Okay, we continue with our world heritage
sites, we have been talking about the what
is the process of the world heritage sites
and we said that there are the ten criteria
and one has to see what are the criteria,
and these are the justification.
We also talked about there are three major
pillars of that outstanding universal value
for inscription.
And we talked about authenticity, integrity,
we have not talked about so much about the
authenticity into and integrity, we will to
take out that later, but these ten criteria
is what is today focus of our discussion today.
Now, as I told you the OUV or outstanding
universal value is defined through ten criteria
listed in the operational guidelines.
I will first take all the criterias one by
one and then we will explain and give example.
And it is very important to see how such a
varied in types of world heritage sites or
cultural properties and natural properties,
how they are put under these ten criteria.
The criteria I, to represent a masterpiece
of human creative genius.
Criteria II, to exhibit an important interchange
of the human values over a span of time or
within a cultural area of the world.
So, it can be a span of time or within a cultural
area on developments in architecture or technology,
monumental arts, town planning or landscape
design.
So, whereas, the first one is the creative
genius and the human creative genius, the
second one is emphasizing on the interchange
of the human values.
IIIrd criteria is to build a unique or at
least exceptional testimony to a cultural
tradition or a civilization which is leaving
or which has disappeared.
So, it is a testimony to a cultural tradition
which is still continuing or which has disappeared.
Criteria IV, to be an outstanding example
of a type of building architectural or technological
ensemble or landscape which illustrates a
significant stages in human history and it
continues.
The criteria V, the fifth criteria is to be
an outstanding example of a traditional human
settlement, landscape or sea use which is
representative of a culture or cultures or
human interaction with the environment, especially
when it has become vulnerable under the impact
of irreversible change.
VI criteria, to be directly or tangibly associated
with events or living traditions with ideas
or beliefs with artistic and literary works
of outstanding universal significance.
The committee considered that this criterion
should preferably be use in conjunction with
other criteria.
So, the sixth, the first six are to dealing
with the cultural heritage and seven onwards
is predominantly, primarily the natural types.
Criteria VII, to contain a superlative natural
phenomena or areas of exceptional natural
beauty and aesthetic importance.
VIII, to be outstanding examples representing
major stages of arts history including the
record of life, significant ongoing geological
processes in the development of landforms
or significant geomorphic or physiographic
features.
Criteria IX, to be outstanding examples representing
significant ongoing ecological and biological
processes in the evolution and development
of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and marine
ecosystem and communities of plants and animals.
Criteria X, the last one, to contain the most
important and significant natural habitats
for in situ conservation of biological diversity
including those containing threatened species
of outstanding universal value from the point
of view of science and conservation.
So, these are the ten criteria; the first
6 are the cultural and the last four are the
primarily with the natural and as we told
that there can be the mixed criteria.
Now I will take up the examples mainly from
Indian cases and if you go to the site and
if you go to the operational guidelines you
will see that it is very interesting to see
that example of each one.
Let us take the application of the criteria.
Now, criteria I to VI as I already mentioned
is a cultural heritage property including
the cultural landscape whereas VII to X is
basically the natural heritage sites.
For mixed properties at least one of the cultural
criterion and one of the natural criterion
should be applicable.
So, this half green and half yellow what we
have seen as a logo and the symbol that is
come under the mixed properties.
Criteria I, in Indian example I said that
it represent a masterpiece of human creative
genius and is Taj Mahal, we have taken the
example, but it is not important to just say
Taj Mahal is creative, we also have to see
and these are very good learning example when
you go to the site UNESCO site to see that
how they are taking each and every example
and how they are justifying the criteria in
context of that particular site and this is
a very good learning exercise.
I think when you see more and more of that
it will give you an insight to this particular
objective assessment of these sites.
Now it is in case of Taj Mahal what does it
say, the Taj Mahal represents the finest architecture
and artistic achievement through perfect harmony
and excellent craftsmanship in a whole range
of Indo Islamic architecture, it is a masterpiece
of architectural style in conception, treatment
and execution and has unique aesthetic qualities
in balance, symmetry and harmonious blending
of various element.
So, it is trying to see that how it is just
not enough to sing is a masterpiece of human
creative genius; one has to justify that how
in its architecture, technological and other
things how it has taken.
So, it is emphasizing these qualities or attributes
and trying to see that how and why it is an
outstanding example of human creative genius.
And as I told you I mean if you take a recent
example, Sydney Opera House in Australia Sydney
is also comes under that category; it is a
very modern example and you can refer the
site and see that why under which justification
it has been inscribed under the category I.
And some of the Gaudi’s works also.
Criteria II is we have already seen it exhibited
an important interchange of the human values
over a span of time or within a cultural area
of the world on developments in architecture
and technology, monumental arts, town planning
and landscape.
