The Book of Mormon says it was written in
a reformed Egyptian script by ancient prophets
who preserved the culture and language of
their Hebrew ancestors. One of the best ways
to test this claim is to look at the names
in the Book of Mormon. Of its 337 proper names,
188 are unique, meaning they can’t also
be found in the Bible. Because most words
in the Book of Mormon are English translations,
there’s no way to verify what ancient words
stand behind them. The Book of Mormon’s
names, however, are transliterations, meaning
they preserve the sound of the original words
rather than conveying their meaning in English.
This leads the door wide open for linguistic
analysis, allowing scholars to compare the
Book of Mormon’s unique names with known
words in ancient languages.
Each name in the Book of Mormon has now been
looked up by scholars with linguistic training.
It turns out that a good number of them have
plausible links with words or names in ancient
Near Eastern languages, especially with Hebrew
and Egyptian. So as a collective set they’re
entirely believable. It should be understood,
though, that vowels in most ancient Near Eastern
languages were spoken, but not written. This
means that connecting Book of Mormon names
with known ancient words is mostly a matter
of matching up consonants. For this reason
there will always be some uncertainty when
trying to figure out what ancient word might
best match the sound and spelling of a name
in the Book of Mormon.
Fortunately, several categories of evidence
provide additional confirmation that its names
are authentic. For example, some of its names
seem so obviously modern that a competent
forger in 1829 probably wouldn’t have used
them. Early critics mocked the names Sam and
Josh because they sounded too “American.”
Likewise, the name Alma has been criticized
because although it was commonly seen as a
Latin-based female’s name in Joseph Smith’s
day, it’s used as a male’s name the Book
of Mormon. Subsequent discoveries, however,
have upended these criticisms. Sam and Josh
happen to be Semitic names found on artifacts
that date close to Lehi’s day. They are
shortened names for Samuel and Joshua. Likewise
Alma is attested as a Semitic male’s name
from both before and after Lehi left Jerusalem.
The fact that some people have thought these
names were obviously fake makes their authenticity
all the more significant.
Another line of evidence comes from the names
that are accompanied in the text by brief
definition callejd a “gloss.” This definition
helps narrow down the ancient words that could
possibly be a match, because any proposal
would have to agree in both sound and meaning
with a gloss name in the Book of Mormon. One
example is the name Irreantum, which Nephi
said means “many waters.” Scholars have
proposed two linguistic possibilities: one
Semitic, and the other Egyptian, that nicely
match Irreantum and its supplied definition.
Other names like Rabbanah and Hermounts also
have proposals that meet this additional standard
of proof.
The many Hebrew and Egyptian wordplays proposed
for the Book of Mormon names provide another
category of evidence. It’s been suggested,
for example, that the name Nephi comes from
an Egyptian word which means “good” or
“fair.” While this proposal on its own
is certainly possible, it becomes more compelling
once readers see how often in the text Nephi’s
name is connected to the meaning of this Egyptian
word. Nephi himself repeats forms of the word
“good” three times in his opening and
closing remarks. One of his descendants was
specifically named after him so that he would
remember Nephi’s goodness. And Nephi’s
people, the Nephites, were often described
as being fair.
Dozens of similar wordplays have been proposed
for names in the Book of Mormon. This high
frequency nicely matches a strong tendency
of the Hebrew authors of the Old Testament
to use puns in their writing. Some have questioned
the significance of these proposals because,
as in the case of Nephi’s name, we can’t
be certain what ancient words stand behind
them. Yet a number of wordplays in the Book
of Mormon actually don’t face this dilemma,
because they’re associated with names also
found in the Bible whose meaning is well known.
For instance, King Benjamin, whose name means
“son of the right hand” in Hebrew, used
a pun on his own name when prophesying that
the righteous would sit on the right hand
of God.
Another layer of evidence comes from some
of the Book of Mormon’s parallel structures.
A great example can be found in a lengthy
chiasm from the sixth chapter of Helaman.
At its center, the name Zedekiah is accompanied
by the word “Lord.” This pairing makes
excellent sense, because the suffix of Zedekiah’s
name is actually a Hebrew word for “Lord,”
thus completing the series of tight poetic
parallels found in the rest of the chiasm.
Although such an arrangement could possibly
occur by chance, it seems more likely that
whoever created it knew the Hebrew meaning
behind Zedekiah’s name.
Finally, as a collective set, Book of Mormon
names share several startling relationships
with names in the Old Testament. For instance,
neither record uses last names. Even more
notable is that none of the names in either
book use the letters Q, X, or W, nor do any
of them begin with an F. In a day before computer
search engines, this type of consistency would
likely have been quite difficult for any would-be
forger to recognize and implement. All in
all, the names in the Book of Mormon are remarkably
consistent with its own claims about its linguistic
origins.
There will always be some degree of uncertainty,
even for the best proposed matches with ancient
words. Yet, it’s hard to imagine that a
frontier farmer like Joseph Smith, who had
no formal training in ancient languages when
he translated the Book of Mormon, could have
produced so many names with believable and
in some cases quite compelling links to the
ancient world.
The multiple lines of additional evidence
discussed in this video make an already believable
set of names even more likely to be authentic.
If Joseph Smith or one of his associates had
fabricated the Book of Mormon, we would hardly
expect this evidence to exist. On the other
hand, these names make perfect sense that
the Book of Mormon was truly written by ancient
prophets who preserved the languages and cultures
of their Near Eastern ancestors.
