When it comes to the military, throughout
history, leaders are always looking for that
little something extra to get the edge.
Many military forces thought that edge would
be drugs.
From ingesting herbs to the new world of drugs
made in labs, soldiers have been going into
war high for centuries… with varying degrees
of success.
10.
Greeks and Opium
Opium derived from poppies was a very important
substance to the Ancient Greeks.
Three of their deities, Hypnos, Nyx, and Thanatos,
who are deities of sleep, night, and death
respectively, had wreaths of poppies.
The Greeks used opium in several ways.
For example, priests thought that the sense
of euphoria that comes with taking the drug
was somehow supernatural, while Hippocrates,
who was called “The Father of Medicine,”
saw the medical uses for opium; specifically,
it helped with diarrhea.
It’s also thought that Greek soldiers used
opium.
In Homer’s Odysessy, which contained real
Greek customs, the soldiers drank wine mixed
with opium after battles to calm their nerves
and help them forget the horrors of war.
9.
Vikings Might Have Used Magic Mushrooms
The term ‘Berserker’, which means “bear
shirt,” is a Viking term for a violent trance-like
fury they would enter into during battle.
When they went Berserk, they would shiver
and their teeth would chatter.
Then their faces would become swollen and
change color.
They’d howl like wild animals, charge into
battle without armor, and then attack anyone
who came near.
After the battle, their minds would become
dull and feeble for a few days.
In the late 18th century, Swedish scholar
Samuel Lorenzo Ødman was researching the
Berserker state and he noticed that their
trances were similar to the trances that the
tribes of Siberia entered into after they
ingested Amanita muscaria mushrooms, also
known as fly agaric mushrooms, or magic mushrooms.
The Serbian tribes would consume dried mushrooms
for ceremonies and rituals.
Ødman theorized that the Vikings ingested
a large amount of the mushrooms to coincide
with the heat of the battle.
Afterwards, the warriors needed to take a
few days off because they had mushroom poisoning.
Evidence to back up Ødman’s claim is that
the mushrooms grew in Scandinavia during the
time of the Vikings.
Secondly, the Vikings did come into contact
with people from Asia, because that is who
introduced them to the concept of their god
Odin, so it’s possible they would have learned
about the hallucinogenic properties of the
mushrooms from people who had contact with
the Serbian tribes.
In the years since the initial theory was
published, other researchers have tweaked
it.
Famed Norwegian botanist Frederik Schübeler
suggested that the Vikings drank wine made
from the mushrooms.
Then in 1994, John Mann suggested that instead
of Amanita muscaria, the Vikings ingested
Amanita pantherina, which makes the user much
more manic.
Many of you reading this are probably thinking
that this is a ton of crap, and that may very
well be because it’s just a theory.
However, Ødman says that the inner circle
of the Viking elite would have kept it secret
as an advantage, so that is why the Vikings
never wrote about it and that is why it is
not a commonly known fact.
8.
Napoleon’s Grande Armée Drank Heavily and
Used Hashish
Keeping your army happy is key when conducting
a military campaign; especially a campaign
as expansive as the one run by Napoleon Bonaparte
of France.
While Napoleon wasn’t focused too much on
getting his men their food rations, he did
his best to get them their daily rations of
wine to keep them happy.
In June 1798, 36,000 members of the Grande
Armée were in Egypt.
This was a problem for the men because Egypt,
as it is today, was largely an Islamic country,
so there was no alcohol available.
Instead, the locals ate, drank, and smoked
hashish, which is resin taken from a marijuana
plant.
The problem was that hashish made the men
sluggish and lazy (and presumably they also
wouldn’t stop eating junk food and giggling
over nothing).
This led to Napoleon prohibiting the drug
not long after arriving in Egypt.
But that didn’t stop his men from using
it, and when the men returned to France, they
brought the hashish with them and introduced
it to French culture.
Artists and writers were the first to use
it and they set up hashish cafes.
The use of hashish as a hallucinogenic then
spread to other areas of Europe.
7.
Inca Warriors Chewed Coca Leaves
The Inca people first appeared in the 12th
century in the Andes region of South America.
Because of their military strength they were
able to build an empire that, at its peak,
stretched from northern Ecuador to central
Chile, with a population of 12 million people
that was made up from 100 different ethnic
groups.
