
Serbian: 
[APLAUZ]
Veoma sam počastvovan što sam ovde.
Hvala Keniju i Nini,
hvala svim Bioneerima.
Zaista se osećam kao da sam došao kući.
Imam neka nova, revolucionarna istraživanja,
nikada otkrivena publici na ovakav način,
osim u poslednjih par nedelja,
a koja ću otkriti na kraju svog govora.
Sada bih hteo da počnem svoju priču, 
jer nosim svoj omiljeni šešir.
To je veoma kul šešir,
napravljen od amadu pečurke.
To je poliporna gljiva; vrsta brezovog truda.
Ovaj šešir su u stvari napravile
dame iz Transilvanije.
Omogućavala je prenošenje vatre,
i mogli ste prenositi žar -
napravite rupu u gljivi,
ubacite žar unutra i nosite vatru sa sobom danima.

English: 
[APPLAUSE]
Well, I'm really honored to be here.
Thank you Kenny and Nina,
thank you all Bioneers.
It really feels like I've come home.
I really have some groundbreaking new research,
never been revealed to an audience like this,
only in the past several weeks,
and I'm gonna reveal at the end of my talk.
Now, I'd like to start out my talk, 
because I'm wearing my favorite hat.
It's a very cool hat, 
made from the amadou mushroom.
It's a birch polypore mushroom.
This hat is actually made by 
some ladies in Transylvania.
It allowed for the portability of fire,
and you can haul embers —
hollow this mushroom out,
put embers of fire inside and carry fire for days.

Serbian: 
Nema sumnje da smo svi mi Afrikanci.
Migrirali smo u Severnu Evropu
i otkrili smo nešto novo zvano zima.
Ups.
[SMEH]
Ova gljiva je omogućavala prenos vatre.
Ona, takođe ima medicinski značaj 
hiljadama godina unazad.
Hipokrat je prvi opisao 450 godine PNE 
njena anti-zapaljenska svojstva.
Pčelari širom Evrope je koriste za zadimljavanje pčela.
Ova gljiva je 1960ih bila prva
za koju se saznalo da sadrži antivirusnu supstancu
koja je bila poznata medicini.
Ova gljiva je primer 
niti prenošenog znanja
koje seže do naših predaka, 
još dok smo bili šumski ljudi.
Ne tako davno
zavisili smo od šume,
a krčenje šuma je, mislim,
najveća pretnja opstanku čovečanstva danas.
Sada ću vam pokazati još jednog svog prijatelja.
[REAKCIJA PUBLIKE]
Ovo je agarikon.
Dioskorid je prvi opisao Agarikon
65 godine nove ere

English: 
There's no doubt that we all are Africans.
We migrated north into Europe 
and we discovered something new called winter.
Oops.
[LAUGHTER]
This mushroom allowed for the portability of fire.
Now, this mushroom goes back medicinally 
also thousands of years.
Hippocrates first described it in 450 BCE 
as an anti-inflammatory.
Beekeepers throughout Europe use this for smoking bees.
This mushroom in the 1960s was the first mushroom
to contain an anti-viral substance 
that was known to medicine.
Well, this mushroom is an example of 
the thread of knowledge
going back to our ancestors, 
when we were once forest people.
Not long ago we were so dependent 
upon the forests,
and deforestation, I think, 
is the greatest threat to human survival today.
Now, I'm gonna show another friend of mine.
[AUDIENCE REACTS]
This is agarikon.
Agarikon was first described 
by Dioscorides in 65 AD

English: 
as “elixirium ad longam vitam” , 
the elixir of long life.
It is a resident exclusively of the old growth forests 
in Washington, Oregon,
British Columbia, Northern California,
now thought to be extinct throughout most of 
Europe because of deforestation.
I believe — and I want to propose to you —
that agarikon, like amadou,
it will be extremely significant for human survival.
We have now entered into 6x,
the greatest extinction event
known in the history of life on this planet
But this extinction event is
not caused by an asteroid impact,
or volcanoes, or earthquakes;
it's caused by an organism, 
by us.
Not only are we the cause of this extinction event,
but we're likely to be its victim.
Deforestation is causing zoonotic 
diseases to spread.
The emergence of Ebola is directly 
related to deforestation
and a clash of the—cultural clash, 
so to speak, between bats and humans.

Serbian: 
kao “elixirium ad longam vitam”, 
eliksir dugovečnosti.
Stanovnik je još samo starih šuma 
u Vašingtonu, Oregonu,
Britanskoj Kolumbiji, Severnoj Kaliforniji,
i sada se već smatraizumrela u većini delova 
Evrope zbog krčenja šuma.
Ja verujem — i želim da to predložim i Vama —
da će agarikon, kao amadou,
biti izuzetno značajan za opstanak čovečanstva.
Ušli smo u prediod 6x (6th extinction - 6. istrebljenje),
najveće istrebljenje
od nastanka života na planeti.
Ali ovom istrebljenju nije
uzrok udar asteroida,
niti vulkani, ili zemljotresi;
uzrok je organizam, 
to smo mi.
I ne samo da smo uzrok istrebljenju,
već je verovatno da ćemo i sami biti žrtve.
Krčenje šumma izaziva širenje 
zoonotskih bolesti.
Pojava ebole je direktno povezana 
sa krčenjem šuma
i sudarom — kulturološkim sudarom 
da tako kažem, između slepih miševa i ljudi.

