Today would have been Jacques Cousteau’s 106th birthday.
You might recognize him by his red hat and the soothing French accent as he described the
wonders of the sea.
But he also became an icon of ocean exploration
and environmental conservation.
His inventions gave explorers new tools for
studying life underwater, and the films he
produced and the organizations he founded
helped both protect that life, and ensure
that researchers could continue learning about
it.
Jacques-Yves Cousteau was born in 1910 in
the south of France, and as a child, he developed
a fascination with water.
At the age of 20, he went off to the French
Naval Academy, where he planned to become
a pilot.
But after breaking both of his arms in a serious
car accident, he turned back to his interest
in the sea.
As a young Naval officer, together with engineer
Émile Gagnan, he created the Aqua Lung, which
was the first self-contained underwater breathing
apparatus.
The Aqua Lung was a type of diving regulator,
which changes the pressure of gas in a compressed
cylinder so it can be easily breathed by
the diver.
This invention allowed the two of them to
explore underwater more easily.
After leaving the Navy, he went on to design
a diving saucer, the first submersible vehicle,
or submarine, dedicated to scientific exploration.
It allowed two crew members to travel and
film at depths of up to 350 meters.
Cousteau also pioneered underwater research
facilities for housing so-called oceanauts,
where they could work for weeks at a time
without returning to the surface.
His three experiments, called Conshelf I,
II, and III, were conducted in the 1960s.
Since then, they’ve helped prepare humans
for missions to extreme environments … like space.
He also created a bunch of organizations dedicated
to exploring the oceans.
When he left the Navy in 1949, for example,
Cousteau leased his now-famous ship the  Calypso and
turned it into a floating lab.
This led him to create the French Oceanographic
Campaigns and he began diving and filming
the seas, as well as conducting underwater
archaeological explorations of shipwrecks.
He realized that he needed to get the public
interested in his work to find funding for
his research, so he wrote his first book with
Frédéric Dumas in 1953, The Silent World.
The book described his early adventures after
inventing the Aqua Lung and his exploration
of shipwrecks.
Cousteau’s careful observations also gave
him insight into new theories about the ocean
and marine life.
For example, in describing an interaction
with a pod of dolphins, he proposed that they
used sonar, long before it was ever confirmed
by science.
This book became so popular that Cousteau
adapted it into a documentary film, also titled
The Silent World.
And in 1956, this documentary won the Palme
D’Or award at the Cannes Film Festival,
the first time a documentary had ever won
the award, and later won an Oscar.
He also ended up hosting a popular television series,
called the Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau.
It was a documentary-style series that ran
from 1968 - 1975, and showed the adventures
of Cousteau and his crew as they studied the
seas, focusing on the beauty and diversity
of ocean life.
As a young filmmaker, Cousteau was sometimes
more concerned with producing the best story,
and there’s evidence that his crew may have
mistreated animals to get the perfect shot.
But as his writing and films became more popular,
Cousteau began to recognize the detrimental
effects of human activity on the ocean.
During his expeditions, he began to notice
pollution in the waters, even thousands of
miles away from land, and he saw less diversity
among the sea life.
He understood his own failings as an adventurer,
and later insisted on leaving in video clips
from earlier films that showed his crew killing
sea life.
Over the course of his life, Cousteau became
involved in a lot of scientific institutions
dedicated to studying and exploring the sea,
as well as conservation groups aimed at protecting
the oceans and marine biodiversity.
In 1960, for example, he worked to rally public
support and convince politicians to stop a
huge dump of radioactive waste into the Mediterranean
Sea.
And in 1973, he founded the Cousteau Society
for the Protection of Ocean Life, an organization
that is still active today, and aims to teach
people about our oceans and their ecosystems.
He also helped restrict commercial whaling
by putting pressure on heads of state, which
led the International Whaling Commision to
ban killing whales for commercial purposes
in 1986.
Cousteau’s outreach and the organizations
he helped create helped both scientists and
the general public learn more about the beauty
of the vast, strange underwater world.
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