by that is the most widely
used programming languages Companies like Google
Ola Uber's Spotify Facebook are currently
using piping for their software development
So keep that in our mind
We came up with the tutorial
where you will learn about what
is fighting and how can you
start your journey with Beytin Then
we will see what is data
manipulation What are the libraries we
have invited So before start that
tutorial let me introduce that Great
learning has came up with a
brilliant idea That is great Learning
Academy where it will get almost
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also possible using great money So
let's get started with that You
Tonio Ah good to start Yeah
and late Jupiter You will see
this if you don't see this
that means you have not install
Anaconda Yeah so I'm not gonna
tell you what Anaconda will be
using Python Okay Just like eso
all If you are comfortable in
our right you have been using
our for a long time Okay
So entire throughout this class I'll
be making a lot of comparisons
with heart I hope that will
not confuse you That will help
you OK Because you're really comfortable
with Hollande Fighting is very similar
to what I will be making
an enlarges everywhere so that you
can relate to things Okay so
just like you use our studio
right Your are cords invite and
we have several platforms So these
platforms are known as i d
interactive development environment Just Ah I
find a movie So there are
multiple platforms like Jupiter's by charm
spiders and so on Whichever you
use the courts wouldn't change Okay
the courts would remain the same
The only difference is the flame
You'll have some fancy windows in
some You will not have some
fancy windows Okay But the courts
that means the sea So what
I'll be using for the classes
Jupiter Why am I using your
picture Just a random choice One
reason I have because it displays
the graph in the same window
Let's say if I plot a
chart in our studio when you
plot the chart you get the
chart somewhere on the right hand
side bottom right here If I
draw a chart it comes in
the same window So I'll have
just one single window which will
be like a block browser For
me it will be like like
a browser like chrome tabs Okay
so it is very easy to
follow That is why I have
a prepper Jupiter over other ideas
Okay He is so here in
this system it is installed already
So I just like here So
once you install this and you
go to your start menu and
I Jupiter you will see this
Okay so if I click on
that you will see a small
black window This is the console
Very accords Well done Annual also
CIA Ah Browser tab coming up
Certainly Coming Something You see A
browser tab So this is Jupiter
This is where you will be
writing your ports Okay so it's
just like a browser It opens
Include Okay So now now these
are the folders that you see
on yours Home directory Just like
in our studio at the light
window eyes There's a tab called
files there If you go there
you will see all the files
in your home directory Similarly these
are the files or folders that
you have on your home director
Okay let's see if I want
to go to a particular folder
So let's help create a folder
on deck stop So by 10
on inside within bite and I'll
create of already won Okay so
let's say I want this to
be my home directory I'll first
show you how to reach there
by just taking not writing courts
just like you have Get working
directory set Working directory Now you
have hoards invites And also But
first I'll tell you how to
go directly using uh button clicks
Okay so I'll open the tab
again this particular time I'll go
to a dead stop from you
Okay When I go to next
top I see that folder I
have created is that this one
this is the one I created
inside that I was the one
Okay well going said this for
less So this is the location
I'm currently in No Okay now
what I'll do is I'll go
to new on the right inside
and I create by 10 3
Thank you So what this will
do is in the home directory
or in the directory that I
have selected it will open up
I turned notebook for Okay so
when I click here it opens
a new tab Now this is
the idea where I'll be learning
the courts on this is linked
to that particular directory which I
just showed you The folder on
my next door that's you join
a company where they're using Spader's
the Gold Turrentine But but it
is good when you are in
a in a company But while
you Ellen in Jupiter is good
because in spite of what happens
I am not sure if it
is here In spite of what
happens is there's this output that
you see here I see it
immediately In spite of you will
not see it here You will
see in our studio type environment
where they are put his own
in a separate window So when
you're working in a company you
wouldn't want to see the output
every time it becomes irritating You
want that in a separate window
You want all the courts together
But while learning we want to
see that good immediately because we'll
be making a lot of mistakes
and learning So I have preferred
I preferred you Peter But again
the courts remains exactly saying Don't
worry about the frame that you're
you Okay I jump Also seen
it just not different You want
to go to a real live
in such a folder For that
I'll share some courts but first
I'll he's the basics Then I'll
go to those I just created
a folder on my desktop or
anywhere So for example you want
to go to your leader Actually
also when you see this green
instead of going to the deck
stop you go to your D
directory So you would have seen
this green light on this open
You would have seen this cream
So from here you go to
your whichever folder you want as
your home director you go toe
that folders OK do you Dave
is not showing here Then create
a shortcut for that on your
next up on Then you can
wait for a while like now
you create a folder on your
next trip I'll say I'll tell
the boards Okay I'll tell you
the court But that good requires
something which I haven't covered yet
Which is why I'm not telling
you know I'll tell you after
something So while it is downloading
let us proceed Onda Maybe in
five or 10 minutes it will
be downloaded Then you can follow
And it was the first The
first maybe half a narrow one
hour will cover the basically structures
like in Are you would have
seen that Vectors Mattresses later frames
lists to Similarly we will cover
their infrastructures Okay so this this
for the first at least couple
of hours it will be a
pure programming class Please be a
bit okay Don't Don't think that
I'm here for data science class
Why am I learning Just programming
Because this is the basics Without
learning this you cannot move toe
concept on my dropping That I
am supposed to cover is mostly
the programming ones Because this is
an introduction to buy Tomorrow I'll
try to cover all the modelling
techniques that you have learned Linear
logistic This is entry extra Whatever
you have learned as much as
I can Given the time constraints
agile recover those techniques invite Okay
But again I will not be
able to go deeper into the
concepts because you might have learned
Let's say the interrogations in maybe
one for our class or two
for our classes right I cannot
cover all of them in one
just full of glass I will
not go into the concepts I'll
give you a brief of the
concept What is any regulation What
is This is injury except I'll
be asking a lot of questions
to see how much understanding you
have And wherever you have doubts
you can ask OK but my
I'm here just to teach biting
Onda which is mostly up programming
class Okay so I try to
make it very interesting Maybe in
the middle I'll also bring some
concepts some random concerts which you
have already learned I'll try to
interact on those concepts that it
accessory vision for you based So
which the structure did you learn
first In our probably vectors they
were the victors There's a collection
of elements and elements be off
multiple little rights You know what
happens if you give multiple little
like Oh that's a list That's
a separate infrastructure Let's say in
a vector I give to read
or write So people little eyes
What would happen with its oil
is what happens gives another No
It will convert the simple type
two the most conflicts type one
of the data type will be
the most complex one Right Let's
say you give numbers and a
string The string is more complex
compared to the number of what
it would do Is it really
convert the number to a string
You just put courts I don't
It Okay that is what it
does for the vector Another first
data structure that we will see
for fighting is left Okay this
is not the list off us
okay It's called a list but
let's talk about is different but
it is very similar to this
Like a list It can have
multiple Literally Okay this can have
multiple little types It is indicated
by double square record study Guys
grab back It's not good but
okay So you can have any
day that I something like this
it can have a number It
can have us string together Okay
So this is the difference between
a list and Outback Clearly not
And I can write something like
X is equal to this Okay
Now in our you have indexes
right index starts from one Enough
you can access elements from a
vector For example using the index
similarly invites And also you can
It starts from zero but that's
it It doesn't start from one
So that's from zero So this
is the next Okay so if
you write X zero it will
give you one if you like
X wanted will give you us
Okay So there's a slight difference
between out invites in here now
Lists here The indexes can also
be taken from the levers order
Okay let's say you have a
very big list and you want
to access the last one So
you either need to know the
length of the list so you
will have to count either ways
you'll have to know the length
of the list to access the
last one But inviting you can
use minus one also So this
the next off this one is
minus one because it is the
last Okay so minus one minus
do my industry So if I
liked X minus one I really
get the last element Whatever it
is Okay lists can also be
nested So inside the least I
can have another list Okay Nested
list So I can have something
like X is equal to let's
say one toe ours and another
list you so I can have
something like this It's a nest
interest How can you help me
get this element off using indexes
What should at a what you
write X then see So this
is you know this is one
This is too Which one is
to be Isn't diving Yes this
inventing history This is four on
this is fight Now If I
light X off three and I
close it here what would I
get I will get this entire
thing which is again a list
Now you know how to access
within the list So what would
you like that are not comma
You just repeat this and I
think No no no What is
the index of this You know
zero isn't that I think is
one This is too Now you
want something here so I will
light one now This would give
me both out incest But I
don't want book I want just
out what Do that Right Zero
Yeah Okay Now can we do
this in the reverse order without
using any positive index Let's use
all negative indexes and see our
genes Tell me eggs off Minus
30 Okay then minus Do my
minus two This is minus one
minus two minus three Then I
want my minus one minus two
So I'll give Minus two minus
two Will give me both of
these then minus one minus two
So once again minus OK do
you follow So this is all
you need to know about lists
Okay It's easier It's not difficult
How long will it take to
learn like we have on six
or seven more data structures All
of them are similar to some
other data structures in art Okay
you just have to remember this
index which is a matter of
practice You back this for a
few days Two weeks You do
you Two weeks If you practice
let's say forget the weakens The
days if you practice for let's
say one or two hours max
or let's say Kendis around 20
hours if you give you the
gun Very comforting So I've seen
people becoming more comfortable inviting And
then in us though they have
learned our for almost eight months
Okay the second did I Let's
see it's a big city Okay
Just like you in the next
day What do we have We
have a word and we have
a meaning Like you never find
a word in a dictionary without
a meaning All the meaning without
over That would be dead 40
million Dictionary You have something going
to be and value Okay You
have a key and you have
a value corresponding to the How
do we like this We used
car Liberace is to write this
So we were like E That's
a key one And I will
light value one on the key
will be separated from the value
using a colon Okay Does this
index nothing to understand Here That's
this index Yes you can see
Okay So he won value one
now You might have multiple key
value pairs not just one So
how will I separate them I
will use a comma Lucky one
Value one I can like Ito
value to and so on As
many as I want Okay Now
why didn't write in two lines
You can I did In the
same line If you're writing multiple
lines it becomes easy to read
So I wrote in two lines
are those that would every be
doing here Okay Always remember It
will have a key It will
have a value And this can
be You can take them as
a number All of the string
Whatever I can light one also
in Sochi one But if I'm
writing up string obviously I love
to give this Okay So a
key and a value This is
a dictionary Early braces is what
you have to You okay Yes
Our book This also can This
can be new American and can
be a string this Also see
this can be anything you'll see
No Okay so keys like the
address It very restored It indicates
the address where this value is
stored Okay Now whenever we learn
about any data structure in fightin
there are two characteristics which we
have to keep in mind Okay
one is ordered Is the data
structure ordered or not So what
do I mean by order ordered
means can individual elements in the
data structure be accessed using indexes
So what do indexes re present
index represents that the data structure
is ordered because element number zero
is a particular so at index
number zero There is a particular
element at in next number one
that is a particular element That
means there is order in the
data structure You can't jumble them
You can Could be Why here
And are somewhere here because it
is ordered first You'll have one
then are then fightin There are
indexes defined in a properly so
it is ordered A district Okay
so if I have to say
for a list let me right
here Good things will talk about
No one is ordered and we
will talk about some tingle You
give it Okay The first one
that we're looking at is list
So our lists ordered Yes So
you would take here Okay So
these as any interviews now what
is new table What is the
English meaning off mutable Which can
change right That's the English meaning
So here's the scene Can I
change any of these values If
I write eg zero is equal
to Let's say Will it work
over there Give a energy se
right So if it works will
it be mutable Are immutable It
will be immutable right New table
means you can change So if
it works It means it is
mutable If it doesn't work that
means it is immutable for just
trying Quickly Tell me does it
work or not So how you
how you run any Gordon in
this nor bogus shift Enter in
Are you Use control Enter here
You will use shift enter Okay
So let me just brief you
on the different buttons that you
have Your so everybody has downloaded
Now they're done darling Okay so
just so you hope you use
everything here So So these other
buttons that you have Okay so
how do I had an accordion
I lose control Enter Okay I
can use this one button also
What the run button will do
is it will London Times line
Well entire this this is one
line London tiling Okay shift in
Just shift Enter You can change
it So if you're not comfortable
with the shortcuts go to help
Onda did Keyboard shortcut You can
change it As for your own
wish OK but usually invite and
we keep shift ended You'll get
used to it in something Okay
And the moment you underline it
automatically creates a new line for
you Shift enter I automatically moved
to the next and I go
on creating new lines Okay so
that made clear the list Okay
So if I bring so if
l atletic so do it gives
me three If I light X
off two is equal to let's
say 11 agents And now if
I print text once again it
gives me 11 instead off whatever
it was earlier That means it
is mutable We can change the
values OK so let's are ordered
and their mutable Also you can
change the values off Honest Okay
You can give headings in your
Jupiter notebook Why I say it
is good for learning is because
you can give headings comments you
can give using same hash as
he not if you want You
can give headings also So let's
say I want to give a
heading So let's see I read
lists So what I'll do I'll
click on this Drop down I'll
goto heading Okay I'm just like
OK No no This I'll run
this Now this becomes a heading
Okay It will appear in bold
so you can give headings And
so it's like a notebook You
give a heading a topic heading
and then you like something any
more for the next topic given
heading in a time you can
give comments also so these comments
will not be none Okay uh
you're not able to access these
How do you see what I
have given those squared records Okay
Removed artisanal command So the moment
you define those choir records that
means you are creating a list
Okay They didn't put this in
the second line Yeah you saw
that right It was a scene
which so first time it might
ask you Should I open an
Internet Explorer's what I open in
groom the first time we'll have
toe give that Okay we will
wait for your instruction So once
you give room next time it
won't ask you always It'll open
in group or whatever laws there
you give Okay Now let's come
back to a dictionary So addiction
it is Are the ordered or
not First let us find the
dictionaries Are ordered or not How
do I find if it is
ordered or not How do I
find the for dictionaries Ordered or
not I will try to access
the key and values using indexes
If I am able to access
that means it is ordered I'm
not able to access That means
it is on order So that
said if that is my dignity
So this is my wife I
really liked Why off one If
this works it is a ordered
the destruction If it doesn't work
it is not Try this It
wouldn't work Okay It will not
work for a dictionary Because externalities
are not ordered It will try
by somebody No You should not
be connected to the Internet even
though this is a broad Yes
Ah do This is also the
same Just opens in a brother
No You have a console running
at the back If you see
there will be a black window
at the back That is the
console party Just like in our
studio You have the console at
the bottom You'll have a window
where the courts at the moment
Right control Enter That court will
go and land at the bottom
You really hear you have a
concert at the back That's a
separate window which you don't see
it up Well this is very
writing Everything Andi are you can
control us you can do to
save your files or you can
click this button to save your
files Okay And you can also
download your file sir that one
days off using Jupiter another one
take off using Jupiter is you
can save it as ah as
html file Okay so if you
save it as a steaming pile
even people who do not have
these install on their system can
see your codes as well as
your results Okay let's say if
I so wanted wanted is pretty
abhorrent here Let's say if you
want to share a plot with
somebody okay In our for example
how would you share You'll have
to separately save the blood somewhere
and then send it to somebody
I'm Although this is exactly like
our murder this is our Magno
So this concept was taken from
our mug where you see the
plots in the same window This
is exactly dizzy Okay so this
also can be viewed so you
can click on file download as
these other options you get You
can download a That's as I
estimate As a pdf you'll have
a pdf also Okay Are losing
Jupiter notebooks will have this extension
I p Y N b Okay
if you're using Spy by Tom
All spiders that will have got
people exchange But the cords remained
the see only the extensions will
live Okay this is known as
I pi tunnels Jupiter is also
known as I Peyton I have
never tried that but I as
far as I know you will
run into issues So you will
end up writing The board's inviting
from scratch That's what we also
we have a lot of projects
The journey not and we make
they provided we have related See
because our when you run a
machine learning models there are a
lot of default parameters right The
four parameters Let's do you think
this is entry model You might
have been index parameter Might have
a mean bucket parameters So the
default values of those parameters are
different for our and fighters So
if you don't give the same
parameters in our neural put will
change So for that you end
up writing you dig it Okay
Okay So what we were talking
about is order than you table
So what do you think Dictionaries
are they ordered Did anybody try
No you're getting at is what
is that name at it Arkia
Okay so it will not work
So it is It is a
new order Okay Now let us
see if it is mutable or
not Okay No indication it is
You can access the value using
the key not using in excess
but using the key You can
access the value Okay So instead
of one you like a one
then this will book because you're
p itself was one That is
where you were getting the value
corresponding to the Now you're not
getting okay If your kids self
is zero that's a instead of
the one I like zero here
And then if I liked by
off zero you will again be
one But that doesn't mean it
is ordered That is just because
your kids will visit Okay So
what It is in order number
You devil Can you Can you
try to change its value So
why I came One will give
you the one Can you see
if you can change the value
You're able to change the bed
Okay So that means it is
the values are mutable But if
you're writing a string You must
give the court You cannot just
cite a You must give the
courts And lady what's a necessity
if you're giving us drink otherwise
given number Okay You cannot do
half off it and I will
write a But without the goods
that will not work for any
language that we're not just even
in our that will not work
You define a factor give some
string without course it will throw
other Okay so it is The
values are beautiful You can have
so okay CIA He sees as
a very important question Can I
have a list inside a dictionary
So what do you think Can
I have a list here Why
not This is a question which
is because is so I can
have number cells Were they taken
night number Why not Why the
given you cannot be a list
has to be unique The list
is a unique thing right I
agree The list which is it's
a combination Or in other words
just now I mentioned that he's
odd not mutable but what is
the list This is a mutable
right You cannot have a list
there Otherwise the keys will become
muted but Okay In other words
you can say it points to
a location How can you have
a list which has so many
numbers As as something pointing develop
It doesn't make sense Okay I
liked you He's us you know
Okay let's move for the next
So try to practice as we
move ahead okay A few lines
a few lines of code and
then move it So whatever fires
I'll be sharing with you it
will have enough comments which will
help you understand Let's say somebody
has missed the class You're She
will also understand because I have
given enough comments there again There
are a lot of examples so
you don't have to go anywhere
else Toe Learn all of these
Okay Just refer to this That's
it Okay I've given comments what
you can do and what you
are not allowed to do There
are a few extra lines are
good How to insert a new
element somewhere in the middle And
all those things are there which
are not very important You can
go through it at your own
pace Okay I don't want to
go to go deep into the
court Because otherwise this is like
endless Okay quickly go over the
very important things on and we'll
move to concepts OK then save
some time for the concept So
what happens if you give a
list as a key See I
have tried to give a list
As I came here I got
the other unpassable type list Okay
So you're not allowed No Lists
are Dictionaries can be used as
keys You cannot use another dictionary
Also as a you can use
it as a value but not
as I keep Okay so the
night stereotype is double Okay so
what after pulse again These also
collection of elements the way to
dinner them is first record not
the see Okay not this See
as vectors in our just first
record to access equal to one
by whatever you're gonna have a
makes up strings and whatever Okay
On the way to check Let's
say if you have to find
a video dialects you want to
check What is the data type
of this What function do you
using out for that plus class
Really bright class effects will give
you a data vector order but
here it is type able fix
It will give you what is
a little type of Okay sort
couple You define using first records
Very similar job actors in our
but the sea would not use
the seat Okay And it can
have multiple later types It can
have a Leicester string Now let
us find out this couples are
ordered or not And then quickly
checking Tell me troubles are ordered
So from now on whatever goals
you write in Jupiter like the
comments also in Jupiter's you don't
need the North Book No with
the Penan people you don't need
a people know so this is
as good as a people and
friendly You can light all your
comments here These are dirty Okay
now the mutable What is that
all you're getting That'll change any
of the element Yes So account
numbers in banks are defined The
Stupples Because you never change that
go number You might Jane Anything
as your first name or whatever
but the account numbers It will
remain the same for the customer
banks customer As long as he
or she is with the bank
they're there and they do this
so that hackers wouldn't be able
to change Yeah so we use
so that you have the courts
here Okay I have not given
it here but you can delete
You can use the delete function
for that You can Really Because
using index you can you can
access it right So you use
the delete function along with that
you are able to delete Okay
so they're always way around soft
doing things but directly in trouble
You cannot cheat Okay So guys
quickly moving to the next one
which is sets This is the
same sense that you learned in
high school Okay who saves What
is the special characteristics They only
contain unique elements Okay They will
always have unique elements Even if
you give reputed developments it will
just delete them So what I've
done here is I've created this
sense also you defined using car
Liberace is just like a dick
story But it will not have
key value Bet Okay It will
just have elements Not the key
value Past said it's OK So
I have defined the side which
has repetitive elements When I printed
all the repetitions are gone I
just have the unique one So
that is a characteristic off a
set Now these ordered on ordered
What do you think without not
writing it What do you think
Will they be ordered on order
Yeah Now let's come back And
before I walk you through some
other leader I've So we'll slowly
moving towards a tough ribs And
finally we'll end up with data
from the same breed offerings that
you have enough Okay I have
some loops and I'll invite And
I just show you that struck
Jenna So before that just a
quick revision because I will be
covering some machine learning also So
I just want to make things
a little neighbors It's really just
going into court scored So what
do you know about machine learning
At least the basic structure of
machine learning factored If I defy
divide machine learning I would elevate
it The boys and the boys
Okay So what What do you
have What is the boys What
defense here is that you have
a target variable here You don't
have a target Variable there What
is that I could be label
data What is the level So
does that mean we're doing something
without a target there Yes Why
are we doing that It doesn't
have a target Why is it
called supervised Okay so in Supervisor
So you guys all right I'm
just trying to later on So
you guys are right Supervised because
you have a you have labeled
later What is the label later
date of which has a target
video Argon variable is primarily the
variable that you're interested in You
might have a few other variables
also but you are interested in
the target variable And you think
there are some other variables which
influence that are good video Okay
So why is it called Supervisor
Lee Because the other variables the
non target variables all the independent
variables they supervise Now why is
it called supervise I'll tell you
so In supervised learning you will
have this Okay you have a
target variable and you might have
one or more than one independent
variables So what happens These independent
variables that you have this supervises
the dependent video This controls the
different and that is why it
is called dependent variable Okay so
that is why it is called
supervised learning Because they supervises this
Okay on what is the goal
of supervised learning What is the
goal Yes exactly I thought some
would even say it finding like
but any Norway you might not
know wife of the future but
in the history you already know
it But your golden supervised learning
is to find this function What
is that function which gives me
a relation between the two Now
why do I need this function
Yes So that in the future
even if I don't have this
I will definitely have this because
this is independent video But I
can find this out But this
I'm in Arsenal So what I
do is I know this function
If if I know this I
just like it here and I'll
get it Okay Now this function
as might be found using different
machine learning algorithms Okay Each algorithm
has its own collector districts Futures
assumptions were doing okay So primarily
there are two ways off finding
this function If you might have
learned that one is called a
parametric modelling technique and one is
non parametric Okay Allah magic Very
high level of have a value
Parametric where you get immigration's non
parametric you Lord God equations and
known for us You don't get
equations but this is linear regulation
Logistic regression You got the equation
you could be Does so that
is a Parametric model Okay Most
of this are non parametric but
they have the same goal Finding
the functioning What is the function
F which gives the relation between
my independent variables and the dependent
video I need the relations so
that for the future later for
the future I can find out
my wife Okay And for that
I need label data Because in
the history So what we do
is in the history I will
know this and I will know
this I don't know this in
history In historical late I don't
know what is that function So
I will use the historical data
to find this function And then
once I have found that function
it for the future data I
will put it this way in
the function Put this X in
the function Saudi and then I
will get the white Okay so
that is a very basic structure
off supervised learning Oh yeah Each
algorithm will have their own As
I'm sure you need regulation will
assume that this function is linear
instructor So beat on R plus
B tower Next one presbytery two
extra and so on Some other
model will assume something is this
is in trouble as you many
fellas conditions again So on as
Bienville assume there is a hyper
parameter hyper playing somewhere with separates
the do classes and so on
Okay now within surprised you have
again two types What are those
Classification on immigration So here let
me like we have a y
here Hey you haven't got a
good media with now How will
these to believe I decided whether
this classification or regulation whether the
target is continuous or categorical Okay
So classifications is where Why is
Can't think of anybody Then where
y is continuous Okay that will
decide whether it falls under classification
or it falls under immigration No
let's say you have found your
function If Okay now before we
go ahead and use that function
to predict for the future we
must know what that is The
model making right No model is
perfect Whatever model you build loads
have entered So you must see
the other And whenever you build
a model and you sort of
your stakeholders You also show the
others I mean I predict permission
from your stakeholders your clients but
that they are okay with this
much editor If they're not okay
they'll come back Until that This
is to Heller The business can
run with this much other So
do something and bring down there
Okay then you again do something
and try to reduce the other
Okay Now there are different ways
to evaluate a model in classifications
and in regulation friendlies Because you
are what is different right So
what other different ways Let's say
classification What How do you evaluate
a model for classifications Accuracy So
basically confusion metric What are the
other problem So what in confusion
matrix accuracy to positive is like
going too much into liters So
first high level Yeah Accuracy precision
sensitivity F one scores uses scored
gain start left charred So many
things All those come under classifications
right Why do we have so
many parameters Very logically If you
see which parameter makes the most
sense What is the first parameter
That you found The easiest accuracy
What doesn't see what do you
have All weighed in equities collect
classification of it So how many
ones did you classify as one
on how many zeros the new
classify as you simply put right
