lecture from professor sheldon l glass
oh and to introduce as well to chair I
we invite Ika Dewi Ana PhD
honorable professors honorable academic
senate, rector and vice rectors
distinguished guests and also students
there was a prince lived in Ceylon
Sri Lanka and his name is very famous
because there are some inventions based
his name and there are some
inventions also created from the very
structured and planned objectives
there are some inventions as the result of
serendipitous moments
it is very honored for us young generation here in
Universitas Gadjah Mada and in
Yogyakarta to have the visit and lecture
from Professor Sheldon Lee Glashow
Professor Sheldon Lee Glashow will
deliver the lecture on how basic sciences
drive technological progress
Professor Sheldon Lee Glashow is an
American theoretical physicist who
received the 1979 Nobel Prize for
Physics and when he was young he began
pursuing his interest in science
His brother named Samuel interested him
in the law of falling bodies
When Pprofessor Glashow was 10 his brother
(he is a dentist) was also the one who
helped his father equipped a basement
chemistry lab for the young Professor
Glashow when his age was 15 and now we
have Professor Glashow  here. when the
student is ready the teacher will come
we welcome Professor Sheldon Lee Glashow
for his lectures
you
okay I think I'm set sorry for the delay
there's been some talk by the way this
is my first experience in this country
the largest country with the largest
Muslim population in the world and
mentioned has been made earlier of my
good friend Abdul Salam with whom I
shared the Nobel Prize and I'd like to
say a few words about him and about
science in the Muslim world and this was
my good friend I got to meet him when I
first went to live in Europe in 1958 I
had dinner at his home and in England in
later years I spent a few weeks with him
in Istanbul teaching a summer course
I've met him at many conferences he
became a very good friend of mine and
Abdus was very concerted scientist of
course but he was very much concerned
with science in the Muslim world and he
spent much of his efforts trying to
encourage a renaissance of Muslim
science he recalls to me the wonderful
days in the 15th century when Muslims
and Jews and Christians in Spain were
working together doing science together
and he dreamed of a time when Muslims
could join with the other people in the
world and entered the world of science
and therefore he was very very honored
to become the first Muslim winner of a
Nobel Prize in science
it is my hope this being the largest
country the country with the largest
Muslim population I think it would it
should be the responsibility of this
country to show that the Muslims can
again return to the forefront of science
and this country with its enormous
diversity of religion of language of
typography should lead the way toward
the return of Islamic science anyway let
me turn to the main subject I'm talking
about how basic science drives
technological progress and vice versa
and in this connection I hope I will
leave enough time for wide-ranging
questions because there are many things
I think we ought to discuss outside of
this lecture this lecture was prepared
before I came to this country for the
first time in my life and I've learned
so much about this country in such a
short time that I I wish I had visited
before so I could have written a more
relevant lecture but let's go on how
basic science no I push the button
nothing happens maybe I turn around
who knows ah yeah that's good
yeah yeah I'm sorry I'm learning I think
I'm learning yes so I'm going to go
through some of these slides rather
quickly when pointing out here that
there are really two kinds of are two
ways to approach science one is
curiosity-driven where you are curious
about how things work and somehow in the
course of your investigations you fall
upon some wonderful new discovery this
is how Rankin discovered x-rays he was
playing with newly developed vacuum
tubes in which their cathode there are
electrons going from one end to the
other and I playing around
he discovered x-rays and when he was
asked what these were he said he had no
idea when he was asked what were you
doing he said I was investigating he
wasn't looking for a device that could
find infection in teeth he wasn't
looking for a device that could find
bullets in wounds he was just
investigating in other cases where the
same is true by the way with the
discovery of penicillin discovered quite
by accident
in other cases plans are carefully laid
to make a discovery for example it's not
a very good example in the terms of
science but imagine the enormous effort
that the that was made by the Western by
America to develop the atomic bombs it
was planned in detail they made exactly
what they thought they would make the
history of science is replete with
examples of both methods of discovering
planned research
targeted research and accidental or
serendipitous research some scientists
focus on well-defined goals they lay
careful plans when they look this is the
content approach to discovery named
after Immanuel Kant who developed the
idea of the scientific method other
scientists have more fun and they listen
to nature with open minds and sometimes
they discover amazing things sometimes
not I call this the serendipitous
approach that's how Columbus discovered
America he didn't set out to get to a
new continent he was trying to get to
China on myko ever Magellan who set out
to sail around the world and his boats
did exactly that although he never get
got much beyond this point in the world
