
Turkish: 
Merhaba,  ben John Green.
Crash Course- Avrupa tarihini izliyorsunuz ve bugün.
17. yüzyıl krizi diye anılan durumdan bahsedeceğiz.
Aklınızdan geçeni biliyorum: Bu tarih de krizden krize ilerliyor.
Evet sayın izleyici, doğrudur.
İnsanlık bir felaketten öbürüne olta savuruyor, lakin adeta akıntıya karşı ilerleyen..
...kayıklar gibi bıkmadan mücadele edip arada geçmiş felaketlerimizden ders bile alıyoruz.
17. Yüzyıl Krizi de iklim değişikliği ve dehşetengiz savaşlar içerdiği için..
... bu konuya fevkalade alaka göstermeliyiz.
Simdi, kucuk buz cagiyla baslayalim.
Kucuk buz cagi 1300 de basladi, 1570 ten itibaren oldukca hiz kazandi,
ve iklim bir yuzyil boyunca daha sogumaya devam etti.
Kuresel olcekte bir olaydi.
Bazi bolgelerde, sicakliklar 2 santigrat veya 3.6 Fahrenheit a kadar degisti,

English: 
Hi I’m John Green.
This is Crash Course European History and
today we’re going to look at what is sometimes
called the “seventeenth century crisis.”
Now I know what you’re thinking: This whole
history business is just one crisis after
another.
And yes, dear viewer, it’s true.
Humankind careens from disaster to disaster,
but still we press on, like boats against
the current, and sometimes we even learn from
previous disasters.
And since the Seventeenth Century Crisis involves
climate change and catastrophic war, we should
maybe pay attention to this one.
[Intro]
Let’s begin with the Little Ice Age.
The Little Ice Age began in 1300, but it really
escalated beginning in 1570 and then the climate
continued to cool for over one hundred years
after that.
It was a global phenomenon.
In some places, the temperature may have shifted
two degrees Celsius or 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit,

English: 
but the average was about half a degree Celsius.
That may not sound dramatic, but it was.
Intense rainfall, lack of sunshine, and lower
temperatures decreased harvests or ruined
them entirely.
Europeans suffered hypothermia; the birthrate
dropped; and famines became more common--as
did cannibalism.
In New England, the end of the 17th century
was the worst part of the Little Ice Age.
1797 was especially brutal: Settler Samuel
Sewell noted in his diary: “To Horses, Swine,
Nett-Cattell, Sheep, and Deer, Ninety and
Seven prov’d a Mortal yeer.”
Now, unlike contemporary climate change, the
Little Ice Age was not caused primarily by
human behavior--it may have been caused by
volcanic activity or orbital cycles or cyclical
lows in solar radiation.
We like to think of the Earth’s climate
as entirely stable, but it never has been.
That said, contemporary climate change IS
caused by humans--and even the most ambitious

Turkish: 
fakat ortalama 0.5 santigrat dereceydi.
Kulaga cok buyuk gelmeyebilir ama oyleydi.
Yogun yagislar, gunessiz gunler, dusuk sicakliklar ekin hasatlarini ya azaltti
ya da tamamen bitirdi.
Avrupalilar hipotermiden muzdaripti, dogum oranlari dustu, ve kitliklar daha gorulur hala geldi
hatta beraberinde yamyamlik.
New England ta, 17. yuzyilin sonu Kucuk Buz Cagi'nin en kotu zamaniydi.
Ozellikle 1797 daha olumculdu: yerlesimci Samuel Sewell gunlugune soyle not etmisti: Atlara, domuzlara,
Nett Catell, koyunlar ve geyiklere; gosterdi 97 olumcullugunu.
Gunumuz iklim degisikliginden farkli olarak, Kucuk Buz Cagi, aslinda insanlarin sebep oldugu
bir olay degildi-volkanik hareketlilik, yorungesel degisiklikler ve gunes radyasyonundaki
dongusel azalmalardan kaynaklaniyordu.
Dunyanin iklimini tamamen sabitmis gibi dusunebiliriz, ama aslinda hicbir zaman oyle olmadi.
Bununla birlikte, gunumuz iklim degisikligine insanlar sebep oluyor ve bunu onlemeye yonelik

