[happy, upbeat music]
>> We're gonna start
with kind of a mystery.
Two, three mysteries maybe.
And what I'd like to do today,
and what we're gonna cover in here today
is talking about who psychologists are,
we'll talk a little bit
about a very brief history of psychology
and then by the end of the session today,
I want to be able to spend some time
talking about how you do psychology,
the method behind it.
And it sounds like for
some the most boring part,
but in actuality, it's kinda a very cool
and interesting part
because we get to uncover some mysteries
when we look at the method of psychology
and how we do this discipline
using an empirical approach.
So let me start with some research
and then I'll see where you stand on this
and then I'll tell you the outcome
of some of the research.
You can see where you're at
and then I'd like you
to help me explain it
and that's kinda part of the mystery.
So raise your hands here if, as a child,
let's start with, you took
a lot of chewable vitamins
as a kid.
Let me see your hands if you
did chewable vitamins as a kid.
It looks like about 90%.
How many did not do
chewable vitamins as a kid?
You knew that, you just, uh huh.
Maybe 15, 20% of you.
There's some interesting studies
and I'll tell you what the statistics are
on chewable vitamins in just a second
because at the end of the day,
what happens is people who
took chewable vitamins as kids,
are actually at twice the risk
of using marajuana and cocaine
as young adults.
[crowd laughs]
You in essence have doubled your risk
of using cocaine and marajuana as adults.
So, by the way, a very good study,
we're going to talk
about the study itself,
so let me see again if
you did chewable vitamins
so everybody else can see who you are.
[crowd laughs]
Okay, good, alright.
Okay, here's another one.
How many, you can only pick one of these,
as a kid, you might have eaten oatmeal
and you might've eaten Frosted Flakes
but let me just say if you had to select
and only say if you gave me a chance,
or the majority of the time
I would eat this versus that, okay?
Some of you would say 50/50,
then don't play along.
But if you went, oh no, most
likely I ate Frosted Flakes
more than oatmeal.
So let me see if you ate Frosted
Flakes more than oatmeal.
Uh huh, wow.
And then if you ate oatmeal
more than Frosted Flakes?
Well, the other half of the room.
We've got a 50/50.
Alright, that's awesome.
Well, some cool psychological
research, true, good data
has shown this, ready?
If you had oatmeal as a kid, primarily,
versus Frosted Flakes, you're
at four times greater risk
of having cancer.
[crowd laughs]
Right now, you have
four times greater risk
of having cancer and by the
way, if you had Frosted Flakes,
let me see you guys, you
have half the cancer rates
because you ate Frosted Flakes.
That's awesome.
[crowd laughs]
So right now we have
people with Frosted Flakes
having half the cancer rates.
Some people ate oatmeal
so you're at a higher risk
of not only cancer but,
how many did oatmeal and chewable vitamins
and you thought you
were doing a good thing.
[crowd laughs]
So you're going to actually
maybe die of cancer as a drug addict.
[crowd laughs]
I got one more, and it's also kind of,
by the way, this isn't bad research.
In fact, it's very good research.
It allows me, if you tell me,
oh yeah, I had oatmeal and
I took chewable vitamins,
I can predict some things about your life.
And that's what good research does.
It allows me to make some predictions.
And so a lot of these studies
have been done this way.
There's another one and this
one kinda works a little bit.
It's not as common for some of y'all
and you'll see what I mean here,
but ultimately when we look at
for example, certain movie choices.
Let me give you an example.
If you like list one
versus list two.
If I forced you to pick,
now let me qualify this, ready?
As a kid growing up
when you were, I'm gonna
pick a couple of ages, ready?
Seven, eight, nine, ten.
During that time, if you were more likely
to watch one list versus the other,
seven, eight, nine or ten,
if you were more likely to watch one list
versus the other, ready?
How many would say you kinda thought,
when you were seven, eight, nine or ten
you're probably going to
be in list one category?
And how many would say
you're in list two category?
Ah-ha, awesome.
Here's an interesting kind
of ultimately what we find,
study-wise, by the way, list one people
have some other problems.
List one people are usually
struggling with things
in another way, ready?
