how do organisms reproduce
modes of reproduction
generally when we think
reproduction we consider two organisms
for the process one male and one female
but in some cases a single organism can
reproduce without any pairing
this is called asexual reproduction
different organisms show different modes of
asexual reproduction before we see them
with examples if you haven't subscribed
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the first mode of asexual reproduction is binary fission
binary fission means splitting into two
amoeba a single-celled organism
reproduces by splitting into two it can
split in any direction because it has no
specific shape but organisms like
Leishmania splits in a specific
direction as it has specific shape
2. multiple fission means splitting into
many some single-celled organisms like
Plasmodium divides into many this is
called multiple fission 
3. fragmentation spirogyra an alga breaks
into fragments and each fragment grows
into a new organism this mode is called
fragmentation for regeneration planaria
and Hydra
if these organisms are cut into pieces
each piece can grow up into a complete
individual this is called regeneration
budding Hydra produce buds on their
bodies these buds get separated and can
grow as an individual
this is budding vegetative propagation
in many plants their cut body parts can
be planted in the soil to get new plants
this is called visit a to propagation
stem cuttings in roses sugarcane root
cuttings in carrot but cuttings in put
at or examples spore formation it is the
other method of a sexual reproduction
spirogyra a fungus produces sports if
these spores find suitable conditions
they germinate into new spirogyra this
is how organisms reproduce asexually
sexual reproduction in flowering plants
do you know will the reproductive parts
of a plant are located the reproductive
parts of the plant are located in the
flower here is a flower let us identify
the reproductive parts in it look at the
reproductive parts inside the flower
this is the female reproductive part of
the plant it is called pistol it has
three parts stigma style and ovary these
are the male reproductive parts it is
called stamen it has two parts
anther and filament do you think flowers
of all plants have both the male and
female parts no in plants like
watermelon and papaya the flowers are
unisexual that means male and female
flowers are separate whereas in plants
like hibiscus and mustard the flowers
are bisexual that means a flower with
both male and female parts what do these
reproductive parts do they produce the
reproductive cells are germ cells and
there is the part where male
reproductive cells are produced it
produces pollen grains that are a low
ition color each pollen grain contains
two germ cells and one pollen nuclei the
ovary contains ovules each of you'll
consists of female reproductive cell or
egg cell you know that fertilization
means fusion of male and female gametes
then how do these male and female
gametes come together for fusion for
that the male gametes should reach the
female gametes but how do the pollen
grains travel from anther to stigma they
travel from anther to stigma by the help
of air water insects
and other animals the transfer of pollen
from stamen to pistol is called
pollination if it occurs in the same
flower or between the flowers of same
plant it is called self pollination
if pollination takes place between two
flowers of different plants it is called
cross-pollination the pollen grains
produced by the anther are transferred
to the stigma of the pistol the pollen
grain germinates and produces a long
tube called pollen tube into the style
to reach the ovule the pollen nucleus
and to germ cells travel through the
pollen tube and fertilizes the egg after
fertilization the zygote divides several
times to form an embryo within the ovule
the petals sepals stamens style and
stigma mesh evil and fall off the ovule
develops into a seed the ovary grows to
form a fruit human male reproductive
system in this video we'll see the
different parts of human male
reproductive system and date specific
jobs human male reproductive system is
made up of different organs like
distance scrotum vast difference seminal
vesicles prostate gland penis and
urethra human male reproductive system
has two main functions one to produce
the male reproductive cells hormones and
accessory materials two to deposit them
in the female reproductive system now
let's see which part of the male
reproductive system produces germ cells
the formation of germ cells or sperms
takes place in the testes they are
present outside the abdominal cavity in
a sack like structure called scrotum
if testes are important organs of male
reproductive system then why they are
located outside the abdominal cavity
because sperm formation requires a lower
temperature than the normal body
temperature
testes also produces a hormone called
testosterone
what is the use of testosterone it is a
male reproductive hormone which
regulates the formation of sperms and
also responsible for the development of
secondary sexual characteristics during
puberty sperms that are produced in the
testes need some support to fluid
secretions to get delivered into the
female reproductive system which organs
produce those secretions prostate gland
and seminal vesicles this accrete
certain fluid secretions that provide
nutrients to the sperm cells now let's
see the journey of sperm cells sperm
cells formed in the testes or traveled
through a tube called vast difference
and on the way they are joined with the
fluid secretions from prostate gland and
seminal vesicles the vas deferens is a
common duct for both the sperms and
urine it is also connected to urinary
bladder the sperms are tiny bodies that
consist of mainly genetic material and a
long tail that helps them to move
towards the female germ cell how these
perms are deposited in the female
reproductive system the sperm from vas
deferens enters another duct called
urethra which is surrounded and
supported by a muscular organ called
penis pennies is the organ that deposits
the sperms in the female reproductive
system it becomes hard and erect during
the time of mating male reproductive
system in this video we will see the
structure and functions of human female
reproductive system let's see the
different parts of the female
reproductive system ovaries there are a
pair of ovaries in the female
reproductive system that contain the
premature two egg cells oviducts there
are two oviducts
which unite into an elastic bag like
structure known as uterus
uterus it is called the ohm where the
implantation and development of baby
takes place cervix the uterus opens into
the vagina through the cervix vagina it
is the passage where sperms are
deposited by the penis of male
reproductive system during sexual
intercourse now let's see the production
