Good morning.
Good morning sir.
Are you all right?
Yes sir.
Lovely, so, we are coming almost towards the
end of the first part of the course. Do you
remember what the first part of the course
was or is? The first part of the course I
say it would cover some basic principles of
presentations and public speaking. And, all
along this month I have try to tell you that
anyone of us can become an effective presenter
if you get organized, if you prepare well,
if you speak slowly, if you respect your audience,
and come well dressed, greet them, smile to
them some basic principles of the civilized
society. Is that ok? Yes or no? Is that ok?
Yes sir.
Right, I hope you know whenever you get an
opportunity, you will practice these things.
Your second cycle of presentations will begin
on the first of February and May and it may
take 2 days. I have already told you about
the topics, I have already told you how many
minutes you will get and I have also told
you how to prepare about it.
Do you have any questions? If you have any
questions, please ask now about the topic,
about what you are expected to do, about how
you will be evaluated. Do you remember? Do
you remember, yes or no?
Yes sir.
So, I am coming almost to the end of this
series of lectures and discussions. And last
week, I told you about no matter what your
topic, how you can get, how you can prepare
for the topic, how you can research your topic,
And how you can get organised. Do you remember
that? And I told you that, you could always
take somebody else s data do you remember
the pearl of the east coast story?
Yes Sir
I am sure you do. It is so easy to laugh at
the others is it not? Is it not easy to laugh
at others.
So, you know is it or is it not?
It is
Yes it is so easy, but do not make the same
mistake. I am I am not telling you, you cannot
use others data you can. Nobody has a copyright
on knowledge, no matter what commercial proponent
say, but you cannot use others data without
acknowledging that others have to use it this
is how they got it. And, there is nothing
like checking it, bringing your own data,
bringing your own stuff. Just as you would
not wear others shirt, just as you would not
steal others water or mobile phone, there
is no point stealing others data, and when
you use others data without acknowledging
the same, then you are guilty of stealing
those data, do not you ever do that.
The second point is, there can be all kinds
of data to present. There can be a statistical
data, numerical data, there can be visual,
there can be verbal, all kinds, there can
be photographs, what is a good way of presenting
data of various kinds?
This word is singular in Latin. Means fact,
and plural is data facts, just as criterion
and criteria, phenomenon and
phenomena
Stadium and stadia. Like that Latin like any
other language has singular and plural in
our language we have in Telugu and Malayalam,
Hindi and Tamil. We have singular and plural
do nt we? So, you can have variety of data,
there can be visual, verbal. It can be visual.
Can you give me the example of a visual data
some forms of visual data like I said photograph
anything else?
Videos
Graphs, charts 
you can have photo, you can have graph, you
can have various kinds of charts. They are
best presented visually. You can have verbal
data, data in words who said what? Martin
Luther King the other day we heard him say,
I have a dream, you might want to quote him.
That is, verbal data data for words. The point
now, the question now that you have to ask
yourself and only you can answer that question
is, what data What sort of data can be presented
best in what manner. Please write. The question
that we asking and trying to answer today,
Are you with me?
Yes sir.
Everybody please.
Yes sir.
Did you have a good breakfast?
Yes sir.
Lot of people do not seem to have had breakfast.
The question that we are asking and I am trying
to answer today is as follows. What kind of
data can be presented best in what manner?
Am I clear to you? Sure, I do not see a smile
on your faces, I find you tensed, did you
not sleep well last evening, last night, last
morning actually. Do you understand the question?
Say yes or no
Yes sir.
Ok, can anyone of you please repeat the question
to me? What is the question we are dealing
with today?
What kind of data can be present in what manner?
What kind of data can be presented best in
what manner?
What are we discussing today? Please, last
bench on my right hand, third bench please.
Yes.
Is that what you have learnt in one month
do you speak so rapidly? Come again, please
loud voice, slowly come again please.
What kind of data can be presented best in
what manner?
What kind of data can be presented best in
what manner? When you want to take tea should
you take it in a plate or in a cup? Should
you take it with your fingers or with a spoon?
But when you are eating porridge, when you
eat thayir sadam should it be take in a cup
or in a plate? You can take it in any way
you like. Any kind of data can be presented
in any manner, but the question is, what manner
will be best? Anything can be presented in
any manner.
Lot of people come to the classroom in any
kind of dress. They make no distinction between
bedroom and classroom. But we know as civilized
human beings that there is a certain kind
of dress for a certain occasion. Something
will go best on this occasion something will
not go best on the other occasion. Similarly,
all kinds of data cannot be presented in the
same manner with equal effect equally well.
Some kinds of data will go well in one manner;
other kinds of data will go well in another
manner. Is that ok? Yes or no?