When Europeans came upon the Incas for the
first time in 1499, they noticed they were
chewing on some green leaves.
In 1544, during the conquest of Peru, the
Europeans learned what the green leaves were
– they were coca leaves, which is where
cocaine comes from.
By chewing on the coca leaves, it enhanced
endurance, made them less fatigued, and gave
them resistance to pain.
It also allowed them to travel long distances,
at high altitudes, in a short amount of time.
Unfortunately, the coca leaves weren’t a
strong enough edge for the Incas and they
were overtaken in 1572.
6.
The Zulu Warriors Were Pretty Much Wasted
in Battle
In 1816, Shaka became the chief of the Zulu
tribe, which consisted of just 1,500 people
in South Africa.
Shaka was a masterful military strategist
and within seven years he managed to take
over the Zulu’s neighboring tribes and ruled
over the area that is today known as the South
African province of KwaZulu-Natal.
However, Shaka was killed in 1828, by his
two half-brothers after he went insane.
At its peak, the Zulu Kingdom, or Zululand,
had over 10 million citizens.
The size of their population became one of
the most alluring reasons the British wanted
to invade Zululand, because they wanted to
use the Zulu people to work their diamond
mines.
They also wanted to create the South African
federation to get a better foothold in Africa.
This led to the Anglo-Zulu war, which started
in January 1879.
The Zulu warriors were known to use a variety
of drugs before, during, and after a battle.
Before going to war, they would have a ceremonial
meal where they ate and smoked various herbs
and also drank special medicated beer.
The Zulus believed that the beer would protect
them against the enemy and make them resistant
to their weapons.
They may have also ate or drank teas containing
Amanita muscaria, or magic mushrooms, and
they did use the mushrooms after battles as
a painkiller.
They were also known to use dagga, which is
a strain of cannabis that is found in North
and South Africa.
They would either smoke it or drink it in
a broth just before battle.
Some of them even took dagga with them into
battle.
An expert on the Zulu, Alfred T. Bryant, witnessed
them smoking dagga before a battle and said
after they smoked it, they acted like they
could do anything.
Other people said that they fought like they
were immune to bullets.
There are some people who even credit dagga
with helping the Zulus defeat the British
at the Battle of Isandlwana on January 22,
1879.
After smoking dagga they sent waves of fearless
men at the British, who had slow loading rifles
and cannons.
The Zulus, high on pot, mushrooms, and buzzed
on medicated beer, overwhelmed the British
forces.
They killed 710 men, making it the British
Army’s bloodiest day of the Victorian era.
Ultimately, the Zulus were forced to surrender
just months after they were invaded in July
1879.
5.
Kamikaze Pilots Used Methamphetamine
Methamphetamine was first synthesized in 1893
by a respectable Japanese scientist when he
isolated the stimulant ephedrine from the
Ephedra sinica plant.
In 1919, one of his proteges synthesized the
crystalline form of the ephedrine, making
the world’s first crystal meth.
Amphetamines wouldn’t become popular until
World War II, when military forces on both
sides of the war used them.
The Japanese form of amphetamine was called
Philopon and the government stockpiled it
and gave it to their soldiers when they got
tired and hungry.
They also found it was helpful with their
special unit – the Kamikaze pilots.
The unit had special planes, the Yokosuka
MXY7 Ohka, which were essentially drivable
missiles where the pilot was sealed into the
cockpit.
They were attached to a bomber and then flown
to the battle.
Once they were released and close to their
target, they hit the booster rockets, flew
past enemy gunfire, and would hopefully slam
into an enemy ship.
Obviously, not all Kamikaze pilots were super
pumped about killing themselves by flying
into a wall of steel; especially because they
may have been sealed into the small cockpit
for several hours before getting to the target.
That is a lot of time to think and reconsider
your commitment to the mission.
So they were given high doses of Philopon
to keep themselves alert, sharp, and aggressive
until they got to their target.
Then, we have to assume, they had one of the
wildest drug trips ever taken.
4.
The Nazis Used A Lot of Amphetamine
When planning invasions of World War II, based
on their experiences in the first World War,
the German generals knew a big problem was
fatigue after the first few days of battle,
so they gave their soldiers Pervitin, which
is a form of amphetamine.
