In May 2017 the Canadian Human Rights Commission
amended the Human Rights Act to incorporate
'gender identity and gender expression' under
the list of terms which are protected from
discrimination.
What are the origins of gender identity and
where did the concept of gender begin to stray
from early dictionary definitions?
In the 1950's a psychologist and sexologist,
Dr. John William Money, began applying the
word gender when describing someone's sexual
identity.
His concept and use of the word was not widely
adopted until much later but Dr. Money is
seen as a pioneer on the psychology of gender
fluidity, identity and expression.
He believed that an individual's gender was
a social construct that was determined by
their upbringing and subsequent exposure to
what society deems to be masculine or feminine.
His argument was that "Nurture overrides nature."
In the summer of 1965, in the city of Winnipeg,
a mother gave birth to two twin boys.
These two children would become the perfect
test environment for Dr. Money to prove his
gender theory of nurture over nature.
The twin boys, named Brian and Bruce Reimer,
had difficulty urinating when they were only
a few months old.
Doctor's recommended circumcision, however
the method of circumcision was not told to
the boy's parents who later found out, that
an electrical cauterizing machine had malfunctioned
and burnt off Bruce's genitalia.
Months later, the parents of the twin boys
were watching television when they came across
the charismatic Doctor John Money describing
his work with transgenderism.
After contacting Dr. Money and describing
their situation, he agreed to help.
Bruce, he decided, was to be raised as Brenda.
The case of the twin boys became an unethical
and tragic experiment as Dr. Money's research
ultimately ruined the lives of the Reimer
family and caused the premature death of both
twins.
A few months later Brenda underwent surgery
to remove the rest of his reproductive organs.
Under the strict understanding that the parents
must never inform Brenda of his true identity,
the parents raised him as a girl.
The twins were to meet annually with Dr. Money
where he would sit privately with them and
examine how they were developing.
The twins later described how Dr. Money would
force them, at a young age, to undress and
perform dominant and submissive positions
in front of him, while he allegedly photographed
them.
The BBC produced "Horizon" documentary interviewed
Janet Reimer, the mother of the twins.
"I could see that Brenda wasn't happy as a
girl.
She was very rebellious.
She was very masculine, and I could not persuade
her to do anything feminine.
Brenda had almost no friends growing up.
Everybody ridiculed her, called her cavewoman.
She was a very lonely, lonely girl."
Dr. Money, for years, continued to write about
his successful experiment on the Reimer twins
despite the fact that Brenda later transitioned
back to being identified as a male.
Brenda became known as David and eventually
married.
However, the traumatic upbringing of the twins
ultimately led to both boys committing suicide.
Psychologists and sexologists today still
consider Dr. Money to have been a brilliant
scientist which has resulted in wide acceptance
of his gender theory.
No longer determined by chromosomes and reproductive
organs, the concepts of gender identity and
gender expression have been adopted into Canadian
law and school curriculums across the country.
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