on his travel the two approaches mix up
on many occasions conscient efforts
people who try to look for one thing
often find something else TNT was
synthesized in 1863 and it was used as
the yellow dye for decades until it was
realized that it explodes
and it became a very useful explosive to
rhythm I'd was a drug that was
introduced in Europe in the 1950s than
should have units oh man what oh I'm not
supposed to fall down yeah yeah yeah I
don't want to fall down this Thanks
there is a yes there's a hole over there
yes yeah I've been known to fall down so
that's thank you the attention was
recognized to be require elamite was
introduced in the 1950s as a sedative
for pregnant women and it had disastrous
effect however years later it was
recognized that it was a useful drug for
other purposes to treat cancer to treat
leprosy quite accidentally there's
another dichotomy a dichotomy between
pure science and applied science I don't
know why that thing clashes at me but I
hear why I have some examples the
discovery of the Higgs boson at CERN
what does pique mean it means it's pure
physics and its plan its countryand pure
in Kantian the discovery of the Higgs
boson in 2012 which was a big deal in my
field are the discovery of gravitational
radiation a prediction made by Einstein
in 1915 was talking to be correct a
hundred years later in 2015
both of those were discoveries in pure
science conjugate serendipitous
discoveries in my year of my birth 1932
some British physicist discovered
antimatter positrons the first known
form of antimatter that was an example
of pure science it became practical
positrons are useful believe it or not
that's how pet PET scanners work they
use positive
antimatter is important to medicine
our fullerenes were discovered
buckyballs in 1985 and they too became
useful after a bit then we have applied
science applied and Kantian planned
science with a purpose in mind leds
existed for many years and they were
used as indicators on various devices
but there was no such thing as a blue
LED until it was finally developed first
in japan and the blue LED made it
possible to have white LED lighting and
now we have a revolution in lighting
throughout the world where incandescent
bulbs which use a great deal of
electricity are replaced by LED lights
and that was a spectacularly important
discovery the first Chinese Nobel Prize
in science was awarded recently for the
discovery of the drug from from
traditional Chinese medicine art
Enderson silicones
here are some more discoveries of
applied science the graphene in Britain
the giant magnetic resistance effect
you've never heard of that but it's very
important because when that when it was
discovered that mag the resistance of
materials can be very much affected by a
magnetic field it became possible to
develop gigabyte hard drives and that
led to a revolution indeed
hello
be honest right that's the one I wanted
let's talk about the electromagnetic
spectrum let's talk about light to begin
with Isaac Newton developed the show
that light can be taken apart into its
fundamental colors he decided there were
seven colors in the rainbow 7 in analogy
in with music and that's an interesting
fact in itself which I don't have time
to discuss William Herschel would go to
the beach to get sunburned but as these
in the beach he recognized as we all do
that the Sun conveys heat as vert as
well as light and Herschel quite by
accident in attempting to determine
which color carries heat is it red is it
yellow is it orange is a glow now it's
something invisible it's an invisible
form of light infrared radiation he
found it
completely by accident he wasn't looking
for it he made lots of discoveries by
accident he discovered the planet Uranus
a new planet by the way uranium was
named after it was discovered in the
same year that he discovered Uranus and
so that's why uranium is called uranium
there was a serendipitous discovery a
contemporary of his johanna ritter just
the year later decided that if there's
something funny going on on the red side
of the spectrum there has to be
something strange going on on the blue
side of the spectrum
he discovered quite by planning
ultraviolet radiation then we come to
Heinrich Hertz
Heinrich Hertz
was a rare example of a physicist who
could undo experiments and understand
theory and he decided that he would
confirm the theory of electromagnetism
and find a new form of radiation radio
waves in 1888 he produced a device that
sent radio waves from one side of his
laboratory to the other and within a few
years
people like Marconi developed wireless
telegraphy an enormous Lee important to
our development in those days that was
that was a discovery by planning we come
to a serendipitous discovery of x-rays
we mentioned that and another
serendipitous discovery the discovery of
the Cosmic Microwave Background that
discovery led to the explosion of
discoveries in cosmology and
astrophysics it is because of that
discovery that we learnt the age of the
universe we know the age of our universe
to a precision of 1% that's pretty good
oh I should say when I was a youngster I
heard a lecture by famous physicist
named Dutch physicist named Cathy beer
and Casimir explained to me how it was
that we are electromagnetic creatures we
are creatures of electromagnetism in
everything we see feel hear smell taste
or do for the theory of electromagnet
well why you think work because it's
electromagnetism that explains why atoms
are the way they are electromagnetism
keeps the electrons in an atom closely
bound to the atomic nucleus the nucleus
just sits around it's not too important