English: 
This is something that I think is 
emblematic of the times.
When an ecosystem exceeds—
when an organism exceeds the 
carrying capacity of its ecosystem,
then disease vectors emanate. 
This is the way of nature.
So as Kenny mentioned, 
I'm greatly honored to be
the invention ambassador for AAAS.
I carry this honor for all of us.
One of us, one of our tribe, is being recognized
by the most prestigious scientific 
organization in the world.
So…
[APPLAUSE]
Thank all of you.
Now, my brother John really 
inspired me to get into science.
He went to Yale.
We had a beautiful laboratory 
in the basement
when I was a kid, 
but he never let me get in there
because I was the youngest son, 
you know.
And he always was my mentor,
but he was always kind of 
like competitive to me;
never really believed that
sci — this mushroom science stuff, 
was all that important.
So when this award was announced,
I was vetted by scientists
So I was really eager 
to call my brother John,
and I called and there was no answer,

Serbian: 
Ovo je nešto što daje pečat 
današnjem vremenu.
Kada ekosistem dostigne —
kada organizam prevaziđe
nivo zasićenosti svog ekosistema,
pojavljuju se vektori bolesti. 
Ovo je način prirode.
Kako je Keni pomenuo, 
izuzetno sam počastvovan da budem
ambasador inventivnosti za AAAS.
Nosim ovu čast za sve nas.
Jedan od nas, jedan iz našeg plemena, je prepoznat
od strane najprestižnije naučne
organizacije na svetu.
Tako da…
[APLAUZ]
Hvala Vam svima.
Vidite, moj brat Džon me zaista
inspirisao da se bavim naukom.
On je pohađao Jejl.
Imali smo lepu laboratoriju 
u podrumu
kada sam bio mali, 
ali me on nikada nije puštao unutra
jer sam ja bio najmlađi, 
znate.
Uvek je bio moj mentor,
ali je uvek bio pomalo  
takmičarski nastrojen prema meni;
nikada nije do kraja verovao
da je nauka — da je nauka o gljivama, 
nešto mnogo važna.
Tako, kada je najavljena ova nagrada,
naučnici su me ispitivali,
osetio sam želju da nazovem
da pozovem svog brata Džona,
i pozvao sam ali nije se javio,

English: 
and so I emailed him on June 9th, 
when the award was announced.
On June 9th, that is the day that they
discovered my brother John's body.
He never got the email.
So, this talk is dedicated to him.
So we spent a lot of time in the old 
growth forests,
and in these forests I believe 
are libraries of knowledge.
Ancestrally it goes back not only millennia,
but multi-dimensionally in ways 
that we can barely imagine.
The largest organism in the world 
is a fungus in Eastern Oregon.
It is a mushroom,
a honey mushroom,
called armillaria ostoyae.
It covers 2200 acres.
It's a contiguous mycelial mat 
and it's only one cell wall thick.
Well, think of that.
The forests are being governed and controlled 
by these large fungal mats,
and I think we should respect things 
that are larger than us,
especially the largest organism 
in the world, don't you think?

Serbian: 
anda onda sam mu poslao E-mail 9. juna, 
kada je nagrada najavljenja.
9. juna, je dan kada su
pronaši telo mog brata Džona.
Nikada nije primio moj E-mail.
Zato, ovaj govor posvećujem njemu.
Dakle, puno vremena provodimo u 
davno iznikloj šumi,
i u ovim šumama, verujem 
da se nalaze biblioteke znanja.
Ne samo milenijum unazad,
već multi-dimenzionalno na načine
koje samo možemo zamisliti.
Najveći organizam na svetu 
je gljiva u Istočnom Oregonu.
To je pečurka,
pečurka boje meda,
zvana armillaria ostoyae.
Pokriva površinu od 8,4 kvadratna kilometra.
To je micelijska prostirka 
debljine jednog ćelijskog zida.
Razmislite o tome.
Šume su upravljane i kontrolisane 
ovim velikim gljivičnim prostirkama,
i ja mislim da bi trebalo da poštujemo
stvari koje su veće od nas,
posebno kada se radi o najvećem 
organizmu na svetu, zar ne?

English: 
And the mycelium of these 
saprophytic fungi in particular
are the grand molecular 
disassemblers of nature.
They're soil magicians. 
They're tenacious.
They can hold tens of thousands 
times their weight.
They can hold the soil together, 
preventing erosion.
And then when they stream out 
and grow course habitats,
they control the dissension 
of subsequent microorganisms
that populate the 
downstream communities
that give rise to the plants in the forest
that create the debris fields 
that then feed the fungal descendants.
They're purposeful in their choosing of microbial allies, 
and they're commensal.
The mycelium is an extended, 
you know, stomach.
They're externalized lungs, and I believe that
these are externalized 
neurological networks
and part of the Earth's natural Internet
that's in constant biomolecular communication governing the ecosystem.
The mycelium expresses these 
little extracellular droplets

Serbian: 
Micelijumi ovih saprofitskih 
gljiva posebno
su veliki molekularni 
razlagači prirode.
One su mađioničari tla. 
One su uporne.
One mogu da drže desetine hiljada 
puta više od svoje mase.
One mogu držati tlo, 
sprečavajući eroziju.
A kada se prošire 
i zaposednu nova staništa,
kontrolišu rivalstvo među 
ostalim mikroorganizmima
koji nastanjuju 
niža staništa 
iz kojih se razvijaju biljke u šumama
koje stvaraju otpad koji postaje
hrana novim generacijama gljiva.
Sa namerom biraju svoje mikrobne saveznike, 
sa kojima će "podeliti sovru".
Micelijum je, znate,
prošireni stomak.
Oni su spoljna pluća, i ja verujem
da su oni spoljne 
neuronske mreže
i deo su Zemljinog prirodnog interneta
koji je u stalnoj biomolekularnoj komunikaciji
dok upravlja ekosistemom.
Miselijum izlučuje male
vanćelijske kapljice

