Hey Wisecrack, Helen here.
So, Jared's on vacation, which gives me the
chance to tell you all about the philosophy
of a show about philosophy.
This could get meta.
The Good Place is a fascinating piece of television
because while it includes philosophy lessons
as a major plot point, it also incorporates
its own ideas on human nature, fate, and ethics.
For a show ostensibly about teaching people
to be good in the afterlife, The Good Place
asks a more profound question: “can those
lessons actually make us better people?
And if they can, does that matter?”
Welcome to today’s much-requested episode
on the Philosophy of The Good Place.
Spoilers ahead.
Ok, so a recap for any uninitiated into the
world of The Good Place.
The premise of the first season is that coworker-betraying,
senior-scamming, tequila-slugging human garbage
Eleanor Shellstrop dies and accidentally ends
up in The Good Place, — "There's been a
big mistake.
I'm not supposed to be here."
— which is basically heaven, except without
all the religion-y stuff.
Which, weirdly, makes it way, way more elitist.
Only the very best get into The Good Place,
based on an intense point system to determine
exactly how good you are.
"You need me to lie to old people and scare
them into buying fake allergy medicine.
I get it, man.
Which one's my desk?"
Even though Eleanor probably doesn’t belong
in any religion’s Good Place, the points
system gets absurd.
"Every single thing you did had an effect
that rippled out over time, and ultimately,
created some amount of good or bad."
She’s joined in her paradise neighborhood
by Tahani (a beautiful, wealthy philanthropist),
Jianyu (a Buddhist monk), and her supposedly-soulmate,
Chidi — a philosophy professor specializing
in… you guessed it: Ethics.
Also, there’s a lot of frozen yogurt.
"What is it with you and frozen yogurt?
Have you not heard of ice cream?"
"Oh, sure!
But I've come to really like frozen yogurt.
There's something so human about taking something
great and ruining it a little, so you can
have more of it."
Although the Good Place is supposed to be
heaven, for Eleanor, being surrounded by people
who are better than her is actual hell.
After Eleanor tells Chidi her secret - that
she’s there by mistake - he decides to teach
her to be a good person by conjuring up a
chalkboard and giving her daily philosophy
lessons.
This leads to some of the best philosophy
jokes on television.
“Who died and left Aristotle in charge of
ethics?”
“Plato!”
Oh, and Jianyu is actually Jason, a trashy
Florida wannabe-DJ who is also there by mistake,
so he joins in on the ethics classes, too.
"This is your first step toward not sucking."
"Cool.
I just have two questions: when are football
tryouts?
And does this school have a prom?"
"Oh, no!"
For most of the show, Eleanor’s moral progress
runs parallel to her ethics lessons.
The more she internalizes philosophy, the
more we see her making decisions that are
halfway decent, if not downright sweet.
The show, at face value, sets up the premise
that learning ethics makes you act more ethically.
At least, that’s the premise that Chidi
and Eleanor are working from, as he goes through
the grueling task of teaching Contractualism
to someone who abandoned dog-sitting duties
to go to a Rihanna concert.
"You broke your promise as soon as it wasn't
convenient for you, and now I have a very
bulbous dog!"
But that idea — that learning moral philosophy
can make you a better person — is an ethical
theory in itself.
The question of whether or not ethics can
make you a better person (and if so, what
ethical system best accomplishes that), is
called “metaethics.”
Fundamentally, The Good Place is a show about
metaethics, even as it presents relatively
straightforward ethical theories through Chidi.
And when Chidi teaches you ethics, he goes
hard.
"Well, now that you've become acquainted with
existential crises, I thought we could read
'Death' by philosopher Todd May!"
"Sounds like the perfect beach read!"
Eleanor gets the rundown on Rawls, Locke,
Lao Tzu, Plato, Sidgwick, Mill, Hume, Scanlon,
and quite a few other moral philosophers,
including Todd May, who just happens to be
one of the philosophy consultants for the
show.
Nice one, Todd.
All these competing philosophical concepts
are meant to teach Eleanor and Jason how to
be moral enough to remain in The Good Place.
