Have you ever tried to take a picture of a
sunset?
How’d it turn out?
It probably looked pretty bad compared to
the real thing, right?
Now, have you ever taken a picture of your
friend, when she was lit by the sunset?
It probably looked amazing!
The sun can be so fickle.
But we need it for...life.
Luckily we don’t need it for filmmaking anymore.
We can recreate a sunset and make it last
for hours.
We can light a lightning storm or make a room
look like it’s lit with just a few candles,
but still be able to actually see.
Light can accentuate drama or playup humor
or build suspense.
And, without it, the camera literally captures
nothing.
Without light, film is...radio.
And the production departments that control
all the light are usually grouped together
as G&E: Grip & Electric.
We’ve talked about the designers who build
the mise-en-scene through sets, costumes,
hair and makeup, but the lighting design is
just as important.
A blank wall can be transformed with light
and shadow.
I mean, you know this –– an instagram
can be made into art by controlling light
and shadow.
This is part of the reason Grip & Electric
work so well together.
The electricians bring in and control the
light, while the grips control the shadow.
[Intro Music Plays]
Both the grip and electric teams work together
as an arm of the camera team.
The Gaffer, Best Boy Electric, and electricians
work with the cinematographer to design the lighing.
And the Key Grip, Best Boy Grip, and grips
work with all the non-electrical equipment
for the lighting and camera departments.
The Electrical Lighting Technicians, or ELTs,
are responsible for getting light, but also
power, to the set.
Like almost every crew position, it’s a
mix of creativity and technical skill.
When it comes to lighting, though, it’s
especially technical.
Like, there’s math.
The Electric department has to make a new
plan for every lighting set up and every location.
This plan is informed by the look the director
and cinematographer want to achieve, but also
by the power that’s available on site or
from the generators they’re able to bring
So the electric team isn’t just lighting
a set.
They’re also bringing power to it.
A lot of power, that could be deadly if it’s
not handled safely.
But who’s responsible for safety on set?
That’s easy.
You are.
There are too many moving parts and changing
orders on a film set for safety to not be
everyone’s priority.
So, trust me when I say, if an electrician
tells you to do something on set, do it.
It’s for your safety.
The gaffer and the electric team have to understand
the capacity of their equipment and the power
supplies that they’re pulling from.
They also need to stay up to date on technology
changes.
LED lights, for example, are just starting
to be used on sets.
But of course, the whole purpose of the electric
department’s technical skill is to put it
to use creatively and convincingly.
It can be easy to think of light as just light,
but think of the light in an old church or
the light in a big box store.
Different, right?
Think of a cold rainy beach or a sunny mountain
top.
It’s the same sun but it looks so different.
Grip and electric teams work to control light,
and one of the most important tools at their
disposal is understanding color temperature.
Think again about that old church versus that
rainy beach: they’re about the same brightness,
but they’re different colors.
The light in the church is what we’d call
“warm”; it’s kind of orange.
Whereas the light on the beach is “cool”;
looks more blue.
That’s because the light has different color
temperatures, which we measure in Kelvin, or K.
Typically, outdoor lighting is around 5600K,
or what we call “daylight balanced,” because
the sun’s light is 5600K.
Indoor lighting is 3200K, or “tungsten,”
because tungsten is what the filaments in
lightbulbs are made from, and it puts out
light at 3200K.
Obviously, there’s a whole lot of wiggle
room between those, and the camera needs to
be set up to match the color temperature of
the lights.
When you see a video that looks really orange,
it’s because the lights are tungsten but
the camera is set to daylight balance.
And vice versa when the video looks really
blue.
You can get bulbs that are either daylight
balanced or tungsten, but if you only have
one type of bulb to light your film inside
and out, you can change their color temperature
pretty affordably with gels.
Gels are transparent color filters.
They come in many colors, but they’re most
commonly used in blue or orange.
And they come in different densities, too,
depending on how much light you're working with.
Once the color temperature is right for the
scene, G&E still has to control how the light moves.
We talked about the basic 3-point lighting
set up when we talked about cinematography.
The key light, the fill light, and the back
light, or hair light, all work together to
give a scene depth and allow the audience
to feel like they’re looking at a real space,
not a screen.
But you don’t just put up three lights in
a triangle.
