Hey there, I’m Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash
Course Theater, and today the bodies hit the
floor: We’re talking about Shakespearean
tragedy.
Remember how the Greeks left the violence
offstage?
Well, Shakespeare goes another way, with poisoning,
stabbing, strangling, and baking people into
pies.
Get in line, Sweeney Todd.
There are already a couple of Crash Course
Literature episodes about “Hamlet” and
that Scottish King whose name I could totally
say right now if I felt like it, but I’m
just not going to, so we’ll be looking at
“King Lear”.
And to set it all up, we’ll look at the
staging conventions of Elizabethan drama,
and how all those soliloquies and storm scenes
were acted.
Macbeth!
OK FINE IM SORRY IM SORRY
INTRO
Because of changes in vagrancy laws, actors
organized themselves into companies named
after some royal patron.
They mostly performed at purpose-built playhouses,
but when those were closed—looking at you,
bubonic plague—they would tour around the
country.
A company would be made of 8–12 shareholders,
3–4 boys, a few hired players, some musicians,
and a couple of stagehands, who ran around
with whatever the Renaissance equivalent of
headsets and clipboards were.
Actors tended to specialize.
There were king types, queen types, lover
types, and even a few different types of fool—like
slapstick fools and clever fools ... like
Yorick here.
Shakespeare was an actor.
We don’t know the roles he played, though
there’s a rumor he played the ghost in “Hamlet.”
[[[From offscreen, ghost’s lines: “Swear…
swear… swear.”]]]
Who said that!?
But even specialized actors had to do more
than just act.
They also had to sing and dance and sword
fight.
And boy did they have to memorize.
Actors would spend their mornings learning
a new play and their afternoons performing
an old one.
Because plays ran in repertory, there could
be several plays on the go in any given week,
and many actors had several parts within them.
The boys in the company played the women’s
roles—and some of those women have a lot
of lines.
With a schedule like that, actors didn’t
spend a lot of time sitting around speculating
about themes and motivations.
Especially because actors didn’t get copies
of the full script, just pages of lines and
cues.
The goal was to learn the lines and recite
them without too much overacting.
We don’t know if Shakespeare hated overacting,
but Hamlet sure does.
Here’s his speech to the traveling players:
Speak the speech, I pray you, as I pronounced
it to
you, trippingly on the tongue: but if you
mouth it,
as many of your players do, I had as lief
the
town-crier spoke my lines.
Nor do not saw the air
too much with your hand, thus, but use all
gently;
for in the very torrent, tempest, and, as
I may say,
the whirlwind of passion, you must acquire
and beget
a temperance that may give it smoothness.
Hamlet is telling the actors don’t yell,
don’t gesticulate wildly.
Just get the words out, and if you need to
emote, do it with some elegance.
No mouthing!
No sawing!
Wait… am I an overactor?
As we mentioned last time, the outdoor Elizabethan
playhouse was a smaller, chintzier version
of the Greco-Roman amphitheater.
It had an acting area backed by a tiring house--the
place where players got changed --overlooked
by tiers of semi-circular seating and a pit,
the area where workingmen who had paid a penny
could stand and watch.
Plays were performed in the afternoon, to
take advantage of natural light.
And since this was an era before wireless
headset mics, actors had to project so they
could be heard above all the chit-chatting
groundlings.
The stage was bare except for big-deal furniture
like a throne or maybe a bed.
So to make things visually interesting, actors
relied on sumptuous costumes and hand props.
But this isn’t the Japanese theater.
If an actor held a fan, he was probably just
using it to fan himself.
There were only a few special effects, but
a couple of those were fire-based, which is
not the greatest idea in a theater made of
wood.
On that flammable stage, actors performed
some of the most fire tragedies ever written.
Many written by Shakespeare who borrowed from
Greek tragedy and the medieval morality play
and earlier Elizabethan forms to create a
whole new genre.
Seneca, who we met in our episode on Roman
drama, is also an influence, especially on
Shakespeare’s first tragedy, “Titus Andronicus.”
Still, let’s remember that in terms of genre,
tragedy is a flexible term.
As we mentioned last time, it was the editors
of the posthumous First Folio who decided
to group his plays into Comedies, Histories,
and Tragedies.
In Shakespeare’s life there was a lot more
slippage.
A quarto of “Hamlet” was published as
“The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet,” which
seems clear enough.
But the history play “Richard III” was
published in quarto as “The Tragedy of King
Richard III,” so that’s confusing.
More confusing?
“King Lear” appeared in quarto as the
“True Chronicle Historie of the life and
death of King LEAR and his three Daughters,”
which makes it sound like a history play,
but its not.
So we propose a shortcut: When it comes to
Shakespeare, a tragedy is a play that ends
unhappily and is not about a recent king.
Like the other plays, the tragedies are mixtures
of prose and verse, though they tend to go
heavy on the verse, and the language is typically
more ornate than in the comedies.
As in Greek tragedies, they are action-packed.
What with all the prophecies and soothsayers
and vengeful ghosts—[[[Offstage: “Swear…
swear… swear”]]] shush it up!
I don’t wanna hear it anymore!—Shakespeare
sets up related conflicts between fate and
free will, individual desire and public good.
Reversal and recognition?
They’re here, too.
Mostly.