But as any Ethics 101 student could tell you,
learning a bunch of contradictory theories
on what makes someone act good does not actually
help answer the question:“how the fork should
I act?"
Eleanor frequently expresses her frustration
with this, but she keeps on.
"Dude!"
"You want to prove you're not selfish?
Here's the perfect test.
There's something fun that you wanna do, and
then there's something less fun that people
are doing for the common good."
From the beginning of the ethics lessons,
these frustrations hint that the real question
isn’t “which of these philosophers should
I base my moral system on,” but rather,
“is this the right way to learn how to be
ethical in the first place?”
After all, Chidi’s inability to decide anything,
driven by his thorough knowledge of philosophy,
is his main flaw.
“I missed my mom's back surgery because
I had already promised my landlord's nephew
that I would help him figure out his new phone.”
“I don't need the Chidi who once had a panic
attack during rock, paper, scissors because
there were, and I quote, 'just too many variables.'"
As the show progresses, Eleanor becomes a
decent person, Chidi gets slightly better
at making decisions, and Jason gets married
to a robot.
"Oh, that's enough out of you, robot-lover!"
"Hey!
That's racist!"
“Not a robot.”
We’re still not sure if that last one has
any secret moral significance.
While you might say, “hey, Chidi’s classes
are helping,” it could be argued that Eleanor
and friends are progressing in spite of his
philosophy class.
That’s because there’s a big difference
between LEARNING ethics and DOING ethics.
And here’s where we get back to metaethics
— those questions about what morality actually
is and how we ought to approach it.
There's actual data to support the idea that
studying moral philosophy doesn't necessarily
make you more ethical.
Contemporary philosopher Eric Schwitzgebel
conducted a study between 2007 and 2009 that
resulted in a maybe-not-so-surprising conclusion:
ethics professors do not generally perform
more ethically than their non-ethicist and
non-philosopher peers.
In fact, many of those peers believed that
ethics professors actually performed less
ethically than their counterparts.
This is consistent with the story of Chidi,
who, despite knowing a buttload about ethical
theory, ended up in The Bad Place because
of the people he unwittingly hurt through
his struggle to apply those theories.
"This is why everyone hates moral philosophy
professors."
Oh, did we mention the Good Place is really
the Bad Place?
We’ll get to that.
"Hahaha.
Oh, man!
I can't believe you figured it out!"
Schwitzgebel also studied the effects of university-level
ethics classes on student behavior and concluded
that there is little to no correlation between
taking ethics classes and moral behavior.
Again, not a shocker.
We often see Eleanor struggling to weigh competing
theories when deciding how to act IRL, — "Kant
says that lying is always wrong, and I follow
that maxim."
"So, you can't even lie to demons?
They're trying to torture us, man!
We're behind enemy lines."
"Well, principles aren't principles when you
pick and choose when you're gonna follow them!"
— and she’s actually trying, which can’t
exactly be said of freshman in ethics class.
The Schwitzgebel study even showed that ethics
books go missing from the library more often
than other kinds of philosophy books.
Draw your own conclusions on that one.
"I might not have been a saint, but it's not
like I killed anybody.
I wasn't an arsonist.
I never found a wallet outside of an IHOP
and thought about returning it, but saw the
owner lived out of state, so just took the
cash and dropped the wallet back on the ground."
"Okay, that's really specific, and that makes
me think that you definitely did do that."
Much of the show’s comedy comes from the
absurdity of what moral theory looks like
when played out in reality, whether that’s
the panic of indecision or the hilarity and
gore of the infamous trolley problem happening
with a real trolley.
"Here are the levers to switch the tracks.
Make a choice."
"The thing is, I mean, ethically speaking-"
"No time, Dude!
Make a decision!"
"Well, it's tricky!
I mean on the one hand if you subscribe to
a purely utilitarian worldview-"
We see some of the clearest moral improvement
when the characters stop weighing choices
based on theory and simply follow their gut.
"Which one of these confusing French books
will make him normal again?"