They not only intend
to use the harder drugs
at a higher rate than list two people.
I mean harder drugs,
they are way more involved in drug usage
then people actually
that were in list two.
They also, ready?
They also tend to have
a greater likelihood
of having sex outside of marriage.
[crowd laughs]
[crowd murmurs]
Alright, ready?
There's a good answer to
every one of these things.
And I think some of you
are starting to figure out
if you hear data like this,
you had better know the answer
because at the end of this class today,
you should be able to go,
makes sense, makes sense,
makes sense, I understand,
and here's why.
You should be able, by
the end of this class,
to explain what I just gave you
and explain the relationships
between those two variables.
Anybody want to try and
give a shot at one of them?
This is the first time
you've heard it maybe?
If you've heard it before, ehh,
but if you want to give it a shot,
is it John, is that right?
>> John: Yeah.
>> Alright, John, go ahead.
What do you think about
John's view on that?
[applause]
John, you're wrong.
[crowd laughs]
John, you're very close to the answer.
So let's take that one step further.
Are there implicit, hidden messages
inside people who, the list one.
How many have ever heard of, by the way,
we're gonna talk in here
about subliminal messages.
Are there any subliminal
messages in list one?
>> Crowd: Yes!
>> Oh really?
Well, I'll tell you
what, before we go there
John is on the right track.
I want you to explain why.
Anybody else have any other
variables that we talked about?
Yeah, go ahead.
>> Female Student: Well,
list one, all those stories
are about them rebelling.
>> So there's something within the stories
about them rebelling.
There's some rebelliousness,
yeah, no, yeah, yeah.
So it kinda relates to what
John was saying, right?
A little bit of values implicit.
Okay, tell me about the vitamin use.
Why are some children, some of you all
that took chewable vitamins,
let me see your hands.
Well, no, don't raise your hand.
You took chewable vitamins.
Why are you, Daisy, is that right?
Ooh-hoo.
[crowd laughs]
Daisy, go ahead.
>> Daisy: It might have something
to do with the fact that
from a young age you're just used
to taking other substances.
>> Oh, huh, so as a young
age you get used to taking
Fred Flintstone or Barney
Rubble or who are some of them?
Sponge Bob had some.
How many had Barney the
Dinosaur chewable vitamins?
Did anybody?
Well, give me some of the names
of some of the chewable vitamins you had.
>> Crowd: Flintstones.
>> Flintstones, okay.
So most of you took Flintstones.
So what Daisy said, is it
true that now as a little kid,
you kinda got used to doing that.
Mom would say, "come here,
little four-year-old, take this."
And you're like, "I feel better."
And now you go like this,
"I want more when I'm nine.
"It has to be harder, like baby Aspirin."
And that at 12, it's like Tylenol.
Do you think that's possible?
You get used to taking something
that makes you feel better
so you keep taking it and
by the time you're 18,
you're like struggling with things.
Is that true?
Possible?
Listen, you'll know the
answer by the end of today
as to how to explain this like that.
You're going to be sitting
in a place where I was,
a couple of years, a long time ago
and when I was up there,
we were pregnant, my wife was pregnant,
but I was with her.
[crowd laughs]
Okay, so I'm with her and
we're in this hospital place
and they're saying things like this
and the lady gets up and goes,
"did you know?"
Okay, you had to go through this class
and you had to have the
pregnant person there
and then the person that probably
made them pregnant, I guess.
[crowd laughs]
Usually that was the case,
but it didn't have to be.
You had to have somebody there
and we were all sitting there
and the nurse would get up
and in order to have a
baby in this hospital,
you had to go through this class.
So I'm sitting in this class with my wife,
like oh dear lord, get
me out of this thing.
But, I sat there, I listened
and the person stood up
and she said, "how many of you
are planning to breastfeed?"
And you raise your hand.
"How many are planning on bottle feed?"
She goes, "well, I'll tell you what,
"I'm a little bit biased here,
"because I want to tell you some research
"and it has shown that children"
and we can ask you this.
Who knows if you've been
breastfed or bottle fed?
Let's try this, how many know
that you were breastfed mostly
as a kid?
