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Maya Angelou
Maya Angelou was an American poet, singer, memoirist, and civil rights activist. She published seven autobiographies, three books of essays,
several books of poetry, and was credited with a list of plays, movies, and television shows spanning over 50 years. She received dozens of awards
and more than 50 honorary degrees. Angelou is best known for her series of seven autobiographies, which focus on her childhood
and early adult experiences. The first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, tells of her life up to the age of 17
and brought her international recognition and acclaim. She became a poet and writer after a series of occupations as a young adult,
including fry cook, sex worker, nightclub dancer and performer, cast member of the opera Porgy and Bess, coordinator
for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and journalist in Egypt and Ghana during the decolonization of Africa. She was an actor, writer,
director, and producer of plays, movies, and public television programs. In 1982, she was named the first Reynolds Professor of American Studies
at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. She was active in the Civil Rights Movement and worked with Martin Luther King Jr.
and Malcolm X. Beginning in the 1990s, she made around 80 appearances a year on the lecture circuit, something she continued into her eighties.
In 1993, Angelou recited her poem "On the Pulse of Morning" at President Bill Clinton's inauguration, making her the first poet
to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at the inauguration of John F. Kennedy in 1961.
With the publication of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Angelou publicly discussed aspects of her personal life.
She was respected as a spokesperson for black people and women, and her works have been considered a defense of black culture.
Her works are widely used in schools and universities worldwide, although attempts have been made to ban her books from some U.S. libraries.
Angelou's most celebrated works have been labeled as autobiographical fiction, but many critics consider them to be autobiographies.
She made a deliberate attempt to challenge the common structure of the autobiography by critiquing, changing and expanding the genre.
Her books center on themes such as racism, identity, family and travel.
Early years
Marguerite Annie Johnson was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on April 4, 1928, the second child of Bailey Johnson, a doorman and navy dietitian,
and Vivian Johnson, a nurse and card dealer. Angelou's older brother, Bailey Jr. nicknamed Marguerite "Maya", derived from "My" or "Mya Sister".
When Angelou was three and her brother four, their parents' "calamitous marriage" ended, and their father sent them to Stamps, Arkansas, alone
by train, to live with their paternal grandmother, Annie Henderson. In "an astonishing exception"
to the harsh economics of African Americans of the time, Angelou's grandmother prospered financially during the Great Depression and World War II,
because the general store she owned sold needed basic commodities and, because "she made wise and honest investments". Four years later,
the children's father "came to Stamps without warning" and returned them to their mother's care in St. Louis. At the age of eight, while living
with her mother, Angelou was sexually abused and raped by her mother's boyfriend, a man named Freeman. She told her brother,
who told the rest of their family. Freeman was found guilty, but was jailed for only one day. Four days after his release, he was murdered,
probably by Angelou's uncles. Angelou became mute for almost five years, believing, as she stated, "I thought, my voice killed him;
I killed that man, because I told his name. And then I thought I would never speak again, because my voice would kill anyone." According
to Marcia Ann Gillespie and her colleagues, who wrote a biography about Angelou, it was during this period of silence
when Angelou developed her extraordinary memory, her love for books and literature, and her ability to listen and observe the world around her.
Shortly after Freeman's murder, Angelou and her brother were sent back to their grandmother. Angelou credits a teacher and friend of her family,
Mrs. Bertha Flowers, with helping her speak again. Flowers introduced her to authors such as Charles Dickens, William Shakespeare, Edgar Allan Poe,
Douglas Johnson, and James Weldon Johnson, authors who would affect her life and career, as well as black female artists like Frances Harper,
Anne Spencer, and Jessie Fauset. When Angelou was 14, she and her brother moved in with their mother once again, who had since moved to Oakland,
California. During World War II, Angelou attended the California Labor School. Before graduating,
she worked as the first black female streetcar conductor in San Francisco. Three weeks after completing school, at the age of 17, she gave birth
to her son, Clyde.