Yes sir.
That is what we are talking about, How to
present data? How to get organised? Last week,
we talked about message, contents. Unless
you have something to say, nobody will hear
you, all your dress, your smile, your confidence,
your slow tempo is good for nothing. If you
have nothing to say, but if you have something
to say, then the second question is, how I
can say that best? Is that ok? Let us go on.
Let us look at some ways.
For example, let us look at tables, what can
tables do? Tables can give you basic simple
information, look at the slide I have presented
here and I am sorry, the fonts could have
been a little larger, but well I packed in
a little too much, it could have been fewer.
I am trying to tell you that even a great
king like Aurangzeb. How many of them were
non Muslims? How many of his generals? Any
one please, can you read the members aloud.
How many of his generals were non Muslim?
Can you see the numbers? This table tells
you about race and religion of Aurangzeb s
generals. Aurangzeb was a king, a Muslim king
who ruled over India in the late 17th century.
Many of the generals were Muslims, but many
were also non Muslims, how many of them were
non Muslims? Some were Rajputs, some were
Marathas, other Hindus, total Hindus, etcetera.
I have not given you the total no I just left
it for you to do.
Now imagine if I try to give you this information
verbally, would it go equally well? Suppose,
I close it and I say do not look at close
your eyes, imagine that you are not looking
at and there is no data now. I am telling
you Aurangzeb have 36 Turanians and 25 Iranians,
but number of Turk generals in his empire
was only 7, but he had 18 Rajputs. It would
appear to you as a confusing jumble of numbers;
but if I tell you the same thing with two
parameters, the same thing with two parameters.
Number 1: their ethnic background, but if
I if I present these data to you in the form
of a table then they go best.
I have two columns; one is the parameter the
race, the religion. All Muslims did not come
from the same race, what different races they
came from? The table tells you they were many
of them were Iranians. Who were the others?
There were Turanians there were.
Afghans.
Afghans there were.
Indian Muslims.
Indian Muslims whatever that meant. There
were other Muslims, non Indian Muslims, Africans.
So, the total number of Muslims generals,
he had was 53 the total number was.
Everybody please the total number was.
53
The total number was.
What was it?
53.
53
53
The total number was Muslims generals he had
was 53. And similarly, he had Hindu generals
from a variety of backgrounds, many of them
were Rajputs, some others were Marathas, there
were Brahmin generals, there were other kind.
So, that is why the table says race and religion.
The point I am making is the following; that
tables are good for presenting numerical data,
which relates to some other parameters, which
relate to data or plural, which relate to
other parameters like in this case race and
religion.
Look at something else another. Have you heard
of something called census of India. How frequently
does it happen? Every 10 years. Every 10 years
the government of India counts its people,
and also collects information regarding their
language they speak, regarding whether they
live in a village or in a city, whether they
are men or women etcetera. Whether, they are
Muslims or Hindus or Christians or Buddhists
etcetera. So, here you I am presenting some
data to you. What are the parameters I have
taken? Tell me.
3
3
Year and speakers, and percentage increase.
Table is a very good form of presenting all
of these. Whenever, you have lot of parameters
and lot of numbers to present. Even if you
do not have the help of a computer or a power
point even if you only have a blackboard,
write it there. Some of these data go best
visually. Some of these data, numerical data
in particular please write, numerical data
are best transmitted visually or verbally?
Visually and when you present data keep quiet.
Let your class, let your listeners watch it,
do not try and read. In the year 1971 we had
6130026 Maithili Speakers, no need. Let them
watch it, but if you want to draw, if you
want to make some general points, you can
draw their attention look at the percentage
increase in different years. It is amazing
why it fell down in 1991, but once again picked
up in 2001. Is it the case that lot of people
who had not reported this language as their
mother tongue reported it in the 2001 census
or suddenly Maithili Speakers every family
had a dozen children. You can raise these
points, you can highlight the differences,
and you can highlight the trends. Are you
with me? Are you awake?
Yes sir
Lovely, really you are great. So, tables help
you in presenting numerical data with various
parameters, with various factors. How do graphs
help? What are graphs meant for? Tell me.
How do graphs help? What kind of data can
be presented best through graphs?
When you show comparisons, when you show trends,
for example, when mobile phones came on this
campus. The earliest I recall is about 1999,
when the students had started having 1999
or 2000 one or two students hardly. By about
2003 or 2004 there were at least one or two
mobile phones in every wing of every hostel.
In 2012, do you have a friend who does not
have a mobile phone? Yes
Yes lovely, I like to meet him or her.
Him.