ordinarily to
the force that's important to us
Phillipa magnetism and of course gravity
to keep our free feet to the ground the
oceans where they belong and the air
around us many accidental discoveries
led to the theory of electromagnetism by
Galvani by Earth's dead earth dead
discovered the first relationship
between electricity and magnetism you
showed that electricity can put can
produce magnets can produce magnetic
effects Faraday showed the converse that
electricity can that moving magnets can
produce electrical effects so between
the two of them one showed that
electricity can make magnetism the other
that magnetism can make electricity and
there have been a lot of people working
on the theory of electromagnetism here
is a brief list
none of them became particularly wealthy
none of them started companies what
Tesla tried but failed but basically it
will be don't wonder he doesn't want to
get me too close to that say okay I
would move over here I'll be now I'm
safe you would have to worry
I'm just trying to keep everybody awake
because they want to see me fall down
now that's not true so these people
again we're not trying to make companies
we're not trying to sign non-disclosure
agreements with one another but they
just wanted to understand
electromagnetism and because thanks to
them we had the Second Industrial
Revolution the electrification of the
world which gave us lights motors
elevators air conditioning you name it
radio television and such now we come to
quantum mechanics now quantum mechanics
was developed by a lot of people here's
a list of some of them Metta furious in
there with Niels Bohr Max Born many of
them were quite young people like Dirac
debroglie and Jordan and Ali were really
very young people Heisenberg kids and
there were dreamers they were trying to
understand the world these dreamers were
the creators of quantum mechanics a
keystone of modern physics they had lots
of fun puzzling out and arguing about
the mysterious new theory that they were
building they had no patents no startups
no signed non-disclosure agreements and
they developed no product yet today
quantum mechanics underlies something
like a third of the GNP of the world so
fooling around can pay off
what did basic science do for medicine
well so much this you go to a hospital
you can be scanned in various ways there
are cat scanners there are pet scanners
there are MRI scanners the reason
combinations of this of several of them
but all of these scanners were developed
from basic scientific discoveries those
of x-rays positrons and at Harvard
nuclear magnetism we'll talk a lot about
about radioactive isotopes which were
curiosity when they were discovered
around 1912 or so but have become
extremely important the cyclotron was
developed in 1934 it's one of the
earliest atom smashers though it's not
an atom smasher it's a nucleus squad
smasher anyway the first cyclotron was
not very big it would fit on my pommel
with four inches in diameter today the
largest accelerator is 17 kilometers in
circumference five miles in diameter
we'll talk more about accelerators
they're used for so much lasers were
developed invented in 1957 they were
used they're used universally now for
surgery in fact two weeks ago two and a
half weeks ago my eyes were operated on
by lasers and now I don't really need
glasses anymore I just wear them because
I like to wear glasses
so we see there have been many
discoveries in basic science that have
implication for medicine let's turn for
information technology the first
Industrial Revolution having much to do
with science dependent on steam engines
steam turbines and and steamboats the
Second Industrial Revolution was the
electrification of the world the third
Industrial Revolution is better
of of computers and information
technology the first computer revolution
took place when you remember those of
you who study the history of computation
know that the earliest computers use
vacuum tools lots and lots of vacuum
tubes transistors made possible the
first computer revolution integrated
circuits the discovery of which won a
nobel prize by the way it was
responsible for the second computer
revolution so it goes
piqué cryptography personal key
cryptography has to do with codes and
code breaking cryptography is the making
of putting things into secure codes and
that has vast applications in the
financial industry we mentioned magneto
resistance and multi-gigabyte draw disks
high TC superconductors make possible
MRI scanners the World Wide Web invented
at CERN by scientists for scientists
spread like a disease throughout the
world and now everybody is familiar with
the internet quantum manipulation will
also lead to new science new
technologies having to do with
Computers many of these discoveries
earned Nobel Prizes oh okay no signal no
signal what did I do
help
I doesn't seem to work anymore and I
can't remember what other group can
somebody help
step
oh we worked at this thing didn't well
yeah oh no I see this thing fails okay
good I have to look that way to do this
now I can do it
you pointed this way okay that's good
black I put it that way
Plaxico six wonderful
I
okay just keep pushing that button yeah
I know it's that fun I'm careless
chemists with eyes wide open is that
where I want to be no yes okay
but there are two disciplines that are
filled with accidental discoveries
actually more than too many discipline
the search for new dives I list on the
level on the left a number of colors
that were invented by accident
Russian blue more of magenta
trinitrotoluene synthetic indigo and
Monastrell blue let's just focus on one