How many know you were
bottle fed as a kid?
And how many, like, I
have no idea, I was a kid
and I don't ...
[crowd laughs]
It came in, I drank, I left and whatever.
By the way if you're in the
category of breastfeeding,
versus bottle feeding,
kids with breastfeeding
have higher IQ's than
kids that were bottle fed.
So there's some redeeming
things for you all.
So I'm in this hospital setting
and this person up there doing
the lecturing and talking
said, "oh, I don't want to
be biased and all, but ... "
Ready?
"if you breastfeed your kid,
"research has shown they have higher IQ's
"than kids that are bottle fed."
And I sat there next to my wife,
and I go, ooh,
and she kinda knows the
non-verbal signs for me
that means, "Chris,
please don't do anything.
"What are you doing?"
And I go, "Lis, she can't say that, man.
"She's never had Intro to Psychology.
"Why would she make that statement?"
And she's like, "Chris, wait."
And I go, I go, "Okay, Lisa,
I'll wait 'til the break."
So I waited for the break and I went up
I said, "I'm so sorry, I
don't mean to be, you know
"that guy, but you just said,
"you told all those people out there
"that if they had children
and they breastfed them
"they'd have higher IQ's.
"How do you think the bottle
people, you know, the moms
"feel about that?
"By the way, you said
that if kids are breastfed
"we find that they have higher IQ's
"so we ought to breastfeed our children,
"not bottle feed."
I said, "You can't say that."
And I told her why.
And to her credit, she went, "Oh.
"Yeah, I'll make that clearer."
What did I tell her?
I told her, "You must have
been bottle fed as a kid
"because that was wrong!"
[crowd laughs]
What did I tell her?
You're gonna know what to tell her
at the end of this class.
When somebody says, oh yeah,
you took chewable vitamins,
yeah, that means you are,
you're like twice the risk
of using marajuana and cocaine.
And you're gonna go,
that's great and here's the answer to why.
Oh, you do have a question.
Go ahead, yeah, yeah.
>> Male Student: Correlation
does not imply causality.
>> Oh golly, there is something deep
about studies that like this
that give us some really,
really good information
about people.
That information can allow me,
you give me a room full of
500 people like this one
and we put half of you, random people,
let's go out into the world.
Give me 500 people and
let's bring 'em in here.
All ages, shapes, sizes,
just bring in a random sample
of 500 people and on this side of the room
you put people who were
breastfed as children
and put on this side of the
room, people who are bottle fed.
Or, people who took chewable
vitamins or people who didn't.
Or people who watched
list one versus list two
of the movies.
I can make some predictions
about each of these categories
and tell you more likely
you'll find on list two,
people are going to have fewer drug users,
who are having sex outside of marriage.
I can predict that.
They're going to be sitting here.
If you gave me the oatmeal group,
versus the Frosted Flake group,
I know the Frosted Flake group,
if I took all of their cancer rates,
they're gonna have less cancer
than the people with the oatmeal.
Do you see why?
Are you starting to figure out why?
Are you saying, just tell us why?
>> Crowd: Yeah.
>> Well, I can't yet.
Because here's what I will do, though.
You have to know
something about psychology
and who psychologists are.
And you have to know something
about the history of psychology
and then at the very end,
by the time we get to the end of today,
you're gonna have to know
something about the science
and it's a very quick,
simple, I think answer,
like I told the lady and
she got up by the way,
and announced it at this
thing, meeting, whatever class
on pregnancy and delivery and whatever
and did a great job of explaining it.
So, who are psychologists?
Well, in the popular media or press,
raise your hand if you know
somebody who's a psychologist
or maybe who is out
there that you know of.
Go, go ahead.
Oh, you know someone.
Give me a specific name
of somebody out there
in the popular media or
press that is a psychologist
that you know of, or heard of?
>> Student: Dr. Phil.
>> Dr. Phil.
How many of you know Dr.
Phil, as like the guy,
okay give me another one that you know of
or think of who.
>> Female Student: Dr. Daniel Leeman.
>> Oh, Doctor Daniel,
oh I guess, a good one.
I don't know if a lot of
people know who that is.