I will definitely like to meet him and felicitate
him; he must be a great guy. The pressure
of fashion, the pressure of the peer group
is so much that lot of people do even useless
things say for example, imagine when the shirt
sticker came here rather than be here, but
because, somebody made it fashionable. So,
lot of the people start it wearing their shirt
stickers here. Similarly, is not that we need
phone on a continual 24 hour basis but sometimes
I had feel that mobile phone has become a
part of our body.
So, you know graphs are good, graphs are wonderful
for presenting trends. In this case, can anyone
please tell me what what is being presented?
Average precipitation what is precipitation?
Rainfall
Rainfall. Can you describe the data to me
please as you look at it; imagine that you
are present in the data on my behalf. Can
one of you please stand up and speak and the
camera will pick you up. Anyone of you please
come on now. This is the class in spoken English,
and I want to see if you can speak. One of
you please, describe the data to your class.
Acapulco had very less rainfall in the month
of January and April, but it had about 200
MM of rainfall in the month of July and around
150 MM in the month of October. Amsterdam,
on the other hand had consistent rainfall
around 50 to 100 MM in all four months.
Ok. Graph is a wonderful medium for presenting
data. Sometimes you use abbreviations in visual
form which is fine, but when you speak just
has my friend did now, he did a wonderful
job. And maybe we can clap for him, but he
could also have expanded m m what is m m?
What does m m stands for?
Millimetre.
We know that, but even then in the verbal
form because verbal clue must come for as
long and as slowly as possible. So, compared
with m m millimetre would take several more
nano seconds. These are basic, thumb rule
principles. Why some speakers are able to
say the same thing better than some other
speakers? Not that they are much more to say,
not that they have found something which others
have not, but may be they are better organised,
they have given thought to all of these things.
Are you with me?
Yes Sir.
Let us look at something else.
Diagram. Has everyone here done a course in
engineering drawing?
Yes sir.
Now no matter what you do? The organisation
of a machine, the design of the machine, layout
of a plot, the layout of the township, no
branch of engineering or science including
social science is such that does not need
to use layouts, drawings, diagrams. Now you
can try, close your eyes and I am going to
describe the diagram to you.
Close your eyes, imagine you do not look at
it, imagine it comes to you verbally. Now
shielded metal arc welding method for Shielded
metal can follow the following principle.
On the right hand it can have an electric
holder and on the left it can have an empty
box like cylinder. But at the base there will
be the lathe which will work and in this entire
thing can be kept on the work table. Open
your eyes now. Do you get the same picture
as you get now? Watch this clear and now or
my description of it.
Some of these things go even if you do not
have computer, even if you do not have pen
and paper. I come from a village and I have
seen masons those who build houses or the
farmers who are going to buy new plot of land
about how they would cultivate what? If nothing
else they take a piece of a stone or they
pick up a pebble and draw lines on the earth
in the sand to indicate, to mark, how they
are going to use a particular plot of land?
What kind of crop will be cultivated in which
part of the plot?
The diagrams are wonderful objects for presenting
relatic position. When you say right or left,
it is difficult to imagine whose right? Last
evening I visited a friend and my friend told
me my house is on the left, as I entered I
was trying to find the house on the left,
and the house is on the left did not bare
the number that I had been given. Because,
I forgot to ask I should have asked, whether
it would be on my left as I enter or on your
left as you come out, do you see the point?
So, some of these things can be confusing;
and in the high stake engineering enterprise
such as when you launch a rocket or when you
launch a ship an ocean going liner you just
not have this kind of confusion. You cannot
afford it. You have to be very precise precise
to the nano seconds to the milli milli meter
and be very specific. So, diagrams are the
best methods for presenting layout, sketch,
and design relative position etcetera.
Let us look at something else. What kind of
chart is this?
Pie chart.
What is pie chart good for?
Distribution.
Distribution of what? Distribution of percentage
you are close to it but not close to it not
quite correct. What is a pie chart best for?
100 percent breaking it as a small small segments
Portions. Thank you very much. What is your
name?
Dinesh.
Dinesh, please capture my friend. Now do not
shield your smile, remove your hand. I want
a camera to capture your smile. Pie chart
is a wonderful medium for presenting. So,
for example, many of us faculty members you
may have heard, and watch the debate on the
faculty male. Heated debate is going on some
people are saying wow! so close sudden. It
is an offence to my sense of joy, my sense
of beauty, and suddenly there are animals
there are lot of friends say we hurt the deer,
we hurt the monkeys, we hurt the ants, and
we hurt the flies.
There are some faculty members in a very great
minority whose most students also once in
a while need to have or deserve to have some
fun. The best way you can present these data,
you can also have tables, you can have diagrams,
you can have graphs, and you can do anything.