Turkish: 
en iddiali hedefler bile ortalama kuresel sicaklikta 1.5 santigratlik bir degisimi ongoruyor
ki bu bile Kucuk Buz Cagi'ndaki degisimden kat be kat fazla.
Ayrica 17. yuzyilda bu ilginc ve bilinmeyen dusuk sicakliklarin yaninda birsey daha oluyordu:
bazen 'fiyat devrimi' olarak da adlandirilan yuksek enflasyon
yiyecek ve diger mallarin fiyatlarini yukseltiyordu.
Bunun sebebi bir miktar son bolumde bahsettigimiz artan nufustan,
bir miktar da Amerika cikarilan degerli metallerin Avrupa girmesinde kaynakli, metal paralarin
deger kaybi yani enflasyondu.
Bu insanlar icin oldukca anlamasi guctu. Dusunun ki 17. yuzyil Ispanya'sinda yasiyorsunuz,
Yeni Dunya'dan ulkenize gelen degerli metalleri izliyorsunuz,
ama tum bu yeni zenginlige ragmen ekmek, kiyafet ve nerdeyse diger herseyi
alabilmek daha zor hale geliyor.
Enflasyon da iklim gibi oldukca karmasik, ve bir o kadar da onemli tarihsel bir guc.
Boylece fiyatlar yukseldikce ve hastalar dustukce, 17 yuzyil belki de son  yuzyil
olabilecegini hissettirdi.

English: 
goals to limit it would result in an average
global temperature change of 1.5 degrees celsius,
far higher than the average shifts seen during
the catastrophic Little Ice Age.
And something else was also happening in the
17th century that felt as mysterious and strange
as lower temperatures: Higher prices, sometimes
called a “price revolution,” that increased
prices for food and other goods.
This was caused partly by the growing population
we discussed in our last episode, and partly
by inflation--more precious metals were entering
Europe, especially due to mining in the Americas,
which decreased the value of coinage.
But this was really baffling for people--I
mean, imagine that you’re living in Spain
in the 17th century, watching precious metals
pour into your country via the New World,
and despite all this new wealth, you’re
finding it harder to pay for bread, and clothing,
and almost everything else.
Inflation, like climate, is extremely complex,
and also a hugely important historical force.
And so as prices soared and harvests declined,
it really did feel like the 17th century might
just be the end.

English: 
As one pamphleteer from Spain wrote in 1643:
“Every nation is turned upside down, leading
some great minds to suspect that we are approaching
the end of the world.”[i]
And then there was the 30 Years War, which
unlike the 100 Years War, actually did last
for 30 years.
The war, which took place from 1618 to 1648,
was tremendously destructive in Central Europe--millions
of people were killed, including many from
starvation brought on by the war.
Many different states within the quickly fracturing
Holy Roman Empire were involved,
as were France and Sweden and Denmark and
England.
The war started in 1618 over, you guessed
it, religion.
It began when Ferdinand II, the devotedly
Catholic new Hapsburg king of Bohemia, sent
representatives to inform powerful Protestants
that Prague and the rest of Bohemia would
be Catholic territory from now on.
Unsurprisingly, the Protestant lords in Prague
weren’t terribly happy with this news.

Turkish: 
1643 te Ispanya'daki bir yazr sunu yazacakti : "Tum uluslar alt ust oldular,
bazi buyuk dusunurler belki de dunyanin sonuna yaklasmakta oldugumuzu soyluyorlar.:
Dahasi 30 yil savaslari var- 100 yil savaslarini aksine,
gercekten 30 yil surdu.
1618 den 1648 e kadar suren savas, Orta Avrupa icin olaganustu derecede yikiciydi
Savasin sebep oldugu kitlikla birlikte milyonlarca insan yasamini kaybetti.
Hizlica catirdayan Kutsal Roma Germen Imparatorlugu icindeki bircok devletlerin yaninda
Fransa, Ingiltere, Isvec ve Danimarka da savasa dahil oldu.
Savas 1618'de basladi. Dogru tahmin: din uzerinden.
Habsburg hanedanindan dindar bir Katolik olan 2. Ferdinand, Bohemya'nin yeni krali oldugunda,
guclu Protestanlara temsilciler yollayarak, Prag ve geri kalan Bohemya'nin
artik Katolik oldugunun bilinmesini istedi.
Beklenildigi gibi, Protestan lordlar bu haber karsisinda cok da mutlu olmadilar.

