MARIAN DIAMOND: So
let's get started
and continue with our
structural planes and directions
that we dealt with last time.
Just a few more terms to define
structural and directions,
because we'll be using these
terms all the time, talking
about the relationships of
one structure to another.
So today, I want to
talk about anterior--
these are very simple--
posterior, dorsal, ventral.
Let me turn these the other way
so that they go with the one
above.
This is ventral and dorsal.
So we'll show how these
were derived so you know why
they're used the way they are.
If we take the
human, of course we
have two legs; animals, four.
So if we look at the human, then
this is back and this is front.
We have the anatomical position.
This will be anterior front,
and back will be posterior.
If we take a little animal
who's down here on four legs,
this is back, this is front,
but the early anatomists
called this dorsal
and this ventral.
Of course, if it
stands up, then it
will be like an
anterior, posterior.
So the point is here, in
today's world, with the human,
they use both dorsal, ventral,
anterior, and posterior.
So I just wanted
you to be familiar.
Because you get into
the nervous system
and you use these
interchangeably, because that's
just the way things are now.
One other terminology--
this will be what's
called a transverse plane.
So if I have my
individual, we take a plane
that goes straight across.
That's called transverse.
So everything above
the transverse
will be superior, so
above equals superior.
Below equals what?
Inferior.
I don't have to tell you.
You can figure it out.
But the point is,
these are simple terms
that we'll be using constantly
with regard to our structures.
So now we're going to introduce
what we mean by tissues.
What's the science
of tissues called?
Histology, right.
I want you to learn
to talk to me.
You're used to sitting in
a class and just writing,
but I want you to use
your vocal chords.
So it's OK to talk
back, because this
is what you're going to have
to do when you leave class.
You've got to talk
this language,
and I want you to
start at the beginning.
So if I ask you a
question, answer.
Sometimes you're
wrong, but that's OK.
We'll give you the
right one if we can.
So let's look at tissues.
You said the science of
tissues is called histology.
So what's a tissue?
It's a mass of like cells.
Tissue equals a
mass of like cells.
So would you believe that
your bodies are made up
of only four kinds of tissue?
Your total body is divided
into four kinds of tissue.
So we have, one, epithelial
tissue; two, connective tissue;
three-- what's three?
What kind of tissues are left?
Muscle.
Muscular tissue.
Let's put up three.
Muscular tissue.
What's four?
Nervous tissue.
Good.
So where do we find
epithelial tissue?
This is very general, because
we fill all this in with detail.
But find epithelial--
it covers the body.
So you could quickly
surmise that skin
is an epithelial tissue.
It will line the tubes
within your body.
We're going to see how much
of us is made up of tubes.
So it will line tubes.
An example will be
your digestive tract,
from mouth to anus.
Digestive tract will be
lined with epithelium.
Then the glands are made
up of epithelial tissue--
so glands.
We'll see these as we
study the numerous glands
throughout your body.
There are other
areas of epithelial,
but this gives you
an example of where
you find this kind of tissue.
Now, connective tissue is the
most varied of your tissues--
most varied.
Connective tissue is
characterized by cells, fibers,
and a matrix--
cells, fibers, and a matrix.
The only word you perhaps don't
know there will be matrix.
What is matrix?
It's the intercellular
substance--
the intercellular substance.
So it's going to differ with
each type of connective tissue.
So what will we find for our
connective tissues, examples?
Bones.
Bones are a connective tissue.
Cartilage.
Believe it or not, blood.
These are examples.
So you could ask, what's
the matrix in blood?
You know you have cells.
What's the matrix?
Plasma, the fluid, sure.
It's the intercellular
substance.
So the matrix is the plasma.
Just a different way of
looking at all of it.
So we get this
brief introduction
for these simple
classifications of our tissues.
Let's then look at
muscular, and everybody
knows muscular are
just cells that are
designed contract and relax.
That's all muscle does.
And then we have nerve tissue,
with the most varied types
of cells.
Cells will be sensing,
taking in new information,
they will be conducting,
and they will be storing.
It doesn't do any
good to store if we
don't know how to retrieve.
That's the real question.
How do we retrieve information?
Retrieving.