of female gametes then do girls start
producing excells when a girl is born
the ovaries already contain thousands of
immature eggs by reaching puberty the
eggs start maturing one egg is produced
every month by one of the ovaries the
egg released by the ovary is collected
in the fallopian tube you'll it is the
place where the fertilization takes
place by the fusion of sperm and egg
cells then how do the sperms reach
fallopian tube you'll the sperms get
deposited in the vagina of the female
reproductive system by the penis of the
male reproductive system during sexual
intercourse the sperms travel towards
fallopian tube you'll and finally
reaches the egg cell and fertilizes it
the hormones secreted by the ovaries
prepares the uterus to receive and
nurture the growing embryo the walls of
the uterus becomes thick and richly
supplied with blood to nourish the
growing embryo the fertilized egg the
zygote gets implanted in the lining of
the uterus and starts dividing placenta
is a special tissue that helps the
embryo to get nutrition from the
mother's blood it is embedded in the
uterine wall and provides glucose and
oxygen to the embryo placenta also
transferred the waste generated by the
embryo into the mother's blood the
development of the child inside the
mother's body takes approximately nine
months this period is called as
gestation period
the child is born as a result of
rhythmic contractions of the muscles in
the uterus sexual maturation in human
beings humans reproduced by sexual
method in this method male reproductive
cells fuse with female reproductive
cells but when do these males and
females start producing reproductive
cells humans start producing
reproductive cells by the beginning of a
period called puberty at what age do
boys and girls enter dis puberty there
is no specific age but they enter into
puberty in adolescence and all a sense
is the stage between childhood and
adulthood how do we know that puberty
has started in someone we can notice the
onset of puberty in boys and girls with
some noticeable changes happening in
their bodies some changes are common in
both boys and girls like thick hair
growing in new parts of the body such as
armpits and the genital area between the
thighs which can also become darker in
color thinner hair can also appear on
legs and hands the skin frequently
becomes oily and they might begin to
develop pimples there are certain
changes observed only in boys like
growth of hail on the face - voices
begin to crack and the third one the
pain is occasionally begins to become
enlarged and erect there are certain
changes observed only in girls like one
breast size begins to increase with
darkening of the skin of the nipples at
the tip of the breasts - they begin to
menstruate all of these changes take
place slowly over a long period of time
they do not happen at an exact age in
all it depends upon their hormone levels
and genetics of the individuals as
people are different in general body
features like height weight skin color
etc people also will have differences in
secondary sexual characteristics like
body head grow
growth of beard and moustache penis size
breast size etc so we have seen the
changes that happens during puberty but
how these changes are linked to the
reproductive process changes in puberty
helps in the process of reproduction and
childbirth for example body and facial
hay or the signals that show the sexual
maturity of the individual the erection
of pennies helps in the deposition of
germ cells in the female reproductive
system the menstrual cycle is the
indication of ovulation and the
condition of uterus the enlargement of
breast is for breast feeding of the baby
so in this video we have seen the
development of sexual characteristics in
humans in the next video we will see the
structure and functioning of human
reproductive systems reproductive health
my reproductive system started producing
sex cells can I participate in a sexual
act and produce babies no before you
participate in a sexual act you should
consider the possible consequences what
are the consequences involved in
participating in a sexual act the major
consequences involved in participating
in a sexual act or health consequences
do you know during sexual intercourse
there is a very intimate contact between
the male and female bodies there may be
a chance of transfer of germs and
infections between the partners it may
cause diseases what kind of diseases are
spread by sexual contact the diseases
that are spread through sexual contact
are called
sexually transmitted diseases in short
form they are called
STDs here are a few examples of STDs
gonorrhea and syphilis these two
diseases are caused by bacteria
wot's and HIV or AIDS these two are
caused by virus the sexually transmitted
diseases can be prevented by using a
condom
what is a condom condom is a rubbery
covering or non the penis or inside a
vagina during sexual intercourse to
prevent the sexually transmitted
diseases up to some extent condoms
helped to prevent pregnancy also when a
girl is ready to be pregnant to become
pregnant a girl should be physically
mentally socially and emotionally ready
if not the health of the girl will be
adversely affected then how to stop
pregnancy we can avoid pregnancy by
using contraceptive methods one
mechanical barriers example condoms by
using male or female condoms one can
avoid pregnancy condoms act as a barrier
and prevent the entry of sperms into the
female reproductive system two chemical
contraceptives example oral pills these
pills change the hormonal balance of the
human and stop the release of egg and
fertilization but changing hormonal
balance leads to so many side effects
three contraceptive devices example
copper tea or loop-the-loop or the
copper tea are placed in the uterus to
prevent pregnancy they can cause
irritation and leads to various side
effects for surgical methods of
contraception examples vasectomy
Archibeque t'me vasectomy if the vast
difference in the male is blocked by a
small surgery sperm transfer will be
prevented this method is called
vasectomy - back to me if the fallopian
tube you'll in the female is blocked by
small surgery the egg will not be able
to reach the uterus surgical methods are
permanent they are safe in long run and
followed by families who doesn't want
pregnancy what happens if contraceptives
are failed and unwanted pregnancy
happens medical termination of pregnancy
pregnancy can be removed by medical
surgery but it will be done only under
special circumstances abortion our
medical termination of pregnancy is
illegal if it is done by someone's
choice it is misused in our country many
families have reluctant to girl child it
is leading to illegal sex selective
abortion of female fetuses for this
reason prenatal sex determination has
been prohibited by the law