Humayun’s Tomb also comes under that category
and Red Fort in Delhi also comes under this
category.
Now, how does it justify that?
Criterion II; in case of Red Fort what it
is saying the final flourishing of Mughal
architecture built upon local traditions,
but enliven them with imported ideas.
So, it was a interchange of which came the
styles of architecture, the knowledge and
other and with how it interacted with the
local tradition, enliven them with the imported
ideas, techniques, craftsmanship and designs
to provide a fusion of Islamic, Persian, Timurid,
and Hindu traditions.
So, that is why it is called the interchange
of the human values.
The Red Fort demonstrated outstanding results
that these achieved in planning and architecture
and this is why it is inscribed mainly under
criteria II.
So, interchange of human value is the word
one has to remember and one has to see how
in a particular example how it has demonstrated
that.
Criteria III bear a unique or at least exceptional
testimony to a cultural tradition or a civilization
which is living or which has disappeared.
Now which is that is Jantar Mantar; now Jantar
Mantar in Jaipur there are 5 Jantar Mantars
there.
So, Jantar Mantar in Jaipur is a world heritage
sites, it is an outstanding example of the
coming togetherness of observation of the
universe, society and beliefs.
It provides an outstanding testimony to the
ultimate culmination of the scientific and
technological conception of the great observatory
device in the medieval world.
It bears witness to very ancient cosmological,
astronomical and scientific traditions shared
by a major set of Western, Middle Eastern,
Asian and African religions over a period
of more than 15 centuries.
So, Jantar Mantar is not just a monument which
is to be preserved just like that it is a
testimony to this exceptional cultural tradition
or a civilization and the valued scientific
tradition.
If we do not understand that, it can sometimes
lead to a very adverse effect.
I will just give you an example of Delhi Jantar
Mantar.
Delhi Jantar Mantar has been protected by
ASI and,
what happened the site is protected because
it is actually works a sundial and many of
the study of the events, cosmologicals and
other thing.
Because that understanding probably was not
there or what was not recognized, the NDMC
building which is a high rise structure came
in the very proximity of Jantar Mantar in
Delhi which actually cast its shadow and interfere
with the working of those instruments which
are colonial.
So, it is just not some built structure, it
has a function, it is a testimony to this
the scientific tradition.
So, after that as I as far as I know the Delhi
Urban Art Commission came up to see that it
is not only important to protect or preserve
the monuments, but it also is important to
talk about it buffer zone and management.
And that comes only when we understand that
what is the significance and value for which
it has, it is important.
So, we must sort of try to get into those
understanding the values and significance.
So, this is the Jaipur Jantar Mantar is a
world heritage site is quite recently it has
been inscribed and it is comes under the third
category.
It also comes under the fourth category which
is talking about outstanding example of a
type of building, architectural or technological
ensemble or landscape which illustrates significant
stages in human history.
So, let us see what is the criteria which
is mentioned in Jantar Mantar.
Jantar Mantar in Jaipur is an outstanding
example of a very comprehensive set of astronomical
instruments in the heart of a royal capital
at the end of the Mughal period in India.
Civil instruments are impressive in their
dimension and some are the largest ever built
in their category and as I said I am referring
to Dr. Shikha Jain’s presentation, she was
one of the key person who was involved the
in the dossier making of that and that was
a very good dossier and because of that we
got Jaipur as inscribed this Jantar Mantar
inscribe as the world heritage listing.
So, these justification and following the
criteria and how one particular property or
a group of properties and other satisfy the
criterion also is outstanding in satisfying
the criteria that has to establish when one
makes the dossier and that has to be quite
convincing and with a lot of example and justification.
The fifth one says, being an outstanding example
of a traditional human settlement land use
or sea use which is representative of a culture
or cultures or human interaction with the
environment especially when it has become
vulnerable under the impact of irreversible
change.
Do you know what it is?
It is a key painting of Bhimbhetka in Madhya
Pradesh.
It is quite close to Bhopal and it is very
ancient cave paintings and this comes under
criteria V and also criteria III, third criteria
I think that it reflects a long interaction
between the people and also it is a very rare
example of the cave paintings.
And not only at one stage of human civilization,
it actually has a document I mean the people
who are expert in that, they could find out
there the over centuries the cave people prehistoric
men came and contributed into the cave main
paintings, now with the technique and the
with the depiction of their life and other
in a very simple form.
So, this is along with the criteria III; the
criteria under the criteria V it is also inscribed
as a world heritage site.
The criteria VI is to be directly or tangibly
associated with events or living.
So, it is an association with the event which
is important with ideas or beliefs with artistic
and literary works of outstanding universal
significance and as I have already mentioned
this can be.
