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哲學速成課由Squarespace為您提供。
Crash Course Philosophy is brought to you by Squarespace
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Squarespace：與世界分享你的熱情。
What are you afraid of? Spiders? Public speaking? The dentist? Calculus?
你害怕什麼東西？蜘蛛？公開演講？看牙醫？微積分？
還是死亡？
What about death?
How you feel about death has probably been shaped by your beliefs about whether or not there’s an afterlife
如何看待死亡，可能取決於你是否相信來世，
以及相信怎樣的來世。
– and if there is, what it’s like.
古埃及人相信，在死後，神會用羽毛秤量你的心臟，
The ancient Egyptians believed that, at death, your heart would be weighed against a feather,
to determine if it was fit to enter the underworld.
來決定你是否有資格進入冥界。
如果心臟因裝有惡行而變重的話，你就會被怪物吃掉。
A heart heavy with mis-deeds would be fed to a demon.
基督徒則也許會預見聖彼得，在天國之門前等著歡迎你，
Christians may envision Saint Peter, waiting at the pearly gates to welcome you into heaven,
除非你的名字不在他的名單上。
unless your name doesn’t make his list.
想想吧，不僅要告別市中心最酷的夜店，還要被關在地獄里永不超生。
Imagine not only being turned away from the coolest club in town, but banished to the eternal torments of hell.
As we learned in our discussions about the philosophy of religion, when the stakes are eternal,
我們在宗教哲學單元已經學到過，既然拿永恆當賭注，
那麼對這個最終審判就應該有些緊張，才合情合理。
it’s only reasonable to get a little nervous about what’s basically the Ultimate Final Exam.
But if it makes you feel any better, many philosophers have believed, and still believe,
但下面的消息也許會讓你感覺好些，那就是許多的哲學家曾經並且依然相信，
死亡無所懼。
that death is nothing to fear.
主題音樂
[Theme Music]
公元前399年，蘇格拉底被判處死刑，罪名是
In 399 BCE, Socrates was sentenced to death for, among other things,
不承認雅典官方的神，
refusing to acknowledge the official deities of Athens,
煽動青年和藐視公堂。
radicalizing youth, and generally honking off the people in charge.
但即使在自己的死亡即將到來之時，蘇格拉底依然從容無懼。
But even when he faced his own imminent death, he remained calm and unafraid.
因為他到底是位哲學家。恐懼無法戰勝其理智。
He was a philosopher, after all. And fear was no match for his ability to argue.
Socrates didn’t think we could know if there’s an afterlife or not,
蘇格拉底不認為我們能知道是否有來世，
但他認為可能的情況無非兩種。
but he thought there were really only two possibilities.
And as far as he was concerned, neither of them was anything to be afraid of.
而依他所想，無論哪種情況都沒什麼好怕的。
Here’s his argument:
下面是他的論證：
死亡要么是無夢長眠，要么會通往來世。
Either death is a dreamless sleep Or death is a passage to another life
Dreamless sleeps are nice, not scary (Socrates said he could use the rest)
無夢長眠很好，不可怕。 （蘇格拉底說他可以用來休息）
And a passage to another life sounds good, too,
而通往來世也不錯，
because he’ll get to hang out with cool people from the past who have already died
因為那樣的話，他將和那些已經逝去的先賢們交友作伴。
Therefore, either way, death is nothing to fear
因此，無論如何，死亡無所懼。
蘇格拉底認為來世叫哈德，和雅典人沒太大區別，
Socrates’ idea of the afterlife was Hades, which he seems to have pictured as being a lot like Athens,
except that no one had any physical bodies – only disembodied minds.
只不過沒有身體——只是出竅的靈魂。
And frankly he thought that sounded awesome, because bodies can be a real pain;
老實說，他甚至認為這樣很棒，因為身體會疼；
要吃東西，要休息。保養起來很麻煩。
they just need to be fed, and require rest. Just, so much upkeep.
而在來世，蘇格拉底想像他會不斷地進行哲學對話，
So, in the afterlife, Socrates imagined he’d get to have endless philosophical conversations,
and continue learning new things, with the greatest thinkers of the past.
不斷地學習新知，和過去的大思想家一起。
And they wouldn’t have to take a break to eat or sleep or pee!
而且不會因吃飯睡覺上廁所而中斷！
不過，蘇格拉底承認，儘管他最喜歡的活動，即哲學活動，是不需要身體的，但也有些活動需要。
Now, Socrates recognized that, although his favorite activity, philosophizing, didn’t require a body, some things do.
而如果所有你最喜歡的活動都需要身體，來世就會讓你很失望了。
And if all of your favorite pastimes are physical, you might find the afterlife disappointing.
