Symbiosis is a scary word when it comes to AI. 
It's optional.
Humans are the original gangster of the Neural Net.
Hey this is Warren Redlich!
Elon Musk talked with Joe Rogan the other day
in a great interview.
The biggest subject in that interview was Neuralink.
I want to give an introduction to ...
This is what Neuralink is. This is why it
matters. This is how it's gonna change your life,
your parents lives ... This is gonna change the world. It's going to be amazing!
Scary maybe, but amazing. I can't wait to
see how far this goes this is gonna be fun.
I've been wanting to make a
Neuralink video and now is the time.
Let's get going.
Are you ready?
Yeah Boring company does not take it's like less than
1% of brain cycles.
And then there's Neuralink which is
I don't maybe it's like 5%.
Early in the interview with Rogan,
Elon says that he devotes less than 1%
of his brain cycles to The Boring Company.
This really surprised me.
The Boring Company has been a big
project that I thought Elon was putting
a lot into.
They had that big event with the tunnel in Hawthorne.
The Boring Company is doing a tunnel project in Las Vegas right now.
It seemed like this was a big deal. 
Elon talked about soul-crushing traffic.
How boring
company was gonna solve that problem.
I thought this was big.
For Elon to say he's putting less than one percent
of his brain cycles - his attention -
into The Boring Company suggests that something's wrong.
We were expecting the same kind of
fast iterative development that we see
with Starship and that we see with Tesla.
We were expecting that kind of development
to happen with Boring Company boring machines.
It started with Godot - that's the
original boring machine they were using.
It was supposed to move on to a boring
machine called LineStorm.
Then after LineStorm we were already supposed to
be working with a boring machine called Prufrock.
Prufrock was supposed to have 
15 times the tunneling speeed
of existing boring machines. 
This was going to enable so many developments
with The Boring Company -
Networks of tunnels underneath our cities.
Long-distance tunnels that would
enable people to travel much quicker
with much less traffic, make things much
smoother.
It seems like when Elon says he's putting 
less than  1% of his attention to that,
that maybe he has given up on it.
The Las Vegas project is moving along. 
It does appear like they're going to meet deadlines.
But it doesn't seem like they're achieving the speeds that they talked about.
My theory about this, and it's only a theory is
that Elon has realized this is not going
to achieve the kind of change he thought.
He's making a lot of progress with Tesla.
He's making a lot of progress with SpaceX.
He's making progress with Neuralink, and he sees those as better uses of his time
because they are achieving the revolutionary change he
was going for and The Boring Company
maybe isn't there.
Another theory is just The Boring Company is running fine without him.
It doesn't need his attention. That's a
positive spin on it, but to me that Elon
is saying he's not putting a lot of a
lot of his time into it says
This isn't going where we hoped. 
The other side of that was Elon said he's putting 5%
of his brain cycles into Neuralink, which is a lot.
Neuralink is a revolutionary company
like Tesla, like SpaceX.
But really this is striking and
that's what I'm devoting this video to -
How amazing Neuralink is and how that's revealed in the Rogan interview.
Things that I felt Rogen missed. Rogen - 
I love Joe Rogan -
But he himself would tell you he's got a monkey brain.
Elon would say we all have monkey
brains. But sometimes Rogan is just not
the smartest guy and it seemed like he
didn't get some key details that Elon was saying.
It also seemed like Elon
didn't get that Rogan didn't get it.
So some things didn't get explained. I want
to explain those I want to cover more.
I originally became a neurosurgeon because
I wanted to help people live
happier, healthier longer lives. 
I've been humbled in practice
by how powerless we are to treat
many of the most debilitating neurologic diseases. 
I work with Neuralink
because we, for the first time in history
have the potential to solve some of
these problems.
Are you testing on people right now?
No we're not testing on people yet. 
I think we may be able to implant a Neuralink
in less than a year in a person. I think.
Elon talked about putting Neuralink 
in a human patient within a year.
This seems optimistic to me. At the launch event they said it would happen during 2020.
We are working as hard as we
can towards our first in human clinical study next year.
So it seems like they've already delayed the implantation of a Neuralink in a human
until after 2020. If we're talking about a year from early May
we're already into 2021 well into
2021.
I certainly hope this is gonna move
forward quickly but of course they have to be careful.
