Dear Fellow Scholars, this is Two Minute Papers
with Károly Zsolnai-Fehér.
In 1997, the news took the world by storm
- Garry Kasparov, world champion and grandmaster
chess player was defeated by an artificial
intelligence program by the name Deep Blue.
In 2011, IBM Watson won first place in the
famous American Quiz Show, Jeopardy. In 2014,
Google DeepMind created an algorithm that
that mastered a number of Atari games by working
on raw pixel input. This algorithm learned
in a similar way as a human would.
This time around, Google DeepMind embarked
on a journey to write an algorithm that plays
Go. Go is an ancient chinese board game where
the opposing players try to capture each other's
stones on the board. Behind the veil of this
deceptively simple ruleset, lies an enormous
layer of depth and complexity. As scientists
like to say, the search space of this problem
is significantly larger than that of chess.
So large, that one often has to rely on human
intuition to find a suitable next move, therefore
it is not surprising that playing Go on a
high level is, or maybe was widely believed
to be intractable for machines.
This chart shows the skill level of previous
artificial intelligence programs. The green
bar is shows the skill level of a professional
player used as a reference. The red bars mean
that these older techniques required a significant
starting advantage to be able to contend with
human opponents. As you can see, DeepMind's
new program's skill level is well beyond most
professional players. An elite pro 
player and European champion Fan Hui was challenged
to play AlphaGo, Google DeepMind's newest
invention and got defeated in all five matches
they played together. During these games,
each turn it took approximately 2 seconds
for the algorithm to come up with the next
move.
An interesting detail is that these strange
black bars show confidence intervals, which
means that the smaller they are, the more
confident one can be in the validity of the
measurements. As you can see, these confidence
intervals are much shorter for the artificial
intelligence programs than the human player,
likely because one can fire up a machine and
let it play a million games, and get a great
estimation of its skill level, while the human
player can only play a very limited number
of matches. There is still a lot left to be
excited for, in March, the algorithm will
play a world champion.
The rate of improvement in artificial intelligence
research is accelerating at a staggering pace.
The only question that remains is not if something
is possible, but when it will become possible.
I wake up every day excited to read the newest
breakthroughs in the field, and of course,
trying to add some leaves to the tree of knowledge
with my own projects. I feel privileged to
be alive in such an amazing time.
As always, there's lots of references in
the description box, make sure to check them
out.
Thanks for watching and for your generous
support, and I'll see you next time!