Serbian: 
u kojima su kiseline, enzimi, 
razne molekuli za razmenu poruka,
mnoga, mnoga jedinjenja koja
naučnici još uvek otkrivaju
koja su jedinstvena, 
ili su makar nepoznata nama.
Micelijum prenosi 
hiljade jezgra.
Ovo je film mog prijatelja Patrika Hikija.
Grupe ovih jezgara protiču 
kroz mreže.
Usled epigeneze, 
i usvajajućih jezgara na vrhovima,
bukvalno hiljadama miliona vrhova 
micelijuma
u prostoru veličine raspona mojih ruku
ukoliko je tu novi insekt, novi toksin, 
novi izvor hrane.
Jezgra se preraspoređuju
u oblik novog enzima,
nove kiseline, novog rastvora 
za varenje toxina.
Šta se dešava? 
Micelijum postaje edukovan,
a onda zahvati taj novi nutrijent, 
i ta informacija ostaje
genetski nastanjena unutar
cele micelijske prostirke.
To su samo-učeće membrane.
Skoro sve biljke, više od 90% biljaka, 
imaju mikorizne gljive.
One proširuju zonu korena stotinama puta,
pružajući im osnovne nutrijente.
Upotreba đubriva 
na konvencionalnim farmama
poražava mikorizne 
mreže i čini ih zavisnim,

English: 
in which are acids, enzymes, 
all sorts of messaging molecules,
many, many compounds that 
scientists are still discovering
that are unique, 
at least they're unique to us.
And the mycelium transports 
thousands of nuclei.
This is a movie by my friend Patrick Hickey.
And these bundles of nuclei stream 
across the networks.
And because of epigenesist, 
and they resorting nuclei at the tips,
literally hundreds of millions of tips 
of mycelium
in a swath the size of the stretch of my arms
is there's a new insect, a new toxin, 
a new food source.
There's a re-assortment of nuclei 
in an expression of a new enzyme,
a new acid, a new solution 
to digesting that toxin.
What happens? 
The mycelium becomes educated,
it then captures that new nutrition, 
and that information genetically
becomes resident within 
the entire mycelial mat.
These are self-learning membranes.
Virtually all plants, more than 90% of plants, 
have mycorrhizal fungi.
They extend the root zones hundreds of times,
giving them the essential nutrients.
And the use of fertilizers now 
on factory farms
defeat the mycorrhizal 
networks and make them addicted

English: 
as if a plant becomes addicted 
like a drug addict.
So, depending upon these 
natural ecological systems
is far better.
This research study came out just 
a few months ago,
and it's surprising that this study 
just recently came out.
Six bean plants were individually 
put into different pots.
The first bean plant 
was exposed to aphids.
The plants then produced alkaloids 
that are anti-aphid —
the first plant that it was exposed, 
the five other plants did not.
When the six plants were joined 
together in the common soil,
connected by the mycelial networks,
when the first plant was exposed to aphids,
all the other five plants also produced
the anti-aphid alkaloids, thus proving 
that the root system
had a communication pathway 
to help alert and defend the community
from potential pathogens.
So, Dusty and I spend a lot of time 
in the old growth forest.
This is where we go, and this is where 
I say I go to church on Sundays.
Well, agarikon, as I mentioned, 
is a species of great significance.
Some of you have heard my previous talks

Serbian: 
kao da biljke postaju zavisne 
poput zavisnika od droge.
Zato je zavisnost
od prirodnih ekološkkih sistema
puno bolja.
Ova istraživačka studija je izašla
pre samo par meseci,
i iznenađujuće je da je  
tek nedavno izašla.
Šest biljaka pasulja su pojedinačno 
posađene u zasebne posude.
Prva biljka je bila 
izložena vašima.
Biljke su tada proizvele alkaloide 
protiv vaši
prva biljka je bila izložena, 
ostalih pet nisu.
Kada je svih šest biljaka presađeno 
u zajedničko zemljište,
povezane micelijskim mrežama,
i kada je prva biljka izložena vašima,
svih ostalih pet biljaka proizvele su
alkkaloide za borbu protiv vaši, 
dokazujući da je korenov sistem
imao putanju komunikacije 
kako bi zajednica bila zaštićena
od potencijalnih patogena.
Dakle, Dasti i ja provodimo puno vremena 
u staroj šumi.
Ovo je kuda idemo, i ovo je, kako kažem,
gde nedeljom idemo u crkvu.
Pa, agarikon, kako sam već pomenuo, 
je vrsta od posebne važnosti.
Neki od vas su čuli moje prethodne govore

English: 
working with the 
BioShield BioDefense program.
Over 700 samples were submitted, 
and these are the positive drug control.
Anything that's over two is considered 
to be active as an anti-viral,
and then we submitted 
700 samples, all coded.
The US government did not know 
what the samples were,
and compared to our anti-viral control,
this is the activity anti-virally of our 
extracts diluted 100 to 1
from the mycelium.
They show no toxicity to human cells,
but high activity against viruses,
including H5N1 bird flu, as well 
as herpes simplex I & II.
So this is my “manly man” picture.
[LAUGHTER]
But...
not long ago, our forests of the world 
had enormous amounts of wood debris.
Unfortunately, now the wood debris 
has been taken out of the forests,

Serbian: 
u radu sa 
BioShield BioDefense programom.
Preko 700 uzoraka je podneto, 
i ovo su pozitivni rezultati na lekove.
Vrednosti preko 2 se smatraju
anti-virusno aktivnim,
i podneli smo  
700 uzoraka, svi su bili kodirani.
Američka vlada nije mogla
da raspozna uzorke,
i poređeno sa našom anti-virusnom kontrolom,
ovo je antivirusna aktivnost naših 
esktrakta rastvorenih 100 : 1
iz micelijuma.
Ne pokazuju toksičnost prema ljudskim ćelijama,
već visoku aktivnost prema virusima,
uključujući H5N1 ptičiji grip, kao i 
prema herpes simplex I & II.
A ovo je moja "mačo" slika.
[SMEH]
Ali...
ne tako davno, naše šume sveta 
imale su velike količine drvnog otpada.
Nažalost, drvni otpad 
se uzima iz šuma,