They have to seek FDA approval.
They have to find the right patient.
It's a lot of things going on
here that might be delaying Neuralink's progress.
It does seem like they're moving forward 
and we're gonna see something good soon.
It's a very low
potential for rejection. It's definitely
harder when you've got something that is
reading and writing neurons - that's
generating a current pulse and
reading counter pulses - that's a
little harder. Joe Rogan asked Elon
about the risk of rejection. Now the idea
here is that Neuralink is going to be
implanting a device
into the skull. Open the skull up and implant a device
that goes into the brain.
It is a common concern people are aware of that when
you implant something into the human body,
the body might reject the implant.
Elon pretty much dismissed that
concern. He said there's some potential
for concern particularly because the
implant will be reading and writing to
neurons and that could create issues
This is just a quick description of how
it's done. Take out a chunk of skull put
the Neuralink device in there. Stitch it
up. You wouldn't even know that
somebody has it. 
Our aim is to simplify the procedure down to the
injection of local anesthetic, a very
small opening in the skin a painless
opening in the skull belo, quick and
precise placement of threads into the
cortex, and then we fill that hole in the
skull with the sensor, allowing the scalp
to be closed up. Behind the ear we'll
make a small incision to insert the coil
we will tunnel tiny wires under the
scalp to connect the sensors to the coil.
There's more to it, and we're going to cover that shortly.
Rogan of course in his fashion of trying
to find a way of explaining it to monkey brains,
compares it to ice fishing in the next clip. 
Okay so you take this one-inch (2.5 cm) diameter -
like ice fishing. 
"Replace that say one-inch diameter piece of skull
with this Neuralink device that
has a battery and Bluetooth and a
inductive charger together with the
electrodes so the electrodes are very
carefully inserted with a robot that we developed. 
"We developed this robot that
can rapidly and precisely insert
hundreds of individual threads
representing thousands of distinct
electrodes into the cortex in less than
an hour.
This tool allows a surgeon to aim
between the blood vessels that cover
the surface of the brain with micron
scale precision. As you can see the brain
surface moves with the heartbeat and breathing.
The robot tracks and adjusts
for this movement. Using this tool we can
greatly reduce the risk of harming
cortical vessels and causing bleeding."
Very carefully putting in the electrodes
and avoiding any veins or arteries.
Doesn't create trauma. Electrodes would be
inserted and they will find their way -
Like tiny wires basically. Tiny wires. Tiny Wires.
And they'll find their way to specific
areas of the brain to stimulate?
No you literally put them where it where
they're supposed to go.
How long will these wires be?
2 or 3 millimeters.
There's a lot in that segment you just saw, but one
thing that really stood out to me is
that these wires are going to be only
2-3 millimeters long. That's
basically a tenth of an inch or smaller.
That is incredibly small and I was
really surprised by that. I thought: "Well
isn't the brain a lot bigger than that?
Wouldn't you need to go a lot deeper?" So
I looked it up and Wikipedia says the
cerebral cortex is only 2-4
millimeters thick. So it turns out that
for most of these threads, they won't
have to insert them that far. Which is
pretty amazing. There's different parts
of our brain, and the central part of our
brain as I understand it - I'm not a
neuroscientist - but the central part of
our brain is more basic functions. And
the cerebral cortex, which is where our
thinking supposedly occurs, and a lot of
higher-level
processing occurs, it turns out that a
lot of that stuff is really close
to the edge of our brain, to the skull. So
it is, it turns out, fairly easy to reach
that with the electrodes that they would
be implanting with the Neuralink device.
As Elon mentions next, one of the first
brain diseases Neuralink hopes to treat
is blindness. "So it could be something
that ruins your eyesight, even if you've,
like, lost your optic nerve. This has
been done before in a very limited way
with something called the Utah Array
that allowed a person to be able to
actually see something, going from pitch
black to some kind of vision. But the
vision was very limited. "Jason Estherhuisen
never dreamed he'd see light or
movement again. But with the flick of a
switch - "Wow" - his world suddenly grew
brighter. From being able to see
absolutely nothing. It's pitch black.
