- [Voiceover] Metabolism
is just the flow of energy
throughout the body.
Energy enters our body when we eat food,
and that food is then absorbed in
three different forms.
It can be absorbed as amino acids,
so, things that make up proteins,
so, you'd imagine meat would have
a lot of amino acids.
Or they can be absorbed as fats,
so these are lipids, or fatty acids
and so your greasy, fried food
is pretty rich in fats.
Or they can be absorbed in carbohydrates,
or I'll just write "carbs"
here, which you have
a lot of in ice cream
or other sweet things.
Each of these things deliver
energy into your GI tract.
Your stomach, and your intestines,
which can then be absorbed and sent
elsewhere for use.
Now carbohydrates are one of the
main currencies for energy,
so let's focus on that,
and we'll do so by starting with glucose,
which is the most basic
form of carbohydrates.
In fact, it's considered a simple sugar.
Now, there are two main
hormones that control
the availability of glucose
throughout the body.
And they're at a constant
tug of war with each other.
One of them, which
you've heard of probably
is called "insulin."
Insulin regulates that storage of glucose,
as we'll talk more about in a minute,
and the other guy on the end of the rope,
is a hormone called "glucagon."
Glucagon regulates the release
of glucose from storage.
And it's pretty important
that we have enough
glucose available in the blood.
Because, for example, the brain uses about
120 grams of glucose per day.
And that's a lot, because
it comes out to be
about 60 to 70% of all the
glucose that we eat in a day.
But to put it in terms
that I think you and I
appreciate a little more,
120 grams of glucose
comes out to be about 250
M&Ms, in a single day!
Now that's a lot of M&Ms.
So you can see why it's really
important to have enough
glucose available for your
essential organs to use.
And thankfully, we have these two hormones
to help regulate the amount
of glucose in our blood.
So now let's take a look
at how these hormones
regulate the amount of
glucose in our blood.
And let's do that on this graph.
So let's say this axis represents time,
so over time, we'll see some changes,
and this axis over here, the Y axis,
will represent the concentration
of glucose in our blood.
So that's the concentration of glucose.
And most commonly, that
will be represented in
milligrams per deciliter.
Milligrams per deciliter.
Now, the body likes to keep the amount of
glucose in the blood to
be no lower than about
70 milligrams per deciliter,
and no higher than
about 120 milligrams per deciliter.
This is sort of the range that I would
consider to be the, um
(clears throat) sweet spot.
Because if we go any
higher than 120, then we
end up having a condition
that's called "hyper,"
hyper meaning "a lot of," "glycemia."
"Hyperglycemia," which just
means "a lot of glucose
"in the blood."
If we have hyperglycemia
for a long period of time,
that can lead to what's referred to as
"eye, nerve, and kidney disease."
Eye, nerve, and kidney disease.
And we can go into a lot more detail
about how this happens,
but, just understand
that having a lot of glucose in your blood
can cause changes to these
structures to make them
not work as well.
And unfortunately this is
a fairly common problem.
Because another term for
eye, nerve and kidney disease
is "diabetes."
And in fact, if you
have a person who's been
fasting overnight to
come in for a blood test,
and you notice that they have more than
126 milligrams per deciliter of glucose
on two different occasions,
that's grounds for
diagnosis of diabetes.
On the other hand, if we have very
little glucose on our
blood, or not enough,
that condition is referred
to as "hypoglycemia."
"Hypo" meaning, "less or low,"
and then "glycemia" of
course meaning "glucose."
And some of the things that you can start
to notice, if you're hypoglycemic, is that
you're tired, maybe you're lethargic,
but if this persists, you can even go into
a type of coma, or even die from having
too little glucose in your blood.
And in most people, we
start to notice that we're
feeling hypoglycemic when we get below
40 milligrams per deciliter.
Now usually, our body's pretty good about
making sure that the level
of glucose in our blood
stays within the sweet spot,
or within this sweet range.
And the way we accomplish this, is through
the hormones I just mentioned.
So let's imagine that
you eat at this point
of time right here.
And naturally, the level
of glucose in your blood
will rise, because you've
introduced more glucose
into your system by eating it.
Eventually, your body
will notice that your
glucose levels are rising,
and will counter that
by releasing insulin
to drive the amount of
glucose in your blood down.
And that's an important
point, because insulin
decreases the blood-glucose concentration
by storing the glucose in another form.