No If you have a courtesy
which makes the most sense because
it makes a lot of sense
right Something which is one Did
you say it's a one or
not on something which is zero
Did you say it says it
or not Then why do you
need the other parameters Why not
just activities Do you understand What
is it Everybody understands that Yes
I agree She doesn't make sense
that if you have 99 0
and only 11 which is there
for a lot of businesses played
card fraud trod transactions in a
bank they happen very rarely I
both 1000 or not even 1000
out of 10,000 transactions you'll have
one fraud vantage So there if
you just print eg zero just
guess that everything is you know
your accuracy will still be 99.9%
But is that model useful to
the bank No bank has to
find that one prodl introduction out
of 1000 If you just use
accuracy to use this morning So
how can you take care of
this Which parameter do you need
in this case Let's see precision
and recall Why do I not
just one Which one comes to
your mind next So as this
questions to yourself in your blood
everything is logical You don't have
to memorize anything What is the
next Which comes to your mind
Aggressive pills Here we saw one
example which is the next which
comes to your mind at one
score That is to conflict that
will not come to your mind
First sensitivity Yes Sensitivity will come
to your mind What does it
measure What is Ruben Yes one
being classified as one So sensitivity
measures How many were actual ones
on how maney you classified as
one So will this be the
collect parameter to evaluate the banks
interview which I just give Yes
Oh sensitivity and civility You're talking
You said sensitivity They so sensitivity
of always Hominy ones You classified
as one So the bank has
one fraud transaction out of 100
It will just sensitivity will just
check out of that 100 you
get so even if your accuracy
is 90% which will be the
case when you predict all are
zeros What will be your sensitivity
How many ones did you catch
when you say it all are
zeros zero Because you said Allah
zeros So you did not catch
anyone So what will be your
sensitivity then Zero So you can
easily know where their model is
good or not Because you were
not able to catch even a
single one Sensitivity is able to
fix this problem off the dime
balance class imbalance Then why do
we need another others Have you
asked this question to yourself Why
do we need another one That
if I could say did not
solve a problem So we had
sensitivity But now sensitivity is solving
the problem So why do we
need something else Precision So that
means there must be some problem
Which sensitivity is also not solving
So what is that problem And
somebody tells me that example Their
sensitivity will also not solve the
problem Exactly So what if you
say all are ones Then what
will be your sensitivity under both
So you say all the transactions
are fraudulent Then your sensitivity will
be 100 posit and you will
think you have been the best
model But that also means that
you this So that means you
need something else to check this
So what do you have that
what comes to your mind next
Specificities is the equivalent of sensitivity
for the zeros Sensitivity targets Once
specificity target zeros Okay Next What
comes to your mind Decision Okay
Precision measures with respect to your
prediction Not with respect to the
actual sensitivity What it was checking
is what is the actual once
actual ones compared toa your predicted
ones Right But precision will cap
will calculate with respect to predicted
ones How many were actual ones
With respect to how many you
predicted Okay If you look at
the formula you'll understand Okay How
many you predicted was says how
many were actually wants So you
might predict all 100 are ones
but if only one off them
is actual one your position will
be one person which is very
back So position is the parameter
which will help you over predict
or to predict too many ones
Okay sensitivities the parameter which will
help you capture the ones Precision
is the parameter which will help
you do not predict too many
ones which is also not good
President Too many ones is not
good You cannot say all the
transactions are for dealing and get
100% school on sensitivity So these
parameters have been important And these
differences is always an interview Why
do you need this Blanche Tell
me the difference between them You
might know the formula for them
but unless you are able to
explain So So I saw all
conception data signs If you ask
the right questions at the right
time you know the answer Use
Google You score up you'll get
a lot off Good answers Very
easy to understand And you never
forget these answers once you understand
don't have to memorize anything Don't
worry about the formulas if you
know the concept So I need
the popular Okay so moving to
the other side No no it's
OK So classifications These are the
parameters You also use area undercoat
Okay Which is also a parameter
to evaluate It gives you as
a percentage How well are you
doing OK it comes between zero
and one So you Tendulkar visit
the underdog Josico What is the
musical What does it have on
the Axis X axis What is
that Sensitivity on the X axis
on sensitivities y axis and one
minus specificity on the X axis
And you have the goat The
higher the undercover the better your
model is Okay And then you
have less gain on those charts
So which more or less of
all wear the same thing Okay
in left charred or gain Start
You first arranged the output in
decreasing order Off probability might have
learned Right Has this been covered
First arranged the output in decreasing
order off probabilities And then you
check that so we usually use
games Start and lift art When
you have a budget See predicting
a one for a model is
easy but whenever you predict a
one you might incur a cost
for it Let's say you are
into marketing Okay A lot of
people would have given you pictures
on marketing and also they would
have talked probably about it So
let's say when you're you're in
a marketing let's say you have
to give out coupons Let's say
you are into ideally did Okay
prepaid customers You are targeting a
lot off John you're looking your
idea prepared Customers are moving in
towards you They have already moved
into do idea Share security It
is that I think it in
rupees No I bought it at
₹60 I lost a lot of
money Okay Because I have a
very close friend s o The
head off analytics off idea is
like my senior not my friend
obviously is So he's my very
close friend and he said We
are doing good So I I
went ahead and encourages a lot
of theirs Anybody Okay so let's
say idea customers are turning So
what you want to do is
you want to give them coupons
or you want to give them
Ah that's ₹100 3 to all
the prepaid customers ₹100 You want
to give them off on their
below river I'm giving ₹100 off
You'll have toe you about those
rupees right It is a cost
to you You cannot give it
to everybody You cannot give it
to Let's say you have one
like customers You cannot give ₹100
to 1 like customers That would
be a huge cost for you
just in one second so what
you will do You will first
try to identify which other customers
which are planning to turn Okay
and then you will give out
those ₹100 gifts The death So
what you'll do you Let's say
you build a model using demographics
data their past information What was
their last bill amount or how
much have they almost data have
the use How many calls did
they make How many calls called
drops did the face Okay whatever
you need Andan you build a
model which predicts with pretty good
accuracy and all the parameters that
these are the few people out
off Let's say 10 black people
it predicts If you take 0.5
as the virtual it predicts that
these that's 20,000 people Will Joan
In the next one or two
months I have to stop them
from joining so you plan to
give them ₹100 each But let's
say 20,000 Your your model has
pretty 20,000 once Now let's say
you don't have budget for 20,000
months 20,200 How much would that
be when the lack rupees you
don't have turned Electra peas You
just have to black trapeze So
how will you short list on
those 20,000 You have ₹10 lakh
So that means you can only
give to and told him Out
of those 20,000 ones you can
give ₹100 coupons only to 10,000
of them Now which 10,000 you
like the ones who will bring
higher revenue So I said the
answers on Reverend Wright You saw
it You have been the model
already Some might have 98% probability
off turning That is a one
for you Some might have 51%
probability of turning That is also
one for you Obviously if you
have to decide between between these
two which one will you Obviously
the 98 person What But if
you just decide based on one
sense it was you will never
know So probably these are important
here because you have a budget
So they're in those cases you
need lift our gain chart because
they give you on accumulated bases
on accumulating basis How well are
you doing How much and how
much Well is your investment doing
So for that we use those
charges Okay so if you go
into the details of the charts
and ask these questions to yourself
You'll understand Yeah So this is
classifications Now let's come to regression
Okay on the other side So
how do you evaluate a regression
model So there are two ways
high level There are two ways
to evaluate a regression model Okay
how do you evaluate a kid
who has appeared for an exam
again This a place for both
classification and regression You see How
well has the kid scored All
you see How many questions in
the kid No answer Let's say
a good scored 80 you look
at she scored 80 years He
scored 80 Or you look at
your She did not score 20
They ways you can evaluate our
parents Look the other one that
he or she did not support
that 20 Okay but there are
two ways of looking at a
performance Similarly in both these you
have those two weeks Look at
the accuracy or look at the
others You had accuracy in that
you had other Also which is
one minute Zachary's so similarly for
digression Also you have other parameters
You have accuracy parameters and every
time it s our root mean
square And as SSC at MSC
me a listing on the accuracy
you have Our square it just
it out square and so on
Okay now let's talk about the
others first What is the first
ever parameter which comes to your
mind Autumn Is he What is
that Rood means Credit it But
what does it give you Let's
settle Your model is model Has
ah remesy off 15 What does
that mean I tell you a
modern has our limits Your 15
What does that mean Is it
a good model or a bad
morning Unless you know what is
the value What is a scale
off your target Variable You will
never be able to see what
if your target variable is the
price off Five years care Beeline
were gone The price will be
in too close If 20,000 is
that embassy Then then it's a
pretty good model in predicts with
almost 20,000 plus or minus So
intimacy gives you on an average
How good is your mother I'm
back to the doctor Get video
so it for target is includes
and you're model makes a total
of 20,000 ITT's very good morning
But if your target itself is
in thousands on your model is
giving her often details And it's
a very bad model Depends on
your target media But which means
that just looking at our embassy
you cannot decide whether you're more
that is good or not Right
So what does that mean We
need something Is I That means
we need something else What is
that Something else I mean absolute
person did it that Is there
something because that gives you as
a person peach that Okay I
tell you I'm making up better
off 5% now You will be
in a pretty good situation to
say whether it's good or not
obviously depending on their doing But
you have a very good idea
compared to our embassy that the
model has 5% others So yeah
it's a pretty good model type
person right So that is why
you need our embassy also Let
me see Then you will be
ableto ah evaluate Well but again
that might not be very well
understood by your business Just analyze
it that saves the U S
State of lepers off We're going
came to you And I want
you to build a modern And
you see your brother Is that
your point for you So you
will say that on every city
is making a lot off 0.25
compared to the standard standardized values
off prices and they will not
be able to understand what is
standardized Well you know it becomes
difficult for them to understand So
you generally don't change the white
target you might do for your
internal calculation But when you finally
present the results it must be
in the same format You got
it Okay And that is a
very important part of reader signs
Yes but mean absolute error will
have The units will be squared
that will not makes like even
more since and reveal the worst
part It's like SSC So you
will see your client The blind
gave you prices for 100,000 villas
in Bergara and see us And
you're telling the client that your
model is making a lot off
20,000 square rupees that will not
make sense to the wind Swear
rupees will not make sense So
the best parameters is our embassy
And yes maybe so they're not
compatible They're two different things Okay
maybe is usually more relied on
I personally like me more because
that gives you as a person
please 5% 10% Because you have
the actual values in the denominator
You guys know the form love
for all of them So when
we talk to our business stakeholders
we used boats usually neighbor and
Adamis individuals and are squiggles Yeah
Now coming to the accuracy part
What are the accuracy parameters for
any regression model Our square and
adjusted r squared So why do
we need the most common grace
in it Why do we need
adjusted out square If you have
our square what is our square
Personal one minus other says by
yeses What is the Asus Jordan
Thomas Chris So what exactly is
that visit Okay I like Assad
as a sissy The civil in
Italy is the same thing So
what is this What is this
Both are sum of squared others
right you know but what are
the same things But here you
find the others with respect to
your model with respect to your
linear regression model or whatever modern
here you find the other with
respect to your I mean night
So both have the same formula
Actual minus predicted Bull Square submission
all Even this has the same
formula But hear this prediction comes
from the line Yeah this prediction
is the average So how can
you tell me the definition of
r squared Yes Exactly Oscar tells
you how well is your linear
regression model doing with respect to
predicting the average Okay with respect
to predicting the average So let's
say if I have toe calculate
if I If I know down
the age of everybody in the
class a new person walks in
And if I ask you what
is the age of that person
what will you bring it I
just have the age off everybody
in the class and the new
person walks into the glass What
would be his or her age
The average of everybody That will
be the post Guess you will
make so ask Where tells you
with this first guests How well
are you doing Okay that is
party last and is the most
simple definition of us and Allah
book definitions You already okay Can
I was going to be negative
Oscar I can be negative so
you're a bit converting with respect
to your average If your predictions
from the line are worse than
the every it might be negative
But you never see that again
What is it you articulate It
is possible but you will never
see that Let's say the ages
So are you Predicted these for
that person right Let's say you
predicted average on using a line
I predicted 500 for that person
that that person's ages 500 Obviously
that would be worse than the
average So in that case the
Oscar the negative Okay let's come
back according Okay now we'll come
back toe the next day That
type Okay next level Let us
look at how do we light
loops inviting So let's Let's proceed
Okay let's proceed Let's come down
to quoting a bit I just
did that revision for the teens
Let's come toe according again So
that does Look at the towards
the loops that we usually use
Invite Okay First we will see
it for again This just in
text There's nothing to understand you
So how do we address in
texts off for loops all If
you know what for Lopez Right
Would have used that in our
already this way but it is
the same inviting justice in text
varies So you like that So
you have a list 159 over
River Andi now before before I
go to a loop Let's say
if you have to perform operations
on individual elements off the list
so in So what would happen
when I write accent Oh what
do you think It will multiply
every learn but that is the
most logical And so I did
not do that I will repeat
the list two times Gunsight We'll
just repeat the list today Okay
so in technical terms it is
called lists Do not support recognized
operation Okay That means you cannot
perform operation on individual elements off
a list using the list name
Okay this works for Vector Z
Not but for lessons and by
Tony doesn't work It's the list
Do not support baptized operation So
then if you have to perform
operations on individual elements off the
list what do you one way
is to use a loop Using
a loop was because there you're
not performing operation on the entire
list together you're taking one element
out and then performing operations then
taking the second element out and
performing the operation and so on
So first you will have to
access individual elements so that we
do using a for loop so
I can write for I in
X What does that mean That
means this Ivan I break through
all values in X x A
list The first value off I
will be one next value If
I will be five and so
on it will go till the
end And then the loop will
stop this in Texas for in
X And then I put the
colon Okay then I put a
cologne after I give us space
here a time space here Four
spaces So that is called indentation
Why do we need inundation You
never let me just read ability
It is mandatory rival Bite on
and force readability on Yes exactly
Because see I'm not using racket
in Are you used brackets So
you know if you write a
bracket you know the okay Whatever
is in this bracket is part
of the loop But here if
you don't have black and how
will you know what is part
of the loop What is outside
the loop So that you decide
based on the inundation Let's readability
off course Okay so whenever I
use these lab space that means
that will be part off yours
And if I start something again
from here that mean this is
not part of your This is
outside the Okay So that is
the purpose of this intended Now
if I light something here for
fixed everybody So I have collected
I which varies from here and
I have done some operation on
the side This will work This
is a for loop Okay Does
this indicate similarly you have by
loop also again Why Look just
like in any other language So
a typical while loop looks like
this You write while and then
you like the condition Okay then
you giving a colon and then
again indentation whatever you like here
this part off the look Okay
So this is this in Texas
for Lupin of I look inviolable
you lighter conditions Okay And at
some point this condition will be
in terms off a variable Let's
say I okay and at some
point you change the value if
I whatever Using Isaac World Y
plus one or I minus one
So we do this so that
the condition becomes false after sometime
Otherwise the loop will become in
kind Okay so we light Why
Look using a variable on within
the loop we make sure that
at some point the variable the
condition becomes false Address It will
become in financial open Keep on
hungry Okay so that's why you
That's a basic structure You really
get to know all these once
you start using Okay I have
given some examples in this notebook
So once you have this file
just have a look at it
Lanes There's a function called range
which gives you values from zero
and one less than the number
You right If you need from
1 to 10 the range is
like the sequence function Enough You
know the secrets from Geneina What
is it You light sequence Start
number Right This is an number
on the in agreement Seem you
have range function invited same start
number and in Jimmy Okay But
the difference is if you right
range of Let's 11 So by
the for the start number is
zero in order It is one
Okay Now if you just tried
sequence off pen It will give
you one Putin in by 10
If you light range off 11
it will give you 012 till
10 Not really love it because
it is starting from one lesson
That number it will give Okay
So if you have toe See
that's in text Health in Brighton
for example So for example in
are you right Question mark and
the function to get help right
in fightin What we do is
relied shift press shift at on
this pop up will come Okay
So here if you you can
just see the the basic help
or if you click on this
Plus you can see a detailed
help off So I have done
this for range again See It
gives me range Start stop and
step and it gives you as
a text also What What does
it the range function Okay so
this way you can access HelpAge
for any function in okay You
have intelligence on Jupiter notebooks also
So if I light a range
and I press tab I get
all the functions starting with the
an ardent automatically will pop your
automatic little not pop You'll have
to press tab to bring it
out Okay The moral lessons The
scene as Okay So some examples
for for loop And why Lupita
Yeah For a condition if else
you can use There are NFL's
conditions in Brighton also just like
you know So how it works
You're right If you write the
condition let's a condition one You
give up Colon use the indentation
Do something in that condition is
true Let's say you have multiple
conditions Then you write lfc a
lift condition number two Not since
if this is a short code
Well let's see if you're right
and I have those examples also
here Okay It's very easy So
I did not go through all
of it You just look at
it There are enough comments for
you to understand This is very
simple If this condition is true
it will run these lines and
directly come out It will not
see if these conditions are true
or not Okay on If this
condition is false it will see
the next condition Whether that is
true or not if that is
true can you give inundation it
will along these lines so you
can have any number of a
list like this And at the
end you can have a else
condition Okay Again with indentations So
this will run Is none of
the conditions are true So I
have breaking continue statements here This
example Okay So if anybody has
well gone vb bebe also has
the same break in continue function
Okay is the same I'm not
going to eat and everything off
court because it is endless Okay
so I want you to know
only the important months and later
obviously once you start using slowly
you will progress But first let's
start with basics that gets the
basics very like Okay how will
come now So now we are
moving slowly to do damage They
now we are in one damage
Now with that is will move
to do damage and then finally
you'll have a leader Okay so
the next infrastructure is ready So
at ease on exactly CMS vector
z not okay They can have
only one day that eye Okay
you can have only one day
that night on same if you
mix The reader writes it really
converted to the complex One just
like actors in our they are
also ordered Okay they had also
mutual And he's that is are
not directly available in Brighton They
are taken from a library in
by the library is not bite
Okay so just like you have
different packages in are you have
packages on one Is libraries invite
Okay so there are different libraries
inviting but not so many as
in our in our you have
one library for every machine learning
algorithm Here it is One library
a Skillern which is for everything
We're all machine learning models You
have a Skillern deep learning you
might have Something is Okay So
just like you important library inviting
before you think post you install
it and then you import it
Right So here we don't have
to install lump lying because it
is pre installed The woman to
download Anaconda on important library is
like in a pie Pandas Skillern
They are install automatically so you
don't have to install But you
have to load it Of course
This like loading up So the
way to load it is import
number You just try the important
by instead of library practice naming
our now Why did the light
as and be evident as impeded
Now the way to use functions
invite unease First you write the
name of the library dot function
Okay You like the name of
the library dot function and then
you give the inputs that function
that is this index Now some
library names are very big So
every time you have to use
a function from that library you'll
have to write the name of
the library which is painful like
that big name dart function So
we usually give a short cord
or Elias to the library So
there instead of writing the full
name we just ride the short
code So we give the aliens
using this important empire as NP
That means instead of number I
I'll be using and P every
time and we will mean number
It's like a ideas for number
Okay that's what I have done
I have important number years and
and then I dig a list
I converted to an area using
and p dot every function So
if I had not important it
as on Putnam by MP I
would have written number I hear
the full word come by here
So it saves me some afford
if I give a cold okay
And then if I check the
type off this it gives me
an um pike headed So it's
an Eddie So now you see
I hear Did Ah I created
a list which has a mixture
off in beaches and next so
for a lister despite But when
I converted to an airy the
other automatically converted all of them
go collectors Okay Just like what
would happen in our pictures Okay
Now this is the function I
was talking about The moment you
light range off 20 gives you
all number starting from the low
till 19 Are you not 2020
Excluded now that one day off
using any is we can go
in total dimensions Using every that
is can become a metrics that
is are also numismatics basically just
like you have Victor's another and
you have mattresses enough So here
it's very and itself can be
or one dimension thing or do
damage anything So I have converted
the Tatupu dimensions now using the
reshape function Okay I've used a
function The ship X is Ah
added it The name of that
It got reshaped And then obviously
when I convert something good I
mentioned I'll have to give harmony
rules I want how many columns
I want So I have given
to Rose and 10 column Okay
So when I give this to
Rose and 10 columns how maney
elements should be next I should
have 20 elements in my ex
rate If I don't have 20
what will happen What would have
been in on if you create
a matter Experience doesn't have enough
elements So your man your metric
should have as many elements as
the productive rows and columns If
that is not the case in
Oz what would happen Blank It
did feel any Yes it starts
to repeat Let's say you give
1 to 10 and you create
a metrics off size for even
pipe 25 elements should be dead
but you have given only 1
to 10 which will give 1
to 10 And then again 1
to 10 will start decidedly beating
Inviting That belonged It was through
at us that your metric sizes
not the same as the number
of Rudin Okay yeah So now
we can using the reshape function
I can convert it Total damage
Okay so after converting to go
dimension I'll have to use the
bill indexes Now off course In
one dimension we use one index
to access whichever element we want
Now we're into a new dimension
so I'll have to give it
true I want I have to
give which column I want I
remember the ruined access will start
from zero Seems a little column
Indexes will start from the to
the first columns index will be
zero not one Similarly for the
rules Okay So that way I
can access individual element now So
for example what I have written
here is second and post second
roof and this will give you
third It'll because toe 012 3rd
row and second column Okay No
wonder why What have I given
here So you write the name
off the Eddie Square brackets The
rules that you want comma the
columns that you want just like
enough Okay But in our when
you want all the rules what
do you do You do not
think just leave blank and then
common in whichever column you want
here You cannot leave it line
You give a cologne and leave
it blank That will be OK
That's the difference So I have
given a cologne and left that
line That means starting from the
beginning billion And then I have
given a combined to win one
the remains that heard column on
the second column OK but notice
this colon That means starting from
the beginning Billion if I like
the one If I had a
fiver The end for example That
means starting from the beginning in
the Ludovic has index four not
fight one less than fight Are
you getting so if I like
something like this why if I
just tried this This means everything
All the rules are Look on
But you have to give this
This is managing Are you would
just leave it like this but
invites And you have to give
this I felt I'd let's say
who to fight What does this
mean All the columns and rituals
Lord to do for okay The
located next to the road within
next three The Robitaille in export
Okay Similarly on that title you
got the point right I've given
some examples for all of these
Okay so why 00 will give
you first row First column 01
will give you first row second
column and so on Year second
row All the columns starting from
in next Three billion Okay Just
examples where you can see the
day that I have just printing
You can give conditions here so
print why is greater than fight
So this condition will be checked
for every element present in that
attic okay And accordingly will give
you whether it's a true awful
Okay this is just like not
difference you You can convert it
once and they lose This is
actually one sensitivity to check the
type off it you will get
It's a It's a bull unity
which has bullion elements Okay you
can convert it to one's and
zero's using you fellas condition If
true one as so you will
get to know whether you are
writing correct or not Most of
the keywords inviting ah highlighted in
green color See all these functions
are highlighted in green color so
I feel I think something and
that is not being colors You'll
understand Something is wrong Okay so
if what example I liked wonderful
equal to one I get the
droop So let's say if I
light one is equal to see
I don't get it in green
color That means this is not
the correct way If I d
r u e I get it
in green color This is the
product You have a dru be
100 Okay now here is some
differences between the analyst One difference
You already would have seen a
liaison least have wondered that I
was gonna have any The other
difference which you saw The other
limitation which you saw for a
list was you cannot perform victimized
operation on a list right What
happened when you multiply Did by
toe attributed it twice That will
not happen in Eddie And it
will be just like a vector
It will multiply each element by
what is usually expected Okay so
that is supportive Actualized operations Listen
And of course they can have
a mix of legal right It
is cannot have a mix of
data One last thing before we
moved to read offerings ridges CDs
No cities come from another library
inviting which is pandas Mumbai is
a library which is mostly used
for matrix operations That is why
you have that is coming from
the pilot Really Okay we do
a lot of metrics operations even
a lot off machine learning algorithms
that so you would lesbian For
example if you learn the math
behind as we um you'll find
there's a lot off metrics operations
happening Okay Even in the near
regulation there's a lot of my
tricks operations happening because after all
you have to find variables from
some equations You have some equations
and you have some unknowns on
those questions You have to calculate
the values off on what are
known as the big values are
known for you Okay All of
that happens using metrics operations which
you learned in high school Okay
the inverse off the metrics is
calculated Then you calculate where they
do the determinant or northern one
So all those happen in the
non pilot Really Unless there's a
library which is used for data
manipulation The data frames Commander Pandas
library Okay So same I have
important pandas using again alias which
is pretty These are not my
earlier since this is the usual
Now people take another SPD always
Okay so I have imported pandas
I really SPD And then So
what is the series next year
Factually CDs What is the city's
A series is and Eddie but
it has indexes It has names
Okay it will have names real
names you know in our data
frames can have real names Also
not just column names Have you
seen them T cars Data There's
a very few mostly does hurt
MD cars that it doesn't If
you see the name of the
car will be the Roni It
will not be as a column
It will be as a Roni
Similarly Siri is inviting Can have
index but those index can can
also be values 0123 But they
can also be names just like
peas in a dictionary Okay These
also can have names So how
will I define it I just
create two lists I convert the
first list to an alley and
then I used pandas dot cds
function and I give date Isaac
Welcome Attempt Where tempers My this
list and I give index is
equal to another list The index
is equal to label So I
get this output I get output
Where 10 2030 are the values
on the index for them on
the A B and C Okay
this is the CDs Now why
did I cover cities though They're
not very important because every calamine
Alina frame is the cities Okay