or two of them this their discovery by
Henry Parkin a 17-year old Kenneth
discovered the first Engelland died he
was just a kid in England a visiting
professor from Germany came by and told
him that he should synthesize ah was it
called
what do you treat malaria with quinine
they told him to synthesize quinine was
it why not I don't know I forgotten at
the moment anyway it didn't matter
because he didn't make it he failed he
made a match he proceeded to do the
destructive distillation of wood which
is something I've tried to did when I
was a little kid and when you do that
you make a mess as smelly disgusting tar
you feel wood up in air that becomes a
mess but he noticed that it had a slight
purple color and so he extracted that
purple dye and marketed it and became
very wealthy it was a completely
accidental discovered he did not produce
what he thought he would produce but he
made something much better the same is
true with artificial sweeteners
there are many artificial sweeteners
used in America
saccharin cyclamates aspartame
acesulfame sucralose how were they
discovered well in one case one of the
experimenters was fooling around trying
to find a new treatment for four
disease and he was smoking because back
in those days chemists would smoke in
the laboratory put his cigarette down on
the workbench put it back in his mouth
the cigarette tasted sweet he had
discovered a new sweetener to hell with
his heart medicine he went off and
marketed his sugar so it goes with as
itself a NASA so thing was accidentally
discovered by the way it's the secret
ingredient of coke bureau those of the
ice a disgusting drink I know but it's a
lot better than previous versions of
coca-cola sucralose is a compound of
sucrose with chlorine I don't know why
it was invented but there was an Indian
graduate student who was involved in the
and in the experiment and he was told I
don't refuse a graduate student or an
intern he was told to test a certain
material but he didn't speak English
very well so he tasted this material and
he said hey it's sweet that was the
discovery of super lobes thanks to
somebody who didn't speak English to
learn too well at all
oh wait that's going backwards here we
go again
it doesn't want you to get beyond a
certain point
hello I've been there
this is giving me a headache it's not
working it is not working it's showing
me the sky ah back to the beginning
who were there
can't get past that point okay yeah this
one we didn't see this is an interesting
slide that's where it shows that there's
a long time delay or what could be a
long time delay between a discovery and
its use from the CTD discovery the
charge-coupled device to the digital
camera took six years from the
transistor to the transistor radio took
seven years but from general relativity
to the GPS system took seventy-eight
years or from the discovery of that
light can make electrical effects to the
discovery of the development of solar
panels took 115 years so that the
latency period between a discovery and
its use can be very long Wow if I say it
really likes to get me that I don't know
do I really want to do this any word
about tragedy why does this not work
what am I doing wrong
oh yeah here's isotopes even a rubber
boy boy dare go backwards yes I wanted
yeah and now it looks okay that's where
I spent isotopes are really interesting
creatures isotopes are instances where
atoms have almost identical chemical
properties with different masses and
they were found around 1912 in 1913 and
with the discovery of isotopes in the
discovery of the neutron nuclear physics
evolved and nuclear physics from A to Z
is very simple
every atomic nucleus is characterized by
two numbers one of them is a the number
of neutrons and protons in the nucleus
the other and Z the number of protons in
the nucleus and if you know a and Z you
know which nucleus you're talking about
I'll give some examples but we all have
seen examples isotopes became very
useful nuclear fission was discovered in
1938 it led scientists to realize that
u-235 could be used to make bombs or to
make look to make power at a nuclear
reactor Willard Libby in 1948 invented
carbon dating and with carbon dating you
can tell how old things were certain
things for example the Shroud of Turin
was something that was considered to be
holy by the Catholic Church it was
thought to be the clothing of Jesus
Christ at some point in his death and
tests were made with the collaboration
of the Catholic Church and it was found
that the Shroud of Turin was a fake that
is to say it was made in the 15th or
16th century long after our Jesus Christ
had lived
carbon dating was also used to show that
the Vikings who had apparently settled
in Canada had preceded Columbus to
America isotopes have become extremely
useful here are some of the subjects in
which isotopes can be used ranging from
art preservation to insect control to
looking for oil to help science to
runway lighting in in in in at Alaska to
testing engines to paleontology
astrophysics all over the place so
isotopes starting as just a curiosity
became extremely important haha hello
I am certainly doing something wrong but
I don't know what
good I don't know what's going on this
is end oh ya think I'm pushing that by
mistake
aha I talked about particle accelerators
the most useless of them from the
practical point of view is the one that
made the discovery just a few years ago
of the Higgs boson which completed the
standard model of elementary particles
however it's the largest accelerator in
the world but there are 30,000 particle
accelerators out there atom smashers if