English: 
In fact, the were so unhappy that they threw
Ferdinand’s representatives out--literally,
out the window, in the so-called Defenestration
of Prague.
Did the center of the world just open?
Is there a window in there?
Now, this is a famous moment in European history,
in part because it’s called the Defensetration
of Prague, which is just irresistible, but
in part because it was the SECOND defenestration
of Prague.
The first one occured in 1419 and resulted
in the deaths of seven people, the second
one, the one we’re concerned with now, resulted
in the deaths of no people, because all four
of the defenestrated landed in a pile of manure.
Ferdinand’s people, of course, called this
a divine miracle, while the Protestants were
like, “they landed in poop!”
Ah, god I love history.
Soon after the defenestration, Ferdinand II
was elected Holy Roman Emperor, which led
the Protestant Czechs to reject him as king
of Bohemia, and choose the protestant Frederick
V of the Palitanate to replace him, and then
war truly erupted.
The Czechs would be initially defeated by
Hapsburg forces in the Battle of White Mountain

Turkish: 
Hatta, o kadar mutsuzlardi ki, `Defenestration of Prague' denilen hadiseler boyunca,
Ferdinand'in temsilcilerini pencedelerden asagi attilar.
Dunyanin merkezi acildi mi?
Pencere mi var orada?
Bu olay dogal olarak 'Defenestration of Prag' olarak anilan Avrupa tarihindeki unlu olaylardan biri,
ancak aslinda bu olay ikinci kez yasaniyordu.
 
Ilk 'Prag pencereden atma' olayi 1419 da yasandi ve 7 kisinin yasamini olumuyle sonuclandi,
suan ilgilendigimiz ikincisinde ise hickimse olmedi
cunku olaydaki 4 kisi de gubre yiginlarinin uzerine dustu.
Ferdinand'in takipcileri  tabi ki bu olayi bir mucize olarak gorurken,
Protestanlar 'Diskiya dustuler' diye alay ediyorlardi.
Ah Tanrim, tarihe bayiliyorum.
Pencereden atmalardan kisa sure sonra, 2, Ferdinand Roma Germen Imparatoru secilmesi,
Protestan Cek'lerin karsi cikmasina ve Bohemya krali olarak yerine protestan Ren Palatini 5. Frederick'i
onermeleriyle sonuclandi ve boylece savas baslamis oldu.
Cekler baslarda, 1620 White Mountain savasinda yenildiler,

English: 
in 1620, and the Hapsburg family would in
fact rule the area until 1918.
But that didn’t settle the war--nor, in
fact, did Ferdinand’s next victories.
Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.
1.
So on the one hand you have the imperial forces,
2. led by the Catholic Hapsburg Ferdinand
II,
3. and on the other hand you have protestant
Frederick V
4. and his allies among the protestant aristocrats
of central Europe.
5.
The Hapsburgs went on to crush Frederick’s
allies.
6.
In the 1620s, Ferdinand took the Palatinate
from the defeated Frederick
7. and awarded it to his Catholic ally, Maximilian
of Bavaria.
8.
Ferdinand then awarded other lands to Catholic
allies
9.
that had belonged to defeated protestant princes,
10. and he decreed that in conquered territories
those who had bought Catholic lands, like
monasteries, had to return them.
11.
Furthermore, all citizens needed to return
to the Catholic Church or else leave their
homes.
12.
The Little Ice Age, inflation, and war had
crashed the economies,
13.
making it difficult for people to dispose
of their property before they moved.
14.

Turkish: 
ve Habsburg ailesin bolgeyi 1918 e kadar kontrol altinda tuttu.
Fakat ne bu ne de Ferdinand'in diger galibiyetleri savasi sonlandiramadi.
Hadi Dusunce Balonuna gidelim.
 
Bir elimizde Katolik Habsburg Ferdinand
tarafindan yonetilen imparatorluk gucleri var,
diger elimizde ise protestan Frederick 5 ve
orta avrupanin aristokratlarindan olusan muttefikleri var.
 