When the Nazis invaded France, Belgium, and
the Netherlands in the spring of 1940, they
brought 35 million Pervitin tablets with them.
While it may have been a good idea to start
with, the problem was that the soldiers became
strung out and it would take them longer to
recuperate.
So as a long term strategy, soldiers high
on amphetamine wasn’t exactly the best plan
for world domination.
Perhaps they chose that route because their
leader was supposedly a junkie.
According to Norman Ohler, who is the author
of Blitzed: Drugs In Nazi Germany, Hitler
was constantly with a doctor named Theodor
Morell, who provided him with opiates, steroids,
and other concoctions that were specifically
made for the Fuhrer.
In 1944, Morell was giving Hitler very powerful
cocaine eye drops, which explains Hitler’s
erratic behavior at the end of the war.
Apparently, Hitler committed suicide while
he was going through withdrawal.
3.
Americans Used Amphetamines During Vietnam
Like the other armed forces, Americans used
amphetamines during World War II.
Benzedrine was given to servicemen who were
doing long range reconnaissance missions and
attacks.
After the war, not much research was done
on amphetamines, but that didn’t stop it
from being used in Vietnam.
According to a 1971 report by the House Select
Committee on Crime, between 1966 to 1969,
American forces had used 225 million stimulant
tablets.
Most of them were Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine),
which is an amphetamine derivative that is
almost twice as strong as Benzedrine.
If you break it down for pills per person,
it was 21.1 pills for everyone in the Navy,
17.5 for the Air Force, and finally 13.8 for
people in the Army.
One soldier said that the amphetamine pills
were being given out like they were candy.
The drugs were used to ensure that the troops
didn’t get combat fatigue.
It would keep the soldiers wired, alert, and
they also felt invulnerable.
Finally, it also made them aggressive.
A soldier said that after the high wore off,
that he felt so frustrated that he felt like
“shooting children in the street.”
It should also be noted that the Vietnam War
was notorious because the American forces
were accused of committing many atrocities
against Vietnamese civilians.
While it’s tough to say if methamphetamine
played a part in these atrocities, and we
certainly aren’t suggesting it as an excuse
for their actions, but amphetamines are known
to make people act violently.
2.
Amphetamines are Being Used in the Syrian
War
The Syrian Civil War began in March 2011,
and since its start over 400,000 people have
been killed, while a further 11 million have
been displaced.
During the civil war, ISIL (also known as
ISIS) was able to move into the war torn country
and gain some territory.
In part, one reason they were able to gain
the territory is because their soldiers are
high on Captagon, which is a drug that is
usually only used in the Middle East.
There are two components to the drug and as
the body breaks it down, it activates the
drugs.
The first component is theophylline, which
is similar to caffeine.
It also helps open the user’s airways and
sometimes theophylline is used to treat asthma.
The second drug component is amphetamine,
which speeds everything up and makes the soldiers
more alert.
They also need less food and less sleep while
they are using amphetamines.
However, Captagon isn’t very strong.
It is weaker than Adderall and it was used
to treat attention deficit disorder in the
1960s and 1970s.
Yet, it is still considered to be helping
fuel violence in the area.
1.
The Future of Drugs in War
Currently, the American military spends hundreds
of millions of dollars trying to create “super
soldiers” and part of that spending goes
to chemical upgrades.
One drug, sometimes called a wonder drug by
the military, is modafinil.
The drug was developed in France and in 1998,
it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration.
Modafinil is sold by Cephalon under the name
Provigil and it is a psycho stimulant that
enhances wakefulness.
It also improves memory and mood.
Supposedly, soldiers can use it to stay awake
for 48 hours.
Unlike other stimulants, like cocaine and
amphetamines, it doesn’t make the user drowsy
and there is no “crash” at the end of
the high.
Another problem facing soldiers is Post-Traumatic
Stress Disorder (PTSD) and the military is
working on a drug to treat PTSD in a very
Black Mirror-type of way.
A psychiatrist at Harvard Medical School believes
that a “beta blocker” called propranolol,
which is normally used to treat high blood
pressure, can be used to erase, or at least
weaken the impact, of horrific memories.
Currently, the drug is undergoing memory-erasing
trials.
That can only end well.