you will most of them used for practical
purposes so something that started off
as an instrument for basic science is
now used all over the place for medical
therapy for isotope synthesis to make
computer chips are to detect trace
elements for corrosion and erosion
studies you name it looking for
contaminants in semiconductors ultra
safe nuclear power reactors and possibly
for large-scale magnetic energy storage
so accelerators are used all over the
place it's a multi-billion dollar
industry and there's a certain special
type of accelerator called a synchrotron
light source these things exist in many
countries I think 20 different countries
have have synchrotron light sources
they're expensive toys the nearest one
to here perhaps as spring 8 in in Japan
I was talking in Jakarta a student came
to me and said he wanted to do research
which required a synchrotron light
source and could I talk to his
government to encourage them to invest
in the synchrotron light source in this
country would be a good idea
the most recent one built incidentally
was built in Jordan it's called Sesame
and that's a particularly interesting
device because it is to be used in
collaboration between the neighboring
Arab countries that is to say Iraq and
Iran and Jordan and such an Egypt and
Israel so they're at this accelerator
located in Jordan scientists from Israel
and the nearby Arab countries are
working together on experiments
now these synchrotron light sources are
used for many many purposes some pure
science here I have listed five years in
which chemistry Nobel Prize Prizes
depended on the use of this device but
they're used all over the place for
nanoscience pharmacology cancer therapy
imaging crystals proteins viruses
analyzing strange cracks and corrosion
paleo entomology the study of ancient
bugs biochemistry archeology you name it
useful things up I hit the wrong button
again but now I've been told how to fix
it number theory now a number theory
people were interested in number
theories but since 2800 before Christ
the ancient Sumerians did wonderful
things in number theory but it's
completely useless it would seem a
famous mathematician in 1840 said there
is one science whose very remoteness
from ordinary human activities should
keep it gentle and clean
however number theory is the basis for
encryption for cryptography and the
National Security Administration in my
country employs many many many
cryptographers using number theory
number theory is used by the military by
industry for encryption and decryption
it's used for a tronic electronic money
for gaming for financial services for
computational biology for online
payments finance industry military
governments it's are used all over the
place for many many purposes
are useless science indeed there is no
such thing as a useless science this is
sort of my last slide this slide has to
do with the vice versa in the title to
this lecture which is that technology
drives progress in basic science - and
here we have steam engines which were
invented in the early nineteenth century
long before they could be understood and
steam engines were obviously very useful
things but how did they work and people
scientists got very curious about that
developing the science of thermodynamics
inspired by devices which were built by
engineers and later in the 19th century
some of my favorite engineers invented
interesting things spark coils which
produce high voltages introduced
invented by a guy named alum Korff
photography by Daguerre air pumps by
Geisler they these turn-of-the-century
discoveries made possible the discovery
of radio waves x-rays radioactivity the
electron atomic number cathode ray tubes
all of those developments scientific
developments followed from the
inventions of engineers we spoke about
the cosmic microwave background and how
important that discovery was the antenna
that Penzias and Wilson used to discover
the cosmic microwave radiation was built
by AT&T for entirely other purposes they
were investigating possibilities of
communication via satellite gamma-ray
bursts were discovered by the US
military and this has to do with the
nuclear test-ban agreement that banned
tests of nuclear weapons in the
atmosphere and we Americans were very
suspicious of the Soviets thinking that
they might vial
the Test Ban agreement so we put
satellites up that could look for Soviet
violations there were no Soviet
violations but that these satellites
discovered signals not coming from
Russia but coming from outer space
they these were classified for many
years and when they were released if
they became of great importance
they were very mysterious things which
are now much less it explained Asterius
I think we are beginning to understand
just what they are supercomputers are
very useful devices the world's largest
supercomputer most powerful
supercomputer is in China they're very
practical devices but they can do basic
science as well and they're used by
mathematicians to prove fundamental
theories in mathematics which are pure
pure mathematics like the four-color
theorem like the prime pair theorem
which I have no real practical
importance but we use these computers
they use these computers to make these
discoveries Oh is I don't know if we
have time are we running out of time and
we were approaching the end of time
while not the end of time that's another
issue which is very interesting but I
don't have time to talk about synthetic
elements and nuclear fission I don't
have time to talk about the about the
wonderful discoveries that have been
made in the form of nuclear chemistry
