through that slits made by
portal sites can pass so we have wanted materials
in our salutes and water bottle and we also
have wanted materials, unwanted materials
can be some RC sodium, potassium minerals
can also sleep through that slits so the second
part of the evening production job of new
problems simply to take all the unwanted materials
out from that you can want is normally of
the products that we don't want in the unity
important products for our body to take up
this products inside and that is the job of
all this, see convoluted tributes in a two
convoluted tables in the healthy slew clearly
in the structures between them they are tight
junctions between the adjacent cells disease
where the sensor kind of stitched and known
between the cells present at the stitching
line of the tight junctions, list items and
between the cells permit passage of water
bottle limit the escape of large molecules
from the TV domain, which is the site you
can draw from the tubal lumen into the interstitial
space will prevent and the highly folded best
electoral membrane of the cells contain numerous
integral proteins involved in the passive
or active transport of the substances between
the inter-and intracellular iron terrestrial
spaces, which is present here.
This is also highly folded residency.
These are not microwave.
Either way, but this is also folded cell membrane.
It's not simple structure of the cell membrane
in this kind of folding is also increasing
the surface area, but the job is not reabsorption
here, in this case, especially the job is
the presence of different transmembrane proteins
that will help them to transport different
necessary solution molecules across the interstitial
intracellular and interstitial space between
them and they also have all the cells also
have numerous number of mitochondria to look
at the structure here.
It will be much clear is a highly folded plasma
membrane one side might reveal another site
and all the cells carry a lot of mitochondria
right and his huge number of mitochondria
provide the chance of producing mainly ATP,
which is necessary for these active transport
processes that will go on in this highly folded
region of the plasma brain and a key feature
of the cell is that the highly permeable to
water and mainly salutes of their highly permeable
to water and many other salutes that that
is a specialty of the sex life is doing a
look at the structure of the cells that are
present in you properly two parts to section
of the loop of there is a descending limb
as sending that this is seen doing this picture
I have draw too much thing, but still compared
to both of them.
This is the descending limb of the link path
loop of the heavenly and this is as sending
live of this is the version of the hill is
loop structure.
You could hear the structural differences
also playing a vital role in the separation
of important nutrients and salutes from this
extract reaches the sense in the team segment
of the descending group of heavenly absentees,
much epithelial cells, squamous epithelial
cells that are present in our are many part
of our body simply the epithelial the simplest
form of the epithelial cells, just like the
scale of peach misses the structure and cells
lack brush borders which reduce the surface
area for App Store reabsorption of the cells
continue to be per unable to water.
The process is relatively few integral proteins
and function as active transport molecule
for the reabsorption of the mainly reabsorption
of the water because salutes and generally
unable to pass through these regions because
there are very few transmembrane and trust
transporters of the proteins responsible for
the water seal the structure of this thing's
section of is loop and if you look at here
is a all those best electoral membranes and
the inter-special that is drawn, but these
are the squamous cell circling each other
and they have a gap in between them through
which also are water can easily pass is the
key feature of the cells is that they are
highly permeable highly permeable to water,
but not et al. per unable to salutes the proximal
convoluted to do this, or permeability for
water is very high per unable to ought to
salutes are also very high community towards
water is high, very high, but community for
the salute is very low that uses idea that
this region of the heavenly you is responsible
for the uptake of water reabsorption of water
so that is the reason if you see the desert
animals.
This healthy slew is quite long.
They have a large long heavenly view is loop
is designed in a way to retain maximum amount
of water in those individual because of the
desert animals.
They need to retain water at the cells of
the cheek as sending loop of the heavenly
will also see the structure in the distal
convoluted to look at here.
This type of cell distal convoluted table
structure and part of the tale is loop and
the distal convoluted to build a kind of have
very similar structural features together
of the thick ascending loop held a largely
distal convoluted to vary very simple come.
This Q wider Hugo Idol is getting what is
a simple square of kind of structure of the
cells but are they also have this folding
of the cell membrane, said structural differences
compared to the cells of the proximal convoluted
to the cells have small and Micro – what
we talked small microglia that we are seen
small number is also very few addition, the
loop discovered by glycoprotein layers look
at here.
