
English: 
There are many possible ways to build the
hardware for a quantum computer,
because there are many physical systems that can be used as qubits.
But to give you a concrete example, I'm going to show you what it takes to build a quantum computer
using the spin of single electrons inside a solid state semi-conductor chip.
This is a pathway that is being pursued very actively partly because
it may allow us to build quantum computers using the same fabrication methods
used for classical computer
chips.
But the way the quantum chip is operated will be very different.
First of all, we need to confine individual electrons within a chip.
This is actually not that hard. The latest
silicone chips in your computer and mobile phone
have transistors that are only 14 nanometers wide.
That's about 40 silicone atoms across.

Chinese: 
制造量子计算机所需的硬件有多种可行的方法
这是因为可用于量子位的物理系统有很多
接下来我会给出一个具体的例子
我将向你们展示如何利用固态的半导体芯片中单电子的自旋来制造一台量子计算机
这是人们相当热衷的一种方法
部分是因为它使用的是和传统计算机芯片相同的制造方法
但计算机芯片的运作方式就完全不同了
首先 我们需要限制芯片中单电子的运动
这并没有想象的这么难
在我们的计算机和手机中所使用的最新硅片
其晶体宽度仅为14纳米
大约是40个硅原子并排

Chinese: 
你只需要做一点细微的修正 
就能使用相同的技术来制作电子设备
将其中的绝大部分电子都排出、只剩一个电子 
这就成为了量子位
量子信息是通过电子自旋进行编码的
要区分自旋的0和1状态 
我们需要确保两个状态间的能量差大于环境的热能
这一能量差与自旋所受的磁场强度成正比
处于1特斯拉的磁场中时（比地球磁场强20倍） 
能量差大约为1开氏度
因此 需要极强的磁场和极低的温度环境——接近于绝对零度 才能让芯片运作
接下来 我们需要用电子自旋旋转量子位来进行量子逻辑操作
我们在单个量子位操作中使用核磁共振
也就是核磁共振扫描仪所用的方法

English: 
And with some minor modifications, you can use the same technology to build electronic devices
where all the electrons are squeezed
out except for one, which then becomes our qubit.
The quantum information is encoded
in the spin of the electron.
To be able to distinguish between the 0 and the 1 state of the spin,
we need to make sure that the energy difference between them is larger than the thermal energy of the environment.
The energy difference between the up and down spin states is proportional to the magnetic field applied to the spin.
With a magnetic field of 1 tesla which is twenty thousand times stronger than the Earth's magnetic field
the energy difference is about one degree kelvin.
So we need to produce very large magnetic fields and very low temperatures,
close to absolute zero, for this to work.
Then, we need to perform quantum logic operation with these electron spin quantum bits.
For a single qubit operation, we use magnetic resonance, the same method used in MRI scanners.
Because of the very high magnetic fields we need to use,

Chinese: 
由于所需的磁场强度很大
所需电磁激振的频率也很高
大约需要数十千兆赫 这与雷达通常所用的频率相同
对于双量子位操作 
我们还需要控制芯片中相近电子的相互作用
也有多种可行的控制方法 
包括将所有电子重叠
这就类似于分子中化学键
在某种意义上 我们就这么创造了“人工分子”
通过焊在芯片上的小电极上的电压来控制“化学键”
所以总体上来说 要制作一台量子计算机并且成功运行
我们需要一个特别的硅片 布满了极其微小的晶体管
每个晶体管中只有一个电子
需要一台能提供强磁场、低温环境的机器
需要用高频的电子实现对电子自旋态的核磁共振控制
还需要用电极控制相邻自旋的相互作用

English: 
the frequency of electromagnetic excitation is also very high.
It's tens of gigahertz which is the range typically used by a radar for example.
For two qubit operations, we need to control the interaction between nearby electrons.
There are many ways to do this, including a method which consists of making all bits of the electron overlap
in a similar way as what happens in chemical bonds within molecules.
So in a sense, we are creating artificial molecules within a chip,
with the bonds controlled by the voltage of tiny electrodes fabricated on the chip.
So overall, the hardware to build and operate a quantum computer consists of
a special silicone chip with very small transistors that hold just one electron each,
a machine that produces large magnetic fields and extremely low temperatures,
high frequency electronics to implement magnetic resonance control of the state of the spins
and tiny electrodes to control the interaction between neighbouring spins.

English: 
This is not science-fiction.
All these things exist, we know how to build them and how to develop them.
We are now at the stage where we can scale up quantum computer chips and soon enough,
reach the point where the exponential power of quantum computers
can be used for novel applications.

Chinese: 
这可不是科幻小说里才有的 
而是真真正正地存在于现实生活中
我们知道该如何制作、发展量子计算机
在目前阶段 我们已经能够量产量子计算机芯片
并且不久之后 量子计算机的幂指数发展
就能投入到最新的应用中
字幕由新南威尔士大学翻译专业蒋佳依制作