Serbian: 
i sa trenutnom praksom 
mali deo otpadnog drveta ostaje
u prirodi koja zavisi od njega -
od koga su organizmi zavisili 
i preko koga smo mi
evoluirali kroz nit 
evolucije do ovde gde smo danas.
Mi sada uklanjamo hranjivi meni 
trulećeg drveta iz ekosistema.
Organizmi zavise od njega 
milionima godina.
Šta oni da rade?
Zatim
Hteo bih da vam približim
prosvetljenje koje sam imao
za koje mislim da je zaista revolucionarno.
Ovo je fotografija iz lanca Whole Foods.
Zahvaljujem, Whole Foods-u.
Predsednički memorandum 
koji je izašao pre par meseci
predsednika Obame
govori o izvorima stresa koji 
dovode do raznih tipova CCD-a -
Taj izraz koristim u množini —
i gubitaka usled loše ishrane pčela, 
gubitka pašnih prostora,
parazita krpelja koji nose viruse, 
izloženosti pesticidima.
Ovo su nažalost 
višestruki uzročnici,
koji kombinovano deluju 
i povređuju pčele.

English: 
and now with our current practices 
we have a small fraction of the resident wood debris
that was otherwise in nature that depend --
organisms depended upon 
and through which we've
evolved through the thread 
of evolution to where we are today.
Now we are removing that menu 
of wood debris from the ecosystem.
Organisms are dependent upon it 
for millions of years.
What do they do?
So
I want to bring to you to 
an epiphany that I've had
that I think is just truly revolutionary.
This is a photograph from Whole Foods.
Thank you, Whole Foods.
And a presidential memorandum 
that came out a few months ago
from President Obama
talking about the stressors that are 
leading to colony collapse disorders --
I use that in plural —
and the loss of poor bee nutrition, 
loss of forage lands,
parasites from mites that are carrying viruses, 
and the exposure to pesticides.
These were all unfortunately 
multiple stressors,
which are combining at once 
to cause the bees to be harmed.

English: 
I am going to show you a short movie now 
with my good friend Louis Schwartzberg
that shows how the bees forage.
They forage several miles away  
from their habitat.
If we could have the movie forward...
And the bees leave these hives, 
and then they don't come back.
Now, worker bees...
one lives 7 to 10 days at the 
end of their life when they're foraging.
So when you see bees on flowers, 
that's the last week or so of their life.
But upon hatching, the young bees 
then quickly become nurse bees
and they take care of the brood.
Well, when there is a loss of foraging bees,
the nurse bees then are 
prematurely recruited,
and they, as a result,
the nurse bees, their population declines,
the brood is not taken care of,
mites and other diseases then 
begin to spiral out of control,
and suddenly the whole colony collapses.
So follow me on this path.
I've had a very bizarre set of circumstances.

Serbian: 
Pokazaću vam kratak film
mog dobrog prijatelja Luisa Švarcberga
koji pokazuje pčele u paši.
Pčele nalaze pašu po više kilometara  
daleko od košnice.
Ako bismo mogli malo da premotamo...
Pčele napuštaju košnice, 
ali se nikada ne vrate.
Sad, pčela radilica...
živi 7 do 10 dana pri 
kraju svog života, kada ide u pašu.
Dakle, kada vidite pčele na cveću, 
one su u zadnjim danima svog života.
Nakon izleganja, mlade pčele 
brzo postaju negovateljice
i brinu se o leglu.
A onda, dođe do gubitka izletnica,
a mlade pčele budu 
prerano regrutovane,
a kao rezultat,
opada broj pčela negovateljica,
nema koga da brine o leglu,
krpelji i ostale napasti 
se vrtoglavo umnožavaju, van kontrole,
i cela kolonija iznenada propada.
Pratite me u ovoj priči.
Desio mi se vrlo čudan sled okolnosti.

English: 
Dusty and I are hiking in 
the old growth forest
in the Olympic National Forest,
the south fork of the Hoh.
We go around a corner and Dusty 
sees this incredible bear scratch.
Bam!
It scratches the tree,
and bears scratch trees.
Well, bears scratch trees for the resin.
I think a lot of people know that.
And we came back two or three years later
and this was the entry wound 
for polypore mushrooms.
So the forest service and the 
lumber industry hired hunters
to kill thousands of bears
because they were scratching the trees 
and hurting their timber interests.
And then David Suzuki and others then found out
the bears were actually pulling 
salmon from the stream
and bringing sea phosphorous 
back into the forest ecosystem,
thus allowing the trees to grow larger.
Humans are so adept at choosing 
exactly opposite of their best interest.

Serbian: 
Dasti i ja smo pešačili u 
staroj šumi
u nacionalnoj Olimpijskoj šumi,
u južnom delu Hoh-a.
Zađemo tako iza jednog ćoška 
i Dasti ugleda veliku ogrebotinu.
Bam!
Ogrebotina na drvetu,
jer medvedi grebu drveće.
Medvedi grebu drveće zbog smole.
Mislim da ljudi znaju za to.
Kada smo se vratili posle par godina
cela rana drveta je bila tačka ulaza 
za poliporne pečurke.
Šumskka služba i  
drvna industrija su unajmili lovce
da bi se rešili medveda
jer su oštećivali drveće 
i zadavali gubitke industrji.
a onda su Dejvid Suzuki i ostali otkrili
da su medvedi izvlačeći 
lososa iz potoka
donosili fosfor iz mora 
nazad u šumski ekosistem,
omogućavajući drveću da raste veće.
Ljudi su se prilagodili da biraju 
upravo suprotno od svog najboljeg interesa.

