by the time of the SLAC-MIT experiment
a scientists already had some ideas
about how the proton and other subatomic particles
 
similar to the proton are build. All
discovered sub-atomic particles have a
quite similar properties
that is they have a difference only in a
few internal or intrinsic
characteristics
each particle has a number of such
internal properties
or quantum numbers which uniquely
characterize them and are related with
the corresponding interactions
for example the electric charge is one
of such characteristic
which appear on the interaction with
other charged particles
on with an electric and magnetic fields
the electric charge is measured in the
units of the charger for electron
it should be discreet as all other
quantum numbers
another important example is the
intrinsic form of  angular momentum of a
particle which called a spin of particle
as the name suggests spin was originally
conceived as the rotation of a particle
around some axis
that is related with its magnetic
properties
so we can imagine the particle as
sphere and spin as its own rotation
however
really the particle is not the sphere
and spin is a solely quantum-mechanical
phenomenon
it does not have a counterpart in a
classical mechanics
so can not be interpreted classically or
in our usual point of view
The Stern-Gerlach experiment are
usually used to demonstrate that
electrons in atoms have an intrinsic
angular momentum or spin
this experiment involves sending a beam
of particles through in an homogeneous
magnetic field and observing their
deflection
the result of experiment was rather
unexpected
the particles passing through the Stern-Gerlach apparatus are deflected either
up or down by a specific amount
while they expected the random and
continuous distribution
let's imagine a particle with spin as a
sphere with two magnetic poles
read for south and glue for North
spinoff particle interacts with the
external magnetic field
if spin may have any value the deviation
of particles
under the action of the external
magnetic field will arbitrary
the stern girl arc experiment showed
that spin can have only two values along
the external magnetic field
in the same direction or in the opposite
direction
which corresponds to spin up and spend
down
all more precisely a projection of the
spin on the direction of the external
magnetic field
the results serve experiment showed that
particles possess an intrinsic angular
momentum that is closely analogous to
the angular momentum over classically
spinning object
but that takes only certain quantized
values
spin over particle is measured in the
units have the spinner first on
it should be discreet but such particles
electron
proton neutron have the spin equal to
half of the Unity
we have to particles with the spin haha
unity which can imagine as a top toy in
the former Bihar
spear suppose these two particles are
identically
that is they have the same internal
properties or quantum numbers
we want to put them in the same place
for example inside the sphere there is
some fundamental principle love nature
which usually called the police
exclusion principle
stating that no two particles with the
spin hoffa
unity can share the same quantum states
at the same time
in our demonstrative example this means
that we cannot put in the same place
inside the sphere
two identical half sphere
however we can do this if we flipped
vertically wanna paths
fear
in this case I state will not have the
same internal properties or quantum
numbers
they will differ in the direction of the
spin or
more accurate the projection of the spin
1/2 sphere will corresponds to the
spin-up
while out there will corresponds to the
spin down
if we take a different particle it will
not feel these particles and it can
share place with any of these particles
this procedure is nothing as the
construction is the proton and other
subatomic particles from an elementary
particles
which was proposed by JL Mann and sway
again 1964
according to their idea the proton
neutron and other similar particles with
half into just spin
1/2 three hearts and so on
cold Varian's consist of three
elementary particles
particles within to just spend 0
one and so on cold mesons
consisted to elementary particles
so that the problem was the following
think out an elementary particles with
some internal properties
which can be used to construct all known
particles they introduced only three
particles
which was called quarks by JL Mann
and constructed all know at that moment
particles not only Barry ins but also
mesons
how this works let's start with our
usual particles proton and neutron
neutron his charge 0 proton has charge
plus one
both particles have spin half love unity
so JL Mann and swaying construct these
particles from to type of quarks
you and the all clocks have spent half a
view nitty and to obtain the same spin
for proton own neutron we should take
one clocks with spin
down in this case total Spain will have
unity
it is easy to calculate what electric
charge
should have you and D quarks there have
charge plus two divided by three
and -1 divided by three immunity have
the charger for electron
the charger quark is fractional
took a
truck to all other known barry ins with
half a view nitty spin
they introduced in additional quark s
squawk it has the same electric charges
D quark
the construction %uh vol particles is
really
a mathematical game you should put all
particles on the array
each line in the array respect to a
number of the corresponding clocks
for example
aligns corresponds to a different
numbers %uh vesco of
2s quarks one esquire can 0
ask why rocks and intersection point to
the lines array corresponds to some
barrier in
if exactly three quarks are situated in
this point
so we should consider a hexagon
all particles which can be constructed
in this way
were already known
more
for eighties possible to find some
relation between the masses have the
different particles in the array
what we're done by JL Mann
method
Lee ET's possible to do the same for the
bad Ian's with the 3/2 love unity spin
we should extend the array to include
the lines with three quarks
in this case
all clocks will have the same direction
of their spins
and according to the mathematical theory
we can construct the following the
state's
will barry ins
wat is the most intriguing the JL Mann
predict new particle from his completely
theoretical consideration
this particle was indeed discovered with
some upcoming experiment
so this model was very pretty but had
some unusual futures
first of all the fractional charge
nobody did find the fractional charge in
any direct experiment
second problem was related with the
Pauli exclusion principle
the particle which was predicted by JL
Mann and discovered experimentally
should consist of three identical quarks
in any case to quarks will have the same
quantum numbers
