[lighthearted music]
>> So last thing before
we leave Chapter 2,
which we're going to do very quickly here,
I just want to see if
you have any questions.
We ended by,
what can be a somewhat,
interesting but maybe a
little bit confusing topic.
And that was when we looked at
the problem of epilepsy.
And we talked about the way in which
epileptic seizures
influence the whole brain.
Most of the time these are
treated with medications
that calm or stop many of the seizures.
In some cases it doesn't.
And we showed a couple video clips of one
in which they do surgery
to remove the part of the brain
that may have some damaged areas
and you saw that in one clip.
And then another clip where they actually
sever the left and right
hemisphere right here
and then you saw toward the end,
some of the results that could occur.
But are there any questions
as you look this over?
Anything before we go
and start talking about,
well we're going to talk about
prenatal development today,
and even infants and the
development of the brain.
Yes?
>> Audience Member: My aunt has epilepsy
and she had surgery.
I don't know if it was a mass.
>> How long ago?
>> Audience Member: It was
like three or four years.
>> Three or four years, yeah.
There are some ways in
which some treatments,
there's a variety of ways.
In essence,
do you know what she had?
Was it a monitor that
monitored brain patterns
and just kind of sent out
medications as needed?
Don't know?
Find out.
It'll be interesting to see
what that treatment was,
and what she had done.
These are more severe cases.
And individuals that have this surgery
are pretty much like you and I.
Right now if you're looking
at me and hearing me,
you're hearing me through
both eyes and both ears.
So both hemispheres get it.
But even if you were able
to only hear out of one ear,
it would still be shared
on both hemispheres.
But for example,
if you put something in,
someone that had this surgery.
If I put an object that
you can identify by touch,
let's say it's a toothbrush.
Which hand,
for someone with split brain surgery,
would be best for them
to be able to tell you
that which they were
holding in their hand?
You can only,
for the majority of people
that have had this surgery,
they would fall into this category
where if you put a toothbrush
in one of their hands,
they couldn't tell you what it was.
What hand would that be in
that they couldn't tell you?
It'd be in their left hand
because it would go into
their right hemisphere,
which has simple comprehension.
So guess what they did.
They put it in their left hand.
The person that you saw at
the very end of the clip
with surgery that had this
and she went like this.
Well she said without seeing it,
it's an elongated piece of plastic.
And it has what appears to be,
and she started to describe it.
But, what is it?
She couldn't say.
Isn't that interesting?
And then she did something
that actually changed it.
She went like this.
She went like that on the brushes.
And that went over to this ear.
She goes, oh.
That's a toothbrush.
Isn't that weird?
Well what happens is,
again most of the time
she's taking in information
that's going into both hemispheres.
And so it's sharing.
And you and I will never have this problem
because our hemispheres
share this information
very quickly.
So even if I whisper in one ear,
put something in this hand,
you'll know it because the
information's being shared.
And in this case,
she didn't.
You could flash up something
to her like this, ready?
They did this.
They said to her,
left hemisphere which has language,
they said for her to,
let's see what was it?
To laugh.
That's what it said.
But into her right hemisphere it said,
to the other hemisphere sorry.
It said to clap, right?
At the same time.
So she went like this.
And then you say what are you doing?
Laughing.
Why, what are you doing?
What word do you see?
Laugh.
Why are you doing that?
I don't know.
Makes sense?
She was able to identify
and speak out the word that she saw
into her left hemisphere
which was laugh,
while her right hemisphere
saw the word clap.
And she kind of did it
without really understanding
or being able to speak why.
Weird situations.
You have to be able to
know how to get information
into one hemisphere and not the other.
Most of the time that isn't a problem.
So do you understand the basic principal?
And so now what that did for psychology
is that it opened up.
Where in the world?
Again it's a unique case
because for us we share this
information back and forth.
We don't run into this.
But it does bring up interesting questions
about how and why we do things.
And it illustrates something
that sometimes our behaviors,
if you want to know,
sometimes we have to
behave ina particular way
that we're not always sure why.
Sometimes we're not even
aware of these things
that we pick up from other people.
We just get kind of a sense.
We call this even that idea,
some parts that we're aware of.
We know that there are things.
This idea of the low road of consciousness
that we process through
a part of our brain
that doesn't really have awareness.
It doesn't tell us,
or we're not simply conscious of it.
We just feel that something is wrong.
We just get a sense
that the person is not happy
by reading some things that strike us
and that's kind of a similar analogy.
We're kind of aware of things.
Millions and millions
of bits of information
strike our brains in minutes.
And so we're only selectively aware
of parts of that.
But our brains are picking up a lot of it
and informing impressions and feelings.
So it's kind of analogous
to something like that.
>> Audience Member: Does
the right hemisphere
control our speech
and the left control our thoughts or,
>> No, not necessarily.
Our left again,
for most people
you tend to process most
of your speech right here.