This is and that is covered by glycoprotein
outside very small and human activity covered
by glycoprotein membrane is very much similar
to the proximal convoluted to build because
you can see the same structure by the cells
are seldom responded and will also see the
cells are linked with each other and there
is the tight junction present in a towards
the lumen, but it's open towards the inter-interstitial
fluid with other regions open key feature
of this cell is that they highly permeable
to salutes and particularly sodium and chloride,
but they are not well per unable water.
So for water very less, but for salutes vary
well permeable highly permeable.
That is the feature of this distal convoluted
to build out is the distal convoluted to do
because in the hell is loop is binding and
once spending finally make the top distal
convoluted people soak the structure of this,
start point of the distal convoluted to people
and the ascending limb of the heavenly slew
mostly similar structures as the diameter
that is a little bit.
Finally, we talk about the sense of the collecting
duct is that the constituents of corner from
starting from the mineral apparatus and we
go to the proximal convoluted to view loop
of heavenly, then distal convoluted to build
and finally the collecting duct so get here
collecting duct of the cells and collecting
duct and the late distal convoluted to fuel
and other similar structure and see two types
of cells present in this kind of our collecting
duct cancer and also cuboid cell similar structure
based on the layer but first I can say that
we see an owner's principal principles, cells
have moved numerous are the number of this
principle cells are huge and few Michael Billy
the might of these very few and they also
have very few best electoral is best electoral
fold the best electoral fold is at the micro
really, but microglia as well as best electoral
folds are very, very low very less victims,
especially cells respond to certain hormones
that regulate the cells permeability to water
and salutes the hormone release designed in
a way that they should response in release
of the hormone and key feature of this principle
cells is that there permeability to water
and salute is completely cheekily regulated
by here with whatever structures we saw like
distal convoluted to view loop openly proximal
convoluted people on the structures fixed
array of whether they will take water or salute,
but in case of collecting duct.
It's not mentioned from before they are under
maintenance by the hormone regulation so that
is regulation of body controls based on the
hydration state of our body.
If our body is dehydrated and obviously body
will try to retain water, so they will release
specific hormone to get the signalling operating
water and not taking water, so will be much
concentrated very less water bill with their
wide body is well hydrated then proper amount
of water should be released to the second
type of cells known as collected cells in
turn collected cell cell sexually when the
body acidity increases.
This interconnected cells secrete hydrogen
ions into the Yury to restore the acid-base
balance of the body that is the actual function
of this interconnected cells interconnected
cells are comparatively less with the principle
cells.
The key feature of this interconnected cell
is that the secretion of this hydrogen ions
and balancing the acid-base condition of our
body and structures that we saw mostly are
this all collecting the structure that we
talked along the part of mostly cortex, but
some part of this collecting duct is also
present in the middle and it should present
the middle because the finally, when all those
salutes and water reabsorption stuff is done
in the urine.
Recall that material Yury and that can take
entry into our regulator using this collecting
duct right to the renal pelvis.
So what we see here the structure that we
find out the structure of collecting duct
that is present inside other is present mostly
inside the made region's slight variations
now made region is the principle cells are
mostly cuboid and in ship just like this 1
lm and best electoral membrane are also relatively
smooth compared to this of collecting duct
that is present in the cortex regions and
a key feature of the cell is that they are
also formally regulated and permeability to
water and Yury are because this is the region
through which the area will pass/to get the
summary of the anatomy that will learn now
the system is composed of the kid easy returns
as glad as a new Tetra.
The kidneys are composed of three regions.
The renal cortex, Medela and pelvis.
The function of the urinary unit that is kidney
if the method is composed of the tubular portion
and the associated blood vessels.
Some part of this of the fraud is present
in the cortex.
Some part can be present in Medela each region
of the tubular portion of the nephron depends
on the unique feature of its epithelial cells
to carry out its function.
All the segment of this nephron is mediated
out of structured by this epithelial cells.
Some part of the epithelial cells help to
filter the blood for the necessary salutes
and water molecules that will make the Yury
and some other parts of the epithelial cells
that are present in proximal convoluted to
fuel loop openly and distal convoluted tubule
will ultimately guide are to transfer the
urine into the curator, so that in the sense
is the anatomy review for the urinary system
will see an animation for that also seen the
functionality of the nephron and how exactly
nephron mediates a function of during release
in this video, animation, we want to talk
about the structure of kidney is normally
can be divided into three different structure,
renal cortex when Medela and renal pelvis
and finally there is a curator that is attaching
the kidney to finally to the urinary bladder
carries the Yury annual installing urinary
bladder and then will be released.