To all of a sudden seeing little flickers
of light move around. The Utah Array is
much more primitive. The implant is much
more likely to cause trauma. It doesn't
have as many electrodes to be able to
convey anywhere near as rich of a
picture to the brain. Neuralink can
similarly connect to the visual cortex,
which is at the back of the brain. But
Neuralink will be able to use far more
electrodes to be able to deliver far
more complex and rich imagery to the
brain, or that is the hope. It will also
cause far less trauma because the method
of inserting these electrodes into the
brain avoids injuring arteries and veins.
And at the same time these wires are
flexible. They will last longer. There's
so many advantage to this. This is
miracle class stuff! Next Elon talks
about fixing paralysis. "It could in
principle fix almost anything that is
wrong with the brain. Restore limb
functionality and interface into the
motor cortex. And then an implant that's
say that's like a microcontroller in
your muscle groups. You could then create a
neural shunt that restores somebody who
is a quadriplegic to full functionality.
Like they can walk around. Be normal. The
idea here is that a Neuralink implant
operating at the motor cortex would be
able to communicate with the muscles. And
enable the muscles to work again.
Going around the spinal cord
break to be able to reach those muscles
and deliver the messages again.
And feel the signals coming back from
muscles and the nerves around the
muscles. So that people who can't walk
would be able to walk again. People who
can't use their arms would be able to
use their arms again. This is again
miracle level stuff! "Whoa!!"
Yeah. So ... Maybe slightly better. Slightly
better? Over time. Yes.
You mean with future iterations? Like the,
you know, Six Million Dollar Man.
The Neuralink launch event specifically identified quadriplegia,
all four limbs being paralyzed,
as the first likely patient that this would be used in. 
Our first in-human clinical study
next year. And again these are plans but
the primary indication for that will
be complete paralysis by upper
cervical spinal cord injury.
And how about epilepsy? "Like severe epilepsy. It's
just sort of stopped the
epilepsy from occurring. Like it could
detect it in real time and then fire a
counter pulse and stop the Epilepsy
epilepsy is just one more example where
neural link could perform miracles elan
also goes on to talk about how it could
help with other brain diseases like
alzheimer's as to nature we will are
gonna get Alzheimer's we're all gonna
get senile you know this would later
remember your names your kids and and
and have a normal they're a much more
normal life where you you you were able
to function much later in life and
that's something that's very personal to
my family because my grandmother had
Alzheimer's my mother has Alzheimer's
guess what I'm at high risk for having
Alzheimer's nothing's gonna happen in
time for my mother if you have a family
member who already has Alzheimer's this
is probably not gonna be developed in
time but if you are at risk for
Alzheimer's and it's 10 20 years down
the road before it's gonna set in this
could very well change your future and
mine next Elon and Joe Rogan get into
some depth on how it works
yeah stimulating these areas of the
brain think of us like a bunch of
circuits and there's some circuits that
are broken and we can like fix those
circuits it substitute for those circuit
circuits is the process figuring out how
much or how little these areas of the
brain have to be juiced up if you listen
carefully you can see how Rogan
misunderstands how it works in ela
doesn't notice what Rogan doesn't
understand this this problem in human
communication is really interesting when
you think about what's coming later in
the video you'll see Elon doesn't
explain it as well as I've seen him
explain it in other cases because he
didn't notice what Rogan didn't get in
the interview Rogan only seems to see
the stimulation side you're putting
something in the
brain and this is gonna stimulate the
brain that idea is just that you're
putting something in the brain and it
stimulates or kick-starts the the brain
some area that's not working properly
there's an analogy during the interview
where they talk about slamming the top
of the TV set in the good old days when
we had TVs that work that way you
sometimes the TV would be on the fritz
and you'd bang it and suddenly you would
have a better picture I don't know why
that worked but that's a common thing
that people of my generation on the same
generation is rogen that's a common
thing we're familiar with so it sort of
makes sense you can also think of when
someone's heart stops they put the
paddles on the chest and then go just
and they give it a shock and that gets
the heart working again but that's not
what neural link is about the biggest
thing about neural link is not the
signals it's sending into the brain but
that it's reading activity from the
neurons it's reading what what's
happening inside your brain and allowing
you to communicate out its what signal
you're sending out not what signals
coming in it's both but the signal
you're sending out or that it's reading
from your brain is actually a bigger
change than what's coming in what Elon
is talking about is increasing the input
output bandwidth from our brain to our
computers you've got your phone and
you're using your thumbs or your fingers