Adulthood and early career: 1951–61
 [^]  In 1951, Angelou married Greek electrician, former sailor, and aspiring musician Tosh Angelos,
despite the condemnation of interracial relationships at the time and the disapproval of her mother. She took modern dance classes during this time,
and met dancers and choreographers Alvin Ailey and Ruth Beckford. Angelou and Ailey formed a dance team, calling themselves "Al and Rita",
and performed modern dance at fraternal black organizations throughout San Francisco, but never became successful. Angelou, her new husband,
and her son moved to New York City so she could study African dance with Trinidadian dancer Pearl Primus, but they returned
to San Francisco a year later. After Angelou's marriage ended in 1954, she danced professionally in clubs around San Francisco,
including the nightclub the Purple Onion, where she sang and danced to calypso music. Up to that point she went by the name of
"Marguerite Johnson", or "Rita", but at the strong suggestion of her managers and supporters at the Purple Onion she changed her professional name
to "Maya Angelou", a "distinctive name" that set her apart and captured the feel of her calypso dance performances. During 1954 and 1955,
Angelou toured Europe with a production of the opera Porgy and Bess. She began her practice of learning the language of every country she visited,
and in a few years she gained proficiency in several languages. In 1957, riding on the popularity of calypso, Angelou recorded her first album,
Miss Calypso, which was reissued as a CD in 1996. She appeared in an off-Broadway review that inspired the 1957 film Calypso Heat Wave,
in which Angelou sang and performed her own compositions. Angelou met novelist John Oliver Killens in 1959 and, at his urging, moved to New York
to concentrate on her writing career. She joined the Harlem Writers Guild, where she met several major African-American authors,
including John Henrik Clarke, Rosa Guy, Paule Marshall, and Julian Mayfield, and was published for the first time. In 1960,
after meeting civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. and hearing him speak, she and Killens organized "the legendary" Cabaret for Freedom
to benefit the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and she was named SCLC's Northern Coordinator. According to scholar Lyman B. Hagen,
her contributions to civil rights as a fundraiser and SCLC organizer were successful and "eminently effective". Angelou also began her pro-Castro
and anti-apartheid activism during this time.
Africa to Caged Bird: 1961–69
 [^]  In 1961, Angelou performed in Jean Genet's play The Blacks, along with Abbey Lincoln, Roscoe Lee Brown, James Earl Jones, Louis Gossett,
Godfrey Cambridge, and Cicely Tyson. Also in 1961, she met South African freedom fighter Vusumzi Make; they never officially married. She
and her son Guy moved with Make to Cairo, where Angelou worked as an associate editor at the weekly English-language newspaper The Arab Observer.
In 1962, her relationship with Make ended, and she and Guy moved to Accra, Ghana so he could attend college,
but he was seriously injured in an automobile accident. Angelou remained in Accra for his recovery and ended up staying there until 1965.
She became an administrator at the University of Ghana, and was active in the African-American expatriate community. She was a feature editor
for The African Review, a freelance writer for the Ghanaian Times, wrote and broadcast for Radio Ghana, and worked and performed
for Ghana's National Theatre. She performed in a revival of The Blacks in Geneva and Berlin. In Accra, she became close friends with Malcolm X
during his visit in the early 1960s. Angelou returned to the U.S. in 1965 to help him build a new civil rights organization,
the Organization of Afro-American Unity; he was assassinated shortly afterward. Devastated and adrift, she joined her brother in Hawaii,
where she resumed her singing career, and then moved back to Los Angeles to focus on her writing career. She worked as a market researcher in Watts
and witnessed the riots in the summer of 1965. She acted in and wrote plays, and returned to New York in 1967.
She met her lifelong friend Rosa Guy and renewed her friendship with James Baldwin, whom she had met in Paris in the 1950s and called "my brother",
during this time. Her friend Jerry Purcell provided Angelou with a stipend to support her writing.  [^]  In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. asked Angelou
to organize a march. She agreed, but "postpones again", and in what Gillespie calls "a macabre twist of fate",
he was assassinated on her 40th birthday. Devastated again, she was encouraged out of her depression by her friend James Baldwin.
As Gillespie states, "If 1968 was a year of great pain, loss, and sadness, it was also the year when America first witnessed the breadth
and depth of Maya Angelou's spirit and creative genius". Despite having almost no experience, she wrote, produced, and narrated Blacks, Blues,
Black!, a ten-part series of documentaries about the connection between blues music and black Americans' African heritage,
and what Angelou called the "Africanisms still current in the U.S." for National Educational Television, the precursor of PBS. Also in 1968,
inspired at a dinner party she attended with Baldwin, cartoonist Jules Feiffer, and his wife Judy, and challenged
by Random House editor Robert Loomis, she wrote her first autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, published in 1969,
which brought her international recognition and acclaim.
Later career
Angelou's Georgia, Georgia, produced by a Swedish film company and filmed in Sweden, the first screenplay written by a black woman,
was released in 1972. She also wrote the film's soundtrack, despite having very little additional input in the filming of the movie.