we'll save that for another time I would
thank you very much for your patience
sorry about my confusion with the
mechanical device I never I'm a
theoretical physicist and I when I was
at Cornell University taking a course in
physics they told me to leave the
laboratory that I will never be an
experimental physicist they were right
thank you very much professor or glass
all your lecture was very inspiring for
us and it is very clear on how we have
the basic science and applied science
and one reinforce another like that now
we come to the QA session we have three
microphones there here in the middle and
there on the right side and we invite
directly the students and also the
guests here to ask for the question to
professor Eshel we will have around 20
minutes for for this Q&A session so
please make line if you would like to
ask question in the middle right and
left side
Thank You mr. rational mr. Fastow house
so now first from the middle Professor
aggression I will stay there and please
identify yourself before asking
questions Thank You professor quest no
my name is Fallon I would like to ask a
question regarding basic science
research is there any prospect for basic
science research in the future as far as
far as I am concerned that both visits
funding from government for basic
science research since the people and
the government thing they are not a
super specialist Applied Research thank
you so the question crumpled then are
you asking about research in this
country or research in the world let me
address the issue of basic research in
Indonesian this is something that was
touched upon by my colleague Sir Richard
ah and he mentions the the wondrous
diversity of life on the various many
islands of this multi island nation all
kinds of different bacteria remain to be
discovered and classified and made use
of plants that may have wonderful
medical properties remain to be study
animals may also be investigated there's
a huge variety of life to study from
which practical things can can take
place but that's biology let me turn to
physics which is my specialty energy in
particular in this country you are
burning fossil fuels so to make your
energy this country ought to be to make
use of solar solar energy big time
because the
country has many topographical aspects
which make it possible to store energy
to use a pumped water storage because
when you have two legs at different
altitudes you can pump a pump water up
when you have extra energy and get the
energy out when it comes down and this
can be very efficient being an island
nation you can I imagine we consider
possible construction of saltwater lakes
which can pump water up to mountain
lists from which you to which you can
pump water from the ocean or to the
artificial lake and store the energy in
this fashion that way this country can
turn completely to solar energy
collecting it in the daytime storing it
at night and becoming a beacon to other
nations so that they too can turn to
solar energy so that would that is a
possible maybe it's technologically
difficult maybe it's impossible maybe my
idea silly but I was just thinking of it
as a possible direction for research in
energy in this country
thank you very much and now we offer the
right side to ask question yes please
identify yourself and where are you from
from the firm what faculty you are from
and thank you professor class oh my
name's Henry spear one from Faculty of
engineering gamma University imagine
my question is above that you have
stated a there's no useless discipline
but that makes me in forget about how
your feel of the superstring theory sir
thank you well super string theory I
repeat what I said elsewhere that I was
very much suspicious of super string
theory
long ago in 1987 which is thirty-year
over 30 years ago and at that time a
super string theorist and I Paul
Ginsburg wrote a paper called
desperately seeking super strength and
you can find that on the web desperately
seeking super strength and we criticize
super string theory because it cannot be
proven to be wrong if you ask a super
string theorist if there is any
experiment that he can imagine the
result to which would contradict the
theory he would say no there is no such
experiment that can be done there is no
experiment that can tell whether super
string theory is false if it is false it
cannot be falsified certainly cannot be
proven to be correct but it certainly
cannot be proven to be wrong therefore
like various philosophical disciplines
like the relative advantage of
parliamentary government our two
presidential governments you can argue
about which is better but there is no
real answer to that question
thank you I think that
well what more can I say what more can I
say
I give up
then you got I lost track of the
question I'm sorry I'm having I'm so
tired that I've forgotten the question
that I was trying to answer people
remind me I was continued thank you very
much professor glacial now we continue
to the next from the left side please
thank you for the time my name is Kieran
actually I am from Faculty of economics
and business and actually what I want to
ask is that how to make sure that when
we do a Kantian approach to research or
development we make sure that we always
have support from the people we are so
soft support of the government because
in research is we of course we need the
money and we need the win we need the
resource to do the read and sometimes
it's not that we don't want to research
about it it's sometimes there is lack of
support money and resource that block us
from doing these new discoveries of
invention so how to go along I guess