Give me one that everybody,
give me another one.
A psychologist you think
of when I tell you ...
>> Student: Dr. Laura.
>> Dr. Laura, ooh good one.
Dr. Phil, Dr. Laura.
Anybody else?
Oh, tell you what, maybe
not out in the media today,
but who's a popular,
well-known named psychologist?
>> Student: Sigmund Freud.
>> Sigmund Freud.
>> Female Student: Dr. Grace!
>> Dr. Grace, no that's
not gonna work at all.
No, not all.
Yeah?
>> Male Student: Abraham Maslow.
>> Oh, Abraham Maslow, good one.
>> Female Student: Pavlov.
>> And Ivan Pavlov.
We've got Sigmund Freud, we got,
nobody said B.F. Skinner.
I thought they'd say Skinner.
That's Ivan Pavlov, so we got
three, two out of the three.
We've got Dr. Phil, Dr.
Laura, oh, that's Dr. Dobson.
Kinda, some of you knew that.
Nobody mentioned the Veggie Tale guy.
[crowd laughs]
What's up with that?
I mean, he's the guy that loves his lips
or he's helping the guy
that loves his lips.
How many know that one?
See?
Alright, well you gotta be
thinking about these things.
So, who are they?
Ready?
I'm gonna keep this really short.
Psychologists, in general,
are those that have
a Master's and a Ph.D.
If you want, it's simple to think of that
as somebody that's done a dissertation
or doctoral level work.
Whether it's a Ph.D or even a Psy.D,
a Psy.D is a little bit more
professionally oriented.
They don't necessarily
have to do a dissertation.
They might do a doctoral paper
but this is who can be
called a psychologist.
You can't just call
yourself a psychologist
because you're interested in humans
and you, you know whatever.
You do have to get a Ph.D or a Psy.D
to be called a psychologist.
It took me about, I don't know,
it took me almost five years
after I got my undergraduate degree,
about a two and a half to get the Master's
and about two and a half to get the Ph.D.
Here at Rosemead at Biola University
we offer both a Ph.D and
a Psy.D in psychology,
but it's in clinical psych.
And we'll talk a little bit about that.
So that's the education and training.
By the way, there are other people
who are involved in
the field of psychology
who don't necessarily have a Ph.D.
In order to accomplish a Ph.D
for example, in clinical,
you do have to do an
internship that's a year long.
So that's another year
usually that's added on
if you're going to go into
something called clinical
or counseling psychology.
How many know somebody that's in clinical
or counseling psychology
or has a degree in that?
Great, they're probably a
practicing psychologist.
We'll talk some about what that means.
But they certainly have
done a year-long internship
and they can do that in a lot of places.
We have a lot of, in Southern California
but almost anywhere you
go, you'll find homes,
you'll find clinics,
you'll find hospitals,
places where people do an internship
but the Biola Counseling Center
would be a great example.
Somebody could come here,
do an internship here
or in other places, at
universities for example.
Psychiatrists, how many
know a psychiatrist?
How are the different than a psychologist?
>> Student: They can prescribe medicine.
>> Oh, they're medical doctors
and they can prescribe medicine.
They got an M.D.
They didn't get a Ph.D,
they got a medical doctor.
They're a psychiatrist and
they can prescribe medication.
I have also prescribed my
own medication, though.
Most psychologists can't.
I did.
You guys wanna know how?
Maybe you don't really care,
but I'll tell you the story anyway.
One time I go to this doctor
and I see him and I have a messed up back.
I was playing baseball one time
and I really herniated some
discs in my lower back.
It get bugging me.
One time I went to this
doctor and he goes,
"Oh, okay, try this out.
"It'll help you."
And it was like a Friday,
or Thursday, I forget.
I took it.
He said, "See if that will
help the pain a little bit."
And I called him Friday, I
don't know, like 5 o'clock
and I said to him, "Hey, this is,"
I told him my name.
And I said, "You gave me this prescription
"to see if if worked or if it
hurt my stomach or anything.
"It worked great and I'd like to go ahead
"and have that as my prescription."
And he goes, "Okay."
He goes, "Well, I'm getting
ready to leave, how about
"are you near a fax machine?"
