{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0\nouicompat\deflang1033{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0
Arial;}{\f1\fnil Arial;}}
{\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue0;}
{\*\generator Riched20 10.0.18362}\viewkind4\uc1
\pard\cf1\fs24 Will combatants build internal
video tutorial from shows Balaji and in this
video lecture will be talking about digestive
system will be seeing anatomy of the digestive
system and the overview of the digestive system.
In this particular lecture in a series of
frequent video lectures in the future we will
see the other aspects of the digestive system
as well. The gastrointestinal system, digestive
system digests food and transports nutrients
into the blood involves breaking down foods
both chemically as well as mechanically into
smaller components, and that can be transported
through the digestive tract, while with the
help of either bloodstream or with the help
of limb are many situations are required for
the digestive system to work together along
with the different muscular six system muscular
actions as well as the different GI tract
and any other success accessory or against
the home is also controlled by the secretion
of some sort of Hormuz and other chemical
components that influence the hypothalamus
of our brain to control the whole process
of ingestion. And not only this hunger is
depending upon the body's requirement. It's
also depending depends on the social behaviour
of social factors and the limit of the food
as lid of the food in our amount that influence
the amount of food that we can eat, let's
move on to the introduction of this and a
ton. The digestive system consists of two
components, the elementary Cannell that starts
in from mouth and aims in Dallas, which can
visualise the elbow and the second thing as
an accessory organs as is likely labour pancreas
gallbladder and stuff after the food is ingested,
it can be process they in stomach, which is
the part of the upper GI tract, and then they'll
be like to be digested in the small intestine.
After that, the new chips will be absorbed
and the food will be released as the form
of pieces through grants, the goals for this
understanding is to identify the audience
and circular muscle of the digestive tract
to list the structures found and represent
the six end of the wall of the digestive tract
to recognise that accessory organs are involved
with the digestive system and to describe
the general function of each of the organ
of the digestive system to know of how they
work together as a unit of organ system look
at the wall of the digestive tract and section
of the digestive tract reveals four main layers.
If you look at here inside one of the slayer
is mucosal if you look at it is given near
the layer is mucosal, which is a very layer
inside submucosal muscularis and Sentosa said
outermost layer muscularis is right up that
submucosal eyes light up and that this one
is submucosal and finally mucosal it is the
most layer which will be in contact with the
lumen. The different lesions of the digestive
tract wall have unique structures that are
related to their Pacific functionality. The
mucus is again subdivided into father of three
layers and actually three layers of different
cells. Let's look at that process is known
as the column epithelial cells because the
structure is like column. She called them
column epithelial cells in this column, epithelial
cells that build up the whole area known as
the weekly look at here are the most fooled
most layer gets folded just like a small projections.
The large folds known as a way if tone of
this projections, you will see this column
epithelial cells that make this projections
to hear this simple columnar epithelial cells
game games attached with each other along
with some other cells known as goblet cells,
which are some sort of secret in his cells
start secreting mucus lamina propria is in
the region. If you look at here in this picture
sits are written clearly lamina propria is
a collective tissue layer that contains the
blood and lymphatic vessel which are kind
of weakness to the top of this projections
of this is the lamina propria connecting layer
contains a blood vessel as well as the lymphatics
and the smooth muscle sheet called muscularis
mucosa that is present in the base of all
the structure. The mucosal epithelial normally
functions in both situation as well as the
process of digestive digestion of the substances
and it also involved in the process of absorption
of nutrients. Here is the view of individual
cell is given in his cells are filled with
so many sack -like structures, especially
they have Golgi apparatus inside backwards
inside because they are designed to absorb
nutrients present here is the goblet cells
with a secretary cells start releasing mucus,
which is nothing but a hydrate in using protein
produced mucin proteins. The hybrid that converting
to mucus mucosal epithelial cells secrete
digestive fluids as well as they have the
proper property of absorbing the nutrients
of cells nearby to the goblet cells also soon
as in the crime stats and as a in the prime
cells, they start producing hormones that
in the crying because there ain't any cells
that we take soy colour should explain it
with colour and entering the crime cell say
this start making hormones that are required
for the process of digestion art is not exactly
for the process of digestion process, but
it also helps in the hunger control and a
lot of other control issues of the digestive
majors nutrients which are absorbed by the
epithelial cells move to this capillary. All
this lymphatic and then trouble rest of the
part of the body is mucosal epithelial cells
are also mitotically active so they can divide
the help of my closest cell division. So this
structure is not permanent. It's not fixed,
it may change it actually gets changed almost
like every 3 to 6 days to produce new cells
to replace the old cells because no sense
of continuous work of absorbing and the process
of digestion. Take a look at is this muscularis
mucosa that is alleged very interesting structure.