Serbian: 
Otišli smo do tog drveta dve godine kasnije,
gledajte i čudite se,
poliporna pečurka crvenog pojasa
se pojavila.
Ovo je upravo vrsta koju je 
drvna industrija
u svojim dokumentima, pokušavala 
da spreči u razmnožavanju.
A ova gljiva je veoma aktivna u razgradnji 
širokog spektra toksina,
antropogenih ksenobiotičkih toksina, 
uključujući pesticide, herbicide, and fungicide.
Imao sam ranije baštu,
i 1984 sam imao dve košnice.
Uzgajam gljive Slamnatice 
u svojoj bašti.
A onda, jednog dana izađem ujutru
i zapanjen, kad pogledam izbliza,
imam pčele
koje pomeraju komadiće drveta,
otkrivajući micelijum.
Pogledam pažljivije...
i vidim da one 
sisaju sa micelijuma.
[SMEH]
Ali potreban je veliki napor za pomeranje 
tog velikog iverja,

English: 
So we went to this tree two years later and,
lo and behold,
the red-belted polypore mushroom 
was popping out.
This is exactly the species that the 
timber industry, and the lumber industry
in their documents, were trying 
to prevent from growing.
Well, this fungus is very active in breaking down 
a wide assortment of toxins,
anthropogenic xenobiotic toxins, 
including pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides.
And so I had a garden,
and in 1984 I had two beehives.
And I'm growing the Garden Giant 
mushroom in my garden.
And then one day, walk out in the morning
and I’m astonished when I look close,
I have bees
that move the wood chips away,
exposing the mycelium.
I look really carefully...
and they were 
sucking on my mycelium.
[LAUGHTER]
But there's a lot of effort to move 
those big wood chips,

English: 
and my mycelial patch was this thick, 
and for 40 days,
from sunrise to sunset, 
a continuous stream of bees.
I thought this was very interesting.
I looked at it carefully,
And I could see the little sweat droplets 
on the mycelium that they exposed,
and they were sipping on them.
That's really interesting.
I published this.
It was first in Harrowsmith magazine,
it's in one of my books
Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms.
Virtually everybody ignored me except
for one bee keeper in Ottawa.
I said, "Well, maybe that's why bees 
are attracted to sawdust piles
in the summertime".
Now in my garden we have blackberry flowers,
we had all sorts of roses,
many, many flowering plants,
but the bees from morning to dusk 
for 40 days went to my patch of mycelium
and sucked it down.
So series of articles.
I read a lot.
An article came out.
That all plants are part fungi. 
That's interesting.
And that the fungicide use reduces 
beneficial fungi that are important for bees.

Serbian: 
a sloj micelijema je ovoliko dubok, 
i narednih 40 dana,
od svitanja do sumraka, 
kontinulano su dolazile pčele.
Pomislio sam da bi moglo biti zanimljivo.
Pogledao sam vrlo pažljivo,
i mogao sam da vidim male slatke kapljice 
izložene na micelijjumu,
i pčele su pile sa njih.
To je zaista interesantno.
Ja sam to i publikovao.
Prvo u Harrowsmith magazinu,
takođe i u jednoj od mojih knjiga
Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms.
Gotovo svi su me ignorisali osim
jednog pčelara iz Otave.
Rekao sam, "Možda su zato pčele 
privučene gomilama piljevine
u letnje vreme".
U našoj bašti imali smo kupine,
imali smo razne sorte ruža,
mnoge, mnoge cvetnice,
ali pčele su od jutra do mraka 
tokom 40 dana posećivale micelijum
i pile sa njega.
A onda, serija članaka.
Puno čitam.
Pojavio se članak.
Da su sve biljke jednim delom gljive. 
To je interesantno.
I da fungicidi smanjuju broj 
korisnih gljiva, bitnih pčelama.

Serbian: 
I za pčelinji hleb posebno.
A onda se pojavila serija drugih članaka,
i nije toliko komplikovano
sastojci meda sadrže 
interesantan Polifenol
zvani P-Kumarinska kiselina.
P-Kumarinska kiselina kontroliše vaše 
puteve detoksifikacije.
Mi je koristimo. Pčele je koriste.
Sve životinje je koriste.
Međutim pčele imaju samo 56 gena,
ili 47 gena za kodiranje 
za P-Kumarinsku kiselinu
zato --
Izvinjavam se -- za citohrome p450
koji su kontrolisani P-Kumarinskom kiselinom.
Dakle u suštini, bez gljiva, 
nemate P-Kumarinsku kiselinu,
geni su isključeni.
To znači da pčele zavise od 
od ovih gljivičnih jedinjenja
koje se nalaze u drvetu koje se raspada
za njihove puteve detoksifikacije.
Kada uklonite drvo,
njihovi putevi detoksicifikacije su isključeni,
dolazi do hiper-akumulacije toksina --
fungicida, herbicida, insekticida, itd.

English: 
Well, and bee bread in particular.
And then a series of other articles come out,
and it's not that complicated
but honey constituents contain 
an interesting Polyphenol
called p-coumaric acid.
P-coumaric acid controls your 
detoxification pathways.
We use it. Bees use it.
All animals use it.
But bees only have 56 genes,
or 47 genes for coding 
for p-coumaric acid
that for --
I’m sorry -- for cytochrome p450s 
that are controlled by p-coumaric acid.
So basically without the fungi, 
you don't have p-coumaric acid,
the genes are turned off.
So the bees are dependent upon 
these fungal compounds
that are in decomposing wood
for their detoxification pathways.
When you remove the wood,
their detoxification pathways are turned off,
there is a hyper-accumulation of toxins --
fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, etc.