I went, "Yeah, sure."
So he goes, "I'll just
fax you the prescription."
And I went, "Oh, that would be great.
"That way I'll have
something this weekend."
So he faxed it, I got the fax,
I took it over to one of the drug stores
and I hand it to the lady
and she goes, "Oh, we can't
take a faxed prescription."
I went, "Why, he said
on the phone you could?"
She goes, "We can't take a fax."
And so I was like, "Is
there anything I can do?"
She goes, "No, put your name
on this and your phone number.
"I'll call you in the morning.
"I'll call the doctor in the morning
"and we'll get you set up."
I'm like, "Alright, fine, whatever."
So it was like about, I don't
know 8:30 in the morning
and I get this phone call
and it goes like this, and it says,
"Yeah, I'm calling about the prescription"
for whatever it was for Chris Grace.
I said, "Uh huh."
"And it's for,"
let's say it was Vicodin, blah,
blah, blah, at this amount.
And I went, "Uh huh."
And you're a doctor, right?
I went, "Uh huh, I am."
And then goes, "Okay, thanks."
And I hung up, I thought
why would she care
if I'm a doctor or not?
I'm just getting a prescription.
And then I went, ah!
I wrote my number on the fax.
She thinks I'm the doctor.
So she calls back a few minutes later,
"Yeah, hi, this is the pharmacy,
your prescription's ready."
I went, "Oh, okay, yeah sure, I'm ready."
[crowd laughs]
You're a doctor.
What did that mean?
So if you ever need anything, let me know
because apparently I can
do my own prescriptions.
So only psychiatrists, they get an M.D.
from a medical school.
It's different of course
and there are some people, by the way,
who do Master's level work.
They just do two years of grad school
plus some training.
Anybody know some people
that have gone to
two-year Master's programs
and got a degree and then
maybe go out and practice?
You know somebody?
Anybody know what, like
give me some examples
of what they may be practicing in
or what they might be called?
Anybody see somebody who is an MFCC?
How many have heard of that before?
Marriage, Family and Child Counselor.
Or a Master's in Social Work is kinda,
they're just different ways,
marriage and family therapy
or some of those individuals
would still be kinda in
the fold of psychology,
but practicing maybe at a Master's level.
Alright, any questions?
When it comes to education and training,
just to kinda give you
a sense that this is,
we'll talk something about the field
and I told you a little bit how
a lot of times, we end up
studying scientifically
or clinically or we approach
it as a professional area.
But let me just show you then
the employment, that is,
if people end up with a degree
like this, they tend to fall
or do three kinds of work.
And this is just a real quick,
you can just write down the
one, the two and the three.
You don't have to worry, necessarily,
about what's underneath it,
but you're going to find
people that either practice,
we call those professionals.
Those are the people that you would go see
if you're struggling with
maybe anxiety or depression
or some other, maybe,
disorder that is troubling.
And those are professionals.
They come out and they're
just prepared and ready.
We call them clinicians or counselors
or maybe even school psychologists.
Then you have another category,
the academicians and the teachers
who are primarily involved
in bringing the information
as a psychologist, to
classes or to universities,
or whatever.
And they tend to be researchers as well.
And you of course, you can
have some who are all three.
They're professionals, they
also teach at a university
and they do research.
So some of the psychologists for example,
at this university, will be all three.
They're clinical psychologists,
they do a lot of research
and they teach classes.
I am not a practitioner,
I'm an academician
and a researcher and
my area is social psych
and that's where my training has been.
Okay, does that kinda give
you a broad sense real quick
of who psychologists are?
Any questions about that?
It's pretty straightforward.
Nothing too big there.
Like I said, you don't
have to know the things
underneath the one, two and the three,
just kinda as some examples.
Alright, so for Biola faculty,
you don't have to write these down.
I just want to give you a sense
that many of them are involved in research
and here are some of
the things they study.
At this university you
might find at any time,
a research process going on
about an assessment of children,
in particular, things
like attention deficit
and hyperactivity disorder
or learning disabilities,
the relationship between ADD
and maybe brain functioning,
adoption and fertility issues.
