Nobody enjoys the aches, cough, and stuffy
nose that comes with a cold, so it’s no
surprise that we spend a ton of money on over-the-counter
symptom relief — $3 billion a year in the
US alone.
And you’ve probably heard all sorts of tips
and tricks to keep from getting sick: Drink
some OJ for the vitamin C. Or spray some zinc
into your nose.
But it turns out that none of those popular
cure-alls actually work.
Take vitamin C, for example.
It rose to fame as a cold-busting immuno-booster
in 1970 when Nobel Prize-winning chemist Linus
Pauling published a book promoting what he
called “megadoses” of vitamin C.
Since he was so famous, the idea that vitamin
C could cure colds spread quickly, even though
it wasn’t backed by solid science or the
medical community.
It’s not hard to see why he was so enamored
with vitamin C — it’s involved in a ton
of biological processes, including regulating
how your genes are expressed.
It’s so important that most animals synthesize
it on their own; we humans are in the minority,
because we don’t have that ability and have
to get it from our diet.
Now a vitamin C deficiency does decrease your
ability to fight off some infections, and
the most severe form, scurvy, can be fatal.
But if you don’t have a deficiency, the
evidence for boosting your immunity with extra
vitamin C is pretty shaky.
A 2013 review pooled data from 29 studies
with more than 10,000 participants and found
that taking extra vitamin C had no effect
on the number of colds a person got.
Some studies found that taking extra vitamin
C during a cold could shorten it slightly,
but when other studies tested that, the effect
wasn’t replicated.
Overall, the reviewers didn’t recommend
taking vitamin C unless you’re undergoing
extreme physical stress — like if you’re
a marathon runner or doing military training
in the subarctic.
So, if you’re planning on exploring the
frigid tundra Hoth-style, it might be helpful.
But otherwise, don’t bother.
The evidence isn’t much better for zinc,
although there’s a lot more controversy about it.
Like with vitamin C, the idea of taking zinc
is based on what happens to people with severe deficiencies.
Zinc is an essential component of all kinds
of cellular processes, like DNA replication
and cell division.
People with zinc deficiencies have severe
immune dysfunction, and many die from infections.
Since too little zinc is so devastating, the
idea that more zinc equals more immunity might
seem like a sensible leap.
But a review of the available research, also
published in 2013, was lukewarm.
There was no evidence that zinc prevented
colds, and the only thing it seemed to do
was make colds shorter, as long as you took
it within 24 hours of the first symptoms.
But there are a bunch of reasons to be cautious
about that finding.
For one thing, it’s really hard to compare
the studies on zinc in a scientific way, because
there’s no standard formula or dosage.
The earlier version of the review, published
in 2007, was withdrawn, and so was the 2015 update.
That’s how hard it is to draw conclusions
from the research that’s been done so far.
And even if it does work, the side effects
can be pretty awful.
Many studies suggest taking more than 75 milligrams
of zinc every day for effective treatment,
but the Institute of Medicine says the tolerable
upper limit is only 40 milligrams a day.
Even at that dose, a lot of people notice
a bad taste and get nauseous.
And the nasal sprays have been linked to more
than 100 cases of anosmia — the loss of
the ability to smell.
As for the almost unlimited number of herbal
supplements, tonics, and teas that promise
to help you dodge or cure colds ... very few
of them have been studied extensively.
Not even echinacea, a long-time favorite in
the herbal cold and flu arsenal, has science
on its side: a 2014 review found no benefit
from anything with echinacea in it.
And that’s assuming these supplements actually
contain the advertised ingredients.
An investigation of herbal supplements by
the New York State Attorney General’s office
found that four out of five products didn’t
contain any of what they listed on the box.
At this point, you’re probably wondering
if there’s anything you can do to prevent
colds or get rid of them more quickly once
you have them.
Unfortunately … no.
Not really.
Nasal decongestants, over-the-counter cough
medicine, and antihistamines all show little
to no benefit when it comes to decreasing
cold duration or severity.
That said, they can still make you feel better
by helping with the symptoms.
It’s also probably good advice to rest,
stay hydrated, and try not to spread your
germs to all your friends and coworkers.
And while you’re resting, take comfort in
the knowledge that there are researchers out
there working on antiviral drugs and vaccines
for the common cold.
They haven’t found much yet, but they are
trying.
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