to get your phone to do something to
choose letters on a screen and create a
phrase that's slow that's slower than
typing on a keyboard if you know how to
touch type it's or you talk to the cup
to the phone and the phone recognizes
your voice and unfortunately in my
experience doesn't recognize it very
efficiently now imagine that you're able
to communicate with your computer with
your phone at much higher speed with
much higher precision and how much
better that will be and we're again
we're going to talk about that some more
next rogen heads into the idea of the
whole brain implant and Elan takes it to
full AI symbiosis the fear is that
eventually they're gonna have to cut the
whole top of someone's head off and put
a new top with a whole bunch of wires
ultimately if you if you want to go with
full AI stand
you'll probably want to do something
like that symbiosis is a scary word when
it comes to AI it's optional kei is
getting better and better even in a
benign scenario we're kind of left
behind and we're just too dumb but so
how do you go along for the ride so you
can't beat them join them
I loved how Elon went here if you can't
beat them join them
Elon sees a world where artificial
general intelligence will become far
more capable than human intelligence the
computers are going to get smarter than
us they didn't get into this in the
interview but there's this concept of
threat versus pet when artificial
general intelligence gets smarter than
us will it view us as a threat if the AI
if the computers view us as a threat and
they're smarter than us and more capable
than us if we're a threat they might
decide to wipe us out if they view us as
a pet they might take us along for the
ride they'll let us ride in the
passenger seat of the cyber truck roll
down the window and stick our heads out
to enjoy the breeze we don't consider
dogs or cats to be a threat to humans
mostly other than the occasional bite
we take animals along for the ride as we
have expanded human civilization to
something far beyond what life was like
when we were living back a thousand
10,000 years ago so the hopeful scenario
is that AI views us as a pet rather than
a threat
Elon steak is the dye implanting brain
machine interfaces these neural link be
Mis in our brain it will allow us to
communicate with the AI at a much higher
level at a much faster speed and it will
allow us to keep up and really be more
with it along for the ride maybe we can
be even more than pets I highly
recommend the Ian banks series of novels
the culture series which Elon Musk has
frequently mentioned on Twitter as
possibly his greatest influence or his
favorite science fiction series there's
a lot in there with a concept called the
neural lace which is very very similar
to what Elan seems to be doing with
neural ink Brogan brings up the fear
that we could become cyborgs as if this
is somehow a bad thing that we've been
merging with the AI we won't be
ourselves anymore
ilan points out that were already
networked with machines we are addicted
to our phones we use our phones for
everything we're already a sidewall to
some degree right because you've got
your phone you got your laptop today if
your phone if you if you don't bring
your phone along it's like you have
missing limb syndrome they increase our
capability massively we can access
nearly all of human knowledge with our
phones in a very short time just
yesterday I was helping my kid with
algebra 2 and I was able to ask my phone
what's the sine of 15 degrees and I got
an answer instantly it's just at the
data rate to the electronics is slow
today especially output like you're just
going with your thumbs if you can solve
the the data rate issue and your
especially output but input to then you
can improve the symbiosis that is
already occurring between nano machine
now imagine how much faster that
communication with the computers will be
and how much richer and more full how
much bigger questions you'll be able to
ask and get answers quicker when the AI
is more capable and when our
communication speeds are much faster and
we are going to become much more
productive beings we're going to be much
smarter we're going to be capable of so
much more by taking advantage of these
opportunities the biggest problem that
neural ink is trying to address in the
long run and the short run it's brain
diseases but in the long run the biggest
problem is trying to address our data
rate problem that our output our ability
to communicate with the machines is very
limited to maybe a hundred characters a
minute
something very very slow we just don't
type that fast especially with our
thumbs we don't speak that fast but our
communication with the machines could be
much much faster if we have all these
electrodes in our brains allowing our
neurons to communicate much more quickly
Elon pointed out specifically that this
is about data transfer and that the
output in particular our communication
to the machines is very slow and needs
to be sped up next Joe and Elon start
down the road of humans communicating
with each other
this gets deep you literally could
fundamentally change the way human
beings interface with each other yes
you wouldn't need to talk if people had
a neuro-link you'd be able to
effectively have a sort of really high
bandwidth telepathy you could actually
communicate at the sort of complex meme
structure level really I'd like to say
new kind of communication it's sort of a