The electricians and grips shape the light
to create the look the gaffer and cinematographer want.
Under the direction of the gaffer, the electricians
use the lights themselves to do this, and
the grips use several tools to block and steer
the light.
Because, remember that fickle sun?
Light will go wherever you let it, but it
needs to be guided.
The first way to do this is with different
lights.
The key, fill, and hair lights usually descend
in order of intensity.
The key will put out the most light, then
the fill, then the hair light.
But, not all light sources are lights.
Frequently, the fill light is just light from
the key light bouncing off of a white wall,
a mirror, or, appropriately enough, a bounce
board.
A skilled grip can aim light with a bounce
board, but beyond that, there are many more
ways to control the light.
The lights themselves have barn doors that
control how much light comes through and how
it’s aimed.
Barn doors are also where you can clip your
gels, if you need them, with your trusty c-47s.
G&E equipment gets the best names.
A lot of the effort in lighting is spent trying
to avoid unwanted shadows, but sometimes you
need shadows to shape the light how you want
it.
And the grips have all the rigging and equipment
to do that.
Some of the most versatile pieces of equipment
that grips use are flags mounted on to c-stands,
to block, or “cut” the light.
They’ll block light for the camera, but
because the grip department oversees pretty
much all the non-electrical equipment for
the set, they’ll also block light for things
like video village.
And no, that’s not the last of the DVD-rental
chains -- it’s where people who can’t
see the camera can watch video playback of
what the camera is capturing.
For this, the team will usually use a special
kind of flag, called a floppy, because it
has a floppy drape that can be opened to block
out more light.
Flags are sometimes called cutters, too, because
they break up the light sharply.
But when the shadow needs to be more subtle,
G&E will use diffusion.
If the electricians want to lessen the intensity
of a light, they can add diffusion to it,
much like how they add gels.
On some lights they can add screens called
scrims over the lens of the light.
Grips can also bring in flags called silks
to put in front of large lights to diffuse them.
And really big silks are used to protect an
entire set from the sun for an outdoor scene.
Indoors, grips can control the light in a
scene by using black wrap, or cinefoil, to
direct light or seal the windows from sunlight.
Now, not only do grips have the power to block
out the sun and build the rigging for light
and shadow, they also build and manage the
equipment for the camera department.
In fact, the ways in which the camera moves are almost all built and maintained by the grips.
If it’s a locked down shot, the grips set
up the tripod.
If it’s a dolly shot, grips lay the dolly
track and control the dolly movements.
If the shot calls for a jib or a crane, grips
build and control this movement as well.
Even handheld shots often rely on grips, because
the camera operator may need to be on a ladder,
which will be held by a grip, or they may
put the camera on an apple box between shots,
which would be provided by the grip department.
And, I can’t mention this enough, just like
the electricians have be manage safety of
the electricity and cables and bulbs they’re
using, grips are always thinking about safety
with equipment.
From the way a c-stand is positioned to the
way a screw is tightened, there is a protocol
and a language for everything the grips are
doing to keep everyone on set safe.
Two of the most common words you’ll hear
from G&E are “striking” and “points.”
Striking is called when an electrician is
turning on a light.
It’s a courtesy for anyone on set to look
away from the bright light, but it’s also
a warning that something potentially dangerous
is about to happen.
A fuse might blow, a bulb might break, and
by calling “striking” the crew is getting
a head’s up.
Points means someone is carrying something
big and pointy.
Probably a c-stand.
So be aware and watch where you’re moving.
Knowing these two words will help keep you
safe, and also keep you from being obnoxious
on a film set.
All good things!
Today we learned about the electric team and
how it balances the technical and the creative
sides of lighting.
We looked at some of the equipment electricians
use to shape light and talked about safety
and language associated with the electric
department.
We also talked about the responsibilities
of the grip department and how they support
the electric department, the camera department,
and all the non-electric equipment being used
by various departments on set.
Next time, we’ll get into even more movie
magic with special effects, both on camera
and in post production.
Crash Course Film Production is produced in
association with PBS Digital Studios.
You can head over to their channel to check
out a playlist of their latest shows, like
Braincraft, The Art Assignment, and Eons.
This episode of Crash Course was filmed in
the Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio
with the help of these nice people and our
amazing graphics team is Thought Cafe.
