America has plenty of skeletons in its closet.
Some of them like MKULTRA or the Salem witch
trials are well-known.
This is a look at the violent events that
almost faded into obscurity.
10.
The Dorr Rebellion, 1842
The Dorr Rebellion represents a strange part
of Rhode Island’s history.
It was an uprising that first tried to change
things using the legislative route.
When this failed, both parties took to combat,
but the sides never actually fought one another.
In the mid 19th century, the state of Rhode
Island was still governed by its colonial
charter that was almost 200 years old.
It stipulated that only land-owning white
men were allowed to vote.
This wasn’t an issue in the 1600s but, as
the Industrial Revolution kicked into high
gear, more men moved to urban areas and lost
the right to vote because they did not meet
the prerequisites.
Others were recent immigrants who also did
not qualify.
In 1841, the disenfranchised united under
Thomas Wilson Dorr.
At first, they tried to reform the system
from within.
They held an extralegal convention and drafted
a new constitution.
In 1842, the suffrage supporters known as
dorrites held their own election and chose
Dorr as their new governor.
This was at the same time that Samuel Ward
King was serving as Governor of Rhode Island.
An ardent believer in states’ rights, President
John Tyler let the issue resolve itself.
Therefore, on May 17, 1842, Dorr’s men besieged
the Providence arsenal.
They tried to open fire, but their cannons
wouldn’t work, so they just left.
In June, Dorr again rallied a rebel force
but, upon hearing that the state army was
much bigger, disbanded his men and went into
hiding.
He was captured in 1843 and charged with treason.
9.
The Ludlow Massacre, 1914
Labor union disputes were once a common and
often violent problem in the United States.
On more than one occasion, such conflicts
resulted in fatalities but few were more horrific
than the Ludlow Massacre.
The event took place during a coal miners’
strike in Colorado.
On one side, we had the workers who wanted
more rights, better pay, and improved working
conditions.
On the other, there was the giant corporation
that didn’t want any of these.
In this particular case, it was Colorado Fuel
and Iron (CF&I) which was owned by John Rockefeller
Jr.
When the strike started, the organization’s
first step was to evict the coal miners as
most of them lived in company towns.
The colliers relocated with their whole families
to tent colonies right outside the mines.
In response, Colorado Fuel & Iron hired the
Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency to protect
strikebreakers.
The agents were nothing more than hired muscle
and roamed around in armored cars with mounted
machine guns nicknamed the “Death Special.”
They weren’t above opening fire upon the
slightest provocation which is why most tents
had pits dug under them for cover.
Escalating violence between the two camps
eventually brought out the National Guard.
However, Colorado governor Elias Ammons sent
them in at the behest of Rockefeller.
The Guard was there to end the strike once
and for all.
On April 20, 1914, the fight broke out.
Bullets were fired and tents were burned down.
It’s hard to say exactly how many fatalities
there were, but the most gruesome discovery
was made later.
Underneath one tent there were the charred
remains of two women and eleven children who
hid in a pit.
8.
The Battle of Athens, 1946
During the 1940s, McMinn County, Tennessee,
was ruled by the corrupt political machine
of State Senator Paul Cantrell and Sheriff
Pat Mansfield.
It lasted for a decade before World War II
veterans took up arms and besieged the county
jail to ensure a fair election.
There was a fee system instituted for the
sheriff’s department.
This meant that deputies were paid per arrest
and this led to numerous abuses, many of which
turned violent.
Primary targets for these mistreatments were
veterans returning from the war.
In 1946, the ex-soldiers formed the GI Non-Partisan
League to put up candidates in the election
to go up against Cantrell’s political machine.
Of course, there was legitimate concern over
election fraud as there had been in previous
years, but veterans assured people that their
votes will be counted as cast and assigned
GI poll watchers at all precincts.
To counter this, Mansfield brought in hundreds
of additional deputies to the county seat
of Athens.
The violence started when a guard prevented
a farmer named Tom Gillespie from voting because
he was black.
The deputy then struck Gillespie with brass
knuckles and shot him in the back as he tried
to run away.
Things degenerated quickly.
Veterans began arming themselves as Cantrell’s
gang started collecting ballot boxes and closing
down voting precincts.
Both sides took members from the opposite
camp prisoner.
The rowdiest of the GIs were known as the
“fightin’ bunch” and were led by one
Bill White.
They surrounded the McMinn County Jail where
Cantrell gathered the ballot boxes to “count”
the votes.
They attacked the building with dynamite and
secured the ballots until they could be certified
by an outside party.
Mansfield and Cantrell managed to escape in
an ambulance, but lost the election as veteran
Knox Henry was elected sheriff.