So these are very complex,
phenomenal cells, our nerve
cells.
So this gives us a brief
outline of just these four types
of tissues make up this
whole phenomenal body.
So now we're ready
to start a system.
We're to start with
the skeletal system.
So what's the science
of bones called?
I hear mumbles,
but nothing clear.
Osteology, science of bones.
Osteology.
We just finished saying that
bones are a connective tissue,
so we know we're going to have
cells, fibers, and a matrix.
We will learn details
of these later.
Right now, we're just
introducing the system.
What makes the matrix
differ from other tissues?
It has calcium in it.
So the matrix has calcium.
The compound which
forms the matrix
is called a hydroxyapatite.
The matrix equals
a hydroxyapatite.
So what's the formula
for the matrix?
It's calcium 10, phosphorus
6, and hydroxyl radical 2.
That compound is the
matrix of your bones.
So let's look, then.
I see I skipped too fast to
go to the skeletal system.
I was anxious to get here today.
So we'll finish this and then
we'll come back to cells.
I apologize.
That's the way it went today.
So why do we have bones?
What are the purposes of bones?
What would this class look
like if you had no bones?
Even worse than that.
You'd be down to
about this size.
So you have bones for support.
You have bones which
will help you move--
motion, so for
muscle attachment.
Fortunately, we have
bones for protection.
Obvious examples, skull
protecting the brain.
The sternum, the
breastbone, the sternum
and the ribs for protecting
the heart and the lungs.
Sternum and ribs protect--
well, we'll just
put heart and lungs.
And then we have
calcium storage.
We've just shown
calcium storage.
There's a constant exchange
between the blood in your bones
with regarding calcium--
constant exchange
between blood and bones.
Say you take your calcium
just for your bones.
For muscle contraction,
you need calcium.
For nerve conduction,
you need calcium.
It's a terribly important
element in your body.
And then the bones have
storage for bone marrow.
Bone marrow, some
of the bone marrow,
will form red and
white blood cells.
Do you know what that term
is for the formation of blood
in general?
Hemopoiesis.
Good guess.
Hemopoiesis is the
formation of blood,
and that's going on while
you're sitting there now.
You'll learn how many
millions of red blood cells
you're forming every second.
Do you feel them?
Isn't it remarkable what goes
on and you don't have to pay
any attention?
So we have red bone
marrow in the infant
is in most skeletal bones.
Red bone marrow in
infant, most bones.
In the adult, red marrow
only in certain bones.
What are they?
We can list a few of them.
First, the sternum,
your breastbone here,
next to the ribs.
So let's put sternum and
ribs, and we'll come down.
Can you see?
Does the camera
get this for you?
Not too well?
Yeah, it's coming.
Thank you.
I appreciate that.
Next place, what's called
the crest of the ilium.
Put your hands on your hip.
We touch our bodies.
It's OK.
This is anatomy.
So put your hands on your
hips, crest of the ilium.
And then the bodies
of the vertebra.
It's a little hard
to see if there is--
getting out our box of tricks.
You never know, do you?
There's a body of a vertebra.
It will have red marrow.
Another place where
you'll find red marrow
will be in the proximal
end of long bones.
So if I talk about this
bone, is red marrow
going to be here or here?
Here?
Yeah, that's proximal.
This was distal-- so the
proximal end of long bones.
So you want a marrow sample.
Where are you going to tell
the doctor to take it from?
How many want it in the sternum?
How many want it in the ribs?
How many want it in
the crest of the ilium?
How many want it?
I'm not giving you any hint.
[INAUDIBLE]
How many want it in the
proximal part of a long bone?
What's closest to the surface?
STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
MARIAN DIAMOND: Not the bodies.
The bodies aren't;
the spines are.
Yeah, I'd really
want it in ilium,
because it's right
there at the surface.
I don't want it here.
What if they jab
that in too far?
Can't hurt too much down here.
Anyhow, crest of the
ilium is one place
where you will have
hemopoietic tissue
and you can take a sample.
So let's see now.
That covers all of that.
Let's look now at
classification of bones.
Those are long bones, because
they have the basic structure.