that gets your filt is actually
interesting maybe you can if it's like
this is a central issue okay I'm told
that something like 0.2 percent of the
gross national power of the available
money are spent on on basic research and
most of that point 2 percent is
committed by is not flexible in the
least there isn't enough money to do
basic research in this country that's a
serious problem it's the same problem
that I saw when I was in Vietnam and
people were asking me at the highest
level of government what can we do to
encourage basic research in Vietnam and
the answer that we gave them was you
have to pay the professor's more money
because the professors are paid so
poorly that
they have to spend most of their time
doing other things things other than
basic research and I suspect this is
true in this country as well if you
really are serious about entering the
the world of basic research and it
doesn't have to be the kind of research
that I do it doesn't have to do with
elementary particles or with the fate of
the universe it has to do with real
useful things like making this country
strong and if the country wants to be
strong it has to spend a little bit of
money on the infrastructure of research
and development especially basic
research thank you sir yeah the next
please thank you my name is mr. lumineer
I'm from spoon of Ember Institute of
Technology in Surabaya first of all I
would like to thank to you for your
quick lecture today
my question is currently Indonesia and
many developing world need more
engineers rather than scientist so it
makes many brightest student go to study
in engineering rather than pure and
natural sciences so there was a you know
lots of groundbreaking research and
discoveries in many developing nations
from your perspective how to solve this
problem
thank you well say that's the same the
solution is always the same money
because if you have I've met a number of
young people here who really want to do
basic research and they're getting a
very good education in this country the
educational system is marvelous here
I've seen now a number of institutions
people these kids get well educated and
if they really want to do basic research
they go to a graduate school in America
or in England or in Canada and they get
their graduate education there and they
probably stay there you will probably
lose these people because they
cannot have physicians here they cannot
do research here if there is no money
available if there's nothing nothing
analogous to the National Institute of
Health or the National Science
Foundation or the Department of Energy
that provides money for basic research
of course they will take they will leave
this country and have successful careers
elsewhere you want to keep your best and
brightest minds in this country to
develop this country
it remains a developing country you want
to put an end to developing and become
developed just pay for it the next from
the right side Salaam alaikum wa
rahmatullahi wa barakaatuh my name is
it's Malcolm Oh incidentally Chaka I
forget about two friends name is Albert
Einstein and Noam Chomsky they are have
to make up the difference if Albert
Einstein he he in Rome and he in fan
about big invention and norm is co-opted
from from his country and he come from
East Asia and and he met with
proletarian and citizen in there and
they NN he also makes a big big
intention and and about your lecture in
accidental accidental antigen Singh is
very very interesting also for me
we know in Indonesia you you say in
front that Indonesia is a pig pig pig
population they have much operation and
the system education in here is very bad
I think they are officially in the
scientists and the in the science fair
you memory just memory that that the
picture give to us
I will ask you if you Indonesian person
what the best system that will use
access from education system immigration
especially in sign thank you well thank
you that was a very long question and
I'm afraid I don't know what the
question is
I am i hearing is not that great and I
she could she come forwards I will try
my best to answer it she comes from the
Sudan collegio girl she's from the
religions and philosophical University
like that and she's asking about the
education system which is the best
because she will watch the education
system because she feels that we are
more in memorizing something rather than
understanding something how I understand
that thank you very much ah yes that is
a serious question
the trouble is of course that I do not
know anything about the educational
system in this country I just know that
I meet kids who are well educated so
something sometimes works maybe it
doesn't always work it is certainly true
that in some countries especially China
education is considered very very
important but it is done in a very in a
way which suppresses curiosity which its
forces kids to learn by rote rather than
by personal individual investigation
that may explain why China is not
developing in basic research it's
developing in engineering it's
developing technologically but the
number of basic scientists who are
making serious contributions is there
but it's relatively small for such a
gigantic country rote learning is very
suppressive of cure
yessuh tea curiosity is the one of the
greatest blessings that people have and
as the previous speaker this morning
argued all too often the pure eásá tea
of a young mind is suppressed by the
forces of rigorous education children
must be allowed to investigate the world
in the same way that young creatures of
lesser creatures are free to investigate