Just like every column in our
data frame is a vector Okay
Every column in a pandas date
offering is the CDs on you
merge multiple cities which have the
same indexes Then it becomes and
the doctor Okay so you you
might have that say I'm blowing
names on the employee I d
might be the index for that
employing him So let's employ 101
is a particular name Similarly you
might have aged also for age
Also you might have the same
index which is employee number So
find leaving you Mars Everything It
becomes a data Okay So data
frame is a combination off series
All the cities having the same
indexes Okay So this is how
you created a tougher in many
other ways Also this is how
you cleared from a list already
So Penders dot data frame is
the function And then I have
defined what date I'll be using
in this data frame I have
decided to find the index that
I will be using This index
is not mandatory If you don't
give a next it will be
01 toe Okay But I have
given in next So I have
gotten a B C I don't
give it with 01 and two
and then I have defined What
is the name of the column
The column name is column one
which I see here This is
my final Ludovic Okay so finally
we have come to where you
went and finally concluded Enough So
this is your finally destruct urine
inviting This is all you need
to know about how difficult is
this are very difficult Maybe right
now it might seem a little
difficult because this is your father's
day and so many new things
like syntax is you'll have to
remember But just for you to
put our so practice and you
will be comfortable And after this
is the same we'll see how
to find missing values inviting Replace
missing values with something better How
to do merging invite and multiple
leader frames How do do all
buying See buying infighter Okay left
Joined I joined grew by infighter
All those things were even see
after the big So it's the
same thing Nothing different Okay It's
all about practice So master one
language on Make yourself comfortable in
the other It's your choice Which
one you want too much Both
languages are important And now since
you know are you are finding
these things easy Of course there's
a lot to brighten but you
learn in batches I cannot give
you everything Now you get scared
and run away You never learned
by the first Lundy's and start
using Take somebody does it start
doing something We don't have time
for that now If this was
ah extended class just like you
had at the beginning in our
you would have had I d
almost I don't see residences at
least just enough So that was
the time where you would have
practiced in the class Now we
need hours I cannot help get
you practice yourself in the class
I can do that But then
I will not be able to
cover the machine learning part But
I think that would be a
better We do utilize our time
covering the machine learning part and
practice you can do at home
I'm getting the Titanic that doesn't
start practicing Start cleaning the later
finding the missing values replacing it
with something being data manipulation Okay
And then finally learning the algorithms
on it Well this is a
date up three They're pretty much
you know seven or eight things
maybe 10 top things that you
would like to do You do
with your data so focused on
those things because that is repetitively
in nature So let's see And
there you're right There are a
lot off things online Um as
you all learn this new topic
I encourage you all to share
your questions Share your learning with
your team because that is how
you help others to learn So
I was very happy to see
one question that you are posted
in the group and someone else
answered Though you may not see
me answering all the time because
I want you all to you
know pitch in and help your
peers That is how you will
interact That would be my motive
But if the discussion go here
by if they are not able
to find the answer Trust me
I'll be there Joe Intervene So
I always do that for your
peers and for yourself That is
going to help a lot Okay
so without further ado anyone wants
to talk about it before we
start Yeah Hi This is I
think the thing that made it
complex was him using sort of
innocent statistical references etcetera which you
know I wasn't really familiar with
or other completely familiar with Plus
the fact that you know used
fairly complex numbers like a random
random set of variables from 0
to 1 which included minor +0777
So I sometimes feel that if
the video had been done using
simple numbers it was easy to
follow the result off the functions
Okay Rather looked through them specifically
but other than that I think
it was relatively okay A slightly
fast pace but relatively Okay Okay
We'll make it a little slow
I want to take you all
together So if some off you
already have knowledge off fightin then
do not be You know in
a haste let other cope up
off for the first few sessions
Let's be real slow Help others
to you know walk with you
That will be the name and
where I'll see that you all
are together right here on the
same platform That is when we'll
we'll take up the speed All
right so this is the week
to we're in And these are
the topics that will be going
through basic working professions in fighting
must have been covered in week
one We're going to start with
basic data manipulation If you missed
anything in week one trust me
Did not miss anything because we'll
be so I'm going to cover
basically the manipulation using fightin here
we will talk about bandits and
numb by whatever we're going to
do It has to do with
pandas and Mumbai So you won't
have gone to the video Can
anyone tell me what What disband
and what is numb by What
are those libraries for So number
is for advanced arithmetical functions and
pandas is for data manipulation Okay
excellent number Library is for numerical
computations on Banda's for did a
man abolition We're going to use
both of those We are not
going to touch on visualization this
week but for visualization we will
talk about it next week These
are some ground rules I I
hope all of us are pretty
You know we are professionals We
understand what those ground rules are
I hate to repeat it for
our sessions I'm sure you will
be punctual respect each of this
time And it would be submitting
your assignment in time Most important
all off you will be prepared
for our sessions So I trust
you for that Let us move
ahead OK This is an important
terse light though I do not
go to repeat this light on
all the sessions but because we're
meeting for the first time the
foundation course it says foundation It
is you know maybe basic but
it is very important So we
go through the two weeks for
fight fighting for readers signs out
of the four weeks and today
and the next session we're going
to invest more time and then
you'll be getting a week or
two to appear for your project
Thereafter we will work on statistical
methods for decision making and here
we will re I trait the
concepts off statistics today If you
see the data manipulation I may
not be sharing what those men
Max 25th percentile 50% and 75th
percentile would mean when you describe
a data but in the statistics
scores you will get a detailed
information on each and every statistical
information Right So this is pretty
basic but it is extremely important
and I'm going to go a
little slow here Once we're done
with this then we work on
core courses and here also we
have a complete topic of full
I believe 3 to 4 weeks
to focus on advanced statistics It
still be learning about statistics even
in this particular topic But the
kind of topic will be learning
is little you know tedious in
the sense that will be focusing
on principle competent in NASA's factor
analysis some little advanced version off
the statistics and then the topics
that are here data mining predictive
modeling All of these would involve
algorithm right So we have time
to walk to enter the space
But a time we are hell
you'll be very values to the
courts before the session before we
take any particular leader set and
explore Here are a few questions
for you and this will be
a standard practice so I'll have
few questions ready for you And
these are not only the questions
I like asking questions I'd like
to hear your voice Right So
I'll be asking questions even during
the session So these are the
first few that I have What
are some of the common data
types and fighting What do you
think Indigenous Trimmed and flute Okay
Excellent way Have object type Yes
Billion That's true Okay Can you
name some important fight and libraries
We just talked about it Play
for us always Oh it's interesting
What is always I begin based
on the exercise We did it
Help that some find out the
directory except it's a model of
some sort Yeah I have important
that to find out the directory
Correct Correct Absolutely So it this
you know it takes from the
name off operating system dependent modules
some of the things that helps
us to navigate through our files
Folders etcetera So if your final
saved in another location and you
are trying to access files from
other location that is not gonna
work You'll have to import always
see the current work directory and
change the current work directory to
the fire location Thereafter you'll be
able to import the file I'll
show you that in a vial
Okay what is the commanding biting
To check the list of variables
on its data types So when
we work with a big file
right there different variables variables are
nothing but the column names How
do you see the column names
And also if that column is
in teacher or float or object
how do you see that are
painful Exactly That's absolutely correct All
right so this is the case
study that will be going to
um and it's an interesting case
today We have a bunch of
numbers and we're going to do
some cool Ah in a manipulation
of numbers So I haven't exercise
for you on that We can
go through it says different food
Nutrition nutrients are extremely important for
growth and nourishment off our well
being Keeping a track off all
nutrients on our plate and managing
it wisely is an essential step
In order to maintain our peak
fitness it is vital to consume
a heady mix off vital nutrients
by balancing our diet with different
foods in order to better understand
the nutritional value off what we
eat A detailed chart of various
nutrient composition off different food items
has been created We need to
analyze the state of to help
make more informed eating decisions So
there are some questions that we're
going to answer The data said
That we're refering to is right
here So the first column is
NDB Seems like it's a generous
i d kind of column right
In any data that you explore
most of those will have ah
generate identify roar unique identifier Right
If you if you look at
the government portal and you try
to access the information was the
most of times you would see
other i d plan i d
Customer i D u r n
number etcetera So those i d
kind of column doesn't have lof
information to share when we go
with building a Goitom or predicting
or doing any kind of statistical
analysis But this is still given
to us um in and to
be the first column Then it's
a short description off what that
food item is So for the
first one see it's butter with
salt butter whipped to Witzel because
it's all about food items It
is giving you water the core
ingredient or the short description they're
after You have the different columns
that talks about the nutritional components
So what a gram off water
energy calorie protein lipid total We
have ash cab carbohydrate fibre sugar
content Calcium are in my ignition
Phosphorus potassium sodium zinc copper magnesium
and civilian So we have a
bunch of other nutritional nutrients corresponding
to these food items Let us
see how we manipulate this in
Brighton right Any any data will
have to explore So do not
restrict to yourself working with this
data set only after the session
If you get time be please
feel free to take up any
data set that you haven't except
save it in the work directory
Try to read it in fightin
try to run the same course
that will be practicing today Right
That is going to help Biggest
practice is the key There will
be using the similar courts time
and again The more you practice
the better you will be at
it So we open our fighting
on on that point Ah just
a request right I think it
would be great if you have
a couple of additional data sets
that we can play around with
if you can just check with
the great learning guys to see
if there are any exercises are
additional stuff that they can share
Okay I think the institute is
a fair good job in giving
the data sets But I'll have
a word with the program manager
so that if you do not
have access to those um some
of the details that can be
made available If not that I
can share some links the sites
where you can get the data
handy Thank you You're welcome Okay
so abuse says Did we get
any material when we can learn
how and when to use courts
and biting and what all are
different courts under pardon there many
courts in the fight and huge
But I do not want you
to learn everything Do not done
everything because we are not going
to be the developers The objective
off joining this course is you
to become a data scientist and
Adidas scientist wants to explore the
data wells not to build a
ah tool technique or an application
to do not try to learn
everything it is very vast on
you will be focusing your energy
in the wrong direction Instant learning
to the EU's off you know
beytin to explore the data to
manipulate the data And we will
focus more on the concepts off
data analytics and forecasting techniques So
team I would expect you all
to talk to me right We're
not in a face to face
environment I hate to do that
but that is how we're going
to do this Sessions this talk
to me instead of chatting At
times we may not be looking
at the track windows so I
may be missing on your questions
All right so for Sting that
we will do in Brighton Of
course Are you familiar with the
Jupiter notebook You'll know how to
open it Yeah Okay so the
first thing that we will be
doing is importing the libraries and
he'll I'm importing os to help
me figure out the working directory
If I do need to change
it and change the working directory
import bandas off course data free
manipulations on numb by for numerical
manipulations I'm just going to run
it if you want Please do
it with me right I'll be
slow so that you will can
fall along And if you are
doing it in your system you
can absolutely work on that thereafter
Once you import all the libraries
we need to understand Verrier what
is the current work directory So
let me around this I'll say
always dot Get current work directly
to see the beauty stands for
current work directory Get means you
are asking fighting to get it
for you Once you run the
command it takes you to the
place where the bite and currently
is pointing at So it is
currently pointing at this folder where
I do have my fire So
I'm absolutely correct Toe extract the
files the food nutrition file and
bring it to fightin right now
In case you are not where
you have saved your file then
you can use dis command Always
start See it stands for change
So change directory is what you
can write and provide the part
so go to the file location
So for example if my file
um would have been this one
then I'll go in this place
and right quick click on the
properties Copy the location copied over
Come back to Biden in the
always Start Change directory You just
copy paste the location that is
what you do and you run
So next time when you run
the get current work directory after
you have changed it your location
would be director You toe where
the file is located on this
point right So just with this
one So when you say you
are aware of what gets see
that you be is a za
function So what's the best way
more What sort of functions that
there within that model Because it's
like there are multiple things on
the Is that A You know
as we tried to solve problems
which function fallen out taxes you
will be very used to it
There's the first session and I
know the apprehension That is why
you asking But you'll be very
used to it A few of
the things that we use right
that you'll be using most often
from always would only be the
get current work directory at our
change Um directory These are the
two things that you'll be using
That's all when you walk with
Banda's and numb by a few
of the things that you'll be
really ah working on is to
how to read the fight So
reading excellence or reading CSP different
kind of file versions Once you
get the fight you should be
able to navigate to the first
few or last few records off
the file because it is a
check that you have been able
to import the complete data set
successfully So maybe head command and
tell command right Once you're sure
that your file is there then
all you can um you know
expect to do is to go
to and check Describe not describe
is going to give you some
kind off summary statistics When I
say somebody statistics If I shared
a day doesn't with you a
particular number right I give you
10 numbers and I say OK
what do you observe You may
be doing some mathematics in your
mind that you may say OK
maybe the average off all of
these number seems to be 25
or 30 It's subjective because you
have not calculated it But here's
some kind of logic Runs in
your brain so describe function would
actually calculate those minimum value maximum
value What is the average value
What is the variation All of
those for you Automatically Then you
also because in the data said
sometimes he would see that the
information is missing Some off the
cells are all black and we
will have to get rid of
the blanks or imputed the blanks
Imputation will be taught later But
today we will check how we
can get rid of the plants
So off course missing value right
So for missing value you would
be just using is no This
was the command Then if you
have to drop the missing value
you'll be using drop Any missing
values are termed as any issue
will drop any right And then
maybe you want to check all
the data types What other columns
and Rita types So you may
walk with info You want to
check What is the um you
know dimension of the data How
maney columns harmony rules you're working
with right How many of those
are also known as observation So
harmony variables which are columns and
how maney observations that are rose
So you will use shape command
These are the commands that you
be will work many times will
get up You'll get used to
it Then when we have work
with our data set at times
you may have to refer to
only a few cells right Few
columns bureaus So I location You
can you can work with I
location I have a small example
for that but we will build
on I'll give insufficient materials that
you can refer to links that
you can refer to If you
want to build upon your learning
at time it is important for
you to maybe you know look
at a particular column not the
voltage Does it only look at
a particular column Understand What is
the data type of that column
So then from the data refer
to that column and only imputed
there D type detail will give
you the data type off That
particular column like info can give
your you the information for all
the columns together D Type is
to focus on that particular column
Simple data manipulation Whether that is
ah you know division multiplication those
all will be comin I'm going
to share that In case that
is required less than greater than
how do you sort Um And
then of course if you want
to extract a particular information from
the reader said Bases some column
then we have the um uh
some court So I'll take you
through that It was a little
context right But I'm going to
take you through that Maybe we
can refer to the food item
and basis the description off the
food item We want to only
pick those rose So Vince see
how we can check that And
also you may want todo you
know you have a numeric repeatable
It doesn't make sense to you
to look at all the bunch
of numbers I'll give you an
example You have a banking information
with all of your customers each
um age of 32 horses 31
verses 30 You really do not
know if that is going to
give you a lot off information
when you build a model so
why not combine the group So
how can you combine the group
Or how can you cut the
data in separate bins or separate
groups So that is using the
cat command So we have different
commands also I'll share that with
you So these are some of
the you know pretty much ah
few things that will be working
today I'll re I treat these
things in the next session and
then we'll build onto it We
will go through some of the
visualization techniques but pretty much if
you are able to walk on
this for the first few session
that's sufficient There some mathematical information
that will be shared Um just
to start with little start slow
and ah you know mastered these
But I'm going to share a
lot of content to you Over
what's up Ah so in case
you feel that you have more
time you can invest invest more
time to learn it all if
you can go through that and
build on your learning experience Okay
so with that let us proceed
So are we have current work
directly I was able to check
my file Isn't this work directory
So I'm good in case your
file is not in the current
work directory that please change it
Go to the file location click
on properties copy the location pasted
here and change it And then
we will read the file Let
me know whenever you are ready
to import the file If you're
doing it with me and then
we can proceed Maybe after this
After you change you can again
run Always start get current work
directly It should direct aware your
filers Okay So now if you
have to import the file on
our findings in Exodus X format
so all you're not need to
do is from pandas right BDS
stands for pandas You'll have to
read the fight if it is
actually will to say read excellence
Every docs we read CIA sweets
are file is excel so pd
dot reid And then there is
an underscored E xia except open
the bracket within inverted comma You
have to write the name off
the file Once you are able
to write the name of the
file I would also expect you
to view first few records So
let me know if you are
able to read over the first
few records I'm just doubt So
what I'm still with that importing
the fine this location I have
to put it in a current
one day three The blackest yes
in the bracket and with in
the courts that's right Single board
single single double will work is
coming This index Um by doing
giving us last year after c
give us double slash Oh this
school owners less is already there
It's still giving you a cent
Exeter Yes Can you share your
screen Ah let me see if
I have I think I've not
blocked you I'm going to stop
sharing for a while and I'll
allow you to share your story
We can fix that and then
move forward I have served my
luggage Ah it's coming OK but
one more slash after c colon
One more slash Yeah yes across
the whole spring off about your
crew double slash one more slash
prison through one Most lash one
most less There Yeah yeah Click
on run No e use ago
It is the gets it is
doing It gives you the beauty
Yeah OK Yes Good catch It's
changeable Directly Right So sietch the
i r I guess it's the
are the I the i r
will be directory and use Get
rid of get you get rid
of get it is only always
start ch Delia Now try to
render far Read the file from
the location It you'll be able
to you Welcome And please Ah
you know I appreciate the way
you took the feedback but be
Ah yeah All of us are
in the learning face We have
to help each other No error
is a small or a big
error I'm absolutely fine You asking
in even the smallest things right
That's absolutely fine Okay let me
share my screen and begin Proceed
further Try reading this file a
one or a few more minutes
while we are here and then
we can work on these So
for those of you who are
able to read the file Ah
let's attempt us It says you
top 10 draws It's pretty simple
right We were able to Ah
Dr Fuckem months Sorry it's not
head Exactly You got it See
what it does If I say
get me only Ah OK It
says view top tendrils Do you
get 10 rows when you'll write
dot Head 0 to 9 OK
Do you write 10 in the
bracket Yes Yes So it's pretty
simple Let me also do it
on Say data DF mate dot
Head We have toe attacks So
you will see in fightin There's
a non normal way Whenever you
have to call a function method
you will give this dot That
means it is attaching that function
to the data frame so dot
hit If you do not give
anything that then it is not
going to give you 10 records
by default It gives you five
that is going to give you
five records If you have tow
well to records three records 10
records How many records you want
to view You just have to
enter it If you want to
view 10 you have to enter
10 here if you want to
be or to records you have
to enter to hear going on
that point when you typed in
head right Is there any easy
way or shortcut to know what
that function actually does Eso Because
when I was playing around I
just bumped into this I put
a dot and press stab gave
me the list of functions that
are there Is there any easy
way you know Okay this function
is going to do this There
is a metric CCI cheat I
don't know if you all have
seen it but it is their
uploaded in Olympus if not tell
your effort to that that has
the details Work study You get
a description of the function Yeah
and and you will have a
lot of questions right now because
you are new to this Trust
me Diesel You'll be able to
understand what dissed us So if
you are learning right now and
you're not able to understand what
it does after you're able to
execute and you know what it
is what it is doing or
you hit tab and then understand
what the function is all about
Make a note in your notebook
and just write simple statements like
Head will give you first few
records Tail will give you last
few records That's also a good
way to make a note to
learn Okay let's see Ho can
attempt this Can you give me
the last 20 records The last
20 He just said it is
dark tale within record 20 Okay
so then you give your details
Set data DF 30 in the
bracket you specified 20 records My
mom Uh yeah I have young
issue actually I have a market
I'm not able do Oh Lord
the fiery Um I'm right I'm
minding the correct part but still
it's giving me in Well it's
index Uh you okay So nobody
can I Because Mac will have
a little different process I'm not
sure if anyone if you're using
back anyone else Yeah certainly the
What's the What's getting on your
current working directory I'm getting users
and then my older name so
users and needy and I What
I did was that I pasted
dumb Uh I mean where'd I
saved um the food nutrition file
So I've just chatted So this
is a command which I'm using
way start CHD air And this
is the part where I have
kept the food nutrition file But
still it is giving me invalid
syntax Okay Um my suggestion on
that one underneath Just create a
separate folder corgi L or Great
Learning Okay And then use the
similar syntax Ah which is wasted
CHD ir in courts single forward
trash users forward slash needy forward
slash gl And it should look
okay So basically I should not
be in the downloads but I'm
not so some reason They didn't
taxes for me as well so
I just created a new folder
You know Yeah Okay Got it
Well let's try that Thank you
Good Okay And if you are
still not able to find a
way there is no And ah
I let uh who helped I'm
trying to recognize your voice Team
three when I let go of
one share his screen and then
help you out okay Yeah Perfect
All right So we were able
to work with first So we
What did we do We read
the file First of all be
understood where the current work directory
is for those off You whose
current work directory was refering to
a location where the fine was
not saved We were able to
change the work directory We were
able to read the file using
read command pd dot Reid We
were able to refer to the
first few records and the last
few records using the head and
tell command Next we are going
to check what is a dimension
off The day does it right
These are the few things that
we're going to check for every
day to sit Not only right
now but once you build you
in a frame when you are
okay to build a guard Um
then also you'll be doing these
old steps So what is the
dimension of the readers that what
would you type So that shape
all of you will agree to
that Okay I love to do
that data D of dot uh
shape perfect Now let us also
check if we have any missing
values in the readers it before
we go to that Here is
a print command rate French Command
will print the information whatever you
want and you're writing it in
inverted commas in these commas if
you write the text it is
going toe print that text for
you so in in shape is
only going to return you the
number 600 reference to the rules
of us the information about the
rules and then information about the
columns Because you have 20 columns
Suppose you want to print that
The number of rows are 600
number of columns are 20 So
for that use the print command
under inverted commas You have to
write the text that you want
to print and then give the
command day daddy of shape And
here zero reference to the first
aspect right it's the index toe
the first location in this air
aerialist That's a reference to the
600 then slash in we'll help
you go to the next line
In the next line you're again
printing The number of columns are
and then from the data D
of the ordinary of that shape
you are refering to the index
off the forest location which is
for the column That is how
you are getting these two lines
printed good enough for Ah yes
yes it's for Minta Mom And
the print Common comes It is
always that you know the second
line will be one space intended
to the first line Is it
No not really different Ah it
doesn't It should Not always but
I'm not sure right is doing
it right now It doesn't end
it there for me for us
also it is doing the same
So okay now I have printed
and it used to come to
the same locations at a check
way But this end will give
it to the next line Take
it take you to the next
night You can actually add the
additional course and add it to
the next life So it will
come in the same in the
same retorting in tradition See you'll
know the answers to Okay Now
we will check for some of
the missing values What do you
think No One minute Wait Obie
User come on The number And
then we use dark Got a
double core This one Yes This
is biggest we want on Whatever
you're writing in within the double
courts is what exactly will be
printed here Yeah that's a nerd
I understand After that we use
common Yeah because what do you
want to print That what you
want to print after this This
is the command This is not
the information that you're you wanted
to type This is the command
So you say that you have
to print this comma You have
to refer to this command than
calmer It is a simple system
way You right Because it means
that you have to your ask
important to go and fetch you
the result basis on this command
Don't take it as other text
It is a command actually So
does that Come on Ah in
body Any space here No it's
spaces here No it will not
It is going to just do
this We input it a space
here after our Okay If you
have to check for missing values
what would you do You finish
Isn't isn't any means is yeah
it is isn't it So even
see date rds is nothing And
suppose you only entered this and
I'll show you something else also
So isn't that will give you
information about the complete details that
you will see a true if
there is a fault if there
is a blank and you will
see a false if there is
a value So it's very cumbersome
to find whether you have a
missing value or not Right So
you should always develop a habit
off writing some By doing this
you're going to get a list
off column and wherever you have
a missing value it will keep
it will give you the total
sum off missing values So if
you do that you see that
for lipid total you have one
missing value for ash You have
one missing value There are only
two missing values And if order
you want to see okay overall
in The leader said how maney
missing values are there You can
just type in another some and
it is going to give you
in total You have two missing
values So three steps I don't
want you to do three steps
right It's just for information sharing
Your first say is start No
but it just gives you a
true false indication for entirely Just
said that's very cumbersome to read
So the best is you It
is is not and then type
in the some command which will
give you the missing values by
each column Mr Quick question Yes
this so the East No retort
Apprentices It's also trying some information
Put rain So how do how
to read that They just telling
you all the information right Yeah
it's very difficult to read You
will not be able to read
because it is just going to
give you the list off information
and it just not the right
way of reading You're not able
to read anything It is just
giving you a bunch of columns
Information right Yes it does not
how you would be able to
check missing value So adding onto
that how do we When do
we know that we have to
put a parent This isn't not
because for shape didn't put for
Islam We are including with us
Yes With practice is the key
Need to make note off it
Yeah Yeah And then uh by
off 23 times he would be
well aware where you would put
Prentice's were not but logically waters
of the friends Corona life with
putting one or not Pretty more
What What's the logical Usually Usually