When we study embryology, you'll
see how bones are developed,
and the ones here develop
the same as these.
I don't want to take too many
questions during lecture,
because we have a lot to cover.
Thank you.
That was up there
for a long time.
We work fast in this class.
STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
MARIAN DIAMOND: He's in the way?
I can't understand you.
[LAUGHTER]
We'll get things worked out.
This is only the
second day of lecture.
But anyhow, what
I want to do now
is give the
classification of bones,
because you've
somehow got to learn
all the names of the bones.
And I feel it's easier to do it
this way than to just give you
a chart until you
memorize, so we're
going to look at
classification of bones.
So let's first take
long bones, and we'll
take upper extremities.
And you'll see why we call
them upper extremities.
We're talking about
this appendage here.
So the first long
bone is the humerus.
The humerus is your arm bone.
We don't call the whole
upper extremity the arm.
This is the arm of
the upper extremity.
Then we have the
forearm, and the forearm
consists of the radius and
the ulna, radius and ulna.
That's the forearm.
Which is medial and
which is lateral?
STUDENT: The radius is literal.
MARIAN DIAMOND: The
radius is lateral, right.
Radius is lateral.
Important to know.
How many have broken a radius?
Oh, one, right.
Then we come on
down to the palm.
These are long bones.
So we have the metacarpals.
These will be the bones
in the palm of your hand--
anatomical position.
And then the phalanges, and
the phalanges are the fingers.
Let's go on down to
the lower extremity.
But having these
broken down this way
allows you to be very
specific when you're talking.
When you go to your doctor,
so many students enjoy it,
because they can be specific
about their bodies and say,
well, it hurts over
here by my radius.
And they have it just there.
So we want lower extremities.
And we know the first one.
What's the first one?
What's this one?
STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
MARIAN DIAMOND: What is it?
STUDENT: Femur.
MARIAN DIAMOND: Femur, sure.
The femur is the thigh.
What bones are in the leg?
See, you've always called
this lower appendage,
the whole thing, a leg.
It's really a thigh and a leg.
So what are the bones down here?
Can you see them?
Where is he?
[LAUGHTER]
Where is our help?
You know, I was just
bragging about you
that you are really good,
so I want you to live up
to what I've been saying.
Well, I went to other websites
to look at other professors,
and the person up there was
so far behind everything
the professor was talking about.
And I said, mine isn't;
mine is right there.
So I bet you he's going to
be there right from now on.
So here is the leg,
and laterally--
I'll move this chair here.
Is that in your way?
Is that OK?
We have the long, thin
bone, which is the fibula,
and the medial bone,
which is the tibia.
So we have the leg is
the fibula and tibia.
And the fibula is lateral.
How many have broken a fibula?
Only one, two.
Healthiest class.
It's amazing because it
is so long and narrow
that if a bone's going
to break in the leg,
you don't break
this heavy femur,
you don't break
this heavy tibia.
But this thin fibula
is frequently broken.
So as we move on down, we
come to the metatarsals,
and this will be the
sole of the foot.
And then we have the phalanges,
which will be the toes.
Those are lists of
long bones, and we'll
be using these all
the time because we've
got to bring muscles into them.
This is just getting
our basic skeleton.
So we want now short
bones, and the short bones
will be those of the wrists.
They're shaped
entirely differently
than these long bones.
So in the wrists we
have the carpal bones--
carpal bones, or carpus
if you want just the noun.
And in the ankle--
how many people have
broken an ankle?
One, two, three, four.
Did you really break
your ankle, or did you
break part of your
tibia or fibula?
People call these bulges down
at the bottom here ankle bones.
They're not.
They're part of the leg bones.
Your ankle bones are way
down here, the tarsal bones.
Tarsal bones or tarsus.
Then we have irregular bones.
So irregular bones--
obviously, the vertebra
are very irregular.
No sacrum.
Rattling my bones, right?
Sorry, but I was hoping we'd
have all the bones available.
We can use the
sacrum here on this.
Here we have what we
call movable vertebra--
every time you bend over.
So we have vertebra
which are movable,
and we have vertebra
which are immovable.
And here they are fused.
So the sacrum is fused,
and the coccyx is fused.