因此，蘇格拉底提倡應該把今生花在照看心靈上，
That’s why Socrates recommended spending your life looking after your mind,
cultivating that part of you that you’ll get to keep forever – if there’s an afterlife.
對心靈的培養能讓你永遠受用——如果有來世的話。
If you do that, when the time comes for you to die, you’ll actually see death as a benefit,
所以假如你這麼做，那麼當死亡來臨時，你就會覺得是件好事，
因為你將不再為身體操心，而你的心靈則將保持最佳狀態。
because you won’t be troubled by bodily things, while your mind will be in top form.
But what if there isn’t an afterlife?
不過，如果沒有來世呢？
What about that “dreamless sleep” that Socrates spoke about?
如果死亡是蘇格拉底所說的「無夢長眠」呢？
Isn’t total annihilation of the self, like, the scariest thing there is?
那樣自我將完全毀滅，這難道不是最可怕的事嗎？
古代斯多葛學派的哲學家伊比鳩魯不這麼認為。
Ancient Stoic philosopher Epicurus didn’t think so.
He lived about a hundred years after Socrates, and he rejected belief in an afterlife altogether.
他生活在蘇格拉底時代的大約一百年之後，而且他連來世也一併否認。
相反地，他說我們就是我們的身體，沒有額外的東西。
Instead, he said we’re just our bodies, and nothing more.
But still, he still didn’t find death scary.
但儘管如此，他也仍然認為死亡無所懼。
Here’s his argument. Death is the cessation of sensation.
下面是他的論證。死亡就是感覺的停止。
Good and evil only make sense in terms of sensation.
好和惡都只在感覺下才有意義。
So, Death is neither good nor evil.
所以，死亡既不好也不惡。
Epicurus was convinced that things are only evil, or bad, if they feel bad.
伊比鳩魯堅信，事物只有感覺起來壞，才是惡的或者壞的。
這裡的感覺並不僅指身體上的感覺。
And he didn’t mean only physical feelings.
Anyone who’s ever had a broken heart will tell you that it’s a lot more painful, and harder to heal, than a broken leg.
很多傷過心的人都會說，傷心比斷條腿更痛苦、更難治愈。
但傷心仍是一種感覺——你需要身體去感受它——所以對於一個唯物主義者——
But a broken heart is still a sensation – you need a body to experience it – so as a materialist –
那些認為你等於你身體的人——死亡就意味著你不再存在。
someone who believed that You equal Your Body – death just meant nonexistence.
所以死亡沒什麼好怕的，因為，
And there was nothing scary about that, because, well,
不存在那麼一個你，來感受你的不存在！
there won’t be any you to have any feelings about not existing!
伊比鳩魯說害怕不存在不光愚蠢，而且會妨礙享受生活。
Epicurus argued that fearing nonexistence is not only stupid, but it gets in the way of enjoying life.
你現在活著，感受著。
You are alive, and experiencing sensations, now.
所以，他說，要去盡可能地享受，
So, he said, make those sensations as great as possible,
and don’t worry about when those sensations are going to stop! YOLO!
不必擔心感覺何時會停止！人生只有一次！
To help you understand Epicurus and his attitudes about death a little better,
為了讓你更好地理解伊比鳩魯和他對死亡的看法，
讓我們去Thought Bubble看看Flash Philosophy。
let’s head over to the Thought Bubble for some Flash Philosophy.
比如宿醉。沒經歷過也無妨，想個大概就可以了。
Think about a hangover. If you haven’t had one, imagine what they might be like.
Hangovers aren’t bad for you before you get one, right?
在你宿醉之前，宿醉對你沒壞處，對吧？
In fact, the thing that comes before the hangover is often quite pleasant, what with all the laughing,
其實，宿醉之前往往很快樂，縱情歡笑，
and feeling uninhibited, and working up the courage to talk to that cutie from your calculus class.
壯起膽來和微積分課上的可愛女生搭訕。
所以，宿醉只有在其發生後才是壞事。
No, the hangover is only bad while it’s happening.
And true: It might be bad after it’s over, like, if it kept you from doing well on your calculus exam the next morning,
這也是實話：就像，宿醉會讓你不能好好完成明早的微積分測驗，
因為測驗時，你正拼了老命不在昨天那個小可愛面前大吐特吐。
because you were too busy trying not to barf in front of said cutie.
But the point is, if something is bad for you, it’s generally bad for you at a particular time, the way a hangover is.
這裡的重點在於，如果某物對你有壞處，那麼一般是在特定的時間內才有壞處，就像宿醉這樣。
而伊比鳩魯說，死亡無法在任何時間對你有壞處。
But Epicurus said that death can’t be bad for you at any time.
Because once it arrives, you’re gone!