Most of language and being able to talk
is the product of the
left hemisphere let's say.
You can comprehend things over here,
but not have as much capacity.
Or this doesn't have.
So again for all of us with this intact,
it doesn't necessarily
hinder us in any way.
But that's just the way it works.
Okay, other questions like that?
Yeah go ahead.
That's a great question.
You saw two different clips.
The guy at first who had this
and then the girl.
The woman that had it, no.
They were both tested by the same guy.
A guy named Michael Gazzaniga
who has,
once the surgeries occurred,
has done some of this testing
that brings out some of these
possible problems that
they may be experiencing.
She didn't seem to have,
in the long run,
she was fairly normal.
Initially there was some tension.
You saw her right hand wanted to wear this
and her left would grab another thing.
She's like oh which one.
Eventually that faded for her.
And it wasn't as much of an issue.
By the way,
both of them
their seizures were
significantly decreased
and contained.
So that was the hope.
Okay.
Well speaking of brains,
ultimately the development
is a very important piece
we're going to transition to
when it comes to children
and us as adults.
Where and why and how
did this amazing organ called the brain,
what was it's process and its journey
to think through this idea?
Developmental Psychologists
and others that work in understanding
some of these things point to milestones
in fetal brain development, for example.
They break it down into
trimesters as you know,
so I have this up here.
You don't have to write down all
that I'm about to show on
this particular screen.
I just want you to get a sense
of some of the areas,
and some of the speed
in which the brain grows
and develops.
And some of the milestones that we find
at different times.
And so in that first trimester,
as you know in the first couple of months
when the baby is first
developing and growing,
we see the brain cells clearly
are beginning to be differentiated
within even a couple of
weeks after conception.
You see a brain stem within
the first two months of life
for these babies.
You'll find seven weeks
along a brain stem.
Face, hands and feet
just to show you some
physical features as well
by eight weeks.
This point at which the
brain becomes functioning,
or the brain operates,
because our society
and many scientists say
that you are only human
and not until your brain
is up and functioning,
has huge implications, doesn't it?
That is if you're not really human
until your brain is up and functioning,
or on line,
then they can argue that things,
for example,
ending the life of this baby
isn't a problem because
it's not fully human.
And so you can see why the argument
is important to recognize,
well let's think about the brain.
When does life begin?
And while it's not really a easy answer
for even scientists,
they can even start to point
somethings about the brain.
And by the way,
new technology is revealing more and more
about the workings that go on
that we didn't know before.
How many of you have ever seen
the technology of the 4-D sonograms?
Any of you all seen that?
You have?
>> Audience Member:
I'm an ultrasound tech.
>> You're a what?
>> Audience Member: I'm a tech.
>> Oh you're one of the techs for the 4-D.
Well maybe you can describe that.
Here I'll show you what it is.
Tell us what we see.
By the way,
here's the story.
We now peer into the womb
using something that we used to call it
just a sonogram, right?
So here I am.
We have kids that are
now close to your age.
And we go into the doctor's office
and the nurse goes like this,
oh let's check it out
and show you the baby.
How many of y'all have seen the images
of the sonogram.
A little baby in there,
it looks like a gray and white blob.
Except for to you.
What's your name?
>> Audience Member: Courtney.
>> Courtney.
Well we'll let Courtney say,
well to me I look at it like,
17 and 18 years ago
they showed me this thing,
oh look a at the baby.
Look you see the heart.
And I'm going,
dude that looks like a piece of gum.
[audience laughs]
I see nothing.
And so they're like,
oh no it's so cool.
Look and there's the heart.
Everything looks great.
I'm thinking,
wow you're really good
because I see nothing here
that's really of any value at all.
Now I know I shouldn't say that
but that's how I felt.
You want me to show you
what that looks like?
You know most of you have seen them
and they look kind of like this.
What do you see there?
I see more here than I do there.
Courtney what do we have here?
>> Courtney: That's a nose,
a mouth, an eye.
>> A nose, a mouth and an eye.
>> Courtney: And you
see the hand down there.
>> You see the hand.
That's what Courtney sees.
Courtney sees lots of things in here
because that's what she does.
She's a technician.
But anyway,
so here's my point.
I go in.
We have these babies.
It's cool.
Oh that's cool.
You hear the heartbeat.
You can see a little bit
and I'm all happy.
Okay fast forward 10 years later.
Now I go in
we're having another baby.
There's a big gap for us.
Did I tell you about
why we have a big gap?
Because we don't plan very well.
[audience laughs]
And we just were both surprised.
And all of a sudden Elisa one day,
by the way,
the reason we didn't have
babies for a long time
is because we stopped them
because my wife had something.
During this time something weird happens
when moms are first pregnant.
There's a very interesting phenomenon
that this baby needs to stick to
the uterine wall, right?
And so this new forming egg sticks.
Well in order to stick it,
the mom's developed this kind of glue.