7.
The Bonus Army, 1932
On July 28, 1932, President Herbert Hoover
sent in the military to deal with a group
of World War I veterans who marched on Washington
dubbed the Bonus Army.
Eight years prior, despite the veto of then-President
Calvin Coolidge, the United States government
passed the World War Adjusted Compensation
Act.
It granted bonuses based on days served in
the war, but only small amounts were paid
immediately.
Anything over $50 was issued as a Certificate
of Service only redeemable in 1945.
This caused a problem when the Great Depression
hit as people did not want to wait decades
to collect their compensation.
In 1932, veterans started protesting and demanding
immediate cash payment of their bonuses.
It is hard to tell exactly how many vets were
involved.
At first, only a few hundred were rallied
by a former Army sergeant named Walter Waters.
But they grew into thousands and, later, into
tens of thousands.
It is estimated that around 20,000 veterans
and their families descended on Washington
at the height of the movement and settled
in shanty towns.
President Herbert Hoover had no intention
of giving in to their demands.
At first, he sent the police to disperse them.
Tensions soon turned violent and two marchers
were killed.
Later, he sent in the army to permanently
clear away the shanty towns.
A force commanded by General Douglas MacArthur
used tear gas and bayonets to evict the marchers
and then destroyed their camps.
Hundreds more were injured but there were
no more fatalities.
Four years later, Congress passed the Adjusted
Compensation Payment Act which granted immediate
bonuses for veterans in the form of Treasury
Bonds.
6.
The Doctors’ Riot, 1788
One of the first incidents of civil unrest
to occur in the United States following the
American Revolution was the Doctors’ Riot.
Despite the name, physicians were not the
ones rioting, but rather the cause of the
rampage due to the practice of body snatching
for anatomical studies.
In New York City, the theft of corpses for
dissection by so-called “resurrectionists”
was considered vile by the public and authorities,
but many turned a blind eye to the proceedings.
Officials were content to ignore the problem
as body snatchers primarily targeted a cemetery
for black people outside the city, where today
the African Burial Ground National Monument
sits.
Even when a group of freedmen petitioned the
city council for help dealing with the issue,
their plea went ignored.
Tensions ran high in the black community.
There are different stories of what finally
triggered the riot, but many involve a group
of boys who saw something distressing while
playing outside New York Hospital.
In the most dreadful version, it is said that
a surgeon waved a severed arm at the children,
claiming it belonged to the recently-deceased
mother of one of them.
The boy told his father who gathered an angry
mob and marched on the hospital.
The rioters completely ransacked the building.
The next morning, the mob grew larger and
ran around the city looking for the physicians
who went into hiding.
Eventually, it clashed with the militia which
resulted in, at least, six and up to 20 fatalities.
The following year, New York City passed an
act to stop body snatching and allowed executed
criminals to be used for dissection.
It did little to curb the practice, though,
as demand greatly exceeding supply.
5.
The Astor Place Riot, 1849
Staying in New York, we look at the Astor
Place Riot.
While it was one of the bloodiest uprisings
in the city’s history with dozens dead and
hundreds more injured, it is also notable
for its unusual cause.
Ostensibly, the riot was born out of a rivalry
between two Shakespearean actors who ended
up serving as proxies for a class war between
New York’s elite and the working class.
Bizarrely, back then theater riots were relatively
commonplace.
When people wanted to protest a certain policy
or actor, they would go to the show and cause
a bit of a ruckus.
They would throw eggs or tomatoes on stage,
maybe a few chairs, then everybody would go
home and life would go on.
Not this time, though.
The protesters, mostly working class, supported
American actor Edwin Forrest.
However, his rival, British thespian William
Charles Macready, was playing Macbeth at the
Astor Opera House.
The building itself was seen as a symbol of
elitism as it had high prices and a strict
dress code and was, therefore, available only
to the city’s upper class.
Macready’s first performance was met with
a pelting of rotten food and insults.
Afterwards, Forrest supporters handed out
pamphlets that said “WORKING MEN, SHALL
AMERICANS OR ENGLISH RULE IN THIS CITY?”
For his encore performance, over 10,000 people
gathered outside the Astor Opera House.
Hundreds of soldiers were waiting for them
and, when the clash became inevitable, they
started firing into the mob.
4.
The Red Summer, 1919
We recently marked a hundred years from the
start of the Red Summer, a violent part of
U.S. history noted for numerous race riots
and lynches.
In just a few months, there were dozens of
instances of white-on-black violence in numerous
cities and towns that claimed the lives of,
at least, 165 people and injured hundreds
of others.
There were multiple factors that led to the
growing racial resentment.