因為死亡來臨，即你之離世！
最後要你命的東西？是的，在你死亡之前，它將是對你有壞處的。
The thing that eventually kills you? Yeah, that’s gonna be bad for you, before your death.
But that’s not death.
但死因並非死亡。
想想就知道，你和死亡永遠不會同時存在。
When you think about it, you and Death are never present at the same time.
And if there’s no you when death is present, then there is no time in which death is bad for you.
既然你死了就不存在了，那麼死亡就沒有時間來對你使壞。
謝了，Thought Bubble！
Thanks, Thought Bubble!
So, things like hangovers and charley horses and movie spoilers are bad, because you’re there to experience them.
所以，像宿醉、抽筋、電影劇透這些事之所以是壞的，是因為存在一個你，去經歷它們。
But as far as Epicurus was concerned, life was like a night of drinking before a hangover,
但就像伊比鳩魯所想的，把死亡當成宿醉的話，人生只是宿醉前的飲酒作樂，
所以——必然的——你永遠不會經歷死亡。
which – inevitable as it is – you will never actually experience.
現在，21世紀也有自己的死亡觀。
Now, the 21st century has its own perspectives on death.
And one might be best described as a kind of philosophical FOMO.
其中之一，也許最好被稱作哲學的FOMO。
當代美國哲學家托馬斯·內格爾指出一些人害怕死亡
Contemporary American philosopher Thomas Nagel points out that some people dread death
because they’ll miss out on things that they want to experience.
是因為他們將會錯過他們想經歷的事。
If you died right now, you’d never get to finish the video game you’re in the middle of,
如果你現在死了，你就不能讓這個打到一半的遊戲通關，
or read the next George RR Martin book, or see humans land on Mars.
不能讀到喬治·R·R·馬丁的下一本書，不能看到人類登陸火星。
這很可惜，對吧。
Which would suck, yeah.
But think about it like this: Cool stuff was going on way before you were born. And you missed it!
但也可以這麼想：在你出生前，也有很多熱鬧你沒趕上。
I’m gonna make some assumptions about your age here
我先對你的年紀做些假設
and say that you weren’t listening when Orson Welles terrified the nation with the War of the Worlds.
你沒有聽過奧森·威爾士把全美嚇得夠嗆的廣播劇《世界大戰》。
沒有參加過「向華盛頓進軍」。也錯過了伍德斯托克音樂節。
You didn’t march on Washington. You totally missed Woodstock.
所以，內格爾問道：如果你對錯失你生前的精彩並無太深的感觸，
So, Nagel asks: If you don’t feel some sort of deep sense of loss at what you missed before you were alive,
那麼為何要，為錯失你身後的東西而失落呢？
why should you feel loss at what you’ll miss after you die?
Now, Nagel does point out that, if we believe that life is essentially good,
現在，內格爾確實說明了，如果我們相信生命本身就是好的，
then there is something to mourn when a life is cut short.
那麼當生命縮短時，我們就需要為之哀悼。
既然人可以活，平均來看，大約80歲的話，
Since humans can live, on average, for about 80 years,
那麼有人在20歲去世就是出悲劇，因為這人錯失了，60年可能的大好時光。
someone dying at the age of 20 is a tragedy, because that person missed out on 60 possible years of good times.
But we should pause here to talk about what you really value about life,
但我們應該先暫停一下，來討論你如何評價生命，
因為這會影響你如何看待一般意義的死亡，
because that will also have an impact on what you think about death in general,
or about the death of a particular person.
或者如何看待具體人物的死亡。
如果你說，不管怎樣，活著本身就是好的，那麼就是說你認為生命的尊嚴很重要。
If you say that life is just always, inherently, good, then you’re said to place a high value on the sanctity of life.
It doesn’t matter what the content of that life looks like, or what the person is like.
無論生活的內容是怎樣，活著的人是怎樣，這些都不影響。
他們活著，這就很好。所以，死亡必定不好。
The fact that they’re alive is just good. So, losing it would not be good.
不過，如果你更重視生命的質量，
But, if you think that quality of life is what’s important,
then you’re going to want to distinguish between lives that are full of good experiences, and those that aren’t.
那麼你就會區分，充滿好經歷的生活和其他的生活。
If you value quality of life, you don’t think that there’s something inherently valuable about merely being alive.
如果你更重視生命的質量，你就不會認為僅僅活著，本身就是有內在價值的。
按這種看法，一些死亡也可能是積極的或有價值的——
So in these terms, some deaths might actually be positive or valuable –
例如，那些終結糟糕和痛苦人生的死亡。
like, if they bring about an end to a terrible, painful existence.
照這種說法，害怕死亡似乎也有道理，
Now, of course, it might make sense to be afraid of dying itself,
because the process of dying can be painful and drawn out and involve saying a lot of difficult good-byes.