I would say that is not
is calculating something some is calculating
Something shape is just returning the
value Oh yeah And there are
other commands Also where you will
see ah described function Right We're
calculating the minimum maxim san divisions
with half the Prentice's where you're
telling it to perform some functions
he will give Prentice's Thanks Okay
you welcome Okay So now what
We have been able to identify
the missing values If I want
to drop this missing values imputation
off The missing value is critical
And that is what we should
do that because you know we
get a limited number of observations
or sample size if we keep
losing the samples or observations because
it has missing value That's a
very wrong approach So if possible
weaken we always try to impute
But imputation off missing value would
involve some um you know some
method methodologies I'm not going to
go into that right away We'll
talk about some of those in
advance That's section right now we
will just drop this missing values
and to drop it will use
drop any it is going to
go and perform some function on
your data set on It will
delete these two observations Now it
is not going to delete the
sense right It is not going
to just get rid of the
cell from the Libre toda or
self From this ash where you
had the missing values it is
going to delete the complete rule
The drop any will delete the
complete row off information and once
you drop it is a good
idea to check Is no command
again to ensure that if the
missing values have been dropped or
not So now you see there
are no missed missing values and
you may want to also check
the ship command to you know
how maney on values you have
So let me if you want
to insert any any junk you
can just say Insert whether you
want us to insert below or
above that This way I was
able to insert this and that
is going to give you You
have 5 98 observations and 20
um columns Earlier you had about
600 rates And yeah so now
you you were able to drop
it correctly I'll take a pause
and unity Are you able to
look at your file are able
to run these goods I was
ableto do that CHD a function
But when I do a PD
don't read Excel it is still
not able to find the file
I don't know but I kept
it in the same folder Um
OK yeah So I'm just following
what you are showing on the
screen but I'm not able to
do Okay um the slightest this
worked for me as but one
shade eso now Ah I could
There was no error for this
but the ah I mean this
So this command where we read
the fight okay are that is
not working not working Okay Can
you please share your stream the
day No team allow us off
a minutes will let Did he
also come on the same pace
Thank you So you have written
CWD rate Very seed A very
ah module os has no ought
to be attributes Well start CSD
IRC of Chase of All Directory
One American You just leave a
space between food and nutrition and
trade Can you take us through
the files Just see what the
name of the file is Yeah
it has to be copy because
it is a second copy It
has to be a copy off
their find Them will have to
call me But that's how it
is showing in my uh in
the wrinkles to the fold in
it So I have to share
the deck stop Is it a
matter where you are your locating
this file wherever dislocated So in
your great learning should next top
Then I can show though Yeah
that's right Is the principal of
our next talk That stop is
visible Go to your location Ah
Users need de gea Okay Ah
so this is great learning one
folder Moms that file food nutrition
bowed out Copied Oh is this
the fine You sure Okay You
copy this file Name the filing
and and remove this to let's
make it simple right Removed this
bracket to something And you also
remove the space and remove the
space after 40 Nutrition Yeah okay
One Simkins I live seems to
wrong Yeah And now refresh it
Yeah kids done I can now
come back to bite him a
corporatist file Indemnity Yeah So yeah
I think I got picked a
fight Sorry Nowhere is Norris coterie
name and copy We can bring
him Yeah and then just copy
Toe Uh mental See Yeah A
little fidgety with these things Yeah
First few times right Do not
worry Not excellent Six It does
Yeah Perfect in our imminent You
okay It just this a data
DF dot head underscored DF Yeah
not head And in bracket maybe
Type two Yeah I just want
to see if used getting your
buffet Okay Thank you Awesome You're
welcome I cannot let me share
somebody If you missed on fuel
steps and you cannot follow don't
worry and send it to everyone
You can just fall along from
this place Um just type this
is no and drop any okay
Yeah The first type in this
one is no And then And
for others why don't you types
and dicks to give me the
summary of the data summary of
off The reader is again very
important part of information that we
do not let go because it
at a very quick snapshot view
It tells you what are the
high where the low one of
the average values where the radiation
is I'm not going to go
in statistics right now but it
is going to give you a
bunch of numbers and also give
you what is the 25% telemark
Where does the median or the
50th percentile mark What is the
75th wasn't etcetera And what is
a total count Count off observations
for each and every column So
they just do that Ah maybe
you good with drop any Yes
Yes Film going on falling No
Look it So now you can
just Teoh start with this So
I'm just going Teoh use Describe
function as I said describe is
to give you summary statistics Okay
Data D of data on the
scordia Afraid we have to be
very sure about the name of
the file otherwise it just going
to try and error Describe now
can anyone say What if I
want If you have not a
lot of columns right Your scrolling
it right now But you don't
want to stroll You won't just
want to see maybe column in
one In this first ah column
all the information about the index
or the variables How would you
get to that view if I
want NDB water energy all the
columns to appear in your first
collar And the count means that
division to oppose you Able Landau
not some dot some is going
to have some It doesn't do
bad No it's worrisome Simple room
on that Really apply the logic
a body or doing except change
the column the row or wrote
a column and suppose exactly transpose
yeah seen in Then you're going
to get everything transposed you have
Your count means tired aviation men
Max and all of this person
tells here on the column and
you have the information about each
of the columns here the roads
in the rules and the transposes
capped Be Yes Now what You
get these numbers right If it
doesn't make a lot of sense
to you Don't worry We will
Will invest a lot of time
in starts You'll get a hand
off What these numbers are telling
you but mean is the average
right And we are very familiar
with average If I give you
five numbers and I ask you
to take the average if it
you will just have to add
the numbers and divide by Fife
this main column is giving you
the average count Is the count
off observations in each of these
columns We don't have any missing
value and hence you see 5
98 observations for each of these
columns Standard deviation is how much
the values are deviating from the
mean right It is the spread
of the data How is the
data scattered from the average What
is the normal dispersion or spread
or scatter off the data Do
not worry too much If you
don't get the concept we're going
to go in the concepts men
will on statistics Men is the
minimum value in each of the
columns It seems that for minimum
value off water it 0.2 but
pretty much for all of the
columns It's zero 25% mark If
you sort your data for each
column and you want to check
Okay what is the value at
the A quarter right The first
quarter in our the 1st 25%
off the data set in a
particular column This is giving you
that value 50% What is the
value at middle Right It's a
median value the forest 50% in
the sorted data This is the
third quartile or 3/4 of the
reader 75% of the data What
is that number at the 75th
percentile mark once you sort the
data and Max is the highest
value Nevertheless what I want to
focus is that describe is going
to give you the five point
somebody um off the D does
it now This is interesting right
It says creative director So very
similar to this I want to
create a column vector test using
the top 10 values off the
variable protein So where you see
variable It is just a column
Right Column Name is Tom Does
readable So for the protein column
I want toe extract top 10
values and I want to save
it in another object called test
See How do we do that
So I'm just going to declare
an object which is test and
I'll see from my data So
the name of the data is
it idea So from my data
if you're refering to the column
you will have to put a
square bracket and the column name
must appear within a single parent
A single Um in comma you
can say or and you just
type the name of the column
I think it is typed as
protein underscore G I'm just going
to type the name of the
column should appear as it is
in your reader set Otherwise it'll
through an error So what I
have done I have written have
created an object in the object
I'm just touring the Value Off
Protein column From my data you
could refer to call and put
the square bracket and name off
the column Enders are single court
and because I want only top
10 values what is the command
that you use to get the
top values or cut off Don't
headquartered files a dot head and
I want 10 wagyu So just
6 10 now will this Give
me this output Try running and
then let me know Why is
it not going to give you
any output So I have saved
the information in the subject It
is not giving me any or
any output Why is it so
We need to print test Exactly
We have just what That it
We have just said that we're
creating this object The value is
stored But I'm not calling that
object right You have to call
the object of sweat so test
and then it will give you
the top 10 record So it
is It is not sorted I'm
not I did not ask that
I need to get sorted values
that we will check You know
um you know in some more
goods Yes Do we have a
question Yes Like this is good
Here You see more than temporary
cards right It is not This
starts with a zero right It
is actually stand records But you
tell me what is missing It's
a good observation guru but a
question to all of you Are
you getting more records than 10
No Forest resume Exactly why it's
for missing zero No values right
We took to calling the two
rows Yeah that is what is
missing here But you have actually
10 values all right Three and
four is missing Correct Huge Okay
so this was extracting the top
five of you know values now
me And please go ahead Look
does that mean that if free
access head through a particular column
Donald values are not true Because
in the previous instance when it
just Piper had the novellas short
operate we dropped the call arose
right If you drop the rose
and we did not save it
in a different data set were
saving with just using the currently
does it And we dropped the
observations The index off those observations
are gone now So fighting hags
it'll 12345 rate But we had
to values and road three and
four and those were dropped So
index has not changed But you
see there exactly Then values It's
just an index number given it's
how the D Day is right
now for you The index just
tells you that because you dropped
rule number three and running before
it is not showing up that
had missing values and he just
dropped it right Doesn't make sense
Yeah Yeah Okay Okay So now
we will select top five rows
off initial five way variables in
matrix format I want to extract
five variables Right So let me
actually ah insult sell above And
I want to quickly a c
did rdf head And I'm just
going to print to um to
Rose because I want to see
these names Now the question is
select top five rows off initial
five variables in the matrix format
I want o be ableto display
this small table from the entire
big data set And here I
was saying that I location maybe
is a good to riffle I'll
give you a lot of reading
options on my location but it's
pretty easy The location just tells
you that in fighting the location
starts from zero Right Sepp Similarly
this one the rule starts indexing
starts from a zero to those
first row but ideally bite and
calls it a zero 1234 It
will go on and on It
is going to start with zero
The number of columns also will
start from 0012345 So I want
to extract the first five rows
and first five columns I'll Sedita
DF in this location right index
location I'm calling this function index
location because I need toe Refer
the rows and columns square bracket
Now let me give Index off
Rose in my location I have
to take first wife so I'll
start with zero Index That is
what frightens starts Now If you'll
say 01234 you get five records
but if you type 0 to
4 you are only going to
get four records Why Because the
last index it to provide is
excluded The last index is excluded
So if you want to get
five you actually want to ensure
that you cover from zero So
six columns of 012345 If you
write five year it will actually
mean six to beytin Biting is
going to exclude the last one
That's how it is This is
for the rose Similarly for the
columns I will say okay right
Started from zero index But select
zero column which will be this
first column second column THIRD COLUMN
fourth column right 01234 But because
we have to include this I'm
just going to give one more
Which will say five It is
just going toe Exclude this and
give me the information till protein
So there are 25 just into
include one more in the index
Here is how you get that
So I location Okay I see
a little bit off chat messages
to me while you type in
34 Sorry My mike is not
working I'm not Yes you're right
Okay no problem Huge Next time
it says is the first few
time that you're facing the technical
issues Maybe Ah you're able to
fix it the next time we'll
be able to hear you Where
All right So what is their
data All if you're done with
the location Yep Okay perfect So
now we're going to check the
data type for a particular column
If you have to check the
reader type for everything you will
definitely go and use in four
But if you are referring only
to one column then you will
just right deep type which is
a data type Refer to the
column again for column put the
square bracket and within a single
court name off the column So
the question is what is the
data type of sodium variable from
my data set in the square
bracket named Write the name of
the column within the court dot
de type data type Also write
down a sentence too Get then
for we did not do in
four Right Sorry not this so
data type is going to give
you the reader type off a
particular column What if I want
Oh no the day today for
each and every column So data
DF without even refering to a
column Because we have be warned
to consider all the columns Just
the info command We'll give you
all the columns on here It
is telling you that it has
these many values It is not
know but these values are in
teacher object Object is categorical variable
and the categorical radia bill has
ah different levels So I'll give
you an example Um gender right
gender has male female and that
kind of information will be repeated
for all the customers So wherever
you have some levels in your
column the gender or education or
marital status etcetera those are called
us object or categorical type Then
we have flowed where you have
a decimal Indeed Your float object
These are the three types here
I believe I love you with
me Just one question there So
alternatively a string I mean when
it comes to short description it
is also string right So how
well does it differentiate between object
in itself String itself So usually
if it is a string and
the value of string is repeated
it is going to say that
it is an object Fighting doesn't
know that it is going to
tell you that it is an
object In the short description you
would see that some off the
description are exactly matching with others
And hence it is storm this
object But we do get stringing
also is Are we saying that
if it is not repeated then
we get string No it will
be optical It will really bizarre
Yes Object Oh okay Now let's
create a new variable Now you
know that when we work with
data off course there are instances
when you aren't When column taken
example You have um a credit
card It does it right And
ah there was a particular amount
You say 1000 minimum do was
1000 or said 1000 was Do
you And you paid a 500
now in the modeling be when
we attempt to take all the
columns And if there are two
columns that are giving you relative
the same kind of information there
was a total do and you
paid up something It's better to
combine the column and form a
calculation when you combine the column
And from a calculation that means
that you're introducing a column So
how do you introduce a column
in your readers It he over
You're going to do that It
says that create a new column
or new variable which is the
name of the new variable Should
be E P W Okay on
the new variable should be dividing
the energy calorie so whatever the
value is there in the energy
can call on you to divide
that with water And then once
you do that you have to
check the dimension off the new
day Does it Of course when
you add a column it means
the dimension Early dimension was 20
columns If you add this your
new dimension should give you 21
columns So let's see how be
Add this whenever you have to
add our ref for you Give
you reader set in the square
bracket right This is how you
would either Refa or even if
you have to create you will
do that in the square bracket
within courts Type the new column
name So E P W And
what is this doing DPW It
is nothing but it is dividing
rate So I'll take the data
and I'll say this DPW is
actually dividing my energy Ah OK
energy is e and e r
g underscore God it's dividing energy
with again There is a separate
column for this data set which
is water when water is written
as water underscore G and in
the ah Saudi water underscore Within
bracket you have G so data
DF add a new column in
the same way as you refer
to the column But the calculation
says that this column should hold
value which is energy divided by
water So from the data are
set refer to energy divided by
column And now if I want
to check what is the shape
you can run the shape common
and even see that there are
21 columns Member note Yes descript
here We have not given any
command to add it in the
column by saying that you are
adding this right data Deif when
you give ah column name it's
not an existing column name right
I agree But I suppose I
want to read it all So
you want to add a row
Yeah but we never add Rose
to that for that Even have
to concoct in it Contact me
Judy doesn't You Should have You
should have some information for the
current day Does it If you
want to see first few records
I want to see what calculation
is available in the East B
W column So check the head
Come on and scroll the words
right It is going to add
that column at the end Whatever
new column you'll be adding it
is just going to add it
It then So you have E
P W And this is the
calculated information All of you with
me till now Anyone wants me
to it One portion similar districts
can wear open toe limit them
toe leaders Yes we give round
two round It will round it
up to two values and we'll
go to will take you through
all of those But in case
you want to inquire you want
to practice this Do some research
in practice but yes there is
Check around common ar ou nd
for me The e p w
is giving in marriage syntax No
Okay What is the syntax that
you let me share Doesn't decks
Okay this is what I just
check again Yes whatever You're using
their own Come on What you
just mentioned limit the number of
decimal places in their tickets The
desert in the world Okay so
where do we use around commanding
spacing dot Head braces fight inside
the bad emphasis on business inside
Got it DPW that problem Mr
Like our eyes it possible toe
place the new newly created column
prayer toe A particular column currently
displaced in the last car right
I think we may need to
change in x position for them
maybe Okay yes So I location
the index location that we usedto
you know extract first heroes observations
The I location command has certain
information with help off which you
can change the order off rows
columns You can do a lot
off manipulations So I will share
an article that you can read
on do a lot of experiment
on the Raiders It that would
help you the secrets in which
we're going through a So these
questions that I am introducing has
a concept right as a team
because these questions will help you
understand how you extract some values
today I If I give you
a data set and I say
OK this is your customer Data
said you just want to check
those customers who bought the value
of goods Words 10,000 in a
particular month How would you do
that Or if you want to
see Okay who are the customers
who are giving you maximum sales
You want to check out the
first few records you have you
have You can sort the information
so all of these questions will
help you build a logical off
How can how you can manipulate
Do we have a question All
right so now we create a
subset of the data set where
energy callous Less than 500 What
is the dimension off the new
details it So there are two
things you have to create a
data set Now it The DF
is original Data said you have
to create a new data Says
so let's name it as data
D of nudity of one house
ever You want to name it
And you you're us to save
only the information where the energy
callous less than 500 in your
additionally does it So I'll refer
to the originally does it And
this is the logic that I'm
giving that in the leader DF
refer to column energy and only
take values that are less than
500 All of this will be
saved in a data set which
is data D of new And
for this data D of new
because I want to check what
is the dimension You will use
the shape common on this Let
me know if you are able
to get the same number off
information observations 5 62 observations and
your number of variables should stay
intact You should still see 21
columns sweetie Yeah Yeah well if
a tool saver is ready can
go to the next question and
try attempting it says Find the
top 10 products stop in products
and I have several questions The
first one says How you the
energy can rehire the ranking You
want to see the top 10
But it says how you're the
ranking right Which means that you
have toe sort it So try
attempt in this and let me
give you up a hint I'm
going to refer to the original
letters It right I'm not using
this New does it So let's
refer to the original one from
this sort Values is the command
that source the values and you
want to sort the values by
which column by energy seven Saved
by in the single court again
E in E r G Make
sure that you spend it correctly
get get And because you want
the ranking to be high if
you wanted in descending order right
so just right ascending is equal
to false and you want to
check only the top then right
So again here you add a
command that says head and then
see its particular is absolutely in
sequence I'm using the sort command
sort values how you want to
sort it by Energy column Ascending
is false because you want higher
the value higher the ranking and
you are only 10 products So
you will say head then that
should give you the top 10
and you can actually see the
energy Kagel is sorted Do the
same thing right is the same
thing but the question is little
reversed Now I'm saying lower the
water content Higher the ranking So
can you Can you type sulfur
This you have to yes lower
the for lower ranking No it's
It's still ascending but we will
take ascending As true it's still
ascending but we take a sending
us true for local So true
force has a significance right In
most of the um command you
would say you would see that
there is a particular ah Centex
The true would do something and
false for do the opposite Similarly
if you have to sort using
lower content then you'll just say
ascending is equal to true Ah
maybe just copy this over right
And you have to sort using
water So instead of energy type
the water in ascending We just
write truth That's it So this
is how you would sort the
value straight First we were able
to extract the values that had
um you know energy greater than
500 Try to compare it with
the normally Doesn't that you see
for some customers maybe you want
to check if the valued off
purchase is more than 10,000 5000
What is it that you can
do now If you want to
sort your you know customers basis
the value off sales Then here
is how you consort So always
link it back to the real
data set and understand the logic
It will be quite easy to
follow All good till the step
All of you with me Yeah
Yeah Okay No Oh okay Perfect
Not This is the next question
Create a subset off the data
where the broader description contains cheese
And also list down the summary
statistics off the subset So summary
statistics right Of course We know
that we can get it from
the describe command The scribe command
gives you the some days to
distance the five point summary min
max and all of those so
that you know already now it
says create a subset of the
leader You know when you have
to create us up to do
You have to define an object
so maybe create a new variable
It's a new object itself but
that subset should contain the product
description off cheese So ah product
description is in Which column the
shark description Right so we'll refer
to this column sharp description It's
a chart e underscore D E
S t I just So let's
define So I'll say dater DF
and ah make it any any
other thing 123 or cities and
this isn't on object have created
a subset of the data And
this is when you creators subset
you need to refer to a
particular column I'm going to refer
to a short description as such
arty because that's what it is
asking me the S e or
D A s tum Maybe it's
uncomfortable Yeah shard description Now I
have a strength of month Ah
that you can use It says
red devil The string dot contains
the string The value contains the
world cheese So in the double
court and if you'll see all
of these are in capital Great
If you you have to just
mention siesta Billy s e It
is going to refer to these
string values in the short description
column and you can check them
Um you know the description off
the reader set you can check
the um shape This will give
you the information Just one question
man Yes please Yeah So I
just tried to do Ah in
cheese I mean tried to compare
that with the list Ah which
contains a single value Cheese is
I don't know that entitles right
when I say in cheese But
rather than using these functions is
there a way to combat it
quickly with the You know another
list which contained a single value
such as cheese You can But
if that list is somewhere right
if that list that you're refering
to isn't somewhere I'm typing it
Actually yes A little Ah in
a data frame kind off situation
you can compare that when you're
right and then you can compare
in area or when you provide
that But in a data from
a just little tedious Yeah I'm
not very sure about it but
I I can have a look
at it and then share if
there is any particular way just
trying to look I understand the
compatible deals These comparisons Yeah I
know I can relate to that
My husband who is our developer
who does all the automation he
keeps typing the stupid little and
the list Hey works lot off
those metrics Okay so all good
Teoh all of your mid meeting
described function we were able to
creators upset Ah And then we
were able to also see that
there are 74 observations and 21
colors And this is how we
describe nudie Does it No I'll
share something very interesting right when
you will get the court you
may find some additional quotes Also
because there are the same thing
You may want to do it
differently So um ideally the sessions
that we take if there are
other ways we incorporate those on
send you the file So at
the end you may see that
you have additional courts always try
to practice And if you have
any questions you can come back
Objective is just to give you
more information The more methods of
doing the same task And this
is not only for this session
but you'll keep on getting this
in other sessions that's where All
right So let's walk on this
And that was pretty um important
I'm not going to use any
logic hell but ah this is
the thing that we use quite
often Suppose you have ah list
of people who have different um
you know salary structure monthly salary
and you are grouping basis The
salary bracket is it of looking
at your 10,000 employees in a
particular department that who may have
you know fact black sources five
lack 1005 left 2000 as a
salary package Maybe you want to
combine and say you know give
me the employees in these brackets
in these groups maybe I want
to look at employees with a
range off B from five lacto
10 lattes and then from 10
lacks to 15 Leadsom This is
how we create the group or
bins and it's done by using
the settlement off course We specify
a different logic when we want
to create the group I'm not
going to go with the logic
now that I was sharing Ah
you know maybe a little later
sessions but by default how do
you create that Groups So it
is using the cut function on
water variable You divide the vole
data into six minutes Six groups
on list down the summary statistics
off all the sixpence So first
of all define a column are
maybe to find out a new
data set So I'm saying data
bins us my new data set
which is a replica off my
data D if I'm just creating
a new data set naming it
as data bills because I don't
want to manipulate my original did
That's it I'll just let it
be as a tous as soon
as you do this and you
check the first five information So
let me run it right and
I will show you Um okay
yes And as you run it
and you see that our data
bins dot head that I'm just
checking first few rows It is
a replica off my operational leaders
that with the short description all
of this right it's a it's
a replica and we were able
to rd peed abuse It is
also available Now I'm going to
manipulate the status It I'm saying
in the data set I want
to create our six labels elicits
levels for the column Water So
basis Whatever value we have for
this column I want to group
it into six groups So in
the data said you create one
column the column name is bins
right Like we created a bit
of you in the same way
you will create another column that
says bills And from Banda we
have the cut common sapir e
dot cut Where we are refering
it SPD it means that it's
referring to pandas So personal library
cut common and then you give
instructions What do you want to
cart in How many levels you
want to cut and what are
the different labels you want to
give So every group will have
a liberal right there This are
the attributes or these are the
information that the cut common needs
So data bins I'm not going
to execute this land but I
type it for you Front for
this Data said I'm just going
to introduce a column been or
bins house We want to make
a note off We did not
cut will cut the very able
that I defined So I'm saying
from my data bins from this
um data said Refer to the
Water Column night and then cut
it in six different groups on
for these groups I want to
give it a label or a
group name So that is done
by giving a label It's labels
actually on in the square bracket
Within the double courts you give
the labels name maybe 123456 houses
ever You want toe Name it
or a B C D E
f So I just see be
be and e And if okay
these are the six bills have
created Water spending is for water
Yeah some of the things inviting
We get the Edo But it's
pretty simple right It's ah some
mistake that we can avoid And
now if you check first few
records you would see that there
is a column that is added
here wins and it is giving
you what that particular observation will
fall in which group and he
have not provided any logic So
it is by default cutting the
video values in six basis of
value off water It it is
advocating it in range You may
not see that every range will
have same number of observations because
off the value of water But
in the real ah case problem
statement we would also give a
logic off how we want to
create a bit so that I'll
share maybe a little later We
can set a rule that you
know for for this value take
it in this Been for this
value group it in this way
Except that we can do now
if you want to Jack Harmony
how maney values or harmony Rose
you have grouped under a under
be under Seeing all of these
bins then value counts is used
to give you the unit for
the unique levels for the unique
levels in a column It will
give you how Maney observations are
there So director to the column
which is bins value counts is
the command It will give you
all the bins and it is
going to sort it basis the
value of observations that are there
in each of these bins Again
Just wait for a minute I'm
just absolutely absolutely you can use
without unions even single So I
guess connect to move that Ben's
column that we have created two
near the water problem so that
it's easy to weigh can look
at I look command right just
to make it easy Yes yes
You want me to go to
any for any of those steps
Ah needy Uh you asked me
to stop for a while Ah
yes So uh I'm just trying
to understand So we added their
Ben's right Then you gave labels
Okay I'll repeat I'm adding the
bins which is a column What
am I going to store in
this column I want to give