Angelou married Welsh carpenter and ex-husband of Germaine Greer, Paul du Feu, in San Francisco in 1973. Over the next ten years,
as Gillespie has stated, "She [Angelou] had accomplished more than many artists hope to achieve in a lifetime". Angelou worked as a composer,
writing for singer Roberta Flack, and composing movie scores. She wrote articles, short stories, TV scripts, documentaries, autobiographies,
and poetry, produced plays, and was named visiting professor at several colleges and universities. She was "a reluctant actor", and was nominated
for a Tony Award in 1973 for her role in Look Away. As a theater director,
in 1988 she undertook a revival of Errol John's play Moon on a Rainbow Shawl at the Almeida Theatre in London. In 1977,
Angelou appeared in a supporting role in the television mini-series Roots. She was given a multitude of awards during this period, including
over thirty honorary degrees from colleges and universities from all over the world. In the late 1970s, Angelou met Oprah Winfrey
when Winfrey was a TV anchor in Baltimore, Maryland; Angelou would later become Winfrey's close friend and mentor. In 1981, Angelou
and du Feu divorced. She returned to the southern United States in 1981, because she felt she had to come to terms with her past there,
and despite having no bachelor's degree, accepted the lifetime Reynolds Professorship of American Studies at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem,
North Carolina, where she was one of only a few full-time professors. From that point on, she considered herself "a teacher who writes".
Angelou taught a variety of subjects that reflected her interests, including philosophy, ethics, theology, science, theater, and writing.
The Winston-Salem Journal reported that even though she made many friends on campus, "she never quite lived down all of the criticism
from people who thought she was more of a celebrity than an intellect.[and] an overpaid figurehead". The last course she taught
at Wake Forest was in 2011, but she was planning to teach another course in late 2014. Her final speaking engagement
at the university was in late 2013. Beginning in the 1990s, Angelou actively participated in the lecture circuit in a customized tour bus,
something she continued into her eighties.  [^]  In 1993, Angelou recited her poem "On the Pulse of Morning"
at the inauguration of President Bill Clinton, becoming the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at President John F.
Kennedy's inauguration in 1961. Her recitation resulted in more fame and recognition for her previous works, and broadened her appeal
"across racial, economic, and educational boundaries". The recording of the poem won a Grammy Award. In June 1995,
she delivered what Richard Long called her "second 'public' poem", titled "A Brave and Startling Truth",
which commemorated the 50th anniversary of the United Nations. Angelou achieved her goal of directing a feature film in 1996, Down in the Delta,
which featured actors such as Alfre Woodard and Wesley Snipes. Also in 1996, she collaborated
with R&B artists Ashford & Simpson on seven of the eleven tracks of their album Been Found. The album was responsible
for three of Angelou's only Billboard chart appearances. In 2000, she created a successful collection of products for Hallmark,
including greeting cards and decorative household items. She responded to critics who charged her with being too commercial by stating that
"the enterprise was perfectly in keeping with her role as 'the people's poet'". More than thirty years after Angelou began writing her life story,
she completed her sixth autobiography A Song Flung Up to Heaven, in 2002.  [^]  Angelou campaigned
for the Democratic Party in the 2008 presidential primaries, giving her public support to Senator Hillary Clinton. In the run-up
to the January Democratic primary in South Carolina, the Clinton campaign ran ads featuring Angelou's endorsement.
The ads were part of the campaign's efforts to rally support in the Black community; but Obama won the South Carolina primary,
finishing 29 points ahead of Clinton and taking 80% of the Black vote. When Clinton's campaign ended,
Angelou put her support behind Senator Barack Obama, who went on to win the election
and became the first African-American president of the United States. She stated, "We are growing up beyond the idiocies of racism and sexism."
In late 2010, Angelou donated her personal papers and career memorabilia to the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem.
They consisted of over 340 boxes of documents that featured her handwritten notes on yellow legal pads for I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings,
a 1982 telegram from Coretta Scott King, fan mail, and personal and professional correspondence from colleagues such as her editor Robert Loomis.
In 2011, Angelou served as a consultant for the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial in Washington, D.C. She spoke out in opposition
to a paraphrase of a quotation by King that appeared on the memorial, saying, "The quote makes Dr.
Martin Luther King look like an arrogant twit", and demanded that it be changed. Eventually, the paraphrase was removed. In 2013, at the age of 85,
Angelou published the seventh autobiography in her series, titled Mom & Me & Mom, that focuses on her relationship with her mother.
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