Serbian: 
Pčele postanu slabe,
i nisu u mogućnosti da se 
brinu same o sebi kako bi trebalo.
Zatmo sam mislio da je to interesantno.
Postoji gljivični sastojak.
Na pčelama takođe
parazitiraju krpelji,
koji prenose viruse.
I kada imate 7% 
zaraženosti krpeljom u košnici
kolonija se raspada.
Vau.
Postoji mnogo istraživanja na temu
entomopatogenskih gljiva --
neki od vas znaju moj rad na tu temu --
a tu je i metarizijum gljiva 
koja ne šteti pčelama
a napada krpelja.
Sada ima puno istraživanja o tome
kako kontrolisati varou
koja prenosi viruse, koristeći ovu glivu,
dakle, još nešto 
na šta sam usmerio svoju pažnju.
Tako, kada je luis Šracberg saznao 
za moje istraživanje sa insektima i gljivama,
rekao je, "Pole, možeš li pomoći pčelama?"
Rekao sam, "Znaš šta, imao sam vrlo 
čudnu situaciju sa pčelama u svojoj bašti."
"Luise, posvetiću se tome."
Počeo sam sa razmišljanjem.
I volim taj prostor za razmišljanje

English: 
The bees develop malaise,
they are not able to take care of
themselves as well.
And so I thought, well that's interesting.
There's a fungal constituent.
Well, the bees also are 
being parasitized by mites,
and mites carry viruses.
And when there is a 7% 
infestation of mites in beehives
the colony collapses.
Whoa.
Well, there's lots of research on
entomopathogenic fungi --
some of you know of my work on this --
and there's this metarhizium fungus 
that does not harm bees
but attacks the mites.
So, a lot of research on how can
we control varroa mites
that are vectoring the viruses by using this fungus,
so, something else 
that I've been very keen on.
And so, when Louis Schwartzberg knew 
of my work with insects and fungi,
he says, "Paul, can you help the bees?"
I went, "You know, I had this really 
strange experience with bees in my garden."
So I said, "Well, Louis, let me look into that."
And I started thinking and thinking.
And I love the brain space

English: 
between sleep and awakening,
and I lay in that state of semi-consciousness
and then I have this Gestaltic experience
of connecting the dots.
And then I have this epiphany 
that took me 30 years.
[LAUGHTER]
And so
we have now created "MycoHoney",
coming from mycelium.
And the MycoHoney is extremely sweet,
a wide assortment 
of sugars and polysaccharides.
Beekeepers typically use 
50% sucrose solutions
to feed the honeybees.
The honeybees are not 
native to North America,
but we have 4,000 native bees,
and they also are dependent 
upon these complex sugars.
So we created this MycoHoney,
and then I approached several universities.
When I contacted Washington State University,
they said:
"Please, don't go to anyone else. 
This is too cool of an idea."
[LAUGHTER]
So we started running experiments with bees.

Serbian: 
između sna i budnog stanja,
ležim u tom stanju polusvesti
i doživim taj osećaj
povezivanja činjenica.
I doživim prosvetljenje 
za koje mi je trebalo 30 godina.
[SMEH]
I tako
sada pravimo "MycoHoney",
koji se proizvodi od micelijuma.
MycoHoney je izuzetno sladak,
sastoji se iz više vrsta 
šećera i polisaharida.
Pčelari obično koriste 
50% rastvor saharoze
da nahrane pčele.
Medonosna pčela nije 
autohtone za Severnu Ameriku,
ali imamo 4,000 autohtonih vrsta pčela,,
koje takođe zavise 
od ovih složenih šećera.
Tako smo napravili ovaj MycoHoney,
a ja sam kontaktirao nekoliko univerziteta.
Kada sam kontaktirao Univerzitet države Vašington,
rekli su:
"Molimo Vas, nemojte ići kod drugih. 
Ideja je suviše kul."
[SMEH]
Počeli smo da eksperimentišemo sa pčelama.

English: 
First, we want to do a stress test.
A hundred bees in a cage, they're given 
extracts of the mycelium,
the MycoHoney, of different species.
Now we have 500 strains of species 
in our cultural library,
so but I focused in on a particular group 
of polypore mushrooms
because I knew from 
agarikon and from amadou
that they had anti-viral properties.
So we started doing this research 
and then it dawned on me,
wow
many of these polypores grow on birch trees,
and so we have amadou, 
which is at the very top,
we have chaga, and we have reishi.
Now, bees go to scratched trees only 
of willows and birch trees
and young firs, which the bears also scratch.
And the red-belted polypore grows on firs,
and these three other species here 
grow on birch trees,
but that's specifically the trees 
the bees go to sip on the sap
and to collect their resins for propolis.

Serbian: 
Prvo smo hteli da uradimo stres test.
Stotinu pčela u kavezu, dali smo im 
ekstrakte miceijuma,
MycoHoney, različitih vrsta.
Sada imamo 500 vrsta 
u našoj biblioteci kultura,
i odatle se fokusiramo na određenu 
grupu polipornih gljiva
jer sam znao da
agarikon i amadou
imaju antivirusna svojstva.
Počeli smo sa ovim istraživanjima 
i onda mi je sinulo,
wow
mnoge od ovih gljiva rastu na brezama,
pa tako imamo amadou - trud, 
koji je na samom vrhu,
tu je i čaga, i još reiši.
Pčele odlaze samo na ogrebana stabla 
vrbe i breze
i mladih četinara, koje i medvedi takođe grebu.
Četinarski trud raste na četinarima,
dok ostale vrste 
rastu na brezama,
ali to su samo stabla
na kojima pčele odlaze da
skupljaju smolu za propolis.