But the best way to present these data would
be the pie chart. Have a pie chart. Faculty
members that support the closer of sarang
99 percent, faculty members that say sarang
should go on 0.5 percent, undecided 0.5 percent.
It says in one one slide and you got the entire
picture. Drawing is the language of engineering,
it does not require French, it does not require
Latin, it does not require Hindi or Telegu
or English. One diagram, one chart can give
you the exact portion of any issue at a stake.
The point is you see and that is where the
wisdom comes in. All of us know these things,
do not we? Say yes or no.
Yes sir.
It is like any great truth. All of us know
these things. But then, we are in such a hurry
that we quiet often do not even pause and
ask ourselves. I am going to make a presentation
today, what kind of shirt I should wear? What
kind of trousers I should have? What kind
of tools I should use for presenting data?
What data will go best? Where I should keep
quiet? What do these data tell you? What does
this pie chart tell you about? Who do you
think is it about?
Your life Sir.
My life I wish I could sleep as well, my sleep
is now equal to what I have said here for
eating. I randomly, but I thought I was writing
about, I was describing the life of an average
under graduate students on this campus. So,
pie chart is a wonderful way. There can be
similarly all kinds of, there can be Venn
diagram, there can be Bar charts, there can
be come on tell me.
Flow charts
Come on please tell me the names, write make
a lists of them.
Bar graph
Can you make can you make an exhaustive list,
I will give you 2 minutes and I will request
my friends to pan their camera on to one of
your note books so, write big hands. Make
a list of what are the various ways you can
do them, and what you would use them for?
Also write for example, pie chart showing
portions, bar charts showing what? Ask yourself.
For every little way of presenting data ask
yourself, what it is good for? I will give
you exactly 2 minutes, your time begins now.
Tell me what kind of charts have you got?
Flow Chart
Flow Chart next.
Pie Chart
Pie Chart next
Bar Graph
Bar Graph next
Venn diagram
Venn diagram, speak slow, give gap between
these two words, what are we talking about?
Venn diagram
What are we talking about?
Venn diagram.
Take a nano second pause, but that nano second
pause will do wonders. It is like a little
salt in in sambar. Bar graphs, tell me the
spelling of diagram everybody.
D i a
D i a Everybody together please come on
D i a g r a m.
It very rapid come again in slowly please
what is it?
D i
What is it?
V e n n d i a g r a m
Venn diagram next Line Chart what is line
chart? What do you use it for?
Same as come on again please
Same as it is we used for presentation.
The graphs, any other
Time line
Is it different from any of these?
Yes
Is it?
Yes
Any other thing?
Surface plot sir
Sorry.
Surface plots
Can you give me the spelling please. Again
slowly
Surface s u r
s u come on stand up please. Let the camera
catch your handsome face once again.
S u r f a c e plots surface plots
Give me the spelling please.
P
P
L
L
O
O
T
S
S
Because we have not written anything in the
plurals; can I make a small point? Lots of
scientists say, nearly all engineers talk
constantly about numbers, and letters of alphabet,
and please believe me; I will present you
data next week. Many of them make mistakes
with these very basic things. Our pronunciation
of letters of alphabet, we say a b c d e f.
Is not a b c d what is it? is...
A
What is it?
A
Next
b
Next
c
Next
D
D
D
Next
E
F
Next
G
Next
H
Most mispronounced letter in India. Lot of
people pronounce it here as h or in the north
as h It is not h or h, it is h
What is it?
H
Once again
H
Next letter
I
Next
J
Next
K
L
No, it is el.
el
It is not long, it is short. What is it?
el
Next
M
Next
N
Next
O
O It must come from your throat, your lips
must go round. Babu, please catch all the
lips.
O
It must be o
O
I want all lips round there
O
As in oh God.
Oh God.
Once again please call God.
Oh God
Some people as saying oh God. God would not
answer, round your lips say, please watch.
Oh God .
Oh God.
That is O
P
Next
Q
Next
I
Next
S
Next
T
Next
U
Next
V
V
Let your lower lip close to your upper teeth
please. One sound which is extremely v, one
English sound which pure non English speakers
can produce correctly. I am going to request
by friends behind the camera to watch your
lips.
V
Again keep saying it.
V
Everybody please. Do 
it for one minute every day for the next two
weeks honestly. This is one sound lot suffers
in India. Do not distinguish between words
like vet and wet.
What is this?
Vet
But this is
Wet
In this case lips are flat vet.
Vet
In this case lips are rounded wet.
Wet
What is this?
Vet
Everybody together please
Vet
What is this?
Vice
But this is
Vice
What is this?
Wise
What is this?