grouping to Water column grouping basis
The value that is in the
water column So for grouping we
use cut common some using PD
dirt Cut cut is the method
from pandas Library can span dot
dot Cut What am I cutting
from my data set from my
data database Or did I am
resting to refer to the column
Water makes six groups So the
sex is because I wanted to
make six groups You understand You
can do seven and whatnot trade
saying let's make 10 groups And
now I'm saying okay for those
10 groups maybe I'll just create
another column Right Winston And I'm
safe for these 10 columns I
have to provide a group name
Otherwise it is not going to
understand what group it has created
So I'm just great creating a
group name It's a B C
D E f um G itch
maybe I n g That is
how I created 10 group names
Let me see if it does
that Okay so now it is
It has done been stent It
doesn't created the 10 groups Now
if you want to see how
Maney values are there in each
of the 10 groups then you
refer to the column bins and
I believe it has been stent
I'll just make mince 10 year
that value counts Don't value counts
is very important because it is
going to give you the unique
for a unique level in a
categorical type readable for each unique
level How many bodies are there
So you have a gender column
writing your readers it how many
females and how many meals you're
targeting You will refer to the
gender column and you will run
value counts on that That will
give you the count for each
of the levels The levels I
mean the um gender right male
female These are the two levels
in education it will be school
high school grad heist Um your
masters and all When we're creating
these different groups what is the
criterium Not right now We're That
is what I said Just this
is ah facility right on option
that we have the criteria is
always derived So when we'll work
on ah problem statement now we
have to create bills I'll share
how you can also introduce the
criteria So you're it is just
dividing everything in by 10 That's
work Not a real division off
10 basis the water value right
Majority of the water has a
zero Yeah So you have used
a lot of 100 lot of
values in the first win Then
you have some It is depending
on what is the new medical
value If the values are very
close and it is binning it
in one particular group by default
this taking those values basis the
new medical value which is available
in water column It is not
following any logic Reconquer Okay out
But we don't need to follow
a logic Okay that also leaves
so that the beans can be
done only on continues very well
Avenue very good even not Cartago
Right Correct Correct That is the
purpose right You want to group
it because you have different levels
You really do not get a
clue off You know if this
customer is different than another customer
why not group it if they
are similar Guarded Yeah Thanks You're
welcome Okay so can we move
it all good Yes Yes Is
thinking perfect You're welcome So now
if I ask you to give
me somebody statistics how would you
do that The question waas if
you If you go to the
question it says that Ah list
down The somebody is to dis
takes for all the six bits
and somebody stood a six are
given by describe command So I
refer to my data set and
as a group by bins and
then provide to describe describe will
give me five point summary Does
described RTP is for transport If
you do not want to use
tea don't you can skip it
for all the different groups have
been right for a B C
d e f It is going
to give you all of these
values There are a lot of
ways How you can do this
I leave it up to you
I have ah shared some of
the information you can just give
described Command Yeah You can just
run for loops I'll just leave
it for you to ah you
know practice In case you have
any questions let me know But
this is what the exercise that
we wanted to cover today There's
the last question I had for
you all If you're getting this
value Yep Yes perfect So I
don't see um I'll stand you
some links where you can get
the data Daughter Rita may not
be clean to Do not take
the entirety does it right in
Excel When once you import the
data set in Excel let go
Any off the empty says are
just sort the values on only
consider maybe 100 records where you
have lot of values So 100
or 200 records for a few
columns to take only five columns
or 10 columns from that data
set and run all of these
commands See what it it gives
you running off the commands is
important Not that he doesn't to
do not worry about you know
the huge jitters that only take
few observations few columns maybe 100
rolls and 10 columns And then
do all of these calculations Now
when when we talk about data
manipulation dove I'll cover this in
the next session Also some off
The new medical aspect definitely will
be covered in the next session
but my objective will also be
to share some of the visual
representation How can you make some
graphs How can you understand what
the graph is telling you How
can you do some by variant
analysis that those autographs and plots
will be shared in the next
session Along with the new medics
Write some new medics are definitely
sure so that we keep a
track off what we were able
took over the station You get
a hands on in the next
us Well this light just talks
about some of the industry Example
Various real time applications of friend
us We work with pandas and
numb by all the time right
Whether it is in the financial
domain or it is in marketing
it is healthcare everywhere or it
is the stock market Any any
kind of information requires um as
toe work with the data frame
and some of the new medical
calculations A pandas number I are
very much in use and this
just talks about some of the
domain So in econometrics recommendation systems
talk prediction whether it is advertising
analytics and I'll be data science
big data statistics neuroscience talks about
manipulation of data And for that
we would go to and check
pandas Here is a link for
this Ah Block You may want
to want to get this file
click on this link It will
give you a lot of good
read information And there was a
common practice for all of our
sessions We will give you some
industry examples and reference that you
can check to pro get some
detail information off what we covered
Some examples not what we covered
but some examples from the industry
that has that they have applied
Can you go through the far
four loop in the last one
that you're created Please It's just
output Um even the output of
the far look that was there
Just explanation around It just seems
like Okay Okay So it says
that you know you you have
created subset softer data set basis
on the bins So I'm just
defining for each been I'm creating
a subset so my object a
will only contain the observation from
my data Been stable wherever the
bin is equal to a with
the object A will only cover
those observations from my data set
for the bins column where the
value is a similarly object B
is going to contain only those
columns over The observation has been
marked as Group B The bin
is Group B and so and
so forth here I have created
these objects and if I want
to create or describe it then
you can describe basis a particular
object So take eight or describe
bead or describe seed are described
individually and it will give you
the summary statistics This is another
way how you can describe it
So the for the first part
right I'll take you through all
For the first part we were
able to group by bins The
group by Bins will group it
and you don't have to create
different objects Write from this data
set You can group I pins
and just door describe common So
for each of the been it
is giving Udo comment on all
of these It is also going
to give you the information for
all the columns but an easier
way right Our or not easier
Another way is toe create different
objects itself basis the column bins
Now you're saying that only refer
to this column where you have
been Ah not the study This
one only therefore to the scholar
where you have been and pick
their observations that have marked as
he and put it in a
different object So in my one
object I'll have only those observations
that are for been a than
in second object Only those observations
that are called has been B
and soul and so forth And
then go describe command individually On
first is then be then see
all of these This is how
you can do the describe on
different subsets off the same data
night Different subsets Okay so does
the false part Second it says
that you can also create off
loop right So what did you
say The story is the been
values in ah in a every
so say excess er edit It
is storing the been values a
B C D E f G
fee created right then it is
saying for every been value for
I in X So when it
is I it is refering to
the fullest position for the first
time Then it will run this
command So for the first column
which is a it is saying
print I'd are described which will
print the description for been is
equal to it Then it is
going toe run again It is
going to check this and it
will say for I in X
next time it will move toe
be right because it already did
The describe command on it is
going to move one level and
it will say okay for AII
next Now the I s B
then it is going to say
OK print the describe command so
it is going toe print the
description for been beat third time
it will move toe for AII
and exit has already done for
E and B It is going
to move to the third position
which is See this is a
far loop which is iterative in
nature and it is going toe
I trait one by one for
each off the list that you
have mentioned in this area So
for each of the group one
by one it will I treat
every time it treats it is
going to perform this command The
Sprint Command is performed individually for
every time it moves toe each
of these every objects That is
what it is doing the first
time it is spending the describe
command on group a second time
It will print it for group
B Third time it will printed
for group C So you see
the output Um this party Oh
which starts from the first column
and be did This one here
is Forego groupie right And then
once it does it for all
the columns Philippe it w it
will do it for all the
columns you would see that it
has again I treated Saudi this
one up until you it will
run for group Then it will
I treat It will move toe
group B or been be It
will do the same things that
the first column is repeated interest
It will do the same thing
But this is riffing toe only
that group where the bin is
be and it would do the
same thing and the third time
it will follow for See this
is how it is I treating
So again the steps are given
If it is confusing right now
do not get confused right We
will going too far Look later
on when you will be ah
well versed with some of the
additional courts But for those of
you if it is making more
sense right away so you can
definitely follow Oh this is with
thanks Yeah you're welcome Okay so
that's all I had Ah for
today Ah today we will talk
about visualization I do have few
questions Ah for you But the
objective of decision is also to
take you through the hands on
because hands on is the primary
objective when we learn a particular
language so with of course have
from some case study and a
small part off industry applications off
where visualization or understanding of the
data helped And what difference did
it make First of all let
us try to answer this Ah
basis Whatever you have learned in
the videos can you name a
few libraries used for visualization save
on business and my blood lately
dot Pilot Matt Blood lead my
plot Live Seaborn and play by
plot Right Perfect What is static
and dynamic visualization started is the
one which is actually not interact
already Maybe then that way we
can use some some sort of
interaction with that right Ecstatic is
the ones you make the plot
that stares in that two D
dimension three dimension But dynamic is
where the charts are changing as
and when the data is ingested
or data is the run through
that line of court The chart
of the graph updates itself to
show you are the variability and
a dynamic visualization is often used
in medical field so MRI's can
and not off If you see
the screen during Emery's can or
any off the test that is
done it will show you dynamic
visualization Those things change right as
and when the processing is done
are you Add Lord of Detail
in your medical data in the
reader set You want each observation
to pass through that Maybe it
is hourly data off one patient
and you want to observe the
change Their the dynamic visualization is
used quite often will work with
static only as part of our
session then What are the different
types of visualization techniques about blood
balls blood scant blocks that there
are many rate perfect Okay so
this is just a view to
help you understand where we are
now and where we will go
so far Step It's also a
data science project life cycle So
when we get a use case
when When When your industry comes
And tell Seok this is the
problem and him to solve that
you first collect the data bases
the data collected you do the
descriptive analytics and here off course
you have to explore the date
of it when I say exploded
Reader will use explored numerically on
visually And you also make some
adjustment in the data So if
the if the information is missing
or if there is ah incorrect
information in any of the column
how do you fit those on
information Or I suppose if you
have to make your leader in
the correct format um not the
data type of the variable is
not correct How do you change
those all information So all of
those part form part of descriptive
statistics were still here right We
have yet not study descriptive analytics
during the statistic courses and at
once And it it's We will
work on descriptive stats after we
work this um and understand Okay
this is reader This is what
is actually happening Then we move
forward and try to understand why
actually did this problem happen right
with the help of Italy Understand
OK why did this problem come
into picture on that is where
we start thinking about diagnostic analytics
We do a lot off you
know search basis a particular variable
which may be the target variable
or which may be the variable
in question And we try to
link it to several other vegetables
maybe outside of the domain Libyans
within domain but different kind of
business etcetera So those are diagnostic
in the analytics We also do
a little bit off a regression
techniques but not to predict But
to understand what are some of
the variables that are playing lot
off importance We also want to
dio you know segmentation to understand
Okay if the market is a
question right then or which segment
is driving the sales volume So
all of those are part of
diagnostic analytics And after this we
want to predict Right Okay the
since the data this is why
it is happening These are the
columns that are important When I
said columns did variables And if
these are the variables then how
can I make a model to
predict tomorrow If these are the
variables that be a capturing tomorrow
this is the value off the
target variable There's try to understand
it with an example you have
ah you have access to our
You are in the bank And
your manager says that you know
there many people who are defaulting
and we need to understand why
we have ah lot of defaulters
because it service to our business
They're running away with money and
B It's a huge financial loss
So you get the data you
understand different information from readers So
you may have the name age
that the um you know occupation
The salary structure the E M
I Ah Maybe um you know
the number of dependents marital status
gender the location the person staying
in you know there bunch of
for the information that is collected
at last payment What was the
amount of the payment etcetera on
in the radio delinquent in any
particular month So you you get
all of those you clean the
data you explore the leader using
numerical information and also visually And
then you try to establish relationship
between those independent variables between age
and marital status The salary structure
between the number of dependents and
all of those right and in
the D does that you have
all the information for the customers
who may have deported if orca
and the customers who are also
your good customers because you want
to understand what is the difference
between them right Why is this
lot defaulting and does not not
defaulting You want to understand the
behavior of the blood groups So
you explored a date of it
and then in the diagnostic and
and analytics you may try to
form a particular segment on segmentation
is again a concept which we
will learn with help off clustering
So we form a segment in
the digestive OK if these are
the group of people people who
are defaulting do we see a
similarity if these are the group
of people who are not deporting
Is that just one group Where
are the two different groups But
those two groups are different amongst
itself People in those two groups
are unique and that is why
they're not default E Maybe you'll
get three other girls for defaulters
All of them are deporting but
big basis Their demographic information their
payment structure their salary structure all
of those you may identify three
different groups One could be you
know the pension air one could
be really Ah young age group
etcetera You know I'm not sure
what the reader will be but
this at a highly will weaken
segment to understand the customer behavior
Then we can do a correlation
where we understand Okay if salaries
low is the person defaulting more
are is a person defaulting more
because he now is married So
his marital status says that he's
married and he has you know
two Children That helps us understand
the van that you he may
be having a lot of financial
responsibilities You know things like that
We try to associate and understand
what iss of the behavior in
the diagnostic and analytics to know
Okay this is the reason that
may have impacted the person to
default or not to default Then
after we have understood the data
in these two section we move
forward and say OK the problem
statement is that I don't want
the people toe default right because
that's a huge hit to the
bank So how can I build
a model burying I feed the
customer information on the model will
tell me in future will the
person default or not Right That
is what is happening with all
the machine learning algorithms You have
a set off old data with
the old leader You do that
you explore it you understand what's
happening and then you build the
data on the old data itself
Right The past did itself but
the model could be run on
the new data that you are
the new applications that is received
by the bank So you get
fresh applicants from 20 new customers
You don't know what is going
to happen because no one has
seen the future But because we
have made the model the predictive
model you can run through those
customer information on and the model
can predict Okay Customer number one
basis the information that you have
fed he will not default He
will be a good customer customer
enema to he made the fall
The probability that he will default
is 80% so very high Be
very careful when you give the
loan or make adjustments in your
interest rate Make it real stringent
Your things all of those form
part off your predictive And this
way you try to predict when
you try to predict on build
a model The model will tell
you certain information those rules that
will help you to generate business
insights and recommendations You may see
that you know what in your
readers that pensioners Though they have
taken the loan they're not defaulting
100% of the pesh pensioners have
not deported and they form only
10% of the population of the
overall customer So which means that
the banks should target more to
the pensioners If their needs they
should definitely get it right Things
like that So those all rules
are insights recommendations become part of
your prescriptive analytics This is where
we have to reach We are
still in the stage but I'll
take you through all of this
states that we will reach So
this is a total life cycle
off um you know the Project
Life cycle I would say off
any use case that you work
on any question from any of
these life cycle stages Here is
the some of the information on
exploratory data and analysis So we
understand the spread off readable somebody
does it We'll talk about this
in statistics Detect any out lies
and the D does it right
When I said that by mistake
So you're capturing age of the
customers and one of the customer
had age off 37 someone entered
the information 37 incorrectly entered a
zero also So the age becomes
3 70 Is that possible That
is not possible Right So that
is an outlier and that is
an incorrect information How do you
impute that To detect detection Not
only you detect if you understand
that the value that shows up
is incorrect And that is where
your domain knowledge comes into picture
right And then you also update
or impute often close on relationship
between variables Injury Does it now
Here Ah let me give you
a question So I ask you
to you know buy Ah product
Okay The product is prized ₹2.100
I ask you to buy one
product and you say OK the
total amount is 100 side and
say OK Piyush Quinn by five
products of the FIFA quantities of
the same product So now you
say OK the price is 500
I say OK by 10 10
quantities of the same product Do
you see that there is a
relationship between the quantity that you
buy for product and the price
that you have to pay Would
you say yes So that is
the relationship between variables Now I
took a very simple variable here
and everyone can associate with that
because we do a lot of
shopping We understand that we buy
more product we spend more But
this kind of relationship can be
understood between any variable in your
readers it and that is what
we're going to explore Ah we're
not going to work on um
you know from a statistical perspective
But I'll in the session But
I'll definitely tell you what is
that correlation What does it mean
Because here the relationship is actually
the co relation What is the
relationship between two variables will talk
about that and spot missing values
in the region said that we
did last week Using is no
So that is only spotting So
you you knew that there are
missing values and we dropped using
drop any command that is not
the end Every time we don't
just ah you know drop the
missing values because where sample is
a constraint If you drop missing
values then you're losing lot of
samples to get the sample from
the client may be expensive so
we rather impute If imputation is
away imputation should be done So
we impuesto that we retain those
observations I will talk about imputation
of missing values after or during
our statistic class Let's talk about
industry example how Netflix used exploration
reader and an analysis So may
I have a volunteer please Who
could read this for all of
us Anyone Can you list Yes
please Yeah A great example of
this is the immensely popular show
House of Cards and how Netflix
used daughter to create the show
They started by collecting massive amounts
off doctor from their users such
as the kinds off source and
movies the worst and what actors
and directors were the most popular
after crunching the numbers they were
able to identify that refer David
Fincher was among the most popular
as was actor Kevin Spacey Interestingly
they also found that the original
British person off House of Cards
was very well received by these
same users The numbers were very
heavily in favour off combining these
three elements the show Spacey and
Fincher which prompted them to buy
the rights for the show and
create an American Worsen which released
in a little 1030 Did all
this daughter work The answer to
that is a resounding yes The
show proved to be a massive
it on Netflix get down two
million new subscribers in the first
quarter off 2013 in the U
S Alone They also got a
further one million new users from
other markets And this influx of
new substance have helped them remember
the production cost off the so
thank you so that the for
reading it I actually will speak
your mute Sorry about that So
there's about Netflix right And how
meth makes helped gain attention off
the customers They understood what is
a pattern where the customers like
watching in what they watch the
combined All of those two gain
more customers Um can you correlate
Does to any of the things
that have happened Maybe Yeah corn
Aria I working over to the
space as well So you know
there is just so crucial these
days just for everyone would give
is over the top services such
hot stuff and one of the
things that's kind of really picking
up from a data Personal perspectives
Personalized students search engines So for
example if you are going into
Netflix the movie title that you
should see may be completely different
too The moving come later that
somebody else's That's how much data
is kind off common Um it's
fascinating Everything in the orderly space
This is very very little thanks
to Netflix they said the body
absolutely The detail is um I
think it speaks a lot If
you was in the right way
it can shape a lot of
things Positively I When I was
reading this I could correlate Teoh
you know how during the slog
down the government that maybe in
Indian chance I know we have
some off You were not in
India who are not in India
right now if um could you
please on mutant Ah but on
right Which location are you in
Myanmar Myanmar Okay Anyone else You
grew here but I am loved
on I have been India so
I actually work in Thailand Bert
Okay And you're not down here
Okay Any women's perfect So But
all off you know I understand
Indian um structure right in the
lock down They introduced the television
old um you know I think
um old stations that they had
for a mynah Mahabharata then Ah
a lot off old episodes that
they exactly Why Because they knew
that they're gonna So they did
not introduce all of those on
single day These introduce it gradually
because they saw the difference I'm
sure someone was doing some matter
on that because I could feel
that in my home my parents
were hooked to the television And
so the where they say that
you should be very careful The
elders may not go out of
the home because it's very risky
Be thoughtful Plan Right And the
data must have Don't told them
that this this is the right
away Some logic along with data
So that didn't work very well
And after it those all ended
Now against situation is back to
track where I see all of
them cynicism walking out of the
house in the evening in the
morning Already they were pretty inside
took to television So something I
just correlated by the socket that
you're reading This I'm sure a
lot off information is finished behind
the scene This is another one
Very interesting It's how visual analysis
helped cure cholera In 18 54
there was a major outbreak off
cholera in London Many den prevailing
theories fails to associate the transmission
of course cholera to hygiene Assuming
that cholera was known contagious or
that the disease agent was airborne
a doctor named John Snow discovered
the cause off the outbreak by
making a map indicating where the
victims lived So the map showed
a cluster in SoHo and snow
identified a water pump in Broad
Street As the epicenter off outbreak
excavations showed that a nearby suspect
lead to fecal bacteria into the
pump Fair snow convinced officials to
removed the handle from the pump
thus ending the outbreak so that
this pretty interesting how person understood
Okay these are the people who
had cholera weird are the living
today did some cluster analysis and
understood that this is the region
where the outbreak off cholera is
an identified and then ruled out
So the person must have obliterated
and plotted it right Another very
interesting example In some point in
time where we'll go through the
industry examples you will also get
a detailed linked to view all
of these industry examples So the
kind off work with the help
of statistics with help off numbers
would be able to explore I
don't see it here but yeah
I think from the basic stats
advanced at sea will see the
link reference link Yeah this is
our case study that will be
working on today and it says
honey production So in 2006 global
concern was raised over a rapid
decline in the honeybee population on
integral component to American honey agriculture
A large number of hives were
lost to call me collapse disorder
Ah phenomenon off disappearing worker bees
causing the remaining hive colony to
collapse 12 years later some industries
are observing recovery but the American
in honey industry is still largely
struggling Now honey mostly comes from
overseas with 3 50 off the
£400 million off Funny consumed every
year originating from imports So the
d doesn't that we're going to
see now provides insight into honey
production supply and demand in America
by state from 1998 to 2012
I believe all off you should
have the state of right were
Yes Yes Okay so could you
please read the data and maybe
inviting Only so could you please
read the data and also read
import panders numb by seaborn packages
So I'll do this first one
for you Why do we write
e s a SPD Why not
just say import pandas Anyone else
this question to yourself It's an
alias right Yeah a name that
you give because every time if
you write Bandidos door that's a
long name Isn't off that name
You can just write pd dot
and uh where the name is
short We don't use anything So
Seaborn great Instead of Seaborn you
can add anything you can write
s also but the usual practices
to use SNS I've imported pandas
numb by s and s I'm
just going to import Ah What
should I import Because I have
to plot now Matt Lippard Blood
Yes absolutely So from mad not
lip I will just import by
plot Yeah and I'll name is
BLT on dumb Because I also
want to show any of the
information right after my plot It's
a good idea to just attach
it with Matt lot lib in
line So Matt broadly in line
will just help you In case
you're you want to plot something
and you have the details also
to show up down below It
will help at times Even if
you don't use it nothing will
happen But it's a good practice
that you just use it with
man plug lips L use it
And I also read this file
and say um not use Yes
people in the videos of the
group It has donor One more
command I said is not said
color on this score Cortical to
prove Mm So what was their
command But we have been hearing
this Come on Direct loans are
bruise nor defying What is the
common sense Hello Yeah a Senate
zorzor tennis color on this score
cords So you have to work
that in any of the plotting
If you work it on our
plot than the color will show
up If not then it will
Not that I think it was
important that it was something that
was no different Okay I'll check
that then Oh but I have
a question So when when I
was trying to read the file
I was I was getting a
narrow But then I just searched
online and I used this header
records to zero And importing is
equal to Unicode Escape And I
was able to read the fine
What exactly is this Just what
does it do or what's happening
with this Ah needy Yeah why
It should work out Maybe I'm
not read CSP and in bid
in double quotes If you right
honey production dot CS We should
work I think it was working
for one of the other data
sets which we have I think
so Um So I just use
this and But I didn't quite
understand that what happened with this
Why I was able to import
with this What is this And
according Okay let me check the
videos that it should work on
All Um So you know when
you say Heather is acquitted True
It means that the names off
the columns are in the first
row And if you don't then
you'll have to specify non be
something We don't use it quite
often It says that uh the
columns in in every column the
first row is off the file
iStar header so that without even
using headers equally true you should
be able to import You're saying
FIFA right Yeah There was actually
you off before or so maybe
I think I was trying out
with I think we'd all know
maybe automobile Yeah we have one
more concentrated so that I was
going to be good And then
I used it and I was
ableto do it I was able
to important aside So that's why
expression why Okay I'll check culture
I was able to work on
automobile yesterday with um beauty And
it did work Automobile booked FIFA
I did not check I'll check
it for you Anyone also face
any problem with people An automobile
Okay Mama it is It has
to have a double important or
a single in border are really
both will work butchered work here
but I use double But in
this case it is not working
Honey production honey production you have
used double are single Could use
double Is it working Have used
it is not working for you
Probably support noise system See Check
the name off Defy whether it
is uh down orders honey production
Why don't you show your screen
so that you can see Youngs
the miss Stop sharing Oh my
God CEO your final name Go
to your file Wherever you have
saved this file This is a
no No Okay Yeah This is
the one Which one This one
Rename this Find it is not
going to work like this You
have a bunch of just basin
Hi honey Production and this bracket
one there in the command So
that's the reason why it's not
as well taking the file Okay
this fists they annoyed Okay this
will be what you know Yeah
but you should don't usually Yeah
but this is not a good