Immovable would be
sacrum and coccyx--
very irregular bones.
And we can mention a
few others in the skull.
It's difficult to see
them from the surface,
but this is why you
need your books.
You'll go into your books.
You'll see the structure
of these bones.
But I can just point
out where they will be.
They're irregular bones
inside the skull, the ethmoid
and the sphenoid--
ethmoid and sphenoid.
So you'll see those as
pieces to understand them.
But again, you get in
an automobile accident,
you crush this skull, and you've
got to build it back up again--
you have to know exactly
where these bones are.
We have the upper
jaw is the maxilla.
It's irregular.
And the lower jaw, the mandible.
It's irregular.
So we have the maxilla, the
upper jaw, and lower jaw,
mandible--
irregular bones.
There will be more.
I'm giving examples
at the moment.
Let's look at flat bones.
Let's take the scapula because
it's so obviously flat.
You can see it at the posterior
superior portion of the back.
Scapula is a flat bone.
What's a common name for it?
Shoulder blade.
The blade is actually
the spine of the scapula.
That's where it gets its
name that it's a blade.
That's no blade.
That's the spine of the scapula.
Another one is the clavicle.
What's the common name
for your clavicle?
Collarbone.
Clavicle.
We'll see these again when
we put muscles on them.
That's collarbone.
Then I'll give you
two more that are
in the skull, the
one that's in front.
What are you going to call
the bone that's in front?
Frontal bone.
Don't always look for it hard.
It can be easy--
frontal bone.
Now, what do we call
the wall of the skull?
Parietal.
So we have the frontal
bone and the parietal.
Parietal, we'll use that
term a lot for wall.
So it gives you
an example of how
you can learn the
names of the bones
if you try classifying them.
Now, let's look--
I think that's
sufficient there--
at some of the identifying
characteristics of bones.
Identifying characteristics.
Let's first take a fossa.
What's a fossa?
It's a depression in a bone--
a depression.
What's the example
I'm going to give?
It's called the temporal
mandibular joint.
We know the mandible's
going to be involved.
This bone is the temporal bone.
So it's the temporal
mandibular joint.
There's an indentation there
to allow us to do this--
indentation right there.
That's a fossa.
So the TM joint, as it's
abbreviated in medicine,
is the temporal
mandibular joint.
Let's take a sinus.
What's a sinus?
There are all different
kinds of sinuses in the body,
but with the skeleton, the sinus
will be a cavity in the bone--
a cavity.
What's the example
we're going to take?
We're going to take
the maxillary sinus.
How many have had
infected sinuses?
Quite a few.
So you'll have cavities
in certain bones.
A cavity in the maxillary
bone is the maxillary sinus--
maxillary sinus.
Let's take the next one.
Foramen-- what does
a foramen mean?
A hole.
They say you have
holes in your head?
Sure, you do.
You have lots of them.
They're actually there.
It's usually used as a
derogatory term, though.
Foramen.
Foramen equals hole.
Where is a large, obvious
hole in the skeleton?
That's a pretty
big one, isn't it?
You know what it's called?
Foramen magnum.
It's how the spinal cord
gets up into the brain.
So we have as our example of
a large foramen the foramen
magnum, and it's at
the base of the skull.
There are lots of foramen.
I just wanted to give
an obvious big one--
base of skull.
And it's for the continuity
of the spinal cord with brain.
We'll see that you can't
separate the spinal cord
from the brain as we go along.
Now, another term that's a
common one is the meatus.
As I said, we will be
repeating these all the time.
This is just your
first introduction
to give us a background
to start with for meatus.
So anybody know
what a meatus is?
It's a tube, a tubular
structure in the bone.
Example?
The external auditory meatus.
So we have to get
sound waves to come
into the auditory receptor.
It has to go through the bone.
It travels through the
external auditory meatus.
So this is for sound waves.
We'll see that when
we study the ear.
Now, let's take an
entirely different bone.
Let's look at the femur,
the distal end of the femur.
See, you can just pick
out a bone right away.
You know that's femur.
That's the way we examine you.
We give you a box of
bones and call out one,
and you've got to get it for us.
That's a femur.