So is the idea of hamartia, or mostly good
characters missing the mark, like when Hamlet
gets caught up in his father’s revenge story,
or Brutus joins the conspirators, or the Scottish
characters in the play I could totally name
if I wanted to … agree to kill the king.
But hey, there’s new stuff, too.
For one thing, Shakespearean tragedies have
a lot of funny bits.
The actors in Shakespeare’s company who
played fools were big crowd-pleasers, so Shakespeare
wrote parts for them even in the sad plays.
So, if you like your tragedy extra-depressing,
too bad!
As Samuel Johnson said, Shakespeare’s work
is defined by “an interchange of seriousness
and merriment, by which the mind is softened
at one time, and exhilarated at another.”
Kinda like a marvel movie!
Another important difference—sin!
These plays inhabit a Christian moral landscape,
at least in part.
It’s not enough for characters to worry
about what an action will mean on earth, they
have to wonder whether or not it will damn
in the afterlife.
His construction of tragic heroes, though,
is where Shakespeare made his biggest innovation.
Greek tragic heroes are mostly good people
who whiff it, but Orestes, Oedipus, Pentheus
aren’t as ... complicated .. as Hamlet,
Othello, Antony and Cleopatra!
The philosopher Hegel said that Shakespeare’s
big innovation was to put thesis and antithesis
into a single character.
So it’s not Orestes versus Clytemnestra,
or Pentheus versus Dionysus.
It’s Hamlet versus ... Hamlet.
Deep, yo.
Basically, no one does radical psychological
interiority like tragic Shakespeare.
This sets him apart from, well, everyone…
but also his contemporaries.
In most Elizabethan revenge tragedies, the
revenger becomes more evil the more evil he
does.
Makes sense, right?
But Shakespeare never lets the heroes of his
revenge tragedies become dehumanized.
They’re thinking; they’re questioning;
they’re trying to figure out if what they’re
doing is right and if there are alternatives.
We never stop feeling for the heroes of Shakespeare’s
tragedies, and this emotional engagement is
a lot of what makes them so sad, and terrible,
and great.
To see this in action, let’s explore one
of Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies, “King
Lear.”
A play set in some fairy tale, hurricane-ravaged
version of ancient England, that was first
performed at the Palace in 1606 and probably
written the year before.
Adjust your screen brightness, ladies and
gentlemen, because things are about to get
dark.
Light the way, Thoughtbubble:
King Lear decides to retire, which is not
something kings do.
But first he makes his daughters stand up
before the court and praise him.
His older daughters, Goneril and Regan, make
kissy faces.
This disgusts his youngest, Cordelia, who
says nothing, so her father takes away her
inheritance and banishes her.
He also banishes the loyal courtier Kent.
Meanwhile, Edmund, the bastard son of the
Duke of Gloucester, is hatching a plan to
frame his half-brother Edgar.
It works.
Even though Lear is retired, he still wants
to live like a king, but his older daughters
are like, what if you didn’t?
They refuse to house his retinue of soldiers,
so Lear walks out into a terrible storm, followed
by the disguised Kent and the fool, who soon
goes missing.
They meet up with Edmund, who is pretending
to be a crazy beggar called Tom o’ Bedlam
until he can unframe himself.
The older daughters decide they’ll have
to fight Lear, and when they learn that Gloucester
is trying to help him, they have his eyes
plucked out, saying, “Out vile jelly!”
They give Gloucester’s land to Edmund, who
they are both obsessed with.
Because Edmund is hot.
Edgar, the non-hot, non-sociopathic one, finds
his father and promises to help Gloucester
commit suicide.
But it’s a weird trick.
Gloucester lives.
Cordelia has come back from France to help
her father, who has gone mad.
There’s a fight.
Lear and Cordelia are taken prisoner and Cordelia
is strangled before Edmund, suddenly overcome
with remorse, can free her.
Edgar kills Edmund.
Goneril poisons Regan.
Goneril kills herself.
Lear dies of a broken heart.
Gloucester dies for no reason.
They try to make Kent king, but he says he’s
going to die, too.
Everyone is sad, the fool is still missing,
and… scene!
Thanks, Thoughtbubble.
I may never feel happy again.
So at the beginning, Lear makes a couple of
wrong calls.
He’s wrong to give up his kingship and expect
to live like a king.
He’s wrong to ask his daughters to perform
their love rather than to honestly feel it.
But throughout the rest of the play, we see
him wrestle with and regret his bad decisions.
He’s never depicted as a monster or a sinner
who can’t be redeemed.
He’s a sad and increasingly crazy old man
who asks for our sympathy and probably gets
it.
There are a couple of exciting reversals:
Lear’s team is going to win.
No, it isn’t!
Oh wait, yes it is, but ... everyone we care
about is dead.
One of the really clever things Shakespeare
does, is withhold recognition.
There’s some discrepancy between the quarto
and folio versions, but in his last moments,
Lear seems to imagine that Cordelia might
still be alive.
Shakespeare asks us to decide whether it’s
better to live with this comforting illusion
or to accept the harsh, unvarnished truth.
We made it.
And now maybe we better understand what it
is to be human and to fail and suffer and…
[[swear, swear, swear]] whatis?
Stan?
Has that been you the whole time?
You’re not my dad’s ghost!
Okay.
Next time is going to be a little more cheerful
as we look at Shakespeare’s comedies and
a genre that critics went on to call the romances
or the problem plays.
Because—spoiler alert—there are some problems.
Until then… curtain!