Habsburglar Frederick in muttefiklerini yok etmeye devam ettiler.
 
1620 lerde, Ferdinand maglup ettigi Frederick;in elinden palatinligi aldi
ve Katolik muttefigi Bavarya'li Maximilian'a hediye olarak verdi.
 
Sonrasinda da maglup edilen diger protestan prenslere ait topraklari da
 
baska Katolik muttefiklerine verdi.
ve fethettigi bolgelerde Katolik kilisesinde satin alinmis topraklarin
geri verilmesine karar verdi.
 
Dahasi tum halkin Katolik kilisesine geri donmesi ya da evlerini terk etmesi
istendi.
 
Kucuk Buz cagi, enflasyon ve savas ekonomiyi mahvetti,
 
ve evlerini terketmeden once insanlarin esyalarini satabilmesini guclestirdi.
 

Turkish: 
ve evet, tekrar,tekrar ve tekrar, tarihte bir multeci sorunu daha goruyoruz.
 
Katolik Habsburglarin kazanacagi gorulmekteyken,
 
Danimarka'nin varlikli krali Protestan 4. Christian,
savasa dahil olarak ve imparatorluk guclerini engellemeye
 
protestanlari korumaya,
ve Roma Germen imparatorlugunun birkac yuz adet bagimsiz krallik, dukalik ve
sehirlerinin geleneksel haklarini korumaya karar verdi.
 
ve bu da demek oluyordu ki, savas bitmemis, yeni basliyordu.
Tesekkurler Dusunce Balonu.
Boylece, Imparator Ferdinand, varlikli Albrecht von Wallenstein'i, Danimarkalilari karsi koymasi
ve imparatorluk icindeki Protestan prenslikleri fethederek,  Katolik kilisesinin
varliklarini geri toplamaya devam etmesi icin gorevlendirdi.
Wallenstein  aslinda bir Cek ti ve protestan olarak dogmustu. Ama genclik yillarinda Katolik oldu ve
evliliklerinden birkac sene sonra olecek ve ona buyuk bir zenginlik birakacak olan
bir dul ile evlendi.
Fakat bu Wallenstein in olum ve/veya evlilik uzerinden servet kazanmasinin daha baslangiciydi

English: 
And we see this again--and again and again--in
refugee crises throughout history.
15.
So it seemed the Catholics Hapsburgs were
going to win,
16.
but then the Protestant king of Denmark, Christian
IV, a hugely wealthy ruler,
17. decided to enter the war to block imperial
expansion,
18.
protect Protestants,
19. and preserve the traditional rights of
the many hundreds of independent kingdoms,
and duchies, and cities in the Holy Roman
Empire.
20.
And that meant that the war, instead of being
over, was just getting started.
Thanks, Thought Bubble.
So, Emperor Ferdinand hired the wealthy Albrecht
von Wallenstein to confront the Danish menace
and to continue conquering the Protestant
princes in the empire, thus restoring more
property to the Catholic Church.
Wallenstein was Czech- and he’d been born
a Protestant, but he’d converted to Catholicism
as a teenager and then married a widow who
died a few years after their marriage, leaving
him a lot of property.
But that was just the beginning of Wallenstein
gaining property via death and/or marriage.

English: 
Wallenstein did his conquering with such gusto
and success that Ferdinand constantly rewarded
him with more estates.
And when Wallenstein married again, he gained
even more wealth and prestige.
He started out as hired help, but eventually
grew to be powerful in his own right.
It’s a real Holy Roman Empire Dream story.
You know, you start out in the war-making
mailroom, and then eventually work your way
up to being the CEO of war.
He raised armies of tens of thousands of fighters
who laid waste Protestant lands and slaughtered
hundreds of thousands of people.
He also had army officers go house-to-house,
collecting regular contributions or “taxes”
to support the ever growing military forces.
And as he built his army, he justified raising
taxes.
Wallenstein expanded the battlefield, in the
30 years war, by seeking out any nearby Protestants
whose lands could be captured and returned
to the Catholic side, thereby bringing new
entrants into the war.
The Netherlands came to the Palatinate’s
rescue; Spain, Italian states, and France
also got involved, as did Sweden, a military
powerhouse at the time.
Unlike today, when the Swedes are primarily
a Flat Packed Home Goods powerhouse.
Then in 1626, Danish King Christian IV, a
Protestant, lost half his army in the battle