So you can just see all of that
and I just took a real quick snapshot
of some of the faculty there
so the reason I do is to show you how much
and what kinds of things you can study
if you go into this field
and there's just a lot there.
Like I said, you don't
have to write these down,
it's just some of their
own research interests
and things they've been working on.
So, any questions on
who psychologists are,
kinda the area of the field?
Anything from last time if
you have a question about
as we move on?
Yeah, go ahead.
>> Male Student: What's the annual salary?
>> How many what?
>> Male Student: How much
is the annual salary?
>> Female Students: Annual salary.
>> Starting salary?
>> Female Students: The annual salary.
>> Oh, the annual salary
of like, a psychologist?
Oh, that's a great question.
Ready?
When I came to Biola, I got my Ph.D
and for a professor, with a Ph.D,
they called me up and said,
"Hey, would you like to ... "
You know, I had applied and
they offered me a position.
You want to know what my
starting annual salary was?
Anybody want to take a guess?
It was $19,500.
>> Student: Oh my God!
>> Yeah, that wasn't a month.
That was the whole thing.
And I went, "Wow, that's
not a lot of money."
Yeah, but back in 1950,
it was a lot of money,
[crowd laughs]
so I was fine.
Luckily it went up a little bit,
and it's gone up every time.
Right now, if you're to
go be a faculty member
at a university, for example,
your starting salary, annual salary,
is probably going to start
somewhere in the 60's,
maybe 70's if you have a Ph.D.
If you're gonna go into
clinical psychology,
one of the professional areas,
you can charge a lot more.
I honestly don't know what
they make, maybe, I don't know.
You can start with 150 bucks an hour,
and you do that math out,
but they're probably upwards of, you know,
a hundred thousand or so, starting.
Yeah, good question.
So, the history of psychology,
is that, anybody else?
Alright, real quickly then,
as we try and work our way
towards answering some of these questions
that we brought at the beginning,
briefly read this in the textbook.
There's some great information.
I don't expect you to
memorize all the names
and all the dates and all the people
in the field of psychology.
Here's, for my exams, the key for you
is to, if I put it up
on the Power Point slide
and I talk about it,
it's probably more important.
Well, it is more important and
read that stuff in the book.
There's a lot of detail in there
and I'm not going to have
you memorize all of it
but I'll highlight what I
think are the key things
and you should know that.
Does that make sense?
So briefly, let me just show
you what I mean by that.
The field of psychology,
to set the context,
it kind of emerged in
what we call this era,
this culture of discovery era.
And what that meant was,
during this period of time
when psychology came about
there were huge numbers of insights
and discoveries that were going on,
about for example, human
behavior, the world
and everything else.
In fact, they called it
this kind of culture of discovery era.
Anybody know the two disciplines
from which psychology would
call the parent disciplines?
It kinda came out of these two big areas
and said, we're going to
adopt this from this area
and this from this area
and kinda just like bring them together
for this field of psychology.
Anybody know what maybe
one of the parent areas is?
>> Student: Philosophy?
>> Yeah, philosophy would
be one of the big ones
and the philosophy at the time
was a very robust discipline.
It'd been around for
almost a thousand years,
if not longer,
but this idea of philosophy,
the idea of thinking
kind of like about thinking, if you want.
And primarily what philosophy
contributed to psychology
was this kind of idea that
we could explore this,
we could know.
They had kind of, well, we
should be able to study humans
and there's a particular
way, an attitude, an approach
they went about.
Give me another, what might be another
of the parent disciplines of
psychology besides philosophy?
What was the other big area
out there, or discipline?
>> Female Student: Biology?
>> Yeah, biology or medicine
and they kinda contributed,
if you want that discipline
to the idea of using a
methodology, a systematic study.
And so that was the method
that we use in psychology
was given to, let's say the field,
by biology and medicine
and then philosophy provided the attitude.
So how we explore human
thinking and behavior
and that it is knowable
and it's interesting
and anybody know when we
credit the first person
and who it was, with bringing
these two fields together
and starting its' own study?
In fact, what he did is he studied humans
by asking them how they
responded or how they felt
when they heard a noise
or a sound or saw a color.