the world without constraints thank you
yeah please
all from the left side allow me to
introduce myself my name is owner of man
I came for civil engineering Faculty of
Engineers in Hamada university so I see
a grid to your subject in physics so a
simple question is how to maintain that
great passion for the subject that you
love and then the second question is do
you have any biography books because
Richard P Feynman's
biography motivates me a lot thank you
how to maintain the passion for the
science oh do I have a PI I have written
a more or less biographical book which
is completely out of print
it's called interactions aside from that
I wrote another semi biographical book
called the charm of physics but that
also was out of print but I have a few
copies of interaction at home but I
don't have them with me otherwise I
would give them to you it's not a very
good book I wrote it a long time ago so
professor glacial has a book called
interaction but he has no more read
books yeah the first question the first
question is about the how to maintain
the
a passion for for learning something or
the subject like that what you need is a
school system which encourages curiosity
and individuality what you need are
facilities that enable a person who
wants to be a scientist rather than an
engineer to be a scientist engineers are
good and they're important and you need
engineers of course there's no question
of that but you also need scientists who
are open-minded and who can point to new
directions in which the country can go
rather than engineers who continue doing
what has been done before so I as I say
and there is a problem that we're
getting here many of you think that
because Sir Richard and I have won Nobel
prizes that we can solve any problem but
that's not true we can solve some
problems having to do with science but I
don't think we're capable of solving the
problem of how to are developed
enquiring minds in this country that's a
very deep problem that requires
investigation from the very top and
requires money as well sometimes well I
have to say that when I was at the
Business School in in Jakarta I had the
feeling that those kids were really
learning things and were developing a
very very acute intellect and so it can
be done but it's very expensive glosso
and I'm sorry I am worthy that we cannot
continue the QA sessions because of the
time
and professor or glacial your inventions
leads to the understanding about
universe
what will you advise to us and to the
students in in our lives like that yeah
please advise us on on that because we
know that that your inventions lead to
the understanding deep understanding of
the universe yes indeed
what I and my colleagues have done is to
try to understand this wonderful world
that we have been given that we are born
to and I think it is a sacred obligation
of all of us to try to understand this
world and this universe but what can I
say to you if you this country needs
research it doesn't particularly need to
participate in the search for the basic
building blocks of matter to assert an
understanding of quarks an understanding
of string theory that's not what this
country needs at the moment what this
country needs at the moment is a
stronger infrastructure and a more an
approach to questions of energy that
will reduce the emissions of carbon
dioxide that are poisoning the
atmosphere throughout the world there
are very practical things that are have
to have to be done in this country which
I think come first and I think yes you
need basic research but you need basic
research that aims toward practical
development once the country achieves an
appropriate level then you can proceed
further my my dear friend Abdul Salam we
began this talk by talking by my
mentioning of the Salam was dedicated to
the return of base of pure science to
the countries to the under the
underdeveloped countries of the world he
wanted countries like Nigeria
and Yemen to come back into the world of
basic science I think it was
overreaching a bit what countries like
Yemen and and Nigeria need is to be come
to reach a higher level of development
now you are not such a country as that
but yet you want to be a first world
country and for that you should have a
serious and substantive effort in basic
science and I would hope that your
government recognizes the need for basic
science and for curiosity-driven
education and research thank you
very starting basis professor glacier
and I think we have a tough agenda after
these to develop our country based on
your lectures and your inspirational
messages thank you very much and this is
the end of the QA sessions and I would
like to return to the protocol thank you
the rector of Anita's Gadjah Mada
concludes officially the lecture and the
confirming ceremony the Nobel laureates
lectures and ceremony of the conferment
of honorary doctoral degree for
professor sheldon l glacial and dr.
richard terrible are formally closed
great appreciation great appreciation
and acknowledgement is directed to the
International Peace Foundation as well
as a foundation for supporting this
Nobel laureate lectures and also
directed to the promoters Academic
Senate both of professors both of
Trustee students and the organizer of
the committee for the preparation and
the arrangement of these lectures thank
you very much Tim peanin una caja
llamada de one group Azhar Tim promote
organ room offenders mini gala can't
oppa oppa Tara added in demon body
I've even the more video Kabaddi
please visible than Acadia Capital Metro
Valachi thank you they given moratorium
and tension
thank you
you