So let's look at each of the structures in
details, let's first talk about the renal
cortex cortex is the outer granular appearing
region of the kidney on the France or originate
in the cortex.
The second part is renal Medela, which is
in region six, which is striated appearing
triangles called renal pyramids.
This region appeared striated because those
collecting the ducts from all those nephron
server running through this region and finally
take entry into the renal pelvis, which is
the third structural area, which is a central
cavity where you informed in the renal cortex
in Medela collects.
Finally, the curator smooth muscle walled
duct that carries the urine from the kidney
to the urinary bladder and kidneys have been
shipped organs that filtered blood to regulate
the level of West water and salt in the body
fluids.
The nephron is the functional unit of the
kidneys.
It modifies the composition of blood and get
feeds of all those body wastes and toxins
produced by using the composition is altered
by three primary mechanisms filtration to
build a reabsorption and to view the secretion
will examine each of these mechanisms in the
context of the structures of the nephron filtration
is the transport of materials and dissolved
substances from the blood to the glomerular
capillaries into the performance capsule components
of the blood be across the capillary wall
of the glomerulus blood cells and plasma proteins
are too large to pass to the glomerular capillary
wall items that we cross the capillary wall
of performance capsule or water, salt hydrogen
ions, vitamins, bicarbonate Yury glucose and
in our seeds, drugs and toxins.
The kidney retains important nutrients in
the blood while reading of bodies, wastes
and toxins.
The ability of the glomerulus selects this
molecules of inclusion into the filtrate on
the basis of their size and on their potential
value.
Many of the important nutrient molecules that
entered the filtrate must be actively pumped
out of the nephron and pack into the plot.
This is a process known as to be learnt reabsorption
of the people reabsorption of cross along
the entire length of the nephron.
The bulk of this process take place in the
proximity to many of the important materials
have been reabsorbed into the blood from the
filtrate in the proximal tubule is modified
filtrate must make its own way down to the
loop of heavenly, but the further modifications
were local loop fairly promotes the reuptake
of water and salt from the filtrate the descending
portion of the loop of hill is highly permeable
to water, but not to salts or any other materials
and osmotic concentration gradient of salts
and Yury are in the interstitial fluid that
surrounds the loop as a filtrate passing to
the salty renal Medela water.
We leave the loop by osmosis.
This result in the concentrated filtrate that
is high in salt and Yury about reducing water
content as the concentrated filter reaches
the thing is sending push in the thick ascending
portion of the loop.
The Heli becomes impermeable to water and
permeable to salt the loss of water into the
descending loop salt is now very concentrated
in the filtrate while moving up the ascending
loop.
The salt begins to move down its concentration
gradient diffuses into the surrounding fluid
of the renal Medela this part of the tubule
is relatively impermeable to water so that
the filtrate becomes more dilutive effect
makes its way up the thick ascending portion
of the loop of LA, the tubule remains impermeable
to water.
Much of the salt in the filtrate has already
diffuse out additional salt continues to leave
the filtrate thereby only by activating transport
from the cell wall of the loop of the distal
people of the site of active tubular secretion
of the materials from the blood into the filtrate
although the tubular secretion occurs throughout
the pathway of the filtrate is especially
active part of the new room salt continues
to pump out actively from the distal people.
The movement of salt creates osmotic gradient
that cause water to flow out, and leave the
people by osmosis materials in the capillaries
surrounding the nephron are actively pumped
into the tubule and become part of the filtrate
when the filtrate reaches the collecting talked
most of the salt and water has already been
removed as it moves down the talk to the filtrate
either becomes a concentrated during by the
removal of water remains a dilutive.
This process is under control of ADH hormone
known as antidiuretic hormone on a cool, dry
day, you are probably hydrated you blood solute
concentration decreases your kidneys will
decrease water reabsorption to help concentrate
the blood in an attempt to maintain the homeostasis.