So, in this particular example the Red Fort
in Delhi which comes under criteria II and
criteria III because it is a symbol.
What is the symbol?
It is a symbol of power since the reign of
Shah Jahan and has witnessed the change in
Indian history to British rule.
And was the place where Indian independence
was first celebrated and is still celebrated
today.
The Red Fort complex has been the setting
of events critical to the shaping of regional
identity and which had a wide impact on the
geo cultural region.
So, it is not only is architecture town planning
and other or interchange of the value which
I have mentioned earlier, but it is also is
association with a long standing and it has
become a symbol and it is still regarded as
a symbol for this it is the association or
tangibly associated with a long history of
India through ages.
Now, we go to the natural criteria and I am
taking some of the examples from India again.
The criteria VII it is the superlative natural
phenomena or areas of exceptional natural
beauty and aesthetic importance.
So, criteria VII the Manas Sanctuary which
is there and which is as inscribed under the
criteria VII.
It is recognized not only for its rich biodiversity,
but also for its spectacular scenery and natural
landscape.
Manas is located at the foothills of eastern
Himalayas, the northern boundary of the park
is contiguous to the international border
of Bhutan manifested by imposing Bhutan hills.
It spans on either side by the majestic Manas
River flanked in the east and the west by
reserved forests.
The tumultuous river swirling down the rugged
mountains in the backdrop of forested hills
coupled with the serenity of the alluvial
grasslands and tropical evergreen forests
offers a unique wilderness experience.
So, criteria VII.
That is criteria VII and later on probably
I will and you can also see this is a very
interesting example of criteria VII which
is the butterfly, you see for yourself it
is a superlative phenomenon that how the butterflies
goes and travel the continents and goes and
this butterfly sanctuary is or not the superlative
natural phenomena which is also under the
this criteria in an international scenario.
Criteria VIII is to be outstanding examples
representing major stages of earth history
including the record of life, significant
ongoing geological processes in the developments
of land form or significant geomorphic or
physiographic features.
I was searching for an Indian example which
comes under this criteria, but unfortunately
I did not find one.
So, I had to take this example which is in
Egypt which is a well valley which comes under
this criteria with major stages of earth history
a probably something we will have some other
natural site which comes under this criteria
because it is an ongoing process.
So, criteria VIII, this Wadi Al-Hitan is the
most important site in the world to demonstrate
one of the iconic changes that make up the
record of life on earth, the evolution of
the wells.
It portrays vividly their form and mode of
life during their transition from land animals
to marine existence.
It exist the values of other comparable size
in terms of the number, concentration and
quality of its fossils and their accessibility
and setting in an attractive and protected
landscape.
So, this is an example which is and major
stages, this is important that one is talking
about the stages of earth history and represented
through a certain thing.
So, this is an example of the criteria VIII,
we will go back to the criteria IX.
Yeah, criteria IX is an
outstanding example representing significant
ongoing ecological and biological processes
in the evolution and development of terrestrial,
freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystem and
communities of plants and animals.
This is Sundarban in which partly is in Bangladesh
and partly in India, it is an example which
comes under this criteria of world heritage
site.
And I will just read out the justification,
the Sundarbans is the largest area of mangrove
forest in the world and the only one that
is inhabited by the tiger.
The land area in the Sundarbans is constantly
being changed, moulded and shaped by the action
of the tides with erosion processes more prominent
along estuaries and deposition processes along
the banks of inner estuarine waterways influenced
by the accelerated discharge of silt from
seawater.
Its role as a wetland nursery for marine organisms
and as a climate buffer against cyclones is
a unique natural process.
So, this process that ongoing ecological process
and the biodiversity for these it is and these
trees of which actually survive and they bring
out their roots, this is a process and which
is a tiger reserve forest, which is very unique
in this particular type of environment and
this becomes under the criteria IX and we
will finally see the criteria X.
Criteria X is to contain the most important
and significant natural habitats for in-situ
conservation of biological diversity including
those containing threatened species of outstanding
universal value from the point of view of
science and conservation.
Quite a few of the natural sites in India
fall under this category; I have just selected
one of them which is the Nanda Devi National
Park.
Yeah, it is a very long justification and
so, I have omitted some of the part and I
am going to read out that why it is important
and how it is justified.
The Nanda Devi National Park with its wide
range of high altitude habitats whole significant
populations of flora and fauna including a
number of threatened mammals notably snow
leopard and Himalayan musk deer as well as
a large population of bharal or blue sheep.
Abundance estimates for wild ungulates, galliformes
and carnivores within the Nanda Devi National
Park are higher than those in similar protected
areas in the western Himalayas.
The valley of flowers is internationally important
on account of diverse alpine flora representative
of the vest Himalayan biographic zone.