Serbian: 
Evo preliminarnih rezultata 
i ovo je samo stres test
koji pokazuju efekte četinarskog truda
i gljive običnog truda 
po kojima produžavaju vek,
oni od vas koji znaju bilo šta 
o faktoru značajnosti,
ovo je izuzetno značajno.
Ovi odnosi znače 
da pčele duže žive,
pa tako radilice mogu da rade svoj posao.
Kućanice ne odlaze na pašu prerano.
Dr. Steve Shepherd i Dr. Brandon Taylor,
sa kojima sarađujem,
radili su ova istraživanja,
i kao entomolozi sa 39 godina 
iskustva u proučavanju pčela,
nisu im poznati izveštaji u kojima je 
život radilica više produžen.
A ovo je jedna vrlo skeptična grupa naučnika
[APLAUZ]
tako da smo rekli, dobro,

English: 
So here are our preliminary results 
and this is a stress test
showing the effects of the red-belted polypore
and the amadou mushroom 
in being able to increase longevity,
those of you who know anything 
about significance factors,
this is extraordinarily significant.
And their ratio here means 
that the more of the bees are living,
and so the worker bees can do their job.
The nurse bees are not prematurely recruited.
So Dr. Steve Shepherd and Dr. Brandon Taylor,
who I'm working with,
have been doing this work,
and as entomologists of 39 years 
of experience studying bees,
I'm unaware of any reports that extend 
the life of worker bees more than this.
So this is a very skeptical group of scientists
[APPLAUSE]
So then we said, well,

English: 
let's look at the viruses being 
vectored by the mites.
And so for the first time I am showing this,
this is over two weeks --
the bees in captivity only live 
for about four weeks.
They succumb to the viruses vectored by the mites,
and the other absence of access 
to these fungal constituents
that help the detoxification pathway.
And feeding them our extracts
compared to their sugar control,
and you can see how the viral counts skyrockets,
and then at 0.1, 1% and 10% solution,
the viral counts plummet.
Now, so looking at this
with some other species now,
looking at the red reishi,
which also grows on birch trees, 
we get a similar effect.
A massive amount of viruses will reproduce
within the bees without the 
exposure to the MycoHoney.
But as the MycoHoney increases, 
there's a radical decline

Serbian: 
pogledajmo viruse koji se
prenose preko krpelja.
Tako, po prvi put pokazujem ovo,
ovo je period od dve nedelje --
pčele u zatočeništvu žive 
samo oko četiri nedelje.
Postaju žrtve virusa koje prenosi krpelj,
uskraćene za pristup 
sastojcima gljivičnog porekla
koje pomažu mehanizme detoksifikacije.
Hraneći ih našim ekstraktimma
poređeno sa kontrolom na bazi saharoze,
vidi se dramatičan skok broja virusa,
a onda sa rastvorima od 0.1, 1% and 10% 
nagli pad broja virusa.
Ako uporedimo
sa nekim drugim vrstama,
i pogledamo crvenu reiši gljivu,
koja takođe raste na stablima breze, 
dobija se sličan efekat.
Ogroman broj virusa se razmnožava
u pčelama koje nisu bile 
izložene MycoHoney-u.
Ali kako se količina MycoHoney-a povećava, 
radikalno opada

English: 
in the viral pathogen payload.
How weird is this?
That the same mushrooms
that can limit bird flu H5N1, herpes,
also positively affect bees and being able, for them,
to control the viral burden and reduce them.
I think this points to a larger picture.
And
looking now at the bees in captivity 
and the survival rate,
the red reishi also - and this is significant here in this part of the life span -
again, the worker bees were able to do their job,
the nurse bees, they don't have to be 
prematurely recruited,
the colony then is better able to survive.
So
a hypothesis is not necessarily based on facts.
This is my hypothesis:
The increase, the longevity of worker bees,
reduction of their viral loads, the reduction 
of varroa mites
and the increase year-to-year survival.
Well, the hypothesis has now become a theory.

Serbian: 
uticaj virusnih patogena.
Zar ovo nije čudno?
Da iste gljive
koje mogu da zaustave ptičiji grip H5N1, herpes,
imaju pozitivne efekte na pčele i mogu za njih,
da kontrolišu virusne tegobe i smanje ih.
Mislim da ovo ukazuje na širu sliku.
I
posmatrajući pčele u zatočeništvu 
i njihov stepen preživljavanja,
kao i crvenu reiši - i ovo je bitno u ovom delu životnog veka -
ponovo, pčele radilice mogu da obavljaju svoj posao,
kućanice ne moraju prevremeno da 
postaju izletnice,
kolonija ima bolje uslove za opstanak.
Dakle
hipoteza ne mora neophodno da se bazira na činjenicama.
Ovo je moja hipoteza:
Povećanje, dugovečnost pčela radilica,
smanjenje zaraženosti, umanjenje 
broja varoe
i povećano preživljavanje od sezone do sezone.
Hipoteza je sada postala teorija.

Serbian: 
Potvrdili smo da možemo 
produžiti životni vek,
možemo da potvrdimo 
smanjenje broja virusa,
znamo da varoa može biti 
kontrolisana metarizijum gljivom,
a sada ćemo ući u 
hiljade košnica sledeće jeseni
da vidimo da li možemo da demonstriramo ovo,
kroz mnoge države SAD-a
i u mnogim drugim zemljama, nadamo se.
[APLAUZ]
Iako je Keni to izbegavao,
ja zaista mislim da su rešenja 
bukvlano pred nama,
i ona su takođe endemska za našu kulturu.
Koliko je nas pročitalo 
Vini Pu-a svojoj deci,
a i neki mlađi od vas to znaju,
kada Vini Pu ide do trulih stabala 
uznemiravajući pčele?
Ulgavnom -- oduševeljen sam ovim otkrićem,
ali se u isto vreme i plašim.

English: 
We have confirmed that we can 
increase longevity,
we can confirm that we 
reduce the viral payloads,
we know that the varroa mites can be 
controlled by metarhizium fungi,
and now we are going to go into 
thousands of beehives next fall
to try to be able to demonstrate this, you know,
across many states in the United States
and hopefully in many countries.
[APPLAUSE]
And as Kenny eluded to,
I really believe the solutions 
are literally underfoot,
and they're also endemic to our culture.
How many of us who read 
Winnie the Pooh to our children,
or some of you young people here knew about
Winnie the Pooh going to rotted logs 
to go after the bees?
I'm mostly -- I'm thrilled that I made this discovery,
and I'm also frightened.