因為，死亡的過程可能會充滿痛苦、折磨和一大堆難過的告別。
But maybe Socrates and Epicurus have convinced you that fearing your own death is absurd.
但也許蘇格拉底和伊比鳩魯已經說服你相信，害怕自己的死亡是荒謬的。
好吧，那麼怎麼看待他人的死亡呢？害怕所愛之人的逝去也是一樣的愚蠢嗎？
Well then what about the death of others? Is it equally silly to fear the death of the people you love?
Probably so, say some philosophers, because what you’re fearing isn’t actually death;
可能吧，一些哲學家會這麼說，因為你真正害怕的不是死亡；
而是害怕愛人離去之後的孤獨。
what you’re afraid of is being left behind, alone, when a loved one dies.
此時很適合聽聽古代中國的道家哲人莊子的話。
And this is a good place to hear from ancient Chinese Daoist philosopher Zhuangzi.
他和伊比鳩魯處於同一時代，並且相信沒理由害怕所愛之人的死亡。
He lived about the same time as Epicurus, and believed that there’s no reason to fear the death of your loved ones.
他問道，為何要害怕必然之事？
He asked, why would you fear the inevitable?
我們知道死亡會降臨，人皆不可免，而我們也都知道這是生命歷程的一部分。
We know death is going to happen, to everyone, and we also know that it’s a part of the life cycle.
And we don’t see any other part of that cycle as being bad.
而且我們沒有把生命歷程的其他部分當作壞的。
Wouldn’t it be silly, he said, if we mourned the loss of our babies when they became toddlers,
他說，如果我們為嬰兒學步而哀悼
或孩子弱冠而悲傷，這不是很滑稽嗎？
or our children when they became teens?
我們為他人生命中的標誌性時刻而慶祝，像生日派對、成人禮和畢業典禮，
We celebrate every other life milestone, with birthday parties, bar mitzvahs, and graduations,
to mark the passage of time and the changes that have come.
來紀念過去的時光和伴隨其中的改變。
當然，父母送你去大學時也許會流淚告別，
Sure, your parents might shed some tears when they pack you off to college,
但他們也知道這天總要來的——
but they also knew that that day was going to come –
你會和他們分開，進入自己的人生。
when you would move away from them and onto your own life.
所以死亡，在莊子看來，只是另一次改變——為何要區別對待呢？
So death, according to Zhuangzi, is just one more change – why treat it differently?
Instead, he said, you should celebrate the death of a loved one
相反地，他說，你應該慶祝愛人的死亡
just as you celebrated every other life change that they experienced.
就像你慶祝他們人生的其他改變一樣。
你應該把他們的死亡，看作是開始偉大旅程的告別晚會。
You should think of their death as a going away party for a grand journey.
In his view, mourning can actually seem selfish.
他認為，哀悼似乎是自私的。
When it’s time for the people you love to move on, Zhuangzi said,
當到了所愛之人將離世的時候，莊子說，
the last thing you should do is hold them closer.
你最不該做的，就是抱著他們不放。
今天我們討論了死亡。
Today we talked about death.
We considered philosophical responses – from Socrates, Epicurus, and Zhuangzi,
我們思考了蘇格拉底、伊比鳩魯和莊子
對是否應該害怕自己或他人死亡的哲學回答。
about whether it’s logical to fear your own death, or the deaths of your loved ones.
And we talked about Thomas Nagel, death, and Fear of Missing Out.
我們也討論了托馬斯·內格爾、死亡和對錯過的恐懼。
This episode of Crash Course Philosophy is made possible by Squarespace.
本集哲學速成課由Squarespace為您提供。
Squarespace is a way to create a website, blog or online store for you and your ideas.
Squarespace能為你和你的想法，創建網站、博客乃至線上商店。
Squarespace features a user-friendly interface, custom templates and 24/7 customer support.
Squarespace擁有用戶友好的界面、自定義模板和全天週的客服。
Try Squarespace at squarespace.com/crashcourse for a special offer.
登錄Squarespace官網能獲得特別服務。
Squarespace：與世界分享你的熱情。
Squarespace: share your passion with the world.
Crash Course Philosophy is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.
哲學速成課由PBS Digital Studios聯合製作。
你可以收聽他們的頻道去查看像
You can head over to their channel to check out amazing shows like
Brain Craft, PBS Game/Show, and Gross Science.
Brain Craft、PBS Game/Show和Gross Science這些精彩的節目。
本集速成課是在Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio拍攝的，
This episode of Crash Course was filmed in the Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio
with the help of all of these awesome people and our equally fantastic graphics team is Thought Cafe.
在這些牛人的幫助下完成，不要忘記負責動畫製作的Thought Cafe和我們一樣棒。