The rich diversity of species reflects the
valley’s location within a transition zone
between the Zanskar and great Himalayan ranges
to the north and south, respectively and between
the eastern and the western Himalaya flora.
The entire Nanda Devi biosphere reserve lies
within the western Himalayan endemic bird
area or in short EBA.
Seven restricted range bird species are endemic
to this part of EBA.
So, that is what as I told you there are quite
a few natural sites in India, you remember
there are seven.
So, they also come under this criteria.
So these are the ten criteria which I have
tried to say that how the criteria are very,
very precise, very specific.
And they are very important and how one has
to see that how each and every site is justified
has been justified and put under this criteria;
as I told you that there can be more than
one criteria for a specific site, but these
are a very good learning examples for these
sites, I think later on I can take some of
the examples of the international sites.
But in some other discussion in term while
talking about the management and other, but
the one must in go to the site that interactive
site and try to see this justification process.
And see how objectively this criteria sort
of has been framed and how each and every
site is justified in there they called the
statement; the statement is not a very lengthy
report, it is a very, very precise, but this
statement it is a very important part, it
is not a quantitative analysis, but how the
statement is framed and how it is justified
with supporting document becomes a major work
of preparing the nomination dossier.
So, as I told you that there are three pillars
of this outstanding universal value, one is
that the property has to meet one or the more
heritage criteria.
So, I talked about the ten criteria; six cultural
and four natural sites and also the mixed
property, then I also mentioned about integrity
and authenticity that what does this mean.
So, I will take out that integrity and authenticity
to understand with some of the examples and
then also what is very important and it is
becoming more and more important nowadays
the management, the protection on the management
that given the world heritage site status
how the state party can take care of this
protected or inscribed sites.
So, this is about the criteria and the justification.
So, we will talked about, but also we must
understand while talking about that, that
okay the world heritage site is international
sites.
So, they are internationally there, but there
are also levels there are some sites which
are nationally important and some which are
local, it may happen some of the local sites
can go up to and be declared as a nationally
protected, some of the national protected
site can go to the international level.
So, they are easy level what is important
is that that criteria by in case of the international
world heritage site it will be the outstanding
universal value, it has to be internationally
acclaimed, but also the national protection
also we need to have this criteria and to
see that why they are nationally important
and also seem for the local.
So, this level seemed the level and trying
to objectively assess that is very important.
So, operational guideline is also relevant
for other levels also this entire process
and justification.
So, recognition by international committees
the world heritage site OUV that is very important
to be inscribed.
The protection and the natural national level
we need the legal protection, that is an important
part when we talk in more detail about the
legal aspects and also I again and again saying
the management of all aspects of the environment
resulting from the interaction between people
and places through time and the management
that becomes also a very important part when
we are talking about all levels of heritage
structures.
So, this is a relationship diagram which is
terms of the interaction value and here you
can see that there is a sort of a pyramid
which talks about the world heritage, which
is at the top most thing and there are other
things also which are or no maybe not coming
under this convention, but the Ramsar and
other wetland conventions are there, may be
the regional size and networks which is also
coming under the category, there can be the
sub regional sites which are the trans boundary
areas which can come, they can be the national
sites which is the national.
And under there can be different convention
not only the world heritage site is one of
the convention it can come and there can be
the sub national sites also which can cover
the different types of administrative boundary.
So it is not that there are some sort of a
different overlapping areas and different
way of looking at the site or the sites having
a different types of determinant or emphasis,
but to this is a sort of a structure to give
the hierarchy of the heritage sites and,
We have been talking about the management
a lot, we must understand that there may be
one heritage site, world heritage site.
There may be some surrounding that there will
be nationally protected site, there may be
other.
So, when we talk about the management, we
have to understand that they not, do not exist
in isolation.
We have to think about the local level, the
regional level, the transnational level or
the world heritage site, they cannot be thought
and tackled in isolation, they has to be integrated
and seen in another, that way.
So, like in this particular example, what
you can see that there is in a certain protected,
there is a context then this is a non protected
site and there can be the surroundings which
are there and there is some of the area which
can be protected under a different status,
there are serial nominations and other.
So, we have to understand that how this context
is very important and what are the different
legalities or different management requirement
for that.
So, we will talk about that in detail when
we talk about the heritage sites.
Again, I again referring that, that these
are extensively I have referred their presentations
and also from the world heritage site UNESCO
guidelines and I thank them because these
are and also there are other books and references
which may be eventually I can share with you.
So, these are some of the things which has
given me and insight to share these about
the world heritage site, process nomination
and dossier.
So, next lecture we will talk about the authenticity
integrity, the second pillar and then we will
talk about the protection, the management
and how these are very important.
Thank you.