conceptual telepathy essentially let's
say you've got some complex idea that
you're trying to convey to somebody else
and how do you do that well your brain
spends a lot of effort compressing a
complex concept into words and there's a
there's a lot of a lot of loss an
information loss that occurs when
compressing a complex concept into words
and then you say those words those words
are then interpreted then they're
decompressed by the person who is
listening and they they will at best get
a very incomplete understanding of what
you're trying to convey it's very
difficult to convey a complex concept
with precision because you've got
compression decompression you may not
even have heard all the woods correctly
and so communication is difficult you
know what we have here is a failure to
communicate there's a lot here Elon is
saying not only will be able to
communicate with machines
we'll be able to communicate with other
humans who also have a knurling device
implanted without having to talk and
this blow is rogen away you would be
able to communicate very quickly and
with far more precision as Elon
describes it our intra human
communication from me to you when we
both have neural link devices will be
greatly improved currently I have a
thought in my head I want to explain it
to you I translate that thought in my
head into words in my case in the
English language
sometimes I try Spanish Japanese or
French but mostly English I then say
those words you hear those words your
mind then interprets the words that you
heard and converts that to an idea in
your head the idea I had in my head when
I started to talk and the idea that you
have in your head when you
after you've heard it could be very
different there's a lot of problems
along the way there's did I choose the
right words
did I say them correctly did you hear
them correctly did you interpret them
correctly and more and then there's the
speed of communication which is very
slow with us both having neural links if
you buy into the theory we will be able
to communicate much more quickly with
each other much more efficiently and
much more precisely so you will
understand what I'm saying I will be
able to say bigger concepts to you and
you will understand them better
with neural link and neural link I'm not
sold on how exactly that works there's
some idea that it still has to be a
communicator to some language hopefully
that communication to the language is
more efficient the speed of transmission
is more efficient the transmission is
more accurate between me and you and
your interpretation of the language is
more accurate but I'm not completely
sold on that idea yet I like it I'm just
not sure how many years before you don't
have to talk if the development
continues to accelerate five years five
to ten years that's quick
tears more like it of course in his
usual optimistic Elon time Elon says
this is gonna happen in five to ten
years this intra human communication
speed increase but next Elon goes really
big save state
it also save state save state save state
like save your brain state like like a
save game in a video game you could save
state and restore that state into a
biological being if you if you wanted to
in the future in principle it's like
knowing like from a physics standpoint
that prevents us like a saved game in a
video game this really goes back to this
concept of neural lace from the Iain
Banks novels it's really amazing stuff
and you could say oh this is just
science fiction but we used to say that
about landing rockets and we used to say
that about cars that drive themselves we
used to say it about speaking to each
other by video I mean even just this
fact that I'm broadcasting this video
through YouTube it's pretty much science
fiction thirty years ago so where are we
going to be in twenty or thirty years
it's science fiction until it is in
fiction
anymore it's coming and restore that
state into a biological being if you if
you want it you can put your mind into
another biological being again something
that appeared somehow and the Ian banks
novels this is so out there it's hard
for people to grasp think of it this way
you backup your computer regularly if
your computer crashes fails breaks
whatever and you have to go get a new
computer you take the backup and you put
that back up onto the new computer well
if you backup your brain your mental
state you use a neural link device
that's a whole brain neural link device
and you're able to capture the entire
state of your mind at one moment and
then you die in a car crash the next day
your mind that has been saved could be
put into another entity whether it's
awake on a computer whether it's put
into somehow a created biological being
or an android robot I'm not sure where
that's going and Elon didn't really
explain it I'm not sure he even knows
where he's going with that it sounds
crazy but we do it backing up computers
now is it possible that we could back up
our mental state
Elon goes on to discuss how much
different the new you would be the
backed up you put into a biological
being or wherever how much different
that would be and he doesn't think it's
that different now you'd be a little
different but then you're also a little
different when you wake up in the
morning from yesterday and you're a
little different in fact if you say like
you five years ago versus here today is
quite a big difference yes
so you'd be substantially you I mean