Turkish: 
Wallenstein fetihlerine keyifle ve basarili bir sekilde devam ederken Ferdinand surekli
onu daha fazla mulk ile odullendiriyordu.
Ve Wallenstein tekrar evlendi ve daha da fazla servet ve prestij kazandi.
Yardim icin gorevlendirilerek baslamisti ama sonunda kendisi buyuk bir guc haline geldi.
Bu tam da gercek bir Roma Germen Imparatorlugu dusuydu.
Bilirsiniz, savas halindeki bir posta odasinda ise baslarsiniz ve yolunuz
savas CEO su olmaya kadar varir.
Protestan topraklarini yakip yikan ve yuzbinlerce insani katlemek icin
onbinlerce kisilik ordular topladi.
Ayrica kapi kapi dolasip surekli buyuyen askeri birlikleri icin duzenli katki yada 'vergi'
toplayan subaylari da vardi.
Ordusu buyudukce, vergiyi artirmayi da hakli buluyordu.
Wallenstein topraklari ele gecirilip Katolik yapilabilecek yakin bolgelere dogru savas alanini daha da genisletti,
bu da savasa yeni katilimcilar olmasina
sebep oldu.
Hollanda Palatinligin yardimina geldi, Ispanya ve Italyan devletler ve Fransa ,
ve zamaninin askeri guc odagi olan Isvec de savasa dahil oldu.
Bugunku parcalari birlestirci ev mobilyalari gucunun aksine.
Sonrasinda,1626 da, Danimarka krali 4. Christian, Lutter savasinda ordusunun yarisini

Turkish: 
kaybetti.
Ferdinand'in guveni ve reform karsiti hisleri o kadar yukseldi ki, 1629 da
Restorasyon bildirisi diye bilinen, eski Katolik topraklarinin zapti ve Katolik olmayanlarinilan tecritini
dikte eden sert bildiriyi ilan etti.
Ferdinand acimasizdi.
Ordulari isyancilari maglup ettiginde, Ferdinand esirlerin
sag ellerini kestirip karinlarini desiyordu
Alman muttefik prensleri ona ilimlilik tavsiyesinde bulunsalar da, Ferdinand
Jesuit papazlarin Karsi-Reformu daha da ileriye goturme tavsiyesini dinledi.
Gunah cikardigi bu papaz, Ferdinand'in elindeki tum krallik ve bolgeleri
kaybedebilecegini ama ruhunu kurtardigini ilan etti. Ve bu da
odun verilmeyecegi anlamina geliyordu.
Sonrasinda 1631 de, Isvec krali Gustavus Adolphus imparatorluk guclerini
Bretenfield savasinda maglup etti, ki 30 yillik savasta ilk buyuk Protestan galibiyetiydi.
 

English: 
of Lutter.
Ferdinand II’s confidence soared, and with
it his counter-reformation zeal; in 1629 he
issued the Edict of Restitution—a sweeping
confiscation of formerly Catholic lands and
a harsh directive for non-Catholics to emigrate.
And Ferdinand was merciless.
When his armies would defeat the rebels, Ferdinand
had those taken prisoner disemboweled after
their right hands were hacked off.
His German prince allies counseled moderation,
but Ferdinand preferred the advice of his
Jesuit priest to push the Counter-Reformation
ever further.
Ferdinand, his confessor announced, could
“lose all his kingdoms and provinces and
whatever he has in this world, provided he
save his soul.”[ii] So there would be no
compromise.
Then in 1631, Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus
defeated the imperial army at the Battle of
Breitenfeld, the first major Protestant victory
of the war, which was by then thirteen years
old.