It's a hormone chemical.
And for some moms it makes you very what?
Very sick, very nauseated.
And for some like my wife,
we were in Russia at the time.
We were walking around hanging out,
living there over the summer
and she's basically getting sick.
And I think oh yeah I'm getting sick too.
We were having bad food and thinking,
this isn't good.
Bad food and whatever.
And I'm getting better the next day or two
and she's still sick.
And she's throwing up
all over the country.
[audience laughs]
I mean she's throwing
up in the Red Square.
She's throwing up,
we traveled to Kiev.
She's throwing up there, everywhere.
And I was like she's not getting better
and she's still sick and still sick.
Turns out we don't know why.
Finally a couple weeks into it,
the doctors like
I don't know what's wrong with you
but I have a feeling.
Are you really sensitive
to smells right now?
And she's like,
oh this country stinks.
[audience laughs]
And I'm like,
Elisa this country doesn't smell,
it's just a different place.
Oh no it's really bad.
Well it turns out they didn't have
a lot of good tests back then
that were easily accessible.
So we get on a plane.
Because we were ending our time,
we fly back home.
We get to an airport.
She grabs a pregnancy test and she goes,
this is it, look.
And so what it is,
we were pregnant and, ready?
Go to doctor,
they diagnose her with something called
Hyperemesis gravidarum.
Bad thing.
Emesis means throwing up.
Hyperemesis means what?
All the time.
So hyperally throwing up means
like every 45 minutes this woman is
throwing up every 45 minutes.
And Gravidorum means it's in grave danger
to the spouse.
To the spouse.
[audience laughs]
that's what it felt like.
Because the noise man.
Not really.
It was great danger to the mom,
not to the baby,
not to the spouse,
but to the mom.
The baby took all the nutrients.
So she's throwing up.
By the way,
she was throwing up so much
she was unable to even swallow
her own saliva.
All of her food and liquid
for about two months
came in through pick lines
that the doctors had to insert.
And so we'd have dinner together.
I'd get a bag of food
and stick it up there like that
and then I'd eat my hamburger.
I didn't know what else to do.
It was painful to watch
her go through this.
Just to fast forward the story.
We had a second child a year later
and guess what happens.
The same thing.
Hyperemesis gravidarum
and she's throwing up.
Mostly she wants to kill me first of all.
[audience laughs]
And I just say,
that's just really misplaced.
I did't,
well I did, okay.
[audience laughs]
But I didn't know.
How could I know?
Fast forward.
The whole point of the story,
we stopped having children
because she was sick.
Hyperemesis is bad.
And so 10 years later,
all of the sudden she gets,
we're at Biola function
and she looks at me
and goes,
does it stink in here?
And I say,
no it doesn't stink at all.
And she's like oh it smells bad.
And then she starts throwing up.
I go oh well we're done with children
so that's not a problem.
The next day she's still nauseated.
She's just looking at me like,
I'm still not feeling good.
I'm not gonna go to the meeting.
I go, go away.
And she calls me up she goes,
Chris I know it's wrong.
I figured it out.
And I go oh no,
is there blood, what?
How do you know what's wrong with you?
Because I wasn't thinking baby.
And she holds this thing.
I can see on her face.
It was like joy and I'm
going to kill you bad.
[audience laughs]
Look we're going to have a baby man.
And she's throwing up.
Oh it was horrible!
Same thing, same doctors.
We go to the same place.
It was bad.
It was so bad,
can I tell you one more story?
All of her food and liquid have to go in.
[speakers blaring]
[audience laughs]
There's music all like this is so bad!
[audience laughs]
Oh we feel really bad for you.
It was so bad that all of her,
she had to get all of
these pokes in her arms.
Veins would collapse after awhile.
You couldn't use them,
you had to switch them over
to other arms to get more.
Back and forth to find this other vein
just to get the food
into these pick lines.
Finally they put a permanent one in.
With our second kid,
it comes out.
She's kind of out of it
meaning that the most part of it,
she can slightly begin to hold down food.
And it's about three days later
and here's what happens.
She's sitting there one night
and she's going to sleep.
We both are.
I fall asleep really fast and I hear this.
She's up restless
and then she goes oh Chris,
something's wrong.
My stomach hurts.
My side hurts.
And I go,
is it the baby?
I mean we're here halfway
through this pregnancy.
And she says,
I don't know.
It's more on the side and it hurts a lot.
I said okay what should I do?
I think I'll just get up for awhile.
You just stay in bed you'll be fine.
So I do what any sensitive husband does
and I fall back asleep.
[audience laughs]
And so I'm asleep
and I hear a few minutes
kind of in and out
and 10 minutes later
she comes back in and goes,
it still hurts.
Oh really what do we do?
What should we do?
And she goes I don't know.
I think I'm going to maybe
try something to eat.
And so I said are you alright?
Is it really bad?
She goes I don't know.