way of doing it So that's
why this happens You are downloading
the file again and again Yeah
So it does not a good
way to do Maybe once you're
down would rename the file to
a bread better name OK Okay
Thanks The trick over there is
on Just when you're doing this
particular thing it's best to copy
and paste it from the from
the rest You know from the
Jupiter Yes You can also rename
and then ah based it Business
Name Curry Name Copy in the
vicinity Okay so move it Get
me a read First Few data
set exploded He does it And
Ah So these three things right
Why don't you check the first
few for Stan Records Last 10
records And also ah dimension or
shape Shape of the view Just
set Also give me the summary
Somebody statistics We have done this
So false 10 records Last n
records shape off the day Does
it shape Size house They want
to write and summary statistics these
this good months And also check
the um check the data type
for all the columns so I'll
give it but it's ah 5
43 I'll give you about Ah
maybe for 45 minutes Shape Yes
Shape is a month Cheap Last
n records and shape off Okay
It's the last n records Is
ah one thing Then shape off
the digest It is another thing
shape And also for info It
will be my data dot in
full right and then discovered Yeah
Okay so these are basics I
just want to recall from very
worked last time Now there is
a describe function right I want
you to use this Ah you
type and describe and also do
this Darty Yes Yes transports This
is a neater way to get
rid of when you have Lord
off columns right It will just
Ah ah ah Be pretty okay
to use transports and you can
just keep scrolling So this is
for transpose here We were able
to use my data dot info
So what do you think This
is telling you what kind of
leader type you have for all
of these variables So columns are
variable straight or attributes What are
these type of leader we have
made America The numbers are available
as part off Excellent Yes we
file and we have only one
string right Or the categorical sort
of categorical Thank you Perfect So
we have here as object a
sorry state as object and remaining
all other Our float or in
teacher What about this year Do
you think it should be really
anti Jerry Should be an object
saying the ear column you see
all off the different years it
should be It should be categorical
right where you'll see 10 records
for one year Then you have
20 records for another year I
did a year Should be a
categorical kind off column You may
have only five or six years
in your leaders It Yeah yeah
but I just referred to as
an teacher Well we're not going
to work on this right now
There is a way to change
it I'm going to show you
later but just toe Ah you
know to help you keep on
thinking that these are some of
the things that we do Take
a note off when we explore
the data There are different ways
how to solve it which we
will learn gradually But right now
identify one of the patterns What
could be imputed What could not
be imputed doesn't make sense etcetera
You got another thing with this
data set Wasif you should go
to the first question that was
there Um it it last us
to check non non values You
know when we take it there
was known as well So the
really interesting observation in this it
is Yeah Yep Did you observe
the values How maney null values
would you observe Zero Yeah that
there are There is no null
values in the state This is
a clean early does it But
in case we have another value
if you see that is no
isn't all dot Some is giving
you some of the missing values
Then may be either drop before
we do all the visualization or
we impute and then do the
visualization There's a neat aerators that
we don't need to drop or
impute So starting one more quick
question when it comes out looking
at it Well is it as
simple as just looking at the
men and the max in the
and describe people No not really
Not really It will not show
you it will for categorical variable
Your described well you know tell
you that there are non numeric
information it will give Give it
the count and it will also
give you for which we variable
You have the maximum information Let
me see um good night too
Include is equal to let me
see if it works No there
is a way I You can
check for the data type not
understood Okay that there is a
way where you are in the
in the describe you run everything
and it should give you the
details But there is no way
you can check missing values are
using the min and Max No
Sorry not not the missing values
The two questions Right So one
is toe highlight the null and
the other one was to look
at the extreme values Yeah Extreme
magic charm in current Yeah thats
how you would see you would
use it No but this information
cornice the one on the top
right Input zero It actually comes
up with the command My data
not head Right So by the
fall you're saying that my data
not head would give you those
extreme values Oh the five No
I had to give you top
fire inclusive docs You can Yeah
That was my point The extreme
bad news So how do you
think this is a describe extreme
value You would like it and
describe you Describe is giving you
the five point summary Okay Got
ta Yes So that's where you'll
see the men on the backs
Yes Why is described not giving
me the information Just give me
one more try again Sure No
no no Oh you I'll share
and share but did little looking
it because it is for a
categorical variable It is going to
give you that information where you
will be able to see that
there are non numeric values And
it is going to give you
the countin all salvo condoms and
then give you the information later
Perfect You're welcome Okay so now
can we Can you try this
How many states are included in
that He does it What Ah
how would you check this Yeah
it can I say our type
Ah you can say you can
type anything This table It's my
beta ST and unique Absolutely And
unique is though is the command
But you will have to type
to get the number off unique
variables So you type in your
data set right That he does
It is my data You refer
to the column because it says
how many states in are included
in the readers it and state
is a factor type or categorical
variables When we say categorical we
understand that there are same um
states repeated for many observations So
you'll have to make a note
off that column name and end
unique Now when I want to
see um what are the states
One of the common states What
would you do It is going
to give you count right Yes
So an unique has given us
the count When I want to
understand What are the unique columns
Someone and said Okay I use
you try to use a location
All right There is a pretty
easy way Let me show you
how you just feels unique So
you see my data state dot
Unique It is going to give
you all the information All the
unique states names of all the
units states Now if I ask
you do not Do not look
at this Okay Sorry If I
think calculate the average production for
each state across all the years
we have to understand what is
the production for all the states
and determined the average production and
for all the years right here
is not a constraint You It
has to be forever Everything What
the overall does it just look
at state and your total Production
column So that's Coomer is and
Reg Commemorate That's the complete limbs
rescue Mars seems to have done
all the homework because he is
answering all the questions now Thank
you So I'm just Yes yes
I'm happy about it Okay so
you make a note off the
two columns that you won't state
and your total production rate But
you have to understand the name
off All this column should be
exactly how it is in your
d does it Otherwise you'll get
an error at times The areas
that you get and not something
in a really big mistake you
have done There is a pretty
small It can easily be fixed
with a little more attention to
your coat So if you get
an error don't be you know
Oh my God The areas here
But if you just check the
court you may observe that maybe
the name is not written properly
There is a dot that's missing
Except Russell I just wanted to
share that So group by group
buys a common We all use
grew by an excel also So
group by And we want to
understand the average production off each
state so I'll group it by
the state But I do want
the average right So mean is
again of arithmetic function mean means
average You can just use this
and it is going to give
you a bunch off You know
additional numbers with E to the
power Placido five It's a big
number So the better thing here
if you get all of these
you just around it right Someone
asked the question about how do
you see the decimal after two
decimal places in the last station
and you also were able to
use the round command will use
around here And I'm saying that
you know rounded to two decimal
Maybe that is giving me for
each state What is the average
production So this is the complete
command I have one more question
for you We all did Ah
this question So I want you
to work on this Here's another
way How you can get the
same information right You change it
in a data frame and then
do the same thing It is
is just the same information but
in a different way So you
may want to look at it
whenever you get this file Nothing
new We're just using the same
kind of common Let's look at
this And I want all of
you toe traitor How Maney Ears
Data is provided in the data
set And um what is the
starting and ending you So let's
break It may be the first
part will only answer how many
years data is provided in the
data set Are we talking about
four years Five years 15 years
16 years harmony And let me
ask this question right not to
pinpoint right I don't want to
Ah put you in a spot
right now if I just ask
this question But I want to
understand if it is making sense
to um you know anyone if
you So maybe it's an Arab
Yeah Yes And it is an
unique You already answered It's Aria
I didn't know that we're going
to No no not it'll You're
good So thank you for answering
No group It isn't unique So
you'll just point your column and
you'll say in unique Do you
see that some of the commands
you already remember by now And
it has been two sessions There
will be ah session race soon
Maybe in the Ah statistics class
where you will say Okay just
walk me through the court Do
not take the court You'll be
in that zone Okay Now let's
do this What is the starting
in the end EEO I think
here is where the year known
being a string actually helps Yeah
I don't want to tell them
that I leave it to others
No you can see anyone can
say I'm not going to take
me Please Min and Max Exactly
Exactly So my data year And
you just because when we attach
a method of function we attach
it with dot Right so dot
men dot Max you can just
use this and use Max Okay
I just want ah clarified dot
Raj Kumar has um footprint be
Would we really require the print
Be so print B is printing
the information that is stored in
here and what he is storing
here is my data eel Darkman
So is actually storing the minimum
He'll and printing it here You
can just write p or print
be Does it make sense guru
It be thought that also very
able to display the name and
display it So um that command
print we may not be required
itself right Not No not required
You can just type in p
100 Any reason why this command
would not work My data here
apply apply map I think this
Ah anyone has any information on
this Oh the reason why I'm
asking that question I think as
a part of going through the
functions and uh you know the
Lambda function the extension of Lambda
Function was to apply Ah there
are other forms of lambda function
I believe part of the course
which talks about passing the data
frame rolls to a function The
function can be a number I
function or a regular fight on
function by just naming the function
within the parenthesis will apply that
function to all of the values
For that CDs are are a
or whatever against which the function
is executive So Yeah Good Yeah
That's why I'm so basically the
freshness the my data Ah year
will you All that well written
all the years on I believe
that written type would be series
right Serious data type Onda past
them through the airplane map on
DA What that means is and
I'll give the aggregate return off
the values in the form of
Max So this is where I
was like you know how toe
the what What kind of data
type off a particular access part
returns seems to have an impact
on how you use a subsequent
function So tell you had this
question you Yes I'll take this
question later because it will require
ah ah explanation but I think
I'll share some audio in the
group But apply malfunction when you
want to apply function to you
know data from all off the
columns or maybe each each of
the element off the data frame
that is where we use apply
my function so it can be
it It is used to return
a single value are from single
element so here and it can
return the maximum off the year
It can be applied to the
entire data frame using one column
at a time or it could
be applied to entire it A
frame toe All the columns in
the sequence Yeah In this case
I'm getting in Adam if each
so okay Right now Uh keep
this this question supposed Teoh Sami
will walk it on Sure Yeah
I have one question from the
descended adobe We know that there
is another way to work out
some of the questions like some
of the courting questions I'll take
it up later So I have
your questions Ah there is a
question Trump Usual So right Use
your question is not typed The
one that you asked me if
you could please type it I'm
going to make a note So
that um in addition to what
we're doing if you write any
other court that should return the
same kind of information and you're
not able to see that I'll
take it up after the session
so that we do not lose
the time here but you will
still get the answers There are
different ways to write the same
Kredi So you you'll get the
answers for your um way off
right In the credit as well
So type it Ah in the
chat window I'm making a note
so that I can answer later
on needy You wrote Well this
one right Unicord Scape header True
we don't writers his spell tedious
but I'm still Ah share Okay
so let's go ahead And ah
with state has seen the highest
value in product introduction and in
which you So here we are
adding another competent state and daughter
production and we want to understand
which year was that in Are
you able to get the answer
Yep Okay My data about sort
Wellies Okay so sort values That
is another way Yes sortie also
will give you the same kind
of information So I'm using the
total production only So I'm storing
the total production bearable We see
the maximum total print production and
I will also pray in the
state and the year Let's see
how we do that So I
have said from my data big
this total production column okay And
I want to print it so
I'll say variable from my data
Ah the total production its maximum
Right That is what we have
to do So I'll just say
wherever the total production is maximum
and after this what I want
I want two things I want
my state and the here to
sell to just print both state
and karma year So it is
going to give you the same
information So first of all I
have saved in in total production
have saved This is equal to
the maximum off daughter production for
that maximum You print the state
in the year as well This
is another be a freighting that
the same courts could be written
in multiple ways So if you
want to explore your way because
I give you some time to
answer question if you want to
explore your way this do so
This is another one that Harry
has mentioned and it's looking fine
So I location I'm trying the
scored Okay Perfect Yeah Uh huh
This is good over here I
just that I've been the child
rate So can we use that
Check it for yourself Yes but
the answer is not the like
war dressing I'm getting a different
state So you what you're saying
honey production ST eal total production
dot mats What is what are
you seeing Looking isn't What do
you get dancer And I'm getting
as state is The blue I
year is $2000 Total production is
46 It's an exponential number Yeah
it is I don't know if
it is able to tie Max
function to any It is taking
all the three components It must
be doing some crazy stuff because
you have to tie Max Come
on toe a particular column Right
And here we not need to
understand Where is the highest volume
off in production So total protection
should be tied to Max and
then you print all of this
Okay then the next one is
what is the average yield per
colony for each meal average yield
That's pretty simple I think we
just did this kind of question
right where we said Ah by
state What is the average total
production Did we do that Yeah
just one question mam So in
the previous 1 18 Number 18
on the finally you had put
to open races A list off
less to go is a presentation
off Less different list But just
21 lest any reason why you
had to put that way The
state Come on Here it is
It is a list off list
with just one list Ah not
really There is no particular reason
I think it is going to
have a habit off if I
take to three columns I do
use um you know double brackets
It is not working It is
not working It is that you're
just not going to work Yeah
it is going to give a
knitter Yeah it's giving another So
I just thinking So what does
those sensitivity in the command about
exporting strength I think whenever you're
refering to multiple information See this
is ah criteria right We're using
Mac sisters Then you are also
in putting the other criteria which
is on an aggregated function there
Um you need to use this
It seems that an aggregated function
is performed on one column and
then you're matching it with other
Okay But like Addie used to
our I think our you used
right where you said total production
state here and then at the
end off max So it will
calculate funny data It it doesn't
know where to calculate the max
Right And that is why we
first impute on a particular column
There's a kind of aggregate function
And then when you have to
combine with other columns you do
need to coats And if in
within the list Okay What is
the average use per colony for
each meal Just in the previous
question explaining the thought process What
I put in writing as I
was working through this when you
actually saw the values and especially
when you analyze and you want
to be sure that whenever you're
seeing is the right way the
right and then trim it down
So that software this kind of
show you clearly dancer Exactly And
you kind of briefing down the
circuit This is a specified outcome
that you want this Yes you
can do that I have seen
many people trying sort first and
then doing showing the result That
is also a good way to
do I agree So here amusing
average yield per colony for each
year So I'm using here and
your call now again have to
use aggregate function Said anything Max
Men um you group by anywhere
we have aggregate functions I'm using
a double um double bracket and
then I'll match it up to
group by I need the Maxa
average yield per year Right So
the group I will have ear
aspect and because I need average
I oneto calculate of mean that
is going to give me this
kind off a bunch of number
and doesn't make any sense I
would like to round it So
too are maybes It'll I just
don't not round it that is
going to give you Ah round
off number That is the average
yield park colony for each of
this year This kind of question
Um so the kind of questions
that were going through is also
important because with innovators that you
would like to explore it in
a way right The average value
the maximum value the highest value
the lowest value you do want
to explore by different combinations and
hence these questions are there in
the practice I'm not sure what
question you will get in your
project but whenever we will for
data try toe pick up these
columns and try to walk on
these This is something that will
be ah walking on to provide
some insights Okay are really good
Up until the step I got
some questions I've taken a note
of those so I will not
invest time in explaining those are
you know going into detail fixing
those for you right now because
we'll run over time but I
definitely get back to use And
at the end Uh um Swami
I have your questions right And
Piyush type in your question because
I did not get your question
But I know that you asked
one question right I completely forgot
It is not there in the
checked So I don't get your
question and check Or I am
um and I can help you
with that It is any questions
here I don't know Question I
use the same formal over the
sort values I was in the
Czech the part which I struggled
waas finding the mean and be
along gladly because he was throwing
some Heather's again You can take
it after let's but that's just
trying to figure it out OK
but sort it is not going
to give you the average rate
Starting is going to give you
the higher the law We know
that OK so what is the
reason behind sorting it I want
to sort it out and then
get the bedroom and then around
it up But this seems to
be a much easier option Just
trying to use the sword register
Okay Couldn't perfect And do we
have any more question Ah that's
in secular areas to not defend
you Okay Thank you Bush This
is from a rewrite Uh and
this is from Piyush Perfect So
now reveal any other question on
any of the courts Nitty are
you good Because I'm not hearing
your voice Are you able to
follow Yeah Yeah Okay So let
us work on this visualization now
and it's ah pretty interesting It
says that Is there any correlation
between any two numeric variables Does
the same using visual techniques I'll
take a minute to show you
some uncle relation So all of
us by bizarre right So we
buy pizza every Saturday and Sunday
and they offer us a huge
discounts One Saturday they said it
Okay anyone off you will purchase
that You'll give We'll give you
a 50% discount What do you
think is going to happen So
they started with 10% actor name
in the morning So this is
the discount rate 10 AM um
they side with 10% Then midday
they increases to maybe 20% towards
evening the increases to 30% toward
night They interested to 50% What
do you think the same will
be where it is 10% Do
you think that some some people
will buy this morning Time may
not be very interested When the
discount increases by afternoon and evening
you will see here maybe an
increase in the number of people
who are buying it So more
people are buying now and in
the night maybe you'll see that
there's a 50% discount If I
cook dinner let us all have
pizza So there are many people
now buying it so we seem
majority of them buying now What
is this kind of correlation If
I want to draw a straight
line that passes through all these
points So at a smaller discount
I see a smaller number of
people buying discount increased I observed
that I have more customers now
I for the increase the discount
I see that more number of
people are buying further increases discount
I seem majority of them by
are buying So if I want
to draw a straight line that
passes through all of these points
I see an upward trending line
What can you talk about this
What insight is it Ah Ah
you know giving you discount increases
the quantity of the sale in
prison Absolutely Right This is the
correlation relationship between the quantity of
the items Old worse is discount
And if you see ah straight
line going up Which means both
the variables are increasing right If
one increases the other also increases
Then we say that it is
positive correlation Correlation is positive on
the other side Suppose you have
another um observation where you see
that You know as the price
increase price of the product is
increasing less number of people are
buying price decreases Have more number
people buying so the price increase
increases I have lesser people by
price decreases I have more people
buying just the other way I'm
showing it you just the other
way And I want to draw
a straight line passing through all
of these points I see our
decline in trend which means that
higher the price right higher the
price lesser are the people who
are buying Let's a number of
customer account for the same product
same brand when there is a
very high price maybe less number
of people are buying but when
you reduce the price there More
number of people buying So if
the price increases the number of
people who buy the product decreases
So when you have this kind
off information you see our downward
sloping line And this is also
correlation rated shows that there is
definitely relation just that the relation
says that if one variable increases
the other decreases So it is
a negative correlation Are you gonna
be correlated And in mostly Corlett
Yeah directly correlated inversely correlated Positive
correlation Negative correlation There the range
Right If you If you want
to measure what is a numeric
value of correlation The range varies
between plus one to minus one
Always you'll see that the range
of correlation always is between plus
one to minus one This is
the range And of course we
have a zero value somewhere Now
can you give me an example
where you can get no correlation
Well you see that there is
no correlation temperature increasing a number
of court cases not decreasing going
to reduce but it is introduced
I like it Yes that could
be I I have not done
the calculation But as we're looking
at the you know the temperature
decreases or increases Whatever is a
If the Corbett number is the
it was just going to not
change So there is maybe very
little correlation because there is a
fluctuation in the corporate numbers It
depends on how many Ah you
know what is the population if
the people are going out and
you know socializing more So you
see number increases that only looking
at the temperature on impact on
the cool it you will see
a flat line Maybe the Corbyn
number doesn't increase or decrease with
whatever changes there in the temperature
so that there's a no correlation
If you see a flat line
it means the correlations cola zero
and there is no correlation So
this is the idea off establishing
a relationship between two variables We're
going to talk about it in
the stats last but because we
have to understand where we have
to visualize I also wanted you
to you know understand and then
given sites So I'm just going
to take fuel variables The question
is is there a correlation between
any two numeric variables and test
for the same using visual techniques
I'm going to take some numeric
variable So and I'm going to
plot Um a pair plot right
s and a start PayPal It
is very common You will be
using it quite often So as
in the spare plot I'll just
use ah from my data I'm
going to use few columns only
So numb call Ah I'm going
to use yield per call Then
total production We do have stocks
Someone to you stocks as well
And I think there is a
price Let me see It has
already plotted so price for L
B and broad value Okay sorry
And then broad value So I'm
just going to plot a pair
plot using numb called yield per
call Total production stocks price for
L B in product value It
takes a little bit of time
to uh come up so behavior
But let's see what it tells
you on DA I'll put this
in front of you and I'll
also show you how you read
So if you have to read
the Dagnall is just the history
Graham it is just telling you
what is the ah structure of
the data right for is a
shape So we was not concentrate
on the Dagnall Now you just
concentrate on off Dagnall and you
can pick any any off the
triangle It is just a replica
read replica That lower triangle is
a replica of the upper triangle
so you can pick any on
the way you read It is
for example if you want to
read for this one rate this
graph the X access talks about
the number of colonies and the
Y axis talks about the product
values This this graph shows you
the relationship between product value and
number of colonies If you want
to talk about this graph for
example then look at the X
axis by checking the extreme end
And it was the yields per
call So this X axis talks
about the yields per colony and
the Y axis talks about the
price for L B Right It's
a common y and X axis
for any of this crap So
try ah running this and pick
any to toe share some views
about correlation I don't know This
grabs hasn't been e I mean
the struggling provided religious me Is
it possible to put the y
axis the exact it's on some
of the sting Or is there
a comma I didn't understand your
question Sorry I was just um
saying in the graph you're seeing
a lot of data You're seeing
the way access but not the
X axis The X axis is
also there It is Okay Right
at the bottom Okay And I've
tried Teoh have made it simpler
for you So if you're in
the same one if you type
corner is equal to true you
will be able to see one
Ah one side Because both the
graphs both the triangles are replica
So why not just use one
triangle Because it makes a lot
better since two and provide insight
So now look at any of
the columns and ah share your
opinion Piggly Two variables and you
can do it on your screen
I'll just have the court up
so that you can talk using
your screen as well Can you
please copy paste that Come on
into the chatter and no place
Sure You Ah I shall send
it to everyone so that you
all will get it Oh there
is none Guru just answered your
question Beauty By the way you
can check it now That is
true See the corner is equally
true Even D has to be
part of caps I planted cancels
There was didn't book Okay So
anyone who is able to run
this command and would like to
talk about it tell me which
to vegetables are you refering to
And what is your insight Do
you see any correlation Ah strong
correlation Not a strong correlation So
the higher the value right If
it is negative or positive evidence
towards one you Which means 90
80% 90% 85% 95% These are
strong These are strong correlation But
if you see the values Neil's
it'll which means 20% 30% 40%
It means that very weak correlation
CIB So what They're gonna start
Yes please Yeah I am looking
at one which is at the
bottom That is stock What's this
production Okay okay No both the
relation between them doesn't since to
be there being really justifiable remarks
I was uh wherever I see
more stocks The protector Ballo Miss
lower on with less installs the
principal who is going up there
a few hours out lately out
letters in there But I am
the stock higher The Bergman XO
a regular in the tradition us
about so support Right So So
that the Okay Very good observation
Zaheer Majority of the stock is
concentrated between 0 to 5 point
points or 2.5 Now for the
majority of the stars the product
value is very low But there
are some number of stocks that
are towards the higher end And
you see the pro 12 You
also increases There may be a
situation that these are outliers Maybe
But overall if you want to
talk about correlation then I can
draw a line up for showing
in a portrait So we can
say that it's not a very
high correlation not a 90% but
maybe you know it's not even
50% It could be 60 70%
70% Maybe so there is a
correlation It is positive of course
because as the part while increases
the stock also increases Barring this
Ah you know outlier We see
that there is a correlation towards
positive site Not a very huge
correlation though the clear coordination between
production value numb performance which is
quite a bit This one Yes
absolutely Number of colony and production
value highly correlated Right Can you
believe this is a column Is
highly correlated to price for B
Because you know the most off
the junk which is there in
your perform them is uh the
value in betweens on same is
in the case off rice ball
Tell me at the same same
level So Ah may I get
your name please Level So Raul
when we see Correlation will have
to look only at one chart
But we cannot look to Ciarcia
That is where So try reading
it this way If you want
to talk about deals poor colony
and price per air beat and
only concentrate on this chart because
it has the X axis which
talks to yield per call on
the Y axis represents price for
Elvis only Look at this chart
There is a clear correlation with
important correction and also the scattered
and it kind of based on
the bottom But it seems to
be a tradition Which one The
product value is the total protection
and the prod Arabia Yeah they're
definitely very high correlation right overall
of course there are some points
here and there And the points
will not be in just one
line Ah the idea of core
addition is Can we draw a
straight line going upward or downward
Here It's a good observation there
now in yield sparkle and price
for L B Rahul I see
that Not a very huge correlation
I cannot draw Ah street upward
or straight downward Maybe downward I
can draw I can draw a
little downward Right Um but not
a very straight upward Definitely not
Your color number colors a downward
prediction seater Huge for call and
number Number that that should be
Ah units per call and number
Got limited Quit and uncle is
bottoms again Yeah the first from
the top of the first to
scatter So it is a yield
per call And then um Kolya
this one right there's a negative
So if you see it is
Ah isn't that I can drop
on the straight line here Can
you see a period drama Negative
line So let's do one thing
right I and I can understand
that you all are able to
pick up the logic behind the
correlation whether it is high low
but were not able to will
be You know we're not able
to surely conclude what is The
correlation is where the correlations very
weak We're not able to determine
whether this negative positive and what