you'd be you'd suddenly think you're you
this conceptual notion of how you might
be different from the person you were
yesterday
or the person you were five years ago
that's difficult for the human brain to
comprehend ie like I'm a real early
adopter technophile I love this stuff
and I'm still like wow that's a pretty
big leap although maybe if we have a
neural link it'll be easier for us to
understand this stuff because it'll make
us smarter think like how your phone can
you can record videos on your phone like
there's no way you could remember a
video right as accurately as your phone
or a camera you know could far in the
future you could remote you could
recall everything but just like it's a
movie cliff concluding all the entire
sensory experience emotions everything
everything everything and play it back
thank you she added it elan went all
black mirror in that segment I saw this
black mirror episode this is just a
short clip from it went even further and
suggested you could edit your memories
what this is crazy stuff next he briefly
goes into the brains in vats concept
that's been around for a long time with
philosophers it dates back if you've
seen the matrix the matrix is kind of a
brains in vats scenario it really dates
back at least to the allegory of the
cave by Plato in ancient Greece how do
you know you're not a brain an event you
are a brain an event then that faddish
your skull yes and everything you see
feel hear and what everything all your
senses are our electrical signals
everything everything and then Elan
addresses Rogen's misguided question
about equality but the people that first
get it she'd have us a massive advantage
over people that don't have it yet well
I mean it's kind of thing where your
productivity would improve I don't know
dramatically maybe by a factor of 10
with it so you could definitely just
take out a loan and do it and earn earn
the money back real fast a few points
there the Equality question is
misleading you can finance the upgrade
you can make a lot more money now
because you're a lot smarter you
increase your productivity and you're
able to learn a lot more money and pay
back the loan for putting this device in
brogan did not seem to get this point
the other big point is that the
differences between people will become
trivial if I become get this implant and
I'm ten times smarter than you okay
may seem unfair but artificial
intelligence may become a hundred times
as smart as us a thousand times as smart
as us a million times as smart as us we
should be I think less concerned about
like relative capabilities between
people and more having AI be vastly you
know beyond us and decoupled from human
will the bigger jump the bigger concern
is AI getting smarter than us not some
people being smarter than others we
already have that to some extent it's
not clear how much big how much that
change will matter in human relations
and it should be widely available to all
humans so you feel like it's inevitable
ok sentient AI super sentient AI yeah
look beyond a level that's difficult to
understand impossible Tarzan probably
super sentient AI is inevitable if you
listen to eel on super sentient AI that
is smarter than us that is more
conscious than us it will surpass us by
so much that we won't be able to
understand how much it has surpassed us
there's this blogger of the wait but why
blog done by Tim urban he did this piece
on how artificial intelligence and
artificial and general intelligence will
improve rapidly exponentially imagine
AGI at first is as smart as an ant a
year later it's as smart as a mouse six
months later it's as smart as a monkey
two months later it's approaching human
level intelligence the day after it
reaches human level intelligence it's
smarter than us and not long after that
it's a lot smarter than us and the gap
is going to grow rapidly it is
increasing exponentially not only is it
increasing fast it's over time that
speed is going up it's getting faster
and faster and faster a month
after AI is smarter than us it looks at
us like we're chimps we're just not on
its level anymore two months later it
looks at us like we're mice a week after
that we are ants and not long after that
it doesn't even notice we are there the
big scary moment is
the moment shortly after it passes human
level intelligence that's when it might
view us as a threat once it gets to the
word chimpanzees where we're mice we're
not a threat anymore it doesn't worry
about us anymore
next up artificial intelligence as a
tertiary layer so you can think of the
computer the AI is it's like a third
layer of tertiary layer like that could
be symbiotic with the cortex it we much
smarter than the cortex but you
essentially have three layers and you
actually have that right now your phone
is capable of things and your computer
is capable things that your brain is
definitely not
you know storing terabytes of
information perfectly doing incredible
calculations that you know we couldn't
even come close to doing you have that
with your computer it's just like I said
the data rate is slow yeah the
connection is weak we already have a
tertiary layer go back 30 years if you
wanted access to more information than
you had in your brain you'd go to a
library you'd read a book it took a lot
of time to get answers today you have
access to most of the world's
information in real time through your
phone or your computer your phone can
calculate for you we are already