So anyway she goes to
get something to eat.
I fall back asleep.
And about 10 minutes later I heard,
she just was one word
and I knew it was really serious
because this is my wife.
This isn't her.
I'm sitting there and what
wakes me up is this word,
forgive me but I hear damn.
And I go,
you cussed man!
[audience laughs]
I'm calling the doctor.
I'm the cusser not you.
You cussed.
This is bad.
I've never heard.
My wife is bad.
Why, she cussed man.
She said a bad word.
What else?
She got pain here.
Bring her in.
So we bring her into the Emergency Room.
We get there and the doctor takes one,
I don't know why I'm telling
you this whole story.
Whatever, okay.
So we get there
and they look at her.
They start to figure
out what this pain is.
Oh it really hurts bad, bad, bad.
And one of the doctors in the ER
pulls me aside and she goes,
is this your wife?
And I said yes that's my wife.
And she goes,
oh she's a user huh?
And I go a user?
What do you mean?
I can see all the track marks.
[audience laughs]
No, no.
She just cussed, that's all.
[audience laughs]
I said no she's pregnant
and she has Hyperemesis gravidarum.
And she goes, oh.
And she's been on this.
Oh yeah.
By the way,
what it was is that she had
a kidney stone of all things.
And she would rather give birth to a baby
than a kidney stone if she had her choice.
It was that painful.
All that to say,
let's try and finish
this story very quickly.
I don't know how to finish it.
We go back in.
Now we have the third
child 10 years later.
I go to the same place,
almost the same place.
And they hook it up and say,
hey we'll show you your baby.
And I go into them and I say,
they pull out the same old thing.
That little,
what is it called?
What?
>> Courtney: Transducer
>> Transducer.
And I say to the lady,
I saw this like 10 years ago.
There's like a technological
revolution going on.
We have new software.
Computers, their weird, they're cool.
And you can see things.
And she goes,
oh no stupid doctor.
Do you still use them?
>> Courtney: They're really exciting.
>> Yeah, yeah.
How about the old things though?
You still use just regular sonograms?
>> Courtney: Yeah,
depending on where you are.
>> Depending on where you are.
I said gosh,
you guys ought to upgrade sometime.
And she goes you know what,
there's this cool new thing
called 4-D technology.
It's called a sonogram.
Go do it.
Don't tell my doctor.
So we went and did it.
I'll show you what it looks like.
And this is the different
image that you get
instead of that one.
[gentle music]
Watch.
You can even see her yawn.
It's a she.
Just a minute watch.
It's live.
The eye looks a little weird,
don't get distracted.
But there's the yawn.
[audience chatting]
Is that pretty clear?
Good?
That was a little bit later than this,
but it was amazing.
We sit there,
by the way,
this technology has changed our opinions
about lots of things.
We have not found out
things that babies can do inside the womb
that we weren't really
always aware of before.
And it has just even
made something that was
before you couldn't see.
Now you see it
and it's just surprising the clarity.
Anything that you've learned from that?
Or do you watch
or that's cool about it?
>> Courtney: Well like from the 3-D to 4-D
you can detect cleft palates really early.
>> Oh you detect she says
certain physical abnormalities
like cleft palates
and other things,
cleft lips that you
couldn't have seen before.
It's an amazing,
it's very expensive.
When we did it,
there was only like two or three
in all of California.
Now there's more than that.
But 28 weeks is a very
powerful time for the fetus.
Sometime between,
just so you know,
and again I'm not going
to hold you responsible
for these weeks and exactly what happens.
I think it's interesting.
You don't have to necessarily
memorize this list.
Something goes on in development.
The 23rd week if a baby
was born prematurely,
any of you all in here
premature that you know of?
Anybody in here know that you were
a couple weeks, days premature?
Any even a month premature?
Do we have any?
How much do you remember?
Two months premature.
That's a long time.
Do you remember at what week you were at?
Maybe 32 weeks?
[audience chatting]
Around the 32nd week.
That's pretty early.
>> Audience Member: I was
three months premature.
>> Three months?
And a twin sister.
So that would've been at the 28th week
which is getting down to very premature.
I'll talk a little bit about this
at the end of today's lecture
or at the beginning of Monday's
about how we treated premature infants.
And we treat them very differently now.
By the way,
okay 28 weeks remember.
Is that when you were about born?
Survival rates just
real quickly to show you
what this window is.
If a baby is born at 23 weeks premature.
Even though this says
the fetus can survive
at 23 weeks,
only 10 percent of babies
born this premature survives.
23 weeks.
But at 26 weeks,
just in that three weeks,
we completely reverses.
And so now 90 percent survive
outside the womb at about 26 weeks.
Technology, other things are helping
keep these babies alive.
So we're pushing that bounds.
But there's some magical
things that happen.
Question somewhere?
Yeah.
>> Audience Member: I kind of heard that
it's more dangerous for a kid to be born
on the eighth month than the seventh.