Turkish: 
Gustavus un ertesi yilki savasta olmesine ragmen, bu Katolik galibiyeti
Protestan guclerini savasa devam etmek icin yureklendirmisti.
Bu arada, savas artik sadece din ile ilgili olmaktan cikti.
Ornegin, Fransa krali 13. Luis, Katolik olmasina ragmen Protestan Isvec kraliyla muttefik olmustu.
Cunku Roma Germen Imparatorlugu'nun
cok guclu hale gelmesini istemiyordu
Zamanla, savasin gercekleri daha vahsi bir hale geldi,
ordular Avrupanin merkezinde basi bos sekilde oldurmeye ve yagmalara basladi.
Askerler kapi kapi gezerken genc/yasli koylu ve kasabalilar bicaklaniyor,
kaciriliyor, iskenceyle olduruluyordu.
Ilk dalgalar gorunen hazineleri aldi ve takip eden her dalgada
daha degersiz kucuk bakir ve metaller, gumuslere de el konuldu.
Bunlar ufak suclardi.
Insanlari canli canli yakmak, cinsel bolgelerine olume yolacan iskenceler yapmak,
tecevuz ederek oldurmek savasta olagan olaylar haline geldi.
Bu arada,  halka acliktan, soguktan ve hastaliktan olmeye devam ediyordu.

English: 
Though Gustavus Adolphus was killed in battle
the next year, that Catholic defeat heartened
Protestant forces, who kept the war going.
Meanwhile, the war stopped being about JUST
religion.
For instance, Louis XIII of France had allied
himself with the Swedish king, even though
Louis was Catholic and the Swedes were Protestant,
because Louis didn’t want the Holy Roman
Empire to become too powerful.
Over time, the daily realities of the war
became even more brutal, as armies simply
wandered across central Europe killing and
scrounging for food.
Young and old peasants and townspeople were
stabbed or captured and tortured to death
as waves of soldiers went from house to house.
The first waves took obvious treasure, and
then each successive wave settled on smaller
objects like copper and other base metal coins
or tiny silver trinkets.
Those were the minor offenses.
Roasting people alive, torturing people’s
genitals until victims died, and raping girls
to death now became standard behavior in the
war.
Meanwhile, civilians were also dying of hunger,
and cold, and disease.

English: 
The little ice age was taking its toll along
with the armies, who fought in the name of
the Catholic, or Lutheran, or Calvinist cause
or just merely to survive.
Desperate refugee families were forced to
leave their homes to start over dozens of
times.
Just one example of the horror: in Protestant
Magdeberg, city officials faced an imperial
army and its mercenaries at the city limits
in the fall of 1630.
And over the course of seven months devastation
unfolded.
Residents harassed the Catholic invaders,
hurling rocks and other objects on them from
the city’s ramparts.
And once the imperial armies breached the
walls, they started to torch the city.
Magdeberg’s citizens struggled to escape
both the armies and the fire.
Of 25,000 citizens, only 5,000 were left at
the end of the battle for the city--which
was in the end destroyed by fire.
In 1634, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II had
his own general Wallenstein assassinated,
because it appeared that Wallenstein was plotting
to make peace with Sweden and perhaps planning

Turkish: 
Kucuk buzul cagi da Katolizm,Luteriyen, Kalvinistlik adina ya da sadece canli kalmak icin savasan
ordularla birlikte zarar vermeye devam ediyordu.
Caresiz multeci aileler duzinelerce kez evlerini terk etmeye zorlaniyordu.
 
Dehsetin sadece ufak bir ornegini vermek gerekirse: 1630 sonbaharinda, Protestan Magdeburg sehri, imparatorluk askerleri
ve parali askerlerden olusan bir orduyla karsilastilar.
Ve 7 ay boyunca talan gozler onune serildi.
Sehir sakinleri, surlar uzerinden taslar atarak Katolik istilacilari
taciz ettiler.
Ve nihayetinde imparatorluk gucleri kapilari astiginda sehri atese verdi.
Magdeburg halki hem ordulardan hem atesten kacmaya cabaladi.
25000 lik nufustan sadece 5000 i yanginda yokedilmis sehirden canli cikabildi.
 