Your pituitary gland will really is less ADH
causing the one of the collecting duct to
become less permeable to water as a result,
the body reads itself water in an attempt
to concentrate the blood, leaving that leads
the collecting duct is very dilute on their
hand on hot, dry day when you are not properly
hydrated to what he solute concentration increases
your kidneys will increase water reabsorption
to help dilute the blood in an attempt to
maintain the homeostasis.
Your pituitary gland will release more antidiuretic
hormone, which makes the one of the collecting
the more permeable to water as a result body
retains more water in the blood, leaving that
leaves the collecting duct is very concentrated
in those situations in this animation will
show you the three essential stages to make
your team by the nephron will see nephron
structure also help this process to achieve
the first process is the filtration.
The second process is the reabsorption or
known as the tubular reabsorption in the third
process is known as the tubular secretion
selects each of these processes is an overview
formation begins with glomerular filtration
method also present plasma constituents normally
about 20% of the plasma that enters glomerular
skis filtered and the other 80% leads to the
A4 and arterial people reabsorption of curse
as a filtrate flow through the team views
and substances of value to the body are returned
to the particular capillaries on average,
over 99% of the filtered plasma is reabsorbed
and conserved for the body remaining 1% contains
unwanted substances and is eliminated in the
form of Yury the third process tubular secretion
refers to the selective transfer of a few
substances from the tubular capillaries into
the tubular human secretions provide a mechanism
for extracting an additional quantity of substance
from the plasma and adding it to that which
already present in the tubule.
Anything which is filtered or secreted and
not reabsorbed remained in the tubule to the
excreted as Yury lets look at the counter
current hypothesis and the mechanism of countercurrent
process that helps transfer or the salutes
and water through the loop of heavenly and
the loop of highly contains two different
regions.
The descending healing of a valley and the
ascending limb that for the descending healing
is cleaner, while the ascending limb is our
thicker compared to the descending limb and
the change in the diameter of the sling it
helps the sale is low to transfer water and
our body to get water from this transfer osmolarity
of the renal Medela increases progressively
from 300 MOS per litre at the boundary with
the cortex to maximum of 1200 at the junction
of the renal pelvis.
So let's look at this change in osmolarity
and how this osmolarity change, help them
to our extract of water and salutes when we
read functional distinguishing between the
descending ascending in the loop of heavenly
of the cheque/low morale in the problems are
critical to the establishment of the vertical
osmotic gradient in the renal Medela, the
descending is highly permeable to water and
it is only segment of the view that does not
exactly extrude sodium biogas in the actively
transport NaCl out of the tubule into the
interstitial fluid, it is always impermeable
to water of salt leaves without water osmolarity
touring following along the flow of fluid
is continuous with the loop of heavenly will
visualise that the happen step-by-step before
the gradient is established, the tubular fluid
and Medela interstitial fluid isotonic 300
MOS and per litre salt palm in ascending thing
are limb of the transport sodium and chloride
of the lumen until the surrounding interstitial
fluid is 200 MOS per litre, more concentrated
compared to the tubular one.
The 
water moves passively out from the descending
until the summer of the fluid in the descending
limb and interstitial fluid become Singh now
advance the entire column of the fluid.
Now the ascending companies transport NaCl
out by the water passively leads the descending
limb until a 200 MOS and political differences
re-established between the ascending limb
and both interstitial fluid in the ascending
at each horizontal level as the people of
advance.
Still further, the gradient is disrupted once
again at all levels again active expression
of the NaCl from the ascending limb couples
with the net diffusion of water out of the
descending limb re-establishes the 200 MOS
and later a gradient of all levels.
As 
this process continues fluid in descending
limb becomes increasingly more hypertonic,
it reaches a maximum concentration of 1200
MOS and per litre at 
the bottom of 
the loop.
That's why you'll see this because interstitial
fluid always achieves equilibrium with the
descending in a gradient is likewise established
in the Medela interstitial.
In contrast, concentration of the tubular
fluid and ascending in progressively decreases
asphalt is pumped out and the water is unable
to flow note that even though the ascending
limb pump can generate a gradient of 
only 200 MOS and per litre at each horizontal
level.
This effect is multiplied into a larger vertical
gradient because of the countercurrent flow
within the loop.
This concentrating mechanism is known as the
countercurrent multiplication