>> Yeah I don't know how,
I wouldn't know specifically
if one month is worse.
It would seem like,
I would think that's a
little bit more maturing
that's going on.
I haven't heard that,
but that doesn't mean it's not true.
But usually the more weight the baby gets,
the more development it gets,
the better off and the more
likely chance they have
of surviving.
>> Audience Member: Is there a problem,
or could there be a problem
if a person is born weeks or
months after the due date?
>> Yeah usually they don't let moms go
much beyond about a week to
10 days beyond their due date.
Some of you may have
been a little bit longer.
It certainly wouldn't be a
month longer I don't think.
>> Audience Member: It was for me.
>> A month?
>> Audience Member: They
told me I was supposed to
be on the second of November,
I was born on the 22nd.
>> Oh yeah so that's 20 days.
Almost two and a half weeks,
three weeks yeah.
Oh that's a great question.
Miscarriages, I don't know.
I don't know the answer to that.
I don't know if there's
a specific time or week
that are more likely.
But we'll ask maybe our expert that,
>> Courtney: Most are
in the first 12 weeks.
>> Within the first 12 weeks.
>> Audience Member: How premature would
most premature be to survive?
>> Well again if at 23
weeks since conception
you have a 10 percent survival rate,
I imagine there have been some babies born
at 21 or 22 weeks.
It's probably rare that many survive.
But that would be
what I would imagine
is around that time.
By the way,
this points out something amazing to me.
And that is,
something that's very powerful.
Even just in this verse, ready?
1 John 3:1
you don't have to write it down.
How great is the love the Father has
for us, right?
In that he has lavished this upon us.
This to me,
as a parent for the first
time I realized this verse,
we are called children of God
and that is what we are.
Why would a new parent find this amazing?
Yeah I mean there's a lot against you
even being born in general.
What else?
Why is this amazing if you've
heard parents talk about this?
>> Audience Member: It's
like this amazing love
for your child.
>> It's an amazing love.
That baby comes out and it's like,
I'll do anything to
protect this kid, right?
But we didn't want children right away
because we wanted our marriage to,
I'm thinking I can't love anyone
more than I love Elisa.
And so why would I bring a baby in this
going to get second best.
Have you ever thought about that before?
Maybe you haven't
because maybe you're not married.
Have you guys thought about that before?
You want to bring children in?
>> Audience Member: Not now.
>> Not now, yeah.
Let's not talk about it, okay?
Yeah, right?
We wanted to wait.
Three, four, five years and honestly,
as you get to know your spouse a lot,
you're going God this is awesome.
I can't love a baby as much as this.
And then all of a sudden you have a baby
and you go,
I do love them a lot!
And it didn't take away from this.
And then I thought,
I can't have another baby beyond this.
Because that baby will get second best.
And then it's like wait a minute,
I do love that baby.
Let's try again Elisa
and she's like I'll kill you, no.
[audience laughs]
We're not having another one.
All that to say,
I had a hard time.
The reason we had the third child
was simply because
I always thought maybe
they'll cure this thing.
Let's just hold out hope man.
And she's like hope shmope.
I'm sick and I don't want to have a baby.
But I wanted like 10
just to see if it's true
that you can still love them as much
as the next one.
And you can.
And God loves us this way.
And when you hear this
and you think,
I love this kid so much.
It's so deep and so powerful.
And you realize wait a minute,
God calls me a child.
Y'all just saw you're loved a lot.
How's that?
Hear that verse you're loved a lot.
In developmental psychology,
we're going to talk
about three quick things
that have determined and have
an influence on the field
in a broad sense.
They're easy to answer
and they're complex in some respect.
One is the nature, nurture issue.
And that is kind of that idea
that if we want to
explain person's behavior
or an individual why
they might do something.
And some people say,
oh it's because of their
genetic background,
or it's because of their experience.
And that's known as the
nature, nurture issue.
And this had a big influence
on developmental psychology.
It's not unsimilar to what
the psalmist said in 139
when he pointed out this and said
something to this effect.
And you don't have to
write the verse down.
But you'll find in 13-16,
God created us in our
innermost beings, right?
He knit us together in our mother's womb.
Well that's pretty powerful
that we were fearfully
and wonderfully made.
Our frame was not hidden from God
when I was made in the secret place.
When I was woven together
in the depths of the earth.
God your eyes saw my own formed body.
All the days were ordained for me.
They were written in your book before
one of them came to be.
Well here's the idea.
How much of who you are was written
while you were developing?
Genetically, you were given 23 chromosomes
from your mom and 23 from your dad, okay?
They paired up.
Now you find this in literally
every cell in the body.
These pairs.
They have influenced us, but how much?
How much of your behaviors
is a result of your genetics?
That is the question.
Are you shy,
we talked about in this class
because you have a genetic heritage.
You do some things based upon genes.