1634 yilinda, Roma Germen Imparatoru 2. Ferdinand kendi generali Wallenstein i oldurttu.
Cunku gorunen oydu ki Wallenstein Isvec ile barismak ve belki de imparatora karsi bir darbe hazirligi icin plan

Turkish: 
yapiyordu - ki boyle bir durumda kim niye Imparator olmak ister
benim icin kesin bir gizem.
Fakat savas devam etti.
1640lar daha kotu bir hava getirdi; politik ve sosyal duzen yerle bir olurken kargasa
hukum surmeye devam etti.
Nerdeyse tamamen islevsiz bir devletle, ekonomiler tamamen coktu;
tum sosyal degerler yerle bir oldu.
Ornegin, bircok yerde yamyamlik haberleri geliyordu,
ve kurtlar ve diger vahsi hayvanlarin koylere ve ciftliklere gelmesiyle
kamusal alanlar da daha tehlikeli hale geldi.
Sonunda 1648 de, Westphalia barisi savasi nihayetine erdirdi.
Barisin gelebilmesi icin zamanin dik-basli teologlari bile
diger dinlere taviz verdiler.
Ve de Fransiz Katoliklerin Isvecli Protestanlarla birlikte hareket etmeleri
din savaslarinin sona ermesi anlamina geliyor olabilirdi.-en azindan Avrupa'da,
en azindan bugune kadar.

English: 
a coup, although why anyone would want to
be the Holy Roman Emperor at that point is
an absolute mystery to me.
But the war continued.
The 1640s brought more horrendous weather,
and disorder reigned as social and political
systems completely fell apart.
There was often little in the way of a functioning
government; economies completely collapsed;
and all manner of social norms broke down.
There were, for instance, many reports of
cannibalism.
And public spaces became additionally dangerous
when wolves and other wild animals arrived
in villages and private farms.
Finally, in 1648, the Peace of Westphalia
finally brought the war to an end.
Even hard-headed theologians by that time
allowed concessions to the other religion
in order to obtain peace.
And the fact that French Catholics uniting
with Swedish and other Protestants led to
the conclusion that this maybe meant the end
of religious war—at least in Europe, at
least for now.

English: 
The war tapered off because of political and
economic considerations, but also because
the level of devastation just became too horrifying.
Combatants met at a peace conference where
Emperor Ferdinand III made concessions of
land and cash reluctantly, forced by exhaustion
and the continuing miseries inflicted by the
little ice age.
All of this marked a turn to more “practical”
concerns in government policy rather than
just like, going to war to promote your religion.
Rates of mortality were very high in the seventeenth
century globally because of the pervasiveness
of the little ice age and because of devastating
warfare.
And we need to remember the immense human
costs of the thirty Years war: some 20 percent
of the central European population died, while
in areas of intense and continuous fighting,
it was closer to 50 percent.
If I can return to a shockingly positive picture,
amidst all of that, the creation of our modern

Turkish: 
Savas hem politik ve ekonomik bedeller yuzunden hem de yikimin boyutunun cok
urkutucu hale gelmesi yuzunden git gide azalip son buldu.
Muharipler baris konferansinda bir araya geldiklerinde,  Imparator 3. Ferdinand tukenmislik ve kucuk buz caginin
sebep olmaya devam ettigi caresizliklerden dolayi isteksiz de olsa toprak ve para vermeyi kabul etti.
 
Tum bunlar devlet politikasinda simdiki oldugu gibi kendi dinini yuceltmektense
daha gercekci kaygilara donulmesine sebep oldu.
Savasin yikiciligi ve kucuk buz caginin hakimiyeti yuzunden olum oranlari
17. yuzyilda cok fazla yukseldi.
Ve ayrica 30 yil savaslarinin muazzam insan kaybini da unutmamaliyiz :
yogun ve bitmeyen catismalarin yasandigi ldugu bolgelerde yuzde 50 ye varirken,
Merkez Avrupa'nin yaklasik yuzde 20 si hayatini kaybetti.
Tum bunlarin ortasinda, sok edici derecede pozitif fotografa donebilirsek:

Turkish: 
ayni bolgelerde gunumuz modern bilim anlayisi yaratiliyor ve faydalari ortaya cikmaya basliyordu.
Ki bu da bize tarihin tek bir insanin degil tum insanlarin hikayesi oldugunu hatirlatiyor.
Haftaya iyi haberlerle gelecegiz.
Izlediginiz icin tesekkurler
Gorusmek uzere

English: 
view of science and its benefits was taking
place in many of the same regions, which reminds
us that history is not one human story, but
all human stories.
Some good news is coming next week.
Thanks for watching.
I’ll see you then.