And we'll get into more
detail about that in a second.
The other thing that could happen is that,
you may have a decreasing amount of
glucose in your blood.
Which, as I mentioned
here, is not a good thing
to have happen either.
What your body does to counter that,
is release glucagon to increase the
amount of glucose in your blood.
And so it's important to
remember here as well,
that glucagon will increase the serum
or the blood concentration of glucose
by releasing it from storage.
So glucagon does the opposite,
it releases glucose from storage.
So now that we know how
the release of glucagon
and insulin can affect
blood-glucose levels,
let's focus in and see how that happens.
So let's start with
insulin, and that does a
number of things to glucose.
But remember, that at the end of the day,
all we're doing is storing it.
Just remember, insulin causes storage.
So, the first thing that
insulin does to glucose,
is cause it to undergo a
process known as "glycolysis."
Glycolysis, which you
may have heard of before.
It's an irreversible process.
It's irreversible, alright,
irreversible down here.
Because it converts glucose into ATP,
which is the most basic unit of energy
that we use in the body.
And that's an important distinction.
ATP is energy to be used
anywhere in the body.
Okay, instead of storing the
energy of glucose in ATP,
insulin can cause glucose
to undergo what's called
"glycogenesis."
Glycogenesis, which just means
"the formation of glycogen."
So, glycogen.
And glycogen is just a
heavily-branched polymer,
or molecule that has a whole
bunch of glucose molecules
stacked on top of it.
And this is just energy to
be stored in the short-term
in mainly the liver, or muscle tissue.
So mainly, liver or muscle.
And this is a reversible
process, because once
we make glycogen, we can break it down
and release glucose as well.
Finally, the last thing insulin
can cause glucose to do,
is undergo "lipogenesis."
Lipogenesis, which I think
you can use the suffix
to infer here that we
are producing lipids,
or fatty acids, so lipids or fatty acids,
and this is an irreversible process.
So this is irreversible, where we store
glucose as lipid, and the
key here is that we are
taking the energy of glucose, and we are
storing it long term.
Long term, in what's
called "adipose tissue."
Adipose tissue, or just, the
fatty layers within our body.
So adipose tissue.
Now what about glucagon?
What are the processes
it uses to release energy
or glucose into the blood stream?
Let's put it this way.
If we're releasing glucose
into the blood stream,
my question is, what are
we releasing it from?
Well, the first thing
we can release it from,
is glycogen.
And we just talked about this.
We can form glycogen using insulin.
Or, if there's a lot of glucagon around,
we can have what's called
"glyco," "glycogenolysis."
Which just means "the breaking down
"or the cutting down of glycogen."
Now, this is a reversible process,
'cause we can always go and take glucose
to make glycogen again.
The other thing we can
release glucose energy from,
is, or rather I should
say, are, amino acids.
Amino acids can undergo a process known as
"gluconeogenesis."
So "gluco" meaning "glucose",
"neo" meaning "a new,"
and then "genesis," meaning "to create,"
or "the creation of."
This is also a reversible
process that will
take amino acids, bunch them together
with other things to
convert them into glucose.
Now finally, the last
thing glucagon can do,
is to take fatty acid, so
fatty acid or your lipid,
and instead of converting it to glucose,
glucagon will take the fatty acid,
and turn it into these
things that are called
"ketone bodies."
Ketone bodies.
And it does so through a process known as
"keto," short for "ketone," "genesis,"
meaning "to generate ketone bodies."
Now this is an irreversible process.
And it's kind of a
funky thing that happens
within the body, because it's what we do
when we're in our starvation mode.
When we're not getting the right amount
of nutrients of some reason or another.
And the reason why this is sort of
a last resort, is because ketone bodies
are very unique, in that they are energy,
forms of energy to be used only,
only by the heart and brain.
Ketone bodies don't really
supply energy anywhere else.
So that's why it's sort of a last minute
starvation mechanism
to provide energy where
it's most critically
needed to help us survive.
So you can sort of see here that there's a
tug of war game that goes on
between insulin and glucagon.
In fact, insulin itself, when
it's released into the blood,
will inhibit the release of glucagon.
Which just goes to show you how opposite
their end goals really are.
And there's a lot more to talk about
how insulin is released, or how glucagon
is released and where it comes from,
this is a great overview
of what they end up
doing in the body.