And some of your behavior is
a result of your experience,
you family backgrounds,
your social backgrounds.
So we point to these things, ready?
From the one side of it,
we can point to genetic
factors having an influence
on characteristics, personality, behavior.
But another one,
in fact I'm going to put up seven of these
that are pretty important
in looking at trying to explain
some of the variations in our behavior.
Some people are guessing that around
maybe 40, 50 percent of the variations
that we have in our
individual personalities
can be explained by genetics.
The rest of the categories,
whether it's prenatal chemical factors,
give me a prenatal chemical factor
that we say is an environmental factor
that can have an influence on
how we behave or what we are like
or some variations.
>> Audience Member: A
mother when she takes
certain medications.
>> Prenatal chemical.
If the mom takes certain,
we call them teratogens,
chemicals into her body,
they can affect the body.
That's a prenatal.
Post-natal, anything
that's going on chemically
that might change us and who we are.
We can lump that into the
environmental factors, right?
But you have other ones.
You have general experiential things
that we all experience
just by being in the world.
Let's say,
how many feel like you were influenced
in some way, shape or form
by events that happened
when you were young?
Like 9/11?
How many remember where
you were on September 11th?
Did that shape you?
That's a general experiential event
that has an influence on some people, yes?
There's individual experiential factors
that also influence us.
Things that happen to you.
Sometimes just moving or
being part of a family
or a culture that is different
from someone around you.
And then there's traumatic factors.
All this to say,
and it's just more
complex than just saying
genes versus experience.
And it's probably not
even the right question.
Is your behavior the result
of genes or experience.
It's probably hard to tease
them out in the long run.
And so most people will
say it's not even worth
teasing them out.
But there are ways in which we have
started to narrow down some
explanations in some areas.
There are genes that have an influence.
Maybe not major ones,
but like this.
Like for example,
you have a dominant and a recessive gene.
Anybody know of an example
of a dominant gene?
Eye color.
Hair.
Rolling your tongue.
If you can roll it.
Some of you can.
Your earlobes.
If they're connected or not connected.
Some of you have unconnected earlobes.
They don't connect here.
Some do connect.
You can ask your roommate which one.
And here's another cool one, ready?
You have like this.
This is probably a genetic preference.
But cross your hands for me, ready?
Put your hands together just crossing.
How many of you all have
your left thumb on top?
And how many have your right thumb on top?
Try reversing it and watch
how weird it is to switch it.
[audience chatting]
And that's a genetic preference
you've had for a long time.
How many say it's okay to switch.
You don't really care,
you do it either both ways?
You guys are the weirdest ones of all.
[audience laughs]
No, not really.
But anyway there's a
preference there, thumb.
Well there's all kinds.
They don't have huge
effects and influences
on our behavior.
Psychologists are more
interested in those genes
that really do.
Some of the dominant and recessive genes
that have greater influences,
but it's hard to tease these out.
Yeah?
I don't think it's
handedness that does this.
Is that what you're wondering?
Let's see.
How many people have left thumbs on top?
Let me see your left thumbs.
And how many of you are also left handed?
Yah, and so you are.
But not a lot.
So that may be.
It's the same thing if you
cross your arms this way.
You have a preference.
Try and do it the other way.
It's even weird to do.
Same thing, right?
Is it weird?
[audience chatting]
Yeah brains, is that what you said?
Last comment and not as much
evidence we are finding.
Some of you are still trying that.
Other ones that,
bottom line is this.
Maybe not the right question.
Is this behavior all genetics
or experience?
They're just too interwoven,
too hard to kind of pull them out.
Identical twins,
do I have any identical twins in here?
Really.
She's not in here obviously
or she would have raised her hands.
Any other identical twins?
Good.
Well identical twins
have some amazing things
because genetically you
guys are exactly the same
and there's ways in which this comes out
that helps psychologists tease out
some of the variables
that might have an impact
that might be genetic or not.
Two other ones,
again just briefly.
Continuity, it's an issue that
again the idea is that,
does development occur when
we watch children and humans
develop over time?
Do they go through this kind of slow,
maybe gradual process that's continuous,
or is it more discontinuous?
Kind of like by leaps and bounds.
Babies when they learn to talk,
you see what appears to be a
gradual developmental sequence
that they kind of have sounds,
cooing sounds and then
they start to have certain
ba, ba, ba, ba, ba.
They start to put it
together a little bit,
and they ba, ba, ba, ba, ba.
Eventually they start
to make certain noises
or sounds that seem like a word.
But others say no,
you can see babies kind of,
the lights turn on,
and one day they weren't doing this,
and one day they were.
Strongly, kind of almost
connected to the genetic side,
do you remember when you learned to walk?
Have you ever heard that?
Or did your parents say, no?
At the same time?
Oh wow, yeah outside
we're a little bit longer.
What's interesting,
I have identical twin brothers.