English: 
How is it today that I'm the first one 
to have made this discovery?
We scoured the scientific literature.
We had mycologists, entomologists --
they've gone to hundreds of conferences,
no one's ever mentioned this, even a whisper of it.
Bees are attracted to rotting logs,
specifically for their immunological benefit.
It's part of their host defense of their immunity.
They're just not going to a rotted log
just because they want to be on a rotted log.
There are species specificity factors here.
They can up-regulate their immune system,
give them a host of anti-viral shield,
allow them to detoxify toxins,
and allow them to be better pollinators.
Thirty percent of our food is directly pollinated by bees,
and seventy percent of our food 
is controlled by pollinators.
We are suffering a collapse of our ecosystems,
but we can do something about this.
And so I want to call out,
and I'm proposing
we be mushroomed.
[LAUGHTER]

Serbian: 
Kako to da sam danas prvi 
koji je došao do ovog otkrića?
Pretražili smo naučnu literaturu.
Imali smo mikologe, entomologe --
pohađali su hiljade konferencija,
i niko nikada nije to spomenuo, čak ni šapatom.
Trula stabla privlače pčele,
naročito zbog imunoloških benefita.
Domaćin je deo odbrane njihovog imuno sistema.
Ne dolaze one u trula stabla
samo zato što žele da budu u trulom stablu.
Ovde su posredi faktori specifičnosti vrste.
Mogu dodatno da regulišu svoj imuni sistem,
domaćin im pruža antivirusni štit,
omogućava razgradnju toksina,
omogućavajući im da budu bolji oprašivači.
Trideset procenata naše hrane direktno 
zavisi od oprašivanja od strane pčela,
a 70 procenata je kontrolisano od strane oprašivača.
Patimo od raspada naših ekosistema,
ali možemo nešto da učinimo povodom toga.
Zato hoću da vas pozovem,
i predlažem
budimo pečurkirani.
[SMEH]

Serbian: 
Pozivam vas sve kao građane naučnike,
da se pridružite mikološkoj revoluciji,
da budete sposobni da izađete i pomognete divljim pčelama
kao i medonosnoj pčeli,
i da se upustite u praktikovanje permakulture
da vežemo ugljenik nazad za zemlju,
da obnovimo micelijske mreže,
jer smo daleko povezaniji
sa micelijumom u prirodi
nego što uopšte možemo shvatiti da je moguće.
Završio bih sada
filmom koji Luis Švarcberg
i ja radimo zajedno,
a moj dragi brat, Lui,
je sastavio ovaj 
mali dvominutni klip,
i ja bih želeo da time završim.
[KREĆE VIDEO]
Gljivčni micelijum predstavlja preporod,
podmlađivanje, regeneraciju.

English: 
I'm calling out to all of you as citizen scientists,
to join in a mycological revolution,
to be able to go out and be able to help wild bees
as well as the honeybee,
and to be able to engage in permaculture practices
to return carbon back into the soil,
to build the mycelial networks,
because we are far more interconnected
with mycelium in nature
than we even have a glimpse of being possible.
So I want to then finish now
with a movie that Louis Schwartzberg 
and I are making together,
and my dear brother, Louis,
has put together 
this little two-minute clip,
and I just want to close with this.
[VIDEO PLAYING]
Mushroom mycelium represents re-birth,
rejuvenation, regeneration.

English: 
Fungi generate soil that gives life.
The task that we face today is 
to understand the language of nature.
My mission is to discover the language of nature
of the fungal networks 
to communicate with the ecosystem.
And I believe nature is intelligent.
The fact that we lack the language skills to
communicate with nature
does not impugn the concept
that nature is intelligent.
It speaks to our inadequacy for communication.
If we don’t get our act together
and come in commonality
and understanding with the 
organisms that sustain us today,
not only will we destroy those organisms

Serbian: 
Gljive stvaraju zemljište koje daje život.
Zadatak pred koji smo danas je 
da razumemo jezik prirode.
Moja misija je da otkrijem prirodni jezik
gljivičnih mreža
kojim gljive komuniciraju sa ekosistemom.
Verujem da priroda poseduje inteligenciju.
Činjenica da nemamo veštinu
da komuniciramo sa prirodom
ne opovrgava koncept
da priroda poseduje inteligenciju.
To samo govori o našoj nesposobnosti da komuniciramo.
Ukoliko se ne presaberemo
i ne počnemo da međusobno delimo
razumevanje sa organizmima 
koji nam daju potporu danas,
ne samo da ćemo uništiti te organizme

Serbian: 
već ćemo uništiti sami sebe.
Potrebna je promena paradigme u našoj svesti.
Šta je potrebno da se to dogodi?
Ukoliko umrem pokušavajući,
i dokažem se nepodobnim zadatku
da napravim promenu kursa u 
evolutivnom životu planete,
to je OK, ja sam pokušao.
Činjenica je da sam probao.
Koliko je ljudi koji ne pokušavaju ništa?
Ako biste znali da svaki vaš dah
može spasiti stotine života u budućnosti,
kako biste išli tom stazom znanja,
ne biste li trčali tom stazom 
najbrže što možete?
Ja verujem da je priroda sila dobra.
Dobro nije samo koncept,
to je duh.
Zato, nadamo se,
da će duh dobrote preživeti.
Hvala Vam na pažnji!
[APLAUZ]

English: 
but we will destroy ourselves.
We need to have a paradigm shift in our consciousness.
What will it take to achieve that?
If I die trying,
and I’m inadequate to the task
to make a course change in 
the evolutional life in this planet,
ok, I tried.
The fact is I tried.
How many people are not trying?
If you knew that every breathe you took
could save hundreds of lives into the future,
how do you walk into this path of knowledge,
wouldn’t you run down that path 
of knowledge as fast as you could?
I believe nature is a force of good.
Good is not only a concept,
it is a spirit.
And so hopefully,
the spirit of goodness will survive.
Thank you very much!
[APPLAUSE]