"It's not that easy.
I mean, emotionally, he's all over the map
right now, and I can't believe I'm saying
this, but I don't think this can be solved
with a book."
This suggests that, while the fact that Eleanor
is trying to be a better person is certainly
helping her make better choices, it’s not
the theories themselves that do the work.
It’s a little more subconscious than that.
Eleanor’s progress might be explained by
a metaethical concept called Moral Intuitionism.
Moral Intuitionism argues that it’s our
intuitive awareness of what is right and wrong
(not book-learnin’) that informs our ethical
knowledge.
That might seem to be a problem for our main
characters since none of them appear to have
any moral intuitions whatsoever.
"Plus, we already have a ton of pre-orders!
Here is your first cut of the profits."
"Holy mama!"
"I can't believe you sold the t-shirts."
"Does it help if they basically sold themselves?"
However, there are branches of Moral Intuitionism
that suggest intuitions can change.
While memorizing Hume may not zap Eleanor
into a perfect, shrimp-free angel, it does
open up a space for self-reflection that was
previously… pretty closed off.
"Hey, I'm on kind of, like, a self improvement
kick.
Do you think you could help me out?
Teach me to get all horny for the environment
or whatever?"
We could also read the show through the rules
of Aristotle’s virtue ethics — the idea
that the best path to morality is by following
the example of virtuous people.
The Good Place does seem to make the case
for the power of friendship.
But the problem with this theory is that,
at least in the beginning, there are no truly
good people for any of them to copy.
So, Chidi teaching Aristotle is actually pretty
ironic.
Things get really intriguing when Eleanor
goes back to Earth at the end of Season 2.
From the get-go, she acts way more morally
than she did in her old life, despite having
zero memory of the lessons she learned in
The Bad-Good Place.
This suggests that those experiences — whether
with books or with her friends — have altered
her moral intuitions, even though she can’t
remember them.
Sure, she falls off the ethical wagon once
or twice, — "I quit!
Eat my farts, Benedict Cumberbatch!" — but
it doesn’t take a lot of prompting from
Michael the Barkeep for her to seek out some
help.
Something about Eleanor is undeniably different.
Also, I bet Michael makes a mean screwdriver.
Because of, you know, all the torture and
stuff.
Although we aren’t really gonna talk about
predestination in this video, the ending of
Season 2 pretty much whacks you over the head
with their answer to “can people change?”
Yes, they can.
However, this comes after an entire season
of Eleanor and the gang making similar decisions
over and over (and over times 802) every time
Michael resets their neighborhood.
So, although we can make our own destinies,
changing habits sure is a bitch… er, bench.
“Son of a bench.”
Although we over here at Wisecrack think that
The Good Place ultimately rejects the idea
that teaching ethics directly leads to more
ethical action, it’s not totally clear.
Chidi’s lessons are no joke, and the most
profound evidence of that is in Michael, who,
after just a few weeks of lessons, becomes
a decent person.
"You guys!
I was so scared for you!"
Or at least an honorary person.
If anyone’s had to fight off predestination,
it’s that guy.
There’s just one more thing.
One philosophical inspiration in The Good
Place that, no matter how tangential it is
to our main argument, we just have to talk
about.
The show gets a looot of inspiration from
a Wisecrack favorite: Jean-Paul Sartre.
So, in season 1, the finale reveals that they
are ALL trash humans, and “The Good Place”
is really an experimental neighborhood in
The Bad Place, where Tahani, Eleanor, Jason,
and Chidi are meant to torment each other
for all of eternity.
Michael— the demon architect who designed
the neighborhood— has a theory that four
carefully-selected people will torture each
other far more effectively than “butthole
spiders.”
“We're trying out the new butthole spiders."
"Ah!"
"They're enormous.”
Eleanor (unknowingly) tortures Chidi by forcing
him to make difficult choices, his real-life
nightmare.
"We are trapped in a warped version of Nietzsche's
'Eternal Recurrence.'"
"Oh, cool!
More philosophy!
That'll help us!"