They literally,
you can start to see them
starting to walk almost,
this is weird.
All of us will start walking.
Some of us a few years before,
a few months before your first birthday.
Some are just a few weeks
before your first birthday.
Wow, that's hard to say.
And then the majority
of us will be walking
by the time we're around 15 months.
But there's a lot of time in there.
But identical twins are
almost always picking it up
at the same days.
Amazing this kind of stepping out.
So whether it's developmental.
The key question here is,
how is this process,
how is this developmental
sequence occurring?
That's call continuity, discontinuity.
And then another developmental issue
is the idea of stability.
Are we the same?
How many of you would say,
that if your parents could
have predicted your personality
when you were five
using that to predict
what you're like today.
You're very similar to what
your parents said you were like
when you were little.
Why do you know that?
Because some of you are stubborn.
What were you like at the time,
and are you the same?
>> Audience Member: I used to
talk a lot when I was a kid
and it hasn't changed.
>> Talk a lot as a kid.
You were real outgoing,
talkative, friendly.
Others?
>> Audience Member: My
parents said as a kid
that I would never cry.
And not I have a pretty
laid back personality.
>> Laid back personality, never cries.
You sound like my daughter Caroline.
Did I tell you about how she never cries.
Until we dropped a cell
phone on her head one time.
She was like three weeks old.
We're like does this child cry ever?
And Elisa bent over to pick her up
and the cell phone went bang.
And we're like,
oh she cries.
She doesn't like cell phones on the head.
Same kind of thing.
Okay, you can ask this question.
Paul in the book of Acts,
New Testament Chapter 9.
He has an amazing experience
where he's one guy at some point.
But then his personality,
did it go through a radical change?
If you remember in this Chapter 9 of Acts,
Paul's whole life was turned upside down.
He was very different.
But let me ask you this,
was Paul, Saul still the same?
Or was his whole personality changed?
If people had seen Paul 15
years before this event.
And then they saw him 15 years after,
would they say,
he's pretty much still the same guy?
There's a difference about him of course,
but he's still like that.
And so the idea is,
do we agree that personalities are stable,
unstable or not?
I have a very similar kind
of experience in my life.
A very major change in college.
But I think if people saw me
that knew me in high school,
they'd say oh he's kind of the same.
Some would say very different.
Well, all that to say,
these are issues that
developmental psychologists
think about, talk about.
But you should be aware of.
And that's stability, personality,
continuity versus discontinuity,
and nature versus nurture.
Now when we look at prenatal development,
and we begin to peer in using
whatever techniques are possible,
we do find something.
By the way there are different stages.
There's a zygote stage.
That baby from conception to two weeks
is called the zygote stage.
Anybody know what 2-8 weeks,
what do we call the baby?
And they're not in the zygote stage,
but they're in the embryo stage.
The embryo stage from 2-8 weeks.
And after 8 weeks,
they're in the fetus stage, okay.
Fetus stage eight weeks to birth.
Just like Caroline here, okay?
Zygote, embryo and fetus stage
helping us to make some distinctions
and to note some different things
that these stages all have.
You know different ways
in which certain trauma
or certain terrogens,
you know chemicals that
moms might be exposed to
or take in,
have different effects depending upon
what stage the baby is in.
Many moms don't even
know they're pregnant.
Elisa just knew until she got
sick around the eighth week.
She wasn't just,
for her that was the first sign.
Other moms know right away or sooner.
It all varies depending upon,
even you can see the size.
It goes from something like this, to that.
Some moms, you can see them.
My wife in particular,
she carried our babies this way.
Like that way.
Some moms kind of carry them up and down.
You look at them,
they don't even look that pregnant.
My wife,
she would be like four months pregnant,
people would stop her.
Are you about to have a baby.
She'd go no,
I'm only four months.
And then it just kept
getting bigger and bigger.
It was so big.
[audience laughs]
I made her stand by the piano
and I kept taking pictures every month
because I'd think,
how could it get any bigger?
I kept thinking,
are we going to have Superman, or what?
Going that way like a,
I don't know.
It was big.
But from behind and every
place else you'd go,
oh a normal lady right there.
And the go oh!
All of our babies.
It was so bad.
At the four and a half month,
five month I'd be in bed like this.
We had this fairly small bed.
I don't know what it was at the time.
Maybe a double.
I literally had this dream one night
that I was in Biola's cafeteria
standing in line and someone
kept bumping me with their tray
and finally I said,
dude stop hitting me.
And Elisa says what?
And I go, oh.
It's your stomach.
From that night on,
I slept somewhere else
because seriously she
would bump people, things.
She looked fine everywhere else
except with the baby.
There are moms like that, huh?
What's that?
I don't know how tall,
she's this tall.
She's like 5'6,
five something.
It's weird.
But all that to say,
I don't know what I was saying.
Other than some moms
carry them differently
up and down.
You can't see.
But it does take up a lot of room.