the number is So why don't
look at the correlation score right
if I give you But this
is 35% then you see OK
this positive 35% Or if I
tell you maybe this is negative
20 And you say OK very
weak correlation But it is negative
Correlation The line must be going
down So is it a good
idea to look at the numbers
instead of these visualizations than no
Yeah let's do that There is
a veto dude act So um
let us actually type this court
I'm going to create a core
relation matrix right I where you
can actually see the correlation scores
And you can pick the same
thing the same information um up
until hell raising my data Ah
okay Since my data big disease
these columns and you have a
function like you have men Max
mean you also have a function
That's s c o R r
for correlation This is the function
So let me run this It
has run the this court but
I don't see the results Can
it even say why That's because
you're assigned it to a very
book and you're wear on printing
the variable Absolutely So we'll have
to print a variable Now tell
me we were talking about some
off the observations here Which one
we were talking about Yield Pirkle
and Numb Call Right So can
we look at here real quick
yields per call and numb call
We thought that it was negatively
correlated but because it was very
weak it ends with a week
It is only 24% So we
were not very sure whether we
can draw a writer a downward
trend line or an upward trendline
so the scores can tell us
whether it's positive Negative So the
direction school can also tell you
the direction right exact direction and
exact score From here we can
also observe the total production and
numb call Very very highly correlated
Ah positively correlated We have some
other I believe Look at this
1 90 total production and product
value as you'll said extremely highly
positively correlation Total production and stocks
87% Someone was refering to talk
with something else right Product value
Cedras 72% stocks with product value
somewhat It was correlated We were
not sure if it is Heidi
it did not look that it
was extremely highly correlated But it
was correlated So we were debating
whether to 60% or 70% or
you know 65% The actual scored
is 76 Isn't Are you going
with this indoor person We don't
We don't usually converted into percentages
because the range is only plus
one to minus one Yeah but
yes If you do want to
convert any number into percentage end
up in the you know for
any variable than in the bracket
After a function you can say
normalizes Equal trip to that is
another way Anomalies I'll take you
through that Yeah Now if you'll
see a bunch of columns and
you have all of these entities
it is a long list of
columns You're working with a very
big leaders that you have 100
of columns This is iam that
you have 100 of columns and
you'll see a bunch of numbers
Would you be able to look
at each number and identify if
it is highly correlated or not
That isn't a good way to
visualize right Your your audience will
be completely lost in 100 different
columns by looking at these vast
matrix Right now we only have
how maney 67 columns and a
bunch of numbers It's a little
difficult for me to read Imagine
you have 100 off columns Will
you be able to read properly
Are you need a better visualization
tool The one below is trying
to know that Yes yes But
we will make a better one
right I don't like this yellow
color but I'll make a better
one Okay Sorry about the background
noise team The kids are very
excited to look at the rainbow
It's just rained and the rainbow
about two Okay so let's work
on this um set off figure
size for my figure This is
there's a picture that I'm going
to draw and I'll use figure
size Ah a lot Many times
when you want to create a
better picture the size of the
picture etcetera So plt dark figure
Han sido said that and within
that I'll just say ah fixed
size as equal to maybe ah
give the width and the height
I'm just going to use eight
by eight I'm also going to
do some formatting right You see
these numbers are pretty small I
don't want the numbers to appear
very small and want it to
be very legible So I'm going
to use SNS again Just said
the phone does the SMS set
and let's use front Oh want
underscores skill And I'm just going
to use maybe 11.21 point five
Let's just 1.2 you can try
using 11.31 point five for yourself
Now the name of this chart
is a heat map right We
call this as heat map so
I'm just going to use SNS
heat map and what I want
todo use this heat map for
for this information right This data
which is stored in core so
I'm going to say use heat
map with the help of whatever
I have calculated in Correlation Um
I also want these numbers to
show up So there is a
particular function but not a function
of command which says and not
a double n ot and not
which stands for annotation is equal
to true Which means that I
do want these numbers to show
appeal And I'm also trying to
say that because the range is
between plus one to minus one
correlation ranges between plus one to
minus one So I'm going to
use the um you know the
ah access for the minimum and
maximum scale So for that we
have to attribute that says who
we mean And I just assigned
a minus one and I'll also
attach a ReMax There's a two
attributes to define the Min and
Max scale for the legend Access
Sensi That's one And now I'll
say Okay now show me the
spots on plt dot Sure let's
see what it does Now Let's
try to read this Sergen What
did I do Let me let
me share So first I said
the figure size If I don't
get it it may come very
small So let us actually see
how will it come I'm just
going to comment it out so
that you also get to view
the other side right If you
don't use it is going to
come very very small for you
So it's a good idea Just
said the figure size Now I
suppose I don't want to set
the phone skill What will happen
right I'll just committed and show
you It is still taking this
This want maybe by default Because
I had said the funds scale
already But if you don't set
the phone scale it will be
very tiny as it was showing
up in the previous view it
will be very tiny So we
said the fund skill Now it
is adjusted after I give the
command And what happens if you
don't give this women and re
Max right I'm just going to
get rid of it and face
it again May ah what happens
Basis the core relations score It
has automatically taken the min and
max the water it thinks is
the right one to take so
doing So we know that the
correlation would range from plus one
to minus one It will not
go beyond minus two minus three
Why Because there are no values
that needs to be shown after
minus four This maybe is ah
minus Tree raised to use is
able to see this information but
we don't have minus four minus
five minus six Anywhere So the
two things that there's a right
access But if you do want
to show to your customer that
this is the range and here
is where you fit then you
can define all of this information
So all of these are not
mandatory right You may use it
Ah the way you want to
use Even if you don't use
it It does not going to
be wrong You may want to
change the figure size Maybe I
want to keep the same height
but I want to increase the
with So I changed it to
maybe 10 right or vice versa
Um so Britain and height I
changed the height I'm going to
give the height the same and
I'm going to change the wit
now Maybe there's a better one
So you play around with this
and understand what is the right
way But now it is pretty
easy easy for me to read
The darker shades are towards and
negatively correlated values And the lighter
shades are towards the positively correlated
values where we have a weak
correlation The words positive it will
be in the orange and towards
negative It will be in purple
So if you just see this
can you can we not make
out that these 24 24 diesel
or in shades are very weak
Correlation This is towards little strong
correlation as and when the score
faith the color fades which means
that it is a positively correlated
And if the courts are if
the color is really dark it
means that it is negatively correlated
Can we set the color here
Ah color Yes There is a
sea map that you can use
to set the color I don't
like it so but what You
may want to sit so I
can think you can try See
map is equal to and let's
use plasma which was what I
used And they're a lot off
a bunch of other you know
formatting It is going to change
the color there bunch of a
see map formatting options Oh good
Now can you explain once again
why did we use and not
a notation Sure I'll just share
Why Look for yourself right Because
sometimes it's good to do practice
and then see what happened We
lost the numbers right So though
we see the colors but we
don't know to what extent So
annotation will give the number of
correlation What is that value of
correlation If I want that to
be appearing on my heat map
then it's good to use are
not is equal to true this
one So just one question So
now we have a lot of
these variable I mean a lot
of these feels being compared to
a daughter So how all of
them are together in the negative
sailor positive side for whatever that
court fixed into the fixture into
this matrix Like for example the
one um go to the negative
0.2 file and then everything on
the I mean how did it
I'm just trying to understand the
negative 0.25 were says Did you
see This is the 0.25 on
the right minus 12 plus one
Okay Here Oh yeah Access Yes
This Tell me is this about
the box flooding off all these
metrics values on the left against
this minus 12 plus one Because
I'm just trying to correlate the
positive all values on the stocks
like everything is talks in that
line so No no no don't
Don't confuse this with this is
a good question Don't confuse this
with this This is just a
legend like you You are plot
a graph and in the PowerPoint
or in excel right Your photograph
And if you are showing for
two years would you not Teoh
tell the ordinance the sculler represents
this year And the sculler represents
this year kind of legend that
you provide Yeah I mean that
the legend aspect I got it
I was just trying to see
if this whatever standard normal distribution
whatever minus one plus one is
being tagged against each of these
Variable call No it is not
It is not No no no
not really It is my flute
that you see the score Zia
It may be it Make him
appear Yeah it is not that
way I have a question It
is on the function and not
it So is it related Took
far We can use energy for
any other function Yeah if I
need a function Teoh Thank you
You're welcome Okay let me show
you something because you had that
question and it is quick to
do it right I don't have
to do a lot off court
genius I'm just our investigation I'll
just show you something You had
a question about the access Not
now Do you see the difference
It is just how we had
the variables This poeple should actually
was actually here down below because
it is all negative now it
is up So this color is
nothing to do with the access
where the variables are placed The
variables will not be placed basis
The access color Does it make
sense Yeah I got that The
only thing is the actual values
Ah so that is an exact
I mean in the X axis
You have six variables on the
way Access You have another six
Now all these are in All
these are following the six into
six metrics But ah feature for
each of this X and Y
permit In a combination occurs this
palm rotation How six of them
to get together fall under negative
0.5 So I'm just trying to
understand So is it always How
does it continue to be that
perfect moderates How when they distribute
between minus one plus one is
it never It never does You
know the overall calculation should you
should never do overall calculation It
always has to tie up with
one particular variable after time So
this matrix is six by six
because it is tying one variable
toe the other variable ideally only
the half triangle should be seen
The rest half is a duplicate
right So you should ignore the
upper or the lower triangle Take
one And the way we did
this is the dinos identity Because
look at the Dagnall I'm comparing
X and y to its own
variable So numb Call forces numb
Call for the second one It
is priced for L B versus
Price for L B So it
has to be one right It
has to be one always Would
you agree it will be one
Yeah basically we'll your not down
the upper triangle but it's just
Ah lower triangle that we are
probably too for these Off which
exactly Yes exactly And we never
say that Okay this is the
overall score but we check variable
by available on we we picked
two variables at a time to
say if the variables are correlated
that is the a sense off
understanding the correlation and it even
see when we will go talk
about regression All you will see
that I I will ask you
Multi call in your itty is
a problem right When we predict
something then the two variables should
not be correlated So you see
this course here and stocks and
broad value or stocks and numb
call If I have to predict
something here then I would not
be able to work with these
two columns in my model It
is going to give me a
bad result So we'll have to
fix for multi calling Garrity That
is the reason why we won't
talk about correlation And also in
when we provide insights we can
club it only with the other
available It has to be only
done in pair Got a suggestion
that seemed line right The stalks
the lower triangle on the stocks
It is against the four X
axis Yes Yeah No All of
them together on the writers Negative
zero point fighter No no no
no no no no no This
is just the scale It tells
you that in your heat map
if you'll see a lighter shade
which means it's positively correlated if
you see in the heat map
wherever see you see an orange
It is somewhat positively correlated If
you're in the heat map you
see a dark blue shade It
is highly negatively correlated If you
see a light populace she ate
It is somewhat negatively correlated So
it is It is It is
It will destroy that all of
these stock variable I mean the
no the stock grow worse Us
each of the x variable Yes
all of them are negatively Torrey
who correlated the price with all
the other Yeah the price Epper
and be not the stock but
the price per l b with
all the X axis there negatively
correlated You're right You see the
scores They got it I got
it Thank you Yeah sure sure
sure appreciate the question Where Because
these are some of the things
that we need to clarify And
that is why um you know
the presence off human is important
when you learn Yes You have
a question Okay Seven Ah sorry
I have one question This craft
it's coming up in the screen
Is it away Is there a
way to pop this out and
look at the separately in are
there is There was a way
in fight and I haven't tried
but yes there there definitely has
to be a way to pop
it out Yeah I can find
more about it I've never tried
it Usually it's the entire file
that we Ah work on There
was never a reason for me
to pop it'll but yeah I
can work on it and share
the cat float So there is
one of this cat plot and
support Will that help here The
support I think in one of
the course there had the support
that it was tryingto ejecta Part
of the graph into separate plots
on the card plot was also
trying to do the same against
the locus For the categorical rate
you supply the subplot Don't think
that Yeah um instruction off blood
out of fighting Right But again
Ah was it airy You wa
suspicious See I can understand your
voice Now Which some off you
All right this dangerous Don't worry
You're safe to ask questions Okay
Let's Ah let's talk about this
What is the general production trend
from 1998 to 2012 What do
you think we can do What
kind of plot a general production
trend find Float Yes absolutely So
I'm just going toe said the
figure because that's my favorite but
I don't want to see us
Very small graph coming up some
every time I have a habit
of setting the figure I think
that's a good habits So if
you can you know take that
best practice please feel free to
I'll just set off its size
to baby 12 by eat Ah
point plot And I want to
see the production trend by ear
Right So maybe on say from
my data um here and on
again Same Maybe my data and
type in the total production and
then be able to show Just
show the blood that there's a
better a larger plot And you
see what do you observe from
this plot I know that point
that you'll will be able to
write in case you want me
to type the code You You
I can do that in the
chat window But what do you
observe from here in the problem
Statement Sodi It is declining right
That was there in the problem
statement Also they were facing some
issues with high in production majority
of the times they were importing
So though in the earlier year
we saw that the production was
not very consistent Se 1980 1919
it was high Then it reduced
in maintenance me nine By some
point I don't say it drastically
reduced but by some point Then
it increased something But the first
bite was not pretty consistent But
later we saw that there was
a decline Gradually there was also
in a poor trend So maybe
they were struggling Teoh you know
get on get back with wherever
they were with production we could
not Apparently we again saw that
after 2000 for the liberation started
declining on overall trend that show
that the production declined over a
period of time I'm can't we
have levels on this Ah Leavins
forward Our denoting the amount of
production for the year which will
be appearing total production that you
don't you think that is going
to be weight Very clumsy chart
Because in the total production you
already have it here This is
the range Yeah and this is
kind of average men Max Average
That is what it is showing
Okay so now this is very
interesting It is I think after
this we were running short of
time When we have a few
more to go Colonel before you
go to the next one in
the Turkic production you are getting
23 extra I'm getting along with
the zeros How did that change
for you I don't know how
the gene but I did notice
that is taking that source of
yours is the correct one All
right Okay So next one CIA
times it happens that we have
many categorical in from variables like
in state We have about 33
for 8 44 8 That's what
we observed But if I want
to see the total production trained
by different ears by state will
be blood for each and every
single state That will be way
tedious It's good toe Do the
blotting off all the states in
just one command So that is
done using the phrase it Great
Now what iss face it great
It is a kind of framework
that defines the number of columns
and number of rows we want
number of rows may or default
So how many variables we have
You define the number of columns
and um pieces the data set
What do you want to plot
by which your cattle categories So
he'll be applauding by state which
are which has different categories different
states It is going to give
me just one big blood with
all the state year by year
production So they just understand this
court It is little tedious so
you'll have stare or do some
practice So the first thing that
I'm doing is defining an object
right Assigning an object g or
you can do anything geeky wherever
When I'm doing here is using
So face it grid faces Ridding
itself is a frame book right
So sns dot face it great
I'm using my data All of
the data and I'm seeing the
columns are my state That is
where I am what I want
to represent and I want it
to wrap So I want three
columns You may are maybe five
columns It doesn't make sense to
put three maybe five columns Some
of these information are redundant You
can type hide human leave it
It'll auto if it But the
important thing is defined the faces
great from SMS defining later What
is the column that you want
to project which has different categories
because you're using faces which is
a good option for categorical information
where you have multiple categories defined
the number of columns in which
you want to view the graph
Then you use the same thing
and you use map to plot
It will use plt dot plot
which is the math loudly by
plot And I'm going to use
eel in the X axis and
total production on the Y axis
Right And then the marker could
be anything you can put a
dot you can put across U
S O X You can put
an asterisk whatever you want to
show because it helps us determine
that Okay this is the for
the first year This values for
the second year Every marker denotes
the number off year so it
is a good option Ah where
you have multiple categories in your
reader We do not every time
use it but it is a
good uh you such will you
have one variable with several categories
and it is also a little
heavy so it will take time
But yes this is how it
has shown So you have for
the X axis You have years
total production on the Y axis
So good to answer your question
I have ah the bunch of
cereals as well But it is
Restore the power seven right That
is how it has taken if
it is showing Complete now are
zeros Where numbers for you Like
2000 to 20,000 etcetera That is
correct Um also they deal we
have different states on It shows
me the trend of production So
at a very high level we
can see that State of California
had a you know very high
production It was never consistent Overall
by the as the Airbus by
there was a decreasing trend but
the production itself was very inconsistent
for some other states like Colorado
You see that there is ah
same pattern of production throughout and
the production is very small to
make a big difference At the
overall production level there will be
some other state You would see
um see what's happening with North
Dakota High production right Very high
production Compared to all other states
but and the production also shows
a little upward trend So maybe
the state is alone pulling the
total sales volume overall since William
not this is the production volume
and similarly is the case for
South Dakota where the trend is
towards a decreasing trend but very
inconsistent Production on the production is
not as high as you see
it for not Dakota So by
state when you have to make
inference are why did we do
visualization to provide insights when you
hurt to provide insights about what
is happening in the leader This
is some some great ah charts
a visualization technique You just at
one go You're able to form
your opinion on what's happening for
these states Made some of the
states never produced after particular years
of this state Maryland stopped production
after six years That's a great
insight right No I just ah
stopped production in the latter years
So in South Carolina did not
start production in some in the
earlier years but it started whenever
it started production and only produced
for three years thistles The kind
of insight I think is very
very important Ah when you recommend
to your customers so that your
customer can understand that you you
know this is the reason what
is driving the total protection or
what may be driving the total
production There's this one piece of
information and have to tie it
to all other pieces of information
in the readers had to make
a concrete insight or recommendation Let
us look at some interesting graphs
now So this question talks about
Is there a linear relationship between
number of colonies and value in
production So if in a state
we have more number off colonies
what the production be high or
it would it would not So
Lini relationship means that linear means
straight Right straight When you're trying
to draw a circle that is
not linear it's circular Cellini is
always straight so I'm I want
establish a linear relationship to see
if there is any right Whether
it is a flat upward flat
downward it is just a flat
line horizontal What is that relationship
between the two variables And I'm
talking about number of colonies and
value in production on Lee This
too Which blood do you think
you would be using A limit
Ellen plot perfect So I'm just
going I'm also going to use
a cat blood because you mentioned
maybe slightly later Let's work on
the Ellen plot first Um sns
dot l m plot on What
do we want in X axis
I want my number of colonies
right That Because I want to
see if num call And then
you also provide Why access and
in the why I want my
broad value again you specify the
data is maybe my data Um
yeah I'll share something else in
terms of formatting So when you'll
say that you want your ah
you know the picture should have
a height so I'll say so
Let's not give any height right
now I'll just say this and
maybe pl tissue So let's do
this And I will make some
changes here It's a pretty small
craft may not be really ah
better wages she to see it
I'm just going to add high
to it So I'll say hi
does equal to maybe five So
no idea It has adjusted height
but the width has not been
adjusted You can give ah fig
size but there is another way
you can just say aspect aspect
multiplies with the height on it
Just a with according D So
if height is five aspect to
will make the witness tend the
double You can use it 1.5
whatever So it is going to
it just in the issue so
there's a better view So enim
plot and I have specified the
X It's access Why access my
data height and aspect just just
going to multiply by height So
high width is adjusted with respect
to height You can set aspecto
one which means that your heightened
with will be same or 1.5
how savers It is another way
you can use the food size
But what do you see Is
there a linear relationship between the
num call and product Family What
inside can you generate from this
Yeah and I think that's that
I was actually asking us So
aspects Increases of why also increases
exposed to other simmers But the
line graph also has about one
below to it as it's increases
when it comes to why so
that the plots right the Miss
Carter this Carter Plourde a sex
increases the wise both about and
below the line right Right So
what does in line Okay so
the line is the line of
best fit on but it is
also regression line So we have
yet not spoken about bodies recreation
But the logic says that what
we control many lines passing by
all of these points right And
I don't draw a line like
this It should pass by these
points also also on I can
draw a line passing by these
We can draw multiple lines passing
by any of these points But
this line is the line of
best fit That tells me that
majority off the points are passing
by this line or they're very
near to this line Everyone it's
a kind of trend a kind
of trend When will vote when
we'll read about regression Then we
will also understand what is the
importance of this line right And
how this point will give me
a small letter Worse Is this
point that share all of this
may be a little later but
right now because we have yet
not read about regression So this
line show is the line of
best fit that passes through majority
of the points and it shows
a trend like an excel You
can draw a trend line those
that kind of Flynt's off course
These points there are multiple points
and some of the points can
lie above or below this line
But majority of the lines are
either very near to this Nine
are passing through this line There's
a there's how the slyness drone
If I try to draw a
line passing by these lines and
not many points will Pastor not
majority of the points will pass
through that line at the line
will not Pastoral majority of this
month That is not exactly the
court of the Correlation So would
mean that that means that the
determination of correlation is affected by
this Like for example it may
be 65 or sentence right Absolutely
Absolutely And we see that there
is the linear relationship As the
number of colony increases the production
value increases Because now more number
of colonies will be producing honey
logical laws right Yeah Thanks Okay
Perfect No I'm just going Teoh
do the same thing right I
want to um use this but
I want to go This is
intruding All the states every state
has different number of colonies I
want toe color cord these points
by state when you want to
do the color court so this
point may belong to a L
You don't know This point may
belong to South Dakota You don't
know right All of these points
are corresponding to different states That's
where because the colonies are scattered
All So what if I want
to see which of these belong
toe with state I can just
die Pew hell is to give
a colors I'll just write you
and ah I'll introduce the category
here So wherever you have a
categorical variable and you want to
understand what is the impact off
that reason variable with respect to
the categorical variable you can introduce
that as huge is just going
to add color to these points
tonight is giving me different lines
one for nine per state on
different color off lines Because we
have multiple states it doesn't make
a lot of sense to me
right It is not a very
good representation I would say but
ah from the utilization perspective this
you commanders is used to give
a color toe wherever you have
a category So for every category
you will see Ah single information
Right And this is not a
very good representation because we have
multiple states and the negatives positive
all over Some of the colonies
are producing Some of the states
don't have colonies that produced throughout
the year etcetera So it is
not going to give me a
very good um of you Uncle
X and y have changed so
that a presentation here is different
Yeah here is a better representation
Sit This one is the same
thing Maybe I tried some other
things in there or I must
have read on There's a better
one I have used here Here
So it's telling me that for
every eel there is a positive
trend for all the colonies grew
here This graph from not getting
the thesis the press that you
will get Sorry this is the
graph You should get you getting
this Anyone getting the smooth is
the aspect Jesus Specter to we
were using aspecto one Maybe it's
the size of the graph that
mattered But if you changed the
aspect of do it is going
to enlarge and fit well and
then you can see that Maybe
these are the orange So all
of these correspond to these states
This colonizer for these states then
very of blue dots These are
for these particular states Then you
have some colonies in purples of
which state do the represents All
of it is going to tell
you the Texas Ah Tennessee We
can see a back And also
right Not number of colonies are
larger for these stays in the
states and number of colonies are
shorter for our smaller for these
states So this is what we
can interpret from this chart Okay
Not And you can do the
same thing for real maids That
that's the same thing on if
you're getting the graph the same
Griff Yeah Just one question there
How do we determine what is
the right aspect to get the
right You usually it No it
was It was definitely experiment first
Awful Second if do you see
that the sizes impacted then you
change it You'll do some manipulation
Usually 77 14 8 16 5
10 works Fine There is no
definite number Yeah there is No
Definitely Because it uses a while
You'll cooperate According Yes basis a
number off information that you are
representing on s and why it
will always change So we cannot
define the one height or one
aspect value you'll have to manipulate
depending on the data that you're
showing in visualization No I'm not
getting this graph And I mean
I'm not And try this Let
me copy Pasted over injection Dorit
you contrive while I Oh look
on another one day off Sorry
in the problem Could be Ah
maybe you're working on the year
you were called a year here
I believe that you Cult status
train which is the box plot
So anyone wants to talk about
what is box plot Any idea
what It's box Blood Box Lord
is more towards TEM of deviation
across euro I think multiple data
work we can interpret easier or
Kleiner's the distribution with the distribution
range So it doesn't really show
you into quarter It shows everything
the men Max the first quarter
second and the third And these
are the outliers Any time you
see these points it will be
outliers Whether you have the points
on the apple on or the
lower it seems that there is
no outlier on the lower side
for any of the ears Ah
in terms of to reproduction But
we do have lof out less
on the upper site That's what
it described tells me But a
box slot is an excellent way
off understanding by different columns What
is the distribution off the data
And this is how we also
identify the outlets and the imputed
There's a visualization We also do
it numerically way won't do it
numerically here And I'm not going
to give you Ah you know
definite answer for what is the
25 percentile What is the 50th
or why is it meeting etcetera
We'll talk about that instead Insists
do not worry about that calculation
aspect at a high level You
should understand that the box blood
gives you the distribution off the
detail And wherever you see the
points lying beyond the min or
Max those are the outliers The
middle line that you see here
is the median or the 50th
percentile and does what you can
understand So how can we draw
this lis Let us drop plt
And here I'm just going to
use supplied because there was a
question right So I would say
that use subplot Seal on I'm
going to use the fix Eyes
off say here many many years
so I can use offic size
off 20 by 10 It is
very men ability right And you
will get a hand off it
once you practice I And also
understanding or data So they is
in this box plot and I
want my ear on the X
axis and I want the total
production on the Y axis on
Then you just give your data
is equal to my data and
last BLT not show to see