It was the beginning of the Great Migration
that saw millions of black people move from
the south to the developing urban areas of
the northeast.
Black soldiers came from serving overseas
and were more determined than ever to fight
against oppression.
Red fear mongers presented them as the perfect
medium for bringing Bolshevism to the United
States.
The most notable event of the Red Summer was
the Chicago riot at the end of July.
It started after a black teenager named Eugene
Williams was stoned and drowned after swimming
in an area of Lake Michigan reserved for whites.
Violence broke out after police refused to
arrest the culprit.
Around 40 people were killed, 500 more were
injured and 1,000 black families were left
homeless.
The bloodiest episode occurred in Elaine,
Arkansas.
Hundreds of soldiers arrived from nearby Camp
Pike with orders to shoot any black person
who didn’t surrender immediately.
They teamed together with local vigilante
groups and gunned down at least one hundred,
perhaps over two hundred people.
3.
The Battle of Blair Mountain, 1921
Although the Ludlow Massacre was horrific,
it was not unusual for that time.
Miners were determined to get better pay and
working conditions and organized strikes all
over the country.
West Virginia went through a nine-year period
dubbed the West Virginia coal wars between
1912 and 1921 that culminated in the largest
uprising in United States history since the
Civil War.
It started with the Paint Creek-Cabin Creek
strike of 1912.
The scenario was almost identical to that
in Colorado.
Instead of meeting any demands, the mine companies
evicted the workers from the towns they owned
and hired Baldwin-Felts agents to act as strikebreakers.
They kept on provoking the miners and, eventually,
the situation descended into violence.
Fast forward a few years and the same thing
happened in Matewan, Mingo County, in 1920.
Matewan Police Chief Sid Hatfield was on the
side of the striking miners.
As reprisal, Baldwin-Felts agents assassinated
him in front of a courthouse.
This proved to be the catalyst necessary to
finally mobilize the miners.
Around 10,000 of them planned to march on
Mingo County but had to pass through Logan
County first.
That was where a staunch anti-union sheriff
named Don Chafin organized a force of 3,000
state police, deputies, and militia to fight
the miners.
After trading a few shots, the heavy fighting
started on August 31, 1921, and lasted for
three days.
After a million fired shots and up to 100
fatalities, President Warren Harding sent
in the army and most miners surrendered or
scattered home.
2.
The Orange Riots, 1871
Sectarianism has frequently been a source
of dissent and violence throughout the history
of the United States.
In 1871, a conflict between Irish Protestants
and Catholics escalated into a bloody brawl
on the streets of New York City that killed
60 people and injured hundreds more.
The Orange Order is a Protestant organization
established in Northern Ireland.
Perhaps its most well-known tradition is the
Orange walk, a yearly parade which celebrates
“The Twelfth.”
The Orangemen, as they are known, take to
the streets to mark the victory of Protestant
King William of Orange over the Catholic King
James II at the Battle of the Boyne.
Even in modern times, the march is not always
well-received, especially when it ventures
into neighborhoods with a heavy Catholic presence.
Given the large number of Irish immigrants
to America, new lodges of the order eventually
opened across the pond.
On July 12, 1870, the Orangemen went on their
walk.
Predictably, they fought with the Irish Catholics
and, even with police interference, eight
people died in the conflict.
The following year, the Orange Order planned
to march again.
Initially, their request was denied, but eventually
approved by New York Governor John T. Hoffman
with the promise of a National Guard escort
to keep the peace.
Thousands of people walked, protected by 1,500
policemen and guardsmen.
Violence erupted even faster than the previous
year.
As the mob pelted the marchers with stones
and bottles, the Guard opened fire into the
crowd.
With scores dead and hundreds injured, the
event became known as the “Slaughter on
Eighth Avenue.”
1.
The California Indian Catastrophe
“The interest of the white man demands their
extinction.”
Those were the words of John Weller a few
years before he became the fifth Governor
of California in 1858.
By then, the state had already embarked on
a concentrated effort to eliminate California’s
indigenous people which saw its Indian population
dwindle from 150,000 to 30,000 in less than
three decades.
In 1850, the state legislature, more or less,
removed any kind of legal protection from
anyone with “one-half of Indian blood”
or more.
They were not allowed to vote, serve as jurors
or attorneys, or give evidence in a trial
involving whites.
A decade later, the indenturing of Indians
became legal.
At its worst, the government sponsored dozens
of militia expeditions that committed massacres.
The lack of any repercussions inspired vigilantes
to kill thousands more.
It is estimated that up to 16,000 people were
murdered in cold blood while the rest died
from disease, starvation, and the lack of
any kind of social services.