Ultimately, there are some
danger signs, by the way.
Things that can cross,
we call teratogens,
things that can cross from
the mom into the baby.
Give me an example of a teratogen,
something moms shouldn't be exposed to
when they're pregnant.
Alcohol can create something that's called
alcohol fetal syndrome.
Or better yet,
fetal alcohol syndrome
which causes babies to,
brain cells when they're developing,
they're hooking up like this.
Two nerve cells go like this.
Alcohol causes this to go,
they stop short.
I don't know if they stop short.
It influences the connections.
And it can be very damaging
depending upon how much alcohol you take.
Any other teratogens that you know of
should be avoided?
Mercury on some kinds of fish.
Caffeine definitely has an influence.
It definitely does influene the baby
and can cause lower birth weights.
And so moms do want to cut off caffeine.
Maybe it's not huge amounts.
Did you have one?
Go ahead please.
No?
Yeah?
Yes nicotine certainly also has an effect
and it crosses.
So whether it's exposure to something like
measles or the flu,
or alcohol or x-rays,
or drugs or nicotine,
these are potentially damaging
or harmful viruses that can influence
the development of babies.
And it just depends upon what time,
and during what stage they're
exposed to these things.
Are there any questions so far?
Let me show you then real quickly,
a little idea.
I talk about brain functioning
and it's relationship
to how this brain develops.
I think one of the cool
things that goes on out there
in this field in particular in psychology,
child psych and developmental psychology,
is the way in which babies,
even while they're in the womb.
But in particular when
they finally emerge,
how we're able to study and to know
what they're preferences are,
what they like, don't like.
That to me,
is one of the coolest things that we can,
there's some new methods and techniques
to peer into.
Anybody know how we can,
for example,
know how the baby that's in the womb
is hearing noises and sounds?
How do we know that?
Anybody know a technique by
which you can figure out?
And so I can say this, ready?
When a baby comes out,
it prefers it's mom's voice.
But it prefers also,
something that it's heard before.
How do we know that?
How do we know if a one day old,
three day old baby,
how can I say that it
prefers it's mom's voice.
You ever heard of the studies in which
they figure out how to ask it?
How do they ask a baby,
do you prefer your mom's voice or not?
That'd be weird, huh?
You know a way we would do it, well?
>> Audience Member: I would say
take the baby and put in her room
and have all these voices come out
and then it picks it's mom.
>> Yeah in a sense,
you can ask the baby what it prefers.
You could try this.
This is a study.
You can place sounds.
Let's say the mom,
her voice,
put a tape recorder of her
saying a nursery rhyme.
Let's say it's,
I don't know,
some nursery rhyme Mary Had a Little Lamb.
And she keeps saying it.
But when the baby comes out,
a cool technique is you give this child
the ability to suck on
this pacifier or this one.
And when he sucks on this one,
it plays the mom's recording of that one.
When it sucks over here on this one,
it plays either a stranger
or the mom saying something
that the baby's never heard before.
And the baby sucks on this pacifier longer
than on this one.
That's cool, huh?
So sucking longer on this
is something that shows,
wait I like this.
You can do the same
thing and have pictures
and images come up if
they suck on this one,
versus this one.
That's one way to ask a baby.
What do you prefer?
Because they get to determine that.
What they stare at.
So this video clip will show you
some of these techniques
of peering in looking and
seeing what they prefer,
then we'll show you the newborn.
That's Caroline.
Yeah sorry about the
quality of that thing.
I'm not sure what's happened here,
but newborns have this great ability
to begin to respond in ways
that we're uncovering
just some cool things
that we didn't know before.
One of the things you can do by the way,
that one looked at the
baby's ability to suck
from early on,
and therefore kind of
asked it what it preferred.
Staring, babies will do this.
They will stare at something
that they find new and different.
But just like you,
they get bored and they
yawn when they get bored.
And so they'll be looking
at something afterwhile
and they're like,
okay show me something new man.
And if you show them the same
face over and over again,
if they keep seeing a face,
they would after awhile get used to it
and then eventually,
they would see this new face
that pops up.
You can see them go
there's a new thing there.
And so you know boredom means
that you can begin to exploit.
Oh they're remembering something.
You can see new stimuli for example.
Some reflexes.
This is like the rooting
reflex would come into play.
Last thing I want you to do
and we'll get out of here,
is simply noting that the way in which
we look at preferences.
We've illustrated some of this.
Sometimes you can see they
may prefer certain smells,
same way by just simply looking at
how babies respond.
And then the last area before we get into
intellectual and cognitive development,
is looking at social development.
So here's what I'd like you to do.
Look at material on social
and cognitive development
of young babies and children.
We'll complete and finish
Chapter 3 next Wednesday.
We'll look primarily
at some of these early
social responses.
Then I'll show you some
video clips on Harry Harlow.
Any questions before
we wrap this up today?
[lighthearted music]
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