And what do we have that's
unique on the femur?
What are called condyles.
Condyles are large, smooth
surfaces, curved surfaces.
So they're large,
smooth, curved surfaces,
and the example is on what bone?
Femur.
Proximal or distal end?
STUDENT: Distal.
STUDENT: Distal.
MARIAN DIAMOND: Distal.
They're here.
This is a head.
It's different.
See, this has to be here
for this sort of thing.
This is down here to
articulate with the knee.
So these are at the
distal end of the femur.
We have a few more
of these to go,
but he's clicked the lights to
let me know it's time to show
slides.
So we'll show slides.
But again, if you keep
up with this every day,
review your anatomy, then by the
time we build it all together,
it will be fun.
Right now, it may seem
like you're getting a lot,
but it will be repeated.
You know how this one works?
I can't get a light from it.
Have you tried one
of these before?
That's a new kind.
Don't look at it.
ASSISTANT: It's forward.
MARIAN DIAMOND: Yeah,
I need the pointer.
ASSISTANT: There it is.
It's this bottom one.
MARIAN DIAMOND: Yeah, I tried
it, but I couldn't see it.
Does it show up there?
There we go.
Let's go through our slides
to review what we've said,
and some of this
we didn't get to.
We've got to come
back to our cells.
So we begin with cells, and we
talk about the granule cells.
And you can see why they
were called granule cells.
These little, tiny things
look like granules.
These are granule cells
in the cerebellum.
They are the smallest
cell in your body.
They're only four micron.
We'll give this next time.
There are just two
of these slides--
granule cells here.
Next one, this is an
anterior horn cell.
Look at the difference.
It's 135 micron.
This is your big motor cell.
For me to be moving
this pointer now,
my anterior horn cells in
my spinal cord are firing.
But you see the difference in
size between the largest nerve
cell and the
smallest nerve cell.
In the next one, this will
be endothelial tissue--
single, flat cells.
Do you know where in your
body you look like this?
This happens to be a
cross-section through a vein.
We'll get these
later, but I'm giving
the example of a flat
cell so you can see them.
Look entirely different from
those nerve cells you saw.
These are endothelial cells.
In the next one, these
are cuboidal cells.
These are around ducts.
In the next one,
these are nerve cells,
most varied cell in the body.
In the next one, here we
have our friend the skeleton.
We've talked about long bones,
the humerus, the radius,
the ulna, the metacarpals,
the phalanges, the femur.
Here's the weight-bearing tibia
and the very thin fibula, which
only has muscle attachments.
Down here, the
metatarsals and phalanges.
We saw the crest of the ilium.
We saw the bodies
of the vertebra.
We talked about the ribs
having hemopoietic tissue,
the sternum having
hemopoietic tissue,
the mandible being
an irregular bone,
the maxilla being
an irregular bone,
the frontal being a flat bone,
scapula being a flat bone.
Next one, mandible, irregular;
TM joint, a depression;
a fossa.
Put your fingers
on your TM joint
and make your jaw
open and close.
Just feel it.
Become familiar with it.
Then we had the maxilla,
the upper jaw, the frontal,
the parietal, the side.
The ethmoid will be inside, and
the sphenoid will be inside.
We can't see it
from these views.
And the next one.
Now, this is just to
show the sphenoid.
What did we say we could
tap in the sphenoid--
not in the sphenoid,
in the sternum?
What's here?
Hemopoietic tissue, right?
That's your sternum, or
you could go to the ribs.
In the next one, what's
this large, curved surface
at the distal end?
STUDENT: Condyles.
MARIAN DIAMOND: Condyles.
Good for you.
See how smooth they are?
Who's had a knee replacement?
Nobody.
Different age groups.
Next one.
And this is for those of you who
are going into imaging to see
what a nuclear
magnetic resonance
image looks like of the
knee with the condyles.
We'll learn the rest
of the structures.
This is your fibula
here coming up
to articulate at the knee area.
And the next one.
On this one, it's
the proximal end
of the femur, where,
again, you can
tap for hemopoietic
tissue for bone marrow.
And the next one--
I think that's about it.
No, this is a foramen magnum.
That's it.
Fine.
Thank you.