the boss blood So is going
to give you the same box
but that we had Ah and
you also see that um you
know it is every year has
lot of outliers Are this valid
or not valid Do we need
to impute or not We're not
going to do it today but
yes the shows me distribution but
year and on an average right
for the first few years the
distribution the production on average has
been high During the later year
the production has reduced the range
you see from the 25th to
75th has reduced So let a
part of the evil we are
not able to produce as much
as we used to produce in
the prior years That is what
we can conclude from this graph
So as a side note I'm
also going to give you some
ah cat blood because there was
a discussion today on the cat
plot Let's do it Let's do
here only me at another photo
living in sort another cell below
and let me quickly to the
cat plot I'm afraid if we
run out of time so I'll
just say as in a start
cat plot And again I'm just
going just use the same thing
right So year is equal to
my X is equal to my
ear And um let's use why
is equal to number on I'm
going Okay And uh I'm just
using kind is equal to maybe
um stop there Many kinds There
there stripped There is um thing
there are different kind That's that
is available So if you check
Google for cat plot you will
see that in the kind you
there is Swarm Ah there stripped
a lot many types of kind
So Bill it just gives you
different visualization Impact on how the
data shows upside Show you what
I mean in a while Mm
my data And I'm just going
to say um orientation or intuition
can be to either You said
it Toby Vertical or horizontal Not
a great lot of difference here
in the box Large It is
very helpful But just so that
you know we do have orientation
as ah an attributes And that
could be said to horizontal or
vertical I'm just going to use
my height is equal to five
And um aspect as equity maybe
three Because we have a lot
of fears Let us see if
I get anything Um perfect So
this just gives me the concentration
off the number of colony by
feel doesn't tell me a lot
of things It doesn't tell me
that majority of the some me
of course there are colonies more
number of colonies in the prior
year's But and there's a number
of colonies in the latter years
But I cannot be way definite
if it has reduced significantly Right
Of course there is some drop
in the number of colonies but
I cannot see a significant drop
So cat plot will give you
this I think there is another
one which that's warm or swarm
Um in the cat blot Don't
know what ISS form Yeah that's
Jack's warm No e Think that
be okay Yeah Swarm It's just
telling you that's another way Bit
kind You just draw another visualisation
Good to have visualization but it
is not mandatory Some of the
information is not very mandatory but
because we discussed I had the
time I was able to show
it to you I would encourage
you to explore and we don't
use You know a lot of
Israel visualization of these types Um
it is used to the extent
it just require in the details
said to give meaningful insights At
times we just go by Ah
simple PLT plots in on the
line blood other point lot the
linear So but it s and
this plot trade the heat map
and essence They are very very
important So some of the end
of box plots So some of
the information will be repetitively when
whenever we talk about it during
our next sessions as well Um
but some of the things you
can take away from a train
station is how to use Face
it Great How to use you
to give different color when you
have different categories off your um
variable How to use um in
a box plot um heat map
with different information And as in
this point blocked there are different
attributes to the pair plot Also
see the diagnosis sista Graham you
can changes to core kernel density
using the kind so I'll take
you through that gradually Right You'll
be introduced to new concepts Gradually
I don't want to bombard you
with all the different courts so
let me not make it very
complex Let us revise what we
have learned today And I'm going
to send you this Ah file
because we use some additional commands
that you may not get in
your Olympus file that will be
uploaded so you'll receive another file
in your maybe what's up later
today So you contract us right
Any question team makes sense What
does a temp you gather The
only question I currently I can
think about is that the heat
map the facet facet grid That
u S O I mean it's
It's for what type off craft
the heat map or the face
is red The fasten Greg Oh
pheasant rate is four The graph
where you have a column in
your readers it like we have
We have a column off state
but the actual type of craft
that comes below looks like a
line graph Is that airline Before
That's a line from simple point
that changed so that we can
change that Also you can Yeah
why not You can draw hissed
a gram You can draw a
different kind of press but the
faces ripped just just tells you
that you have the option toe
um have multiple levels Narita The
graph type can be changed You
just type change it here And
the best way is to also
ah Google out some cool graphs
if you want But the graphs
type could be definitely changed Okay
So would this be the most
gentry Can abstract application function for
the graph that any type of
craft can be fitting into this
It's just a first grade becomes
a number Laura Yes President becomes
so framework and then you can
fit the graphs Yeah so every
other graph that we discussed can
be part of fast Yeah you
can try You can definitely try
Yeah definitely You can try Point
not also You can try Try
another pair Plot right Bear plunges
Just she's show you the relationship
between to wait tables It's another
pair plot But the point Lord
the cat plot all of those
you can Okay Uh okay These
are some of the new medic
I just going to see if
we discovers that some recovered numeric
as well as the visualization on
If you're good with whatever we
cover till now descending this filer
because some things are not working
Yes I'll be sending you this
final because something So if you
that isn't did not vote during
the session you may try And
if you still face the problem
then you can send me Ah
message Right I'll be checking the
message later today and tomorrow Um
other thing is not all the
courts will be there in the
same file that will be uploaded
in all of this because we
did try some additional courts So
like the cat plot and ah
ah the subplot all of those
So it's better to use this
one um you'll be getting it
later today in your what's up
Just shared a linger on the
blink Really helpful has all the
reassurance with examples Okay great So
ah team if you can copy
over this link right And Ari
send this kind of link in
the ah in the WhatsApp Because
what happens This chat will go
away But what's up will remain
great So I just came across
this pound steers Does not this
regression again a regression So ah
do not wait too much about
the concept I have not even
taught Ah statistics right So you
have not got an introduction to
statistics Regression is far beyond in
the topic So if you do
not get ah a lot off
information or insight from this do
not be over And we will
talk about that gradually But yes
Any best institution See I always
feel free to share Just if
there are any time Just one
question So how do we check
equals to know I mean he
still fine But when we put
pick the conditional to Eastern always
returns The true true Asprilla's falls
for the entire set But if
I have to just pick the
true alone Ah so uh but
what is the purpose As of
idea one ton of that one
of the questions that I got
on the Chris's toe Impure that
in Good isn't it Yeah So
when you say impute you're calculating
right No it won't It asked
me to impute identify nails and
impure that with one find the
mean on doc offered Correct Correct
Got it So so you It's
the finding the nall right So
you can type it Using is
none So you have or some
better It's number off missing values
If you have to impute we
have used drop and a which
is which drops the value you
can if you have to imputed
with just one number you can
write fill it fill any filling
they will fill the value So
fill any Oh and then you
can type it one equal to
one that will fill all the
missing values will with one And
then you can impute the mean
using the mean So is there
a Yeah because I didn't find
that function the course Where is
there any link that and I
should you in on the Gypsy
Cici did not have that So
the best thing is in case
you get those questions and you're
not able to find out Google
is your best help The second
thing Um as And when we'll
go through this in the scores
we will definitely use the fill
any You will use all of
those commands gradually if not right
now But in 34 sessions you
will be using the film and
a There are not many commas
it will be using But yes
if you have get this question
bring it to the team bring
it to the woods up and
will help sort it then and
there Sure Yeah Thanks You're welcome
All right Team Thank you so
much for being flexible We have
spent 37 minutes over appreciate your
time and them and my connective
The 10 straight today I expect
we don't get into this next
time Any any question for me
Yeah If you could just tell
us how toe development on the
each talks that they don't really
would Sister's missing Anyone does Even
in a data frame there are
two things right where you want
to add Ah a bunch of
other rose a bunch of other
observations and you have those observations
in a different file Then you
join both the files together right
Get bring the values from other
files and join it But where
you are just adding a column
which we do we bring entirely
does it in Brighton and then
manipulate when we manipulate there is
a need to add a column
So that is done exactly in
the same way like we added
E P W in the first
session All right so you add
a particular column and then also
justify word the calculation should be
if you have that in any
other readers and then you bring
it over to the cedars that
using I location you can do
that from the other three Does
it extracted and then added to
you So if you want some
kind off examples maybe let's let's
talk about in the next session
and I can give you or
I can send it to you
Ah separate part piece of the
court if that is what you're
interested in Yeah So Okay Thank
you You're welcome All right Team
I would not told you for
long so all off you Thank
you I'm already seeing tanks and
thanks everyone This so gotta thank
get him So let's talk next
Ah next week you have your
project If you run you run
into any question you want Sometimes
information not in reference to your
quills or project but from the
concept perspective Then I'll be available
so we can connect otherwise All
off you all the best and
the stock when we meet with
the statistical Ah session statistician Well
this is the excellent report we
have But what The lessons can
be learned But let's first look
at the most popular measure the
athletic meet bean 79.8 year It
is of people foreign for six
months No I don't mean IHS
All of us know the plane
does that Some of all observations
he rented by the number of
observations everybody most so in a
formula notation if you're ready to
seek my ex by end something
like that You like Greenpoint 8
54.46 48 point automatic mean can
be combined The four 23 groups
for example You were class average
automatic mean if I compute on
you know the arithmetic mean up
the batch that came here in
July And then I want to
find out the world all What
is the meaning of all the
classes I will take the reader
rabbit Losing the number off students
in the class is a great
So anyone in tow x one
barbell attend twixt o r W
one x one plus x two
I cannot go the later avidity
above the median other works at
a perfect me can be mathematically
freak It is a very comprehensively
defined my shop very comprehensive Defiant
on it is based on all
observations It can be computed for
more than one group as an
overall recon average which I cannot
do with the other measures median
and but a big drawback But
as particular other critic means is
affected by all players the word
out player means extreme values extremely
high are extremely low called out
players extremely high are extremely low
can be affected by old players
That's a cautionary tale I put
here I want you toe Look
at this late now If you'll
see this everybody learning part you
have kasha I always put like
this Corso So in other words
to read all the chapters of
a boat Our concerts on generate
some cautionary tales when the technique
can go It's not always that
I do this idol regression I
do all this when regression can
go Ran an aquatic mean can't
affected by extreme values of fluctuations
in saccharine called Our players Who
p O U T lady honest
Extremely high extending know arithmetic being
is not elaborate My shot you
caution Caution the whole course You
can write it as a cautionary
When things can go around you
should know as especially otherwise you
go wrong on You may have
to go from the door There's
a risk You have to be
precise when things can go An
example of our outlier I will
give you because everybody understands Cricket
Brackman score In one match against
just England from 600 Australia scored
some 600 orders Go automatic Me
no player and players will not
go So 60 So everybody got
but abortion 16 really would have
it But Black will insult school
three and 37 g essentially before
lunch between legend t another century
tea and possibly another century Pretty
tough to someone He got hope
later and the great critic ability
was ready if I were to
tell about the war mate Not
over Catchment Brachman and plant school
Children will tell me Keep your
imagination within limits The wicketkeeper usedto
interest because there is no need
for him Together the ball will
be pulverized Central defense Bradman never
used to hit a lot of
sixes Video this key sharks He
used to say it but all
grown charts with a monster pragmatist
337 you remove what is the
average of the remaining nine Place
some from TR So you should
crash They're not getting a promotion
with mostly it'll desseaux entity that
what the hell is going on
But it is so practice and
play you ever see extremely high
extremely low value that will distort
the picture and therefore ingress situations
arithmetic mean speak Oakley is cancer
stuff How we come back to
the case from the Xolo Of
course we have to find out
the whole place and all But
Dymally tells me a story when
I look at the mean look
at the median Look at the
war All of them point to
an interesting take it work claim
it is perceived to be abstentia
Lee superior to pair regardless of
what somebody measure Use measures of
central tendency It is Call it
of the mean on the median
all the board It's very clear
the word school is substantially larger
than paying promotion They in promotion
war are less clump together Let
us not do any house split
Being promotion brought our worst Let's
not find out which is the
worst Both of course but I
think work playback You'll see 79
took before duty Sick 80 To
devise a 70 cool 60 you'll
find you need somebody Misha It's
very clear that the nurses like
that work and life which is
substantially Ah higher school dentist in
your rating of the poor Don't
rate like this as can be
seen from there Little paper The
work school for means cool for
working 79 Pointy Then as far
away It is 54.46 on bar
promoter It could be a 0.40
The dead predicts that you say
the work school perceptual school or
the environment or converted me It's
substantially superior to pay and promotion
and within brackets Book discourse That's
a start And what is the
meaning of insight eating up you
say it is This is remind
interpreting the data but some you
say they can get is in
spite of a rather poor pay
and promotion school The nicest still
like to work in the hospital
for the working my money That's
it Me you I'm raising a
question that evenly You address the
problem of pay and promotion The
work score may still zoom further
Exclamation mark that is itself That's
the insight But I'm asking Is
it possible Because if they information
but seemed to be poor in
spite of the people allowed to
stay in the hospital the nurses
would like Toa work that that's
what is called work culture Does
it mean if the hospital administration
if they reduce the problem in
pay and promotion fill the school
off work environment still go up
That seems saying that's a question
for you Then if you'll see
that away in the way pain
promotion even if it is full
they are happy with the work
environment Issued a body We should
address this problems Let me keep
quiet then what may happen is
with a bit of time Because
of the frustration in paying promotion
the work score will come down
You cannot assume but maturity and
people will continue to give you
score The frustration will set in
and at some point in time
they will start diminishing you even
in the work score and that
whole group attractiveness that is in
sight Well crazy one other skills
you develop in a course like
this is your ability to write
a fantastic four major findings implications
at all What is after all
the work project Capstone that you
are going to do Introduction to
the study the school What you
are undertaking The study They can't
methodology analysis and discussion of results
Major findings Implications to the analytic
professional limitations of the study school
for future work Signed Sealed and
Billy Working capital tonight So what
in saves How the client will
make you so visible The question
My different Don't think that you
can keep quite on paying promotion
You they will continue to give
you ice core It can come
down I need to address This
can go up even further It
may become 85 90 it is
201 day then the pain prevention
script also will go That is
our money on one of the
because the aims of the hospital
is to retain then assist You
do not want to lose them
You better take action because statistical
insect that is a big break
What do the numbers tell And
that it is media that it
is more No Let us look
at the media What is this
Maybe that does look a billion
and bore before becoming What is
this beauty If you'll see the
middle nest Observation in the data
said when you arranged the data
set in the ascending order of
magnitude also descending order I pick
up the middle Value is the
media million is not only a
measure of central tendency median is
the average of location I look
at the point I don't cancel
it in the located I go
into the data on pick up
the little that in the ascending
or look at this data set
For example seven students and comfortable
saints exam They get Christmas I
rented the Decca in the ascending
or descending order Pick up them
little value 1234567 So in plus
one by two it's 1/4 observation
This is a media that means
2 ft person talk that take
a values level The median 50%
of the data points up Reloaded
little most no meeting in the
house They are twenties It this
is on fights in a much
better way It has the power
to fight Our players are extreme
El is way because I'm omitting
I'm taking the little value The
extreme sort Visco they are was
good They have to know why
I'm prepared The middle value It
is a much better measure And
there is a clear present in
the data That is that a
verdict Meanest influence device medians location
I pick up the middle value
and therefore one of the press
points of median is as the
assistance and the ability to fight
our players Percentage that Are you
with me Oh players present indeed
Okay No you are said this
How close was into the daytime
has got to the assistance But
what is the problem of media
I have the average median median
of this class I have meeting
of another baby program class I
cannot come to in the immediate
when because the faster class I
have taken the middle value two
people sent 48% of the total
value By arranging the daytime they're
sending up the sitting order The
rest of the values are not
considered similarly in the second class
It will be absurd on my
part to take the average of
the two even if it is
rated every because it is not
based on all observations That's what
if they wanted the world medium
But the story in the air
60 placed orders that the entire
1 20 students I must arrange
in that sending order pick up
the median and therefore median cannot
be mathematically street as a result
of the place born That is
a corresponding in this point just
like antibiotic side effects You're something
but it has some other than
some of the problem similarly here
that that is under the tomato
Look at it I think I
was on observations This is the
old players but still the middle
point This taken due to product
The karma are faster karma units
to the values of arsonist Lee
Is that correct That's me little
value is identified Arrested a macro
but the rest of them are
required I didn't obey the middle
value The women it is identified
They are dropped like art Potatoes
unceremoniously cough What is that value
It's a curse Will stop are
the largest occurrence Value is the
mortal that you median is used
for This we said market was
said everywhere data and I want
to find out I use that
what's brought users median as a
reference point because it can fight
it out Place a little is
a very powerful very useful my
share And you want people inventory
the most popular color size off
the shirt During festival season they
were only Christmas are single auto
You have to keep the most
popular ready made garment So you
know qwerty collar stays most popular
work more issues out of Bakare
schools Who but a caution What
is it Caution then may not
exist in all situations Then I
planted the calf I may have
it Plata Something like this multimodal
situation I will not be able
to identify uniquely the board That's
the car Pasha learned like this
The subjects of Max lubricant subject
even a quite free and literature
student can touch it or not
Right have to know this They
are to look at the whole
subject like the analyst last 20
That's because before the angles different
things to appreciate They come here
to opt really of this subject
Mechanically Studies have to appreciate so
accident again Monty More in quality
control What do you see You
are mixing my dear friend Stratify
the seven Cuzzi Tools like sheep
It's still Graham Scattered Dagenham Stratification
Battle Kochar Ishikawa Diagram controlled The
seven musical Stratify You are mixing
the collection in the faster ship
third ship it all that you
are making an appeal which is
sometimes not tasty actually one source
of variation at a time So
the world some situations even he
pretty is a problem mixture Even
if you address that may still
be a pattern off more than
one point which is a people
so more cannot be used in
those situations I mean median more
are there only three Michu's No
you have harmonic me You have
JAMA trick me Other measures are
given in the book there also
used but this that most popular
ones so this study that the
control reviews I went to use
the harmonic mean that you use
the geometric being I'm not drinking
of two numbers are designed rooftop
He and Toby every means Okay
No moderate mean Also can pretty
can fight our players very well
You use geometric mean then you
want to compute the cost of
living index number cost of living
index In the entry you take
the current period and all that
on the essential items Commodity in
one basket something maybe Like a
bun bread pretty portico onion and
all that All the places have
gone up I d I'm Zuma
safe The government of India What's
so the cost of living based
Unfortunately on the well sale price
But you look a little cut
Workweeks even you buy Finally the
fruit in a shop there are
police 25 or 30 Peace but
peace Let us in the beginning
It maybe 18 tothis Well if
the cost of living is or
coordinating to place it may be
incorrect likeliness similarly speed I'll put
that question They last traded question
to you Let's say you take
from point here too quiet be
you walk in the beach made
a knock Access you I am
too sincere to be And then
you come back to it Your
journey Yeah Toby While going you
were you Heberto clock kilometers hour
Okay well coming from Bt A
Because you have to walk against
been speak You are able to
grow up really three kilometers for
what is the average they ask
you or no The multiple choice
answer is three point Can you
Is that all Give you a
now How do you do all
this Uh yeah Three point average
speed distance You said Yes Panic
but their distance that is given
you walk from here to be
four kilometers beauty Speaking of Oh
she's Ray If you want an
unconventional way of learning that would
be any distance you can ask
you The answer will not change
I use yesterday is that I
was taught by some great teacher
when I was lately as 1/9
less assume the distance We really
didn't see it before monkey business
while growing I would have taken
three hours while coming I would
have taken four hours in seven
hours I have covered from people
kilometers the everyday spiritist or deport
waste which you define in statistics
as the harmonic means Is the
reciprocal of the arithmetic mean off
the reciprocal of the observations They
had a hot feeding off good
and I was talked like that
Armani be not to the teacher
but in the bathroom And he
was taking part because I could
not love for the teacher I
would be punished all I may
be mistaken Great It is so
easily explained Assume the distance So
what do you do Harmonic mean
Is the reciprocal of arithmetic me
off the reciprocal cooperation So it
is It is the reciprocal up
let's say through numbers and weak
It is their reciprocal off the
athletic mean off on the year
plays on repeat on the April
1 baby But two are reciprocal
observation so that one day a
place on baby which is to
say everybody a plus B You're
doing the problem like this I
can do that That is the
teachers greatness I salute those people
dark meat and in all humility
That is the reason I'm able
to stand before all those are
the keys on such and they
also have the during services Pooja
some of the greatest books like
bishops The steady car some of
the world Classic status six books
I never worked with anybody The
subsidy would like a pit and
actually in the video this meeting
so that I get knowledge and
really speaking You want to those
great gurus You know I'm not
a good news We're only using
some computer and then Franco do
some magic here but they're the
people who created the non Google
doesn't create uber dissemination Alec don't
mistake Sometimes we can get on
and show you some places Can't
I totally believe sometimes you can
Uber doesn't create lot of That's
a great knowledge It disseminates the
person who could enter Acknowledges the
greatest No this is the But
now let's quickly go back to
answer the question No friend of
the hospital Let's come to the
brass tacks So now let's see
one they want I don't medic
me Media 82 45 So what
has he done It doesn't end
them They're sending order you know
You ask a question Yeah the
median is selected What is that
question Yeah yeah yeah Obviously In
other words when I have got
the 50 observations Look the observations
p plus one big toe It
will be 51 they to between
25 26 That photo just digging
damage But if you use the
principle of Kwan tail I can
divine it's likely before But that's
what the software okay cultivate points
like it has to take that
Oh the the definition is people
saying they're both of peoples and
below So between 25 26 if
I take you that means different
observations are before you dip a
26 and 24 hours after the
typical That's now never 70 Cool
60 No I will give you
the problem in except we believe
excellent memory and resolve this for
you and then find out What
is the flock that does it
for about 70 wasn't it I
will come back to that You
you circle it You put a
color there If he left deliberate
some green calorie local give it
open Okay The standard and the
standard deviation It is asked what
is this kind of division It's
standard deviation is based on the
quantity in strictest is called at
various The variance is defined by
a formula Some some of X
minus Xbox squared by in minus
one for the san quick But
the population it is divided million
This is the radiance on this
is defined as Esquire The population
variances defined a Sikh mosque where
some off the X minus mu
nu is the mean of the
population Do you read it Will
you The whole would gets can
fuels in statistics ones If you
cannot come in somebody you can
confuse using statistics Automatic mean part
of the population You you is
the population arithmetic me in on
It is estimated by expert We
all of us know that it
smart is a sample meat So
the definition is I take all
the observations divided by the number
of observation You an expert No
confusion Population units I take the
rated by capital yet let us
say capital yen is the number
of units The population small and
is the number of units The
sample which is a subset of
the population No no the capital
So what influence I have I'm
saying this Yes Bob in fair
something are present That book estimate
up you It is dimension You
never I take the sample 10
students in the class Sadly the
Weighted Britain and I said This
is the population salary of the
class It's to make it Everybody
understands So what does the billions
in status takes I subtract the
me It is new here The
population from your body Observation Squire
it It is a sum of
squares My shirt from the mean
deviation Subtract the mean from a
very observations Quiet Then every don't
debated billion That is called variance
I understand In other words the
variability in the data a deviation
rt productor from the sample mean
each sample point represents Esquire It
directed by again The radiance comes
Okay No The faster question is
if this is defined as Sigma
Square If I take the square
root it becomes me standard deviation
The faster question you should ask
is or should they take the
Scrabble Why not I leave it
with the signal square Oh yeah
My taking square please answer are
really in Berlin Berlin Want the
eagle of the class Excellent Some
pool to the eagles already away
and class is full of eagles
Know every member of the glasses
Illegal Excellent Sam unit over It's
so you're taking this quiet sander
division So the standard division matures
That departure of the data points
for that athletic All who saw
the data points or scatter are
this person Our own descent is
since the dissolution to a lot
of distress are small strictly alaikum
I withdraw actually assigned a division
Okay No the same day I
should have dueted the Sanford denominated
also must be a I'm ready
But daddy and minus on your
once a start understanding the subject
on Google you the moment I
understand another concept Another googly cups
and you will have to Chris
what do you sick This is
in line Listen Does it mean
if I dont play in it
is at all Next question while
you sit in minus one I'm
the waiting here If I had
told me didn't And then I
also do it in no Confucian
take the square One man said
is completely underrated player and minus
on Stanford videos and check Excellent
This CNN also being minus one
Are you confusing of the bigger
the separate They didn't make it
so that we can split the
cross That's no dancer Oh no
bill can no don't come to
the Del Caracol Neither will not
good No we'll come to that
will complete later We'll we'll do
the little give you the proper
perspective into the company that I
know But way in minus on
there it should not be in
That's the question we're asking Is
that Amber to do is one
There's no such will make that
Yeah no that all three It's
to make in statistics appreciate this
to make up consistent estimator Unbiased
district Oh efficient estimated and consistent
is to make up I can
put the end That and minus
one is not again Another it's
moving in is and that's a
busting If you are divided by
N it's not wrong But were
you debating it by in minus
on Because I want unbiased estimation
Unbiased What is the meaning In
statistics and biased estimation It is
when I take a sample were
often students in the class I
could have taken the 10 students
to keep I seep in this
look Today students are there 10
students a couple lined up You
have very 10 students selected out
of this population will have a
bout of Arctic me It's not
I take 1 10 another can
another can I would generate a
lot of arithmetic means Then the
being of all the means will
be the class average There's called
on best In other words if
I keep on doing this several
times every time I come to
take spot then I generate a
number of expires Then expert Mark
are the mean of all these
experts Would be that whoever did
your class intuition Now Similarly when
I think the Syrians first on
the pin under the Davidians I'm
a little baby ends The expected
value of all the variances will
be Sigma Square only with the
denominator is in minus one That
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this tutorial will help you to
start your journey with our piper
as well as artificial intelligence Right
please Too late us know in
the comments section what you feel
about this whole tutorial and also
please Goto returning after the event
it will get almost 80 plus
free courses and after completely off
course you can claim your certificate
Anderson And if you want to
do this course of new mobile
application that is also possible He
was in great lining up Thank
you so