Chidi tortures Tahani by refusing to make
a decision to pick her over Eleanor, a reminder
of the second-best status she had with her
sister before her death.
"I grew tired of objective representation.
I trust my audience."
"My birdie has a hat!"
"Yes, well done, Tahani."
Tahani (maybe-knowingly) tortures Eleanor
by providing a constant reminder of how much
better she is.
"It's just so sweet and teensy.
Just like you!
Boop!"
"Ooh!"
"Oh!"
"You booped me, ha, ha."
"I did!"
"That's fun."
And everything tortures Jason because all
he wants to do is be himself, and he can’t
even tell people his real name.
“I miss being myself.
Myself was the best.”
Also, he never got to see the Jacksonville
Jaguars win their division title last year.
I’m not convinced that a life with no Florida
dance crew will ever be scarier than assh*le-arachnids,
but hey, I’m not a literal hell monster,
so what do I know?
Another way to read the first season is a
modern retelling of philosopher Jean-Paul
Sartre’s “No Exit."
In it, Sartre riffs on his famous idiom, “hell
is other people,” with three sh*tbags locked
in a room in the underworld who make each
other miserable through lies, love triangles,
and everything you could imagine from people
who ended up in, well, hell.
And in Season 1, the neighbors of The Good
Place manage to make each other very, very
miserable.
It’s important to clear up a common misconception,
hell is not other people because someone brought
their crying toddler to see Deadpool, but
because, in No Exit, and in the Good Place,
your eternal neighbors will bring out what
you hate most about yourself.
The torture is predicated not by say, attending
an eternal dinner party with people who use
the word “mouthfeel," but letting those
people decide how you see yourself, leading
to the ultimate existentialist sin: bad faith.
The similarities to No Exit don’t end with
the dope existentialist themes.
Some of the characters themselves have a lot
in common with their Good Place counterparts.
Inès, who describes herself as a “damned
bitch,” is pretty much the 1940s Eleanor,
except a lot worse.
She turns people against each other for fun,
causes misery wherever she goes, and thrives
on her own selfishness.
Estelle is a high society socialite who’s
obsessed with her own beauty and wishes desperately
for a mirror.
She insists that she does not belong in hell
and for much of the play, refuses to believe
that she was a bad person on Earth.
"I belong in The Good Place.
The real one with the good people.
Who do I speak to about correcting this?"
"Me.
And you’re wrong."
"Very well.
I would like to speak to your manager."
Estelle’s snobbishness about the working
class is more than a little familiar.
“It's just that I'm not used to dressing
like a plumberess.
Is that what you call a female plumber, or
is a toilet sweep or, or clog wench?
In any case, that's how I'm dressed.”
She also murdered a baby, which Tahani has
probably never done.
Probably.
“We don't make any sense together, and yet,
when I'm with you, I can really let my hair
down, metaphorically speaking of course, because
I'd never have it up in the first place.
I'm not a factory worker.”
Chidi doesn’t have quite the same amount
of overlap with his counterpart, Garcin, but
there are certainly some character traits
that ring a bell.
Garcin is a coward, which gets him killed,
and Chidi is terrified of making decisions,
which is just its own brand of cowardice.
“I'm sorry, everyone, I just have some worries,
as well as some concerns that could potentially
turn into outright fears.
Ah, there they go, uh, they're fears now.”
Also, remember how Chidi refuses to pick Tahani
over Eleanor?
Totally happens in No Exit.
Sadly, there is no Jason.
God, that play would be so much better with
Jason.
"Whoa.
What is happening?"
"Is she having an orgasm?
Did I do it, somehow?"
So, The Good Place is initially a show about
hell being other people.
And also a show about the philosophy of philosophies,
of which we’re discerning the philosophy
of.
Also, probably something about cacti.
But the real question to end on is: did watching
this video on the ethics of The Good Place
make you a better person?
And if you didn’t learn anything from this
video, well, don’t say we didn’t try to
save 
your ass.
Literally.
“All those ethics lessons paid off.
Whoever said philosophy was stupid?”
“You- you did!
Many times!"