networked with the machines but our data
rate is slow you are already sort of a
cybernetic some layout it's just a
question of your data rate the the
communication speed between your phone
and your brain is slow now imagine you
can get all those answers without having
to type or speak into your phone with
neuro-link you'll be able to think of a
question and you'll have you'll be able
to ask more complex questions and get
more complete answers instantly and then
Joe Rogan asks the big question what are
we gonna be like when 2025 years from
now what are we gonna be like there
could be a whole brain interface a whole
brain interface so we're pretty close to
that yeah how does how do you define
what do you mean by whole brain
interface almost all the neurons are
connected to you're the sort of AI
extension of yourself
AI extension of yourself yeah what does
that mean to you but when you say AI
extension of yourself well you like said
you already
of a computer extension of yourself in
your phone and now online it's like
somebody dies there's like an online
ghost that they're they're still there
online stuff is yeah
it's alive it would just be that but
more of you would be in the cloud I
guess then in your body that's it 25
years from now more of you will be in
the cloud than in your body the
possibilities from there are amazing
what if you could make multiple copies
of yourself you could put your mind into
a robot a humanoid robot some other a
dog robot a cheetah robot a flying robot
a swimming robot a spacefaring robot I
want to close this video by leaving you
with some really good clips from the
neuro-link launch event there's a brief
bit with the president of the company
talking about working with Elon and then
there's a longer bit that's brilliant
there's a fantastic discussion about
when they implant these electrodes into
the brain about the ratio of the number
of neurons that each electrode can work
with brilliant discussion rather than me
talking about it I'm just going to let
you watch it Elon has this incredible
like incredible optimism where he'll
pierce through these imagined
constraints and show you that really a
lot more is capable a lot more is
possible than you really think is today
and you have to be very careful telling
them that something's impossible it
better be limited by a law of physics or
you're going to end up looking stupid
what's the ratio of electrodes to
neurons because you wouldn't want a
one-to-one ratio because that's a lot of
electrodes so you really want to
actually have that ratio of years as big
as possible and ideally at least a
hundred to one ask maybe a thousand one
ideally so because the bigger the ratio
of neurons to electrodes the fewer
implantations it's going to be just way
better so for sure you'd want what you'd
want to to read a whole bunch of neurons
and then be able to stimulate neurons
and or a cluster of neurons by varying
the field potential so that you don't
you don't need to have
one twin stem or read ratio what do you
go up ideally a hundred to one because
when I've had more MORE yeah I think
it's important to add to that that any
answer we give to what's the right
number of electrodes at this point is
speculation yeah that's that's part of
the cutting speculate yeah but but but
but the point I'm trying to make though
is that this bootstrapping that we
anticipate is going to happen we're
gonna put in devices they're gonna be
lower level from that we'll be able to
find out the information content and
information density in the areas that
we're looking at what the electrodes we
have and will and we'll be able to
bootstrap up from that so you know what
I actually believe that we are the ones
that are going to be able to answer that
question without speculation I'll say
when you look at the anatomy of the
brain the brain is mostly silent like if
so it on average classic electrode can
see somewhere between zero and four
neurons electrically by by different
waveform templates but when you just
look at the anatomy and like the
distances you'd expect it to see more
like a thousand and so this question of
why is the brains of silent is an
interesting one and one of the policies
is that they have a lot of neurons that
are very narrow receptive fields that
only fire when they have very high
information content updates with respect
to something specific and one of the
challenges of spike sorting is that you
can't tell like you can't tell apart
like another spike of a neuron that you
think you're recording from with that
was the first time I heard from that
neuron specifically that I don't know is
very and as you have these long lasting
chronic devices you'll be able to get
more of that out in the decoding yeah I
mean I think it's a kind of very the the
electrode to neuron dense density is
gonna vary quite a bit depending upon
what part brain it is as well if it's
sort of sort of somatosensory sensory
it's probably like a pretty big ratio
and like you can like you can get pretty
impressive results like controlling you
know uh essentially a cursor with your
brain is you don't need very many like
electrodes for that so and there's a lot
of neurons in the sort of motor cortex
so I think there's some cases where you
could have
this is really speculation of course I
mean some of some places where you could
have maybe 10,000 won and some places
where you don't want maybe ten to one it
could probably I suspect it will vary
quite a bit