Vest
And what is this?
West
Next letter after a v
W
Next
X
Next?
Y
Y it is a very long letter what is it?
Y
Next
Z
Are if you speak at some Americans then it
is zee otherwise, z. So pie chart is a good
medium for presenting
Portions
Portions or percentages, but it is not that
you cannot use it for other things
The point here is what is best?
You can also use maps. I have asked you to
use a map to show the place you come from.
I will show you the map of the place I come
from. This obviously, is as you may have noticed
the Ganga basins, the great plains of India
know as Gangetic plains or some people also
cal it as plains of Ganga and Brahmaputra.
You might see that Ganga rises somewhere in
the Himalayas at about 16000 feet or so, and
comes through etcetera etcetera via Luck now,
Varanasi, this is Patna, which is somewhere
towards the last quarter of the Ganga and
my home is about 140 kilometres to the north
towards Nepal from Patna. Now this is not
very clear, this is large map. I should therefore
show you smaller map.
This is what a meant by non Google map, smaller
map, I have now given you an idea of the area
between Patna and Nepal. This is the area
between Patna and Nepal and I come from a
place marked Darbhanga. Can you see it on
the map?
Yes
I should keep quiet and allow you to look
at it for a minute. When you show maps let
your audience for a few seconds I will give
you 3 seconds, just mark the number of rivers
and the little towns that are there.
You might have noticed that this region between
Ganga and Nepal, between Patna and Nepal is
crisscrossed by rivers. Actually, if it had
a still closer map it would show more rivers.
It has only showed major rivers there are
smaller, streams, actually in my part of the
country you can hardly crossed 20 kilometre
stretch without crossing a river. It is highly
flood prone in every 3 months a year. We suffer
great miseries, but I want to show you the
region which is the flood proned region.
So, you see I have shown you the course of
the river Kosi. Can you see it? Can you mark
the river Kosi on the map? Can you see on
the top of the map? Then similarly, there
is the river Ganga, Can you seen the Ganga
somewhere? And can you see other towns in
between. So, map a well marked map is wonderful
wonderful way of showing locations.
So, map is a good way of showing location
but sometimes, say for example I have been
interested in the history of floods in my
part of the country. Can I be personal for
a minute? Floods bring the end of everything
as civilization. The distinction between young
and old, the man and woman; the mother and
son it would reduce you to misery and savagery.
There is no water to drink, there is no water
to cook, there is no place where you can answer
the call of a nature and yet all of us have
to do that. The dogs have to survive, the
snakes have to survive, the human beings have
to survive, your buffalos and goats have to
survive. What do they do? Where do they go?
I have been interested in the history of floods
and I find that ever since we started building
dams on rivers there have been more and more
miserable floods. I have been interested in
the history of floods, I have also written
articles, I have worked with my colleagues
from hydraulic sensible engineering, and they
have help me gather data, and my current conclusion
is that entire north India particularly, Gangetic
basin would become a chronically flood found
place unless, the dam at Tehri is removed
and unless the barrage at Farakka is removed.
I have enough conclusive engineering evidence
to convince you, and convince any impartial
listner that these two dams and barrages are
doing no good to anyone. They are only going
to vein the river Ganga as south Indian rivers
died because of several dams and north Indian
rivers would also die.
But there is no way I can describe, no matter
how much I tell you about the misery that
people suffered can equal to one photograph.
If I showed you one photograph of the kind
of suffering people have do to floods, it
will be equal to the verb is one photograph
is equal to
Thousand
A thousand words actually could be ten thousand
words.
Look at ten thousand words; this is the town
of Seheresa a town of about 250000 people.
The only place they can go to is rooftop,
and not everybody has roof top. This I have
taken from Google or on the net, and no harm
acknowledging. I do not meet to tell you look
look I took by camera; I applied for leave
and went to Seheresa and click photographs
that would be ridiculous.
You do not need to reinvent the wheel, the
wheel is there, use it, but acknowledge. This
is somebody else data, but it does make the
point. The point is, that floods can be stopped;
they must be stopped; why? Look at the human
cost you will any day prefer living without
electricity, without water supplied into your
bathroom, to living with fellowmen in these
conditions.
So, the photographs make those points, those
human points which cannot be quantified numerically.
Do you agree?
Yes
When you make the next presentation you want
to tell me in my city it is this, that is
why I allowed you to bring how many photographs?
One only one photograph, that one photograph
are to be so telling that it can captures
all the emotion, other things capture and
present information.
Is that all right?
Yes
Are you with me?
Yes
Am I clear to you?
Yes sir.
Any questions please?
No sir.
So, kindly prepare thank you have a good day.