He would ask them in a laboratory,
okay I'm gonna make a noise, ready?
And he would play some sound,
let's say it was on a musical instrument
and he would just sit there.
I want you to describe for me
what happens when you hear this.
[piano note]
And then he would just say,
"Describe your sensations.
"If it makes you sneeze, or if
it does other things to you."
And so he would start asking people
and exploring using
this systematic approach
to figure out what was going on in here.
Anybody know what that was
that did those early studies like that
and we say, that's the
founder of psychology?
>> Female Student: Gustav Fechner?
>> Oh, that's a good one.
It's not it, he did studies like that.
Give me another one.
>> Student: Wundt?
What's that?
>> Student: Wundt?
>> Yeah, there were, we don't credit him
with being the founder.
Good guess.
>> [Student In The
Back] Wilhelm Something,
it's like W-U-N-D-T.
>> Uh huh, Wilhelm Wundt.
The W sounds like a V.
Way from the way back,
that's exactly right.
Wilhelm Wundt, 1879, way to go.
1879, oh that's what you
were saying, wasn't it?
I misheard you.
You were right, you just
weren't pronouncing it
the way I was thinking.
So you were right.
She also had it.
Wilhelm Wundt, 1879, Leipzig, Germany,
he began asking people to
experience certain sensations
and then he wanted to
figure out and describe
what we call in this lab,
he wanted to find out,
what was the structure of their thoughts.
So as you heard this key, or this sound,
or whatever you wanted.
[piano note]
Would it register in a way
that he could begin asking questions
and explain the structure of our thoughts,
or better yet, the structure of our minds.
So, he's kinda known as
the father of psychology
and of structuralism because
he asked the question,
what's the structure?
By the way, the word
structure's just what you think.
If you think about a mind,
what's it composed of.
What's its structure?
If I ask you this question,
that wall right there, what's
the structure of that wall?
Well, you would say it's composed of what?
>> Student: Bricks.
>> That wall's composed of bricks.
So if we looked at the individual bricks
and started to explain it,
if you built it over and over again
and you looked at each brick
and when you hear this
sound, or you see this color,
or you think this thought,
he was explaining each
brick by brick by brick
and eventually he thought we
could get the whole structure
of the mind.
Right?
Just like if I want to know the structure
of one of those sentences
up there on the Power Point,
I could go and I could look at, let's say,
what's the structure of this word?
I mean, of this sentence.
This sentence is composed of words,
and this word is composed of letters,
and if you want, I guess
you could say these letters
are composed of pixels if you want.
But if you understood the pixel
or the particular letter,
you could start to figure
out the structure of a brain.
Now, the problem was, this was 1879
and we had no idea of
looking inside the brain.
And it was left up to there for what?
I couldn't peer in on the brain?
Today, by the way, we can
peer in on somebody's brain
and see something
occurring and happening now
with some of our things,
and see some cool structure things.
Like, there's a guy, ready?
Who has this kind of interesting way of,
he has a little quirk in his brain,
and in this little quirk in his brain
that as he has experienced this,
we'll talk about this guy
who experienced this particular stroke,
what it did was it wiped
out a part of his brain
that he cannot identify human faces.
There's a little structure in your brain
that allows you to identify human faces.
Well, Wundt didn't know that
because he couldn't see,
but we know where that structure is
and this guy had a stroke and
it wiped out that structure
so guess what happens to him
if he's out in the middle of public?
Let's say he goes and he's at
a basketball or football game
and he's with his family
and he goes and gets something to drink.
He comes back, he don't
know where his family is.
He could be standing
right in front of them
and he doesn't recognize their faces.
That's weird, isn't it?
In fact, you ask him and he'll say,
"I don't know who they are.
"I can't recognize the face."
Isn't that a weird thing?
But if we start to put
together these structures
which we can do now,
you can start to see a little bit more.
Back then, it didn't really work very well
and it didn't last very long
because we didn't have
any of these abilities.
And even today, it's rudimentary
and we probably still couldn't
do a structural approach
to psychology.
It would be bogged down
and too many complex points
and nuances.
Yeah, question.