what is in the contradiction with the
Pauli exclusion principle
to resolve this problem Greenberg
suggested to introduce a new
earlier unknown internal property
or quantum number for quarks
which was called kala
as well known all variety of colors
around us may be obtained from the three
primary colors
red green and blue mixing in the
different proportions
taking all three colors in the same
proportion we get a white collar
so each of the three quarks inside the
proton
all barry and has one from the three
primary colors
together they give a colorless proton
will barry in
electrically charged particles may have
positive or negative charges
for example electron is the negative
electric charge
while its NT particle positron
has the positive electric chair on
church
clock may have the color charges red
green or blue
antic walk which has the opposite to
electric John
church may have the anti color charges
and he read
antique green or anti blue which are
really Scion
magenta and yellow
decline of can to you quarks with red
green and blue colors may combine into
the proton
which is colorless with the electrical
charge plus one
anti de croire can to ante eu quarks
with Scion
magenta and yellow colors may combine
into the anti proton
which is colorless with the electrical
charge -1
at the moment we know that there are six
different types of quarks
fourth typeof clock is C clark also call
charm quark and its and take walk
fifth typeof clock is be quark or
so-called bottom
all beauty quark and its and take walk
6 typeof quark is T clock or so-called
top or truth clock and it's and take
walk
masses every new type of Qualcomm much
more %uh vol previous quarks
the fact that these three colors indeed
exist
was confirmed experimentally by studying
the processes oven i elation electrons
and positrons in the accelerators
since the positron is the anti particle
love the electron
then in according with the quantum field
theory
they will annihilate under a collision
and will produce another particle anti
particle pair
this new pair maybe any pair within the
energy oven i elating pair
so we can produce electron positron
their acquire can take walk parents so
on
the special detectors may identify a
producing pair experimentally
while with the help of quantum field
theory we can calculate the expected
number
of events depending on the type of the
produced particles
the theoretical prediction can be
obtained for the ratio of the
cross-section as the pair of particles
having a color to the number of
particles
which don't have color the electron all
very similar particle
me one which can be easily detected
the theoretical predictions depend on
the sum up the square of the charges of
quarks
which can be produced and the number of
colors
if we can produce first three types of
quarks
you quark de croire camdessus quark
we should expect that this ratio will be
about to
what is good agreement with experimental
data
if the energy oven i elating pair well
enough to produce a fourth co-op
which coldest charm or seek one of and
its Antiqua
the expected value ratio will slightly
less then experimental data
however for this case large corrections
should take into account
if the energy oven i elating pair well
enough to produce a fifth quark
which cold his beauty all be quark
and its Antiqua the expected value
ratio will in a nice agreement with
experimental data
in electromagnetic interactions
electrically charged particles
such as electronic deposit your own
exchange for stones
the carriers have the electromagnetic
force
since the color is a fundamental
property of elementary particles quarks
then this property must appear at some
interaction with another object but has
the same property
this interaction has been called the
color interaction and the theory
that describes such interaction is
called the quantum cromer dynamics
by analogy with the theory of
electromagnetism
the quantum electrodynamics
in color interactions the quarks
exchange
the UN's the carriers of the color force
cleveland's like photons are massless
particles with the whole unit have
intrinsic spin
however unlike photons which are not
electrically charged and therefore do
not feel the electromagnetic force
cleveland's carry kala which means that
they do feel the strong force and can
interact among themselves
usually the color forces cold is a
strong force
strong force is one of the four
fundamental interaction I've nature that
acts between subatomic particles that
matter
and atomic scale it is about 100 times
stronger than electromagnetism
which in turn is all orders have
magnitude is stronger than the weak
force interaction and gravitation
let's look at the color force closer as
we know
quarks carry three types of color charge
red green and blue and take walks carry
three types of antique Allah
Scion magenta and yellow glue on this
carry both color and anti colors
there are six column mixing lawns
and three colorless clear lawns
as they carry Carla and its antique Ala
some love mixing lawns form clue on
antique blue on pairs
according to quantum cromer dynamics
3 colorless clear lawns should combine
into two states
so there are the 8 the lawns at all
which carry the color charge between
quarks or glue lawns themselves
how this works let's look inside some
barrier in
for example proton which consists of
three quarks with different colors
red green and blue green quarks may make
green yellow blue on and becomes blue
green yellow blue on may be absorbed by
Blue quarks and it becomes green
there are a lot of such possibilities
that each moment the whole system clocks
and Kylie lawns should be colorless
in principle clock may make colorless
clue on
in this case clock will not change color
as colorless clue on is a superposition
or a mixing stake divall colorless clue
on NSE
it can convert to other colorless clue
on
such glue on will not change the color
of quark
which absorbs its
moreover glue on
may interact among themselves and may be
transformed
into a new Glee lawns
one can easily extend this procedure to
an other possibilities take into account
a different self interactions a
belongs
the strong force similar
ring in that
you structure spring it gets harder and
harder to stretch it more
when a spring is stretched beyond the
elastic limit
it breaks to produce two springs
in the case to the coup
rock bear a new choir can't acquire
compare will be created when polled
beyond certain distance
part of the stretching energy goes into
the creation of the new pair
as a consequence one cannot have clock
says free particles
we come see an isolated clock because
the color force
does not let them go and the energy
required to separate them
produces choir can't acquire compares
long before they are far enough apart
to observe separately this phenomenon is
known as color confinement
quarks never appear in isolation