>> Student: Was the
ability to recognize faces
linked to the ability to
recognize people by voice?
>> Uh huh, he could
recognize his wife's voice
but even as he sits
there and talks to her,
the only reason he knows it's his wife,
is he just assumes and when he looks over
he can't recognize her most of the time.
He just simply goes,
well, we're in the right place,
we're in our house together,
so I'm assuming that's her.
No, it's true.
But we can start looking
at these structures.
I'm really digressing.
That was structuralism, Wundt.
He wanted to see structures.
He can see them a little
bit clearer today.
By the way, here's kind of a timeline.
You don't have to know all these names.
I'm just showing you
people that were involved
like Stanley Hall and Herman
Ebbinghouse and James.
It was around the turn of the century,
of the last century, 1880's.
Another real quick thing, ready?
William James ultimately founded a school
called functionalism
at about the same time
because when Wundt and his people
were working on structuralism ideas
about the brain and the mind,
in their labs in Leipzig,
James was going, wait,
he was starting literally what became,
probably the area, it's
called functionalism,
that overtook structuralism.
And James went like this,
he said to people like Wundt and others,
you'll never know the
structure of a brain.
For us to figure out the
structure of that wall
would require us to understand
each and every brick
and the mind is so amazingly complicated,
and now you're relying
on people telling us
what they experience,
why would you care about the structure?
You ought to care about the what?
>> Male Student: The function.
>> The function.
Why do you have thoughts?
Why can you recognize faces?
Why is seeing a face a good thing?
Well, we see faces because
it functions to keep us safe.
Or it functions to make us happy.
Why are we vigilant and aware?
Why can we process things very quickly?
Something called unconscious cognition.
Well James would say it's
because it has a function.
What's the function of it?
If you understand the
function of identifying faces,
then we know, oh, kids become
attached or have memories
associated with.
Or we can pick up faces
and see who's gonna hurt us
and who's not because
we're really good at it.
That's the function, it's
called functionalism.
So more people, John Watson
we'll see in a little bit,
Ivan Pavlov, some
researchers like Mary Calkins
and Margaret Washburn,
well-known psychologist
of early, early on in the
beginning of the field.
And then lastly, just I wanted
to give you the American,
I guess, John Watson who is known,
and this helps us to come up,
what's by the way, the
definition of psychology?
It's the scientific study of the mind
and behavior.
And the reason we call the
definition of psychology,
the scientific study of
the mind and behavior,
the and behavior is
because of John Watson.
He founded a school of behaviorism
and he said this,
it doesn't matter what
your mind's structure is
or function is, what's most important?
Your behavior.
Let's just watch their behavior.
Humans could tell me all kinds of things
but if we simply stick to
what they do and how they act,
and how they talk, and how they
say and what they are doing,
we can't see inside the little black box.
So he founded the school
called behaviorism.
So, put it all up there.
Biola was founded, this university,
right around the same time, 1908.
And then the Titanic sank
right around that time.
[crowd laughs]
If you wanted to know.
And there's the only guy
who smiled for his picture,
right there, who is really cool.
[crowd laughs]
Okay, so at the end of the day,
when we look at psychology,
and when it was founded,
it was around the time of an
era, a culture of discovery.
It was also during a time
when you look at the
relationship between Christianity
and science, a lot of
the Christians that were
involved in the early
scientific discovery eras,
were not contributing to
this field of psychology
around the turn of that century
because it's at that time, kind
of this isolationist period
where Christians were kinda stepping out
of the intellectual culture.
Many of them were founding schools
that were, let's say more
biblical or bible institutes
because a lot of the universities
had given up any hope
whatsoever of being founded
on Christian principles.
So a lot of the Christian
intellectuals kinda
stepped out of that culture.
And that's kinda where
psychology started developing
and coming in to it's prominence,
was during kinda this
interesting cultural era.
You don't have to know that,
it's just kind of an interesting insight,
any questions on that?
Alright, that was just
a really quick history.
>> Narrator: Biola
University offers a variety
of biblically centered degree programs,
ranging from business to ministry
to the arts and sciences.
Visit Biola.edu to find out how Biola
could make a difference in your life.