Actually this muscularis mucosa double layered
structure and is 88 for the dietician, as
well as for the absorption by moving the mucosal
really so this muscularis mucosa can see it
here. If you go back here you see the muscularis
mucosa is a muscular six Turner muscle is
mucosa is this layer. This is the layer muscularis
mucosa, just in the basement of the really
an access to the will is if I draw muscular
is mucosa. Here its actors to almost like
a test with the really this muscle is mucus
of two different layers and with the help
of this two different tissue layers. It can
actually move the way in different directions
different orientations as movement banking
like movement. This movement can actually
help this filly to interact with many different
nutrient molecules at the same time, and so
that it can absorb nutrients that can travel
through his blood vessel and lymphatics and
there is another layer remember he muscular
is external. It contains again to sheet of
muscle. One is a circular another one is a
longitudinally two types of Larry can see
that they see this ringlike structures in
the middle of this. This is structure the
five in the truly are arranging the right
angles to each other and they provide structural
support as well as elasticity to the intestine
and his elasticity is very important for a
process known as peristalsis okay peristalsis
and segmentation are produced by the contraction
of the muscle of the intestine and actually
the muscle if it's only one muscle longitudinal
this kind of contraction is not possible because
peristalsis means a close contraction of the
muscle is used to close contraction of the
muscle in nearby areas that allows the food
that is present forward to a specific direction.
In this case, the food will be migrated from
these of Argus from the mouth or sinus and
the direction of the food movement, so we
need both type of issues. We need the longitudinal
issue as well as a circular tissue for this
whole process to work specifically had a look
at in this picture you can see these mind
to take plexus. My plexus is a network of
neurons that is present in the muscularis
external accuracy. It is very close with the
communication with the submucosal plexus as
well and together with the two plexus to produce
the enteric nervous system and the nervous
system is very important because whenever
the food is moving our intestine showed the
crosstalk between the brain and the intestine
in this crosstalk is mediated with the help
of this nervous system that he is actually
present in my entry plexus now clear of the
digestive tract cirrhosis is a doctor in the
serosa right is also known as visceral peritoneum
peritoneum is the outermost layer always so
this is said was producing serosa, which actually
lubricates and lubricants. The sole intestine
and it reduces the friction of the digestive
tract in the ventral body cavity six using
all those lubricating compound of outside
this whole component of digestive track is
present in our body cavity right, so there
can be like friction between the other area
of the body cavity ventral body cavity. Actually,
with the help of this week. This digestive
tract. It was my once you things. Once you
drink a lot of water, they'll is going to
increase in volumetric size fits is it may
interact it may interact with the ventral
portion of the body cavity, and that could
be dangerous. That could be bad for our health
that can be prevented by the serosa's talk
about the upper part of the gastrointestinal
tract part of the GI tract involved with the
process of evolution because it starts with
mouth aims the upper part almost aims at the
end of this, that's what we call the upper
part of the upper GI tract food star condition
in the mouth inside the mouth chemical digestion
take place because there we have saliva saliva
contains alpha mindless and sign which can
break down starch and sugar and also mechanical
digestion take place there because we are
petite with the help of that with the help
of teeth and tongue are we can break those
food down to some soft round saliva mixed
content, known as the bolus a silver lining
of the oral cavity and the firings is mostly
made up with a specific type of squamous epithelial
cell known as the starting fight squamous
epithelial cell starting fight squamous epithelial
cells actually squamous epithelial mucosa,
because all this is your father's line is
covered with mucus to prevent the damage by
the acid reflux. The partially digested bolus
because, we can say the partially digestion
of the bolus because it's a mixed with a mindless
partially digested bolus of food is then removed
from the mouth to ease of factors that this
is the connecting you between the mouth and
the stomach. Now the transition of the oesophagus
wall slightly/shown here from the start created
to the smooth muscle striated muscle are present
in mouth region, but now Europe's more of
the smooth muscle, but it's component of for
disease of Argus is both striated muscle as
well as smooth muscle, but when you go down
to the stomach ills in most of the made up
with completely mostly made up with and with
the food enters stomach is involved in the
chemical digestion and shall take place in
the stomach are mostly for proteins a little
amount of mechanical digestion take this as
well. So these are the three major components
of the upper GI mouth is a fabulous this one
and stomach are the three components now let's
talk a little bit about the stomach, which
is one of the most important constituent of
the elementary can stomach. If you look at
the structure stomach is divided into four
different section starts with cardia beginning
of the stomach, funders, just after the cardia
body which is the most of the park having
a huge surface area and pilotless, which is
the endpoint of the stomach, where it interacts
with the duty, now couture. There are different
layers of muscle three types of layer of a
longitudinally conceit here straight lines,
circular layer wrapping around the stomach
obliquely, which is a linear, but not like
the longitude three different layer of muscle
is present in this layer is a very important
for maintaining this tension and for taking
the stress that is going to walk in the stomach
to stomach will contain the food food will
stay there for a while and we do the mechanical
shearing of the food. Now can see if you look
at the muscles from now outermost side, but
we can seize you can see that muscular is
external layer that we can also saw earlier
that muscular is external layer of the stomach.
It is unique because it carries the three
different layers and the important structure
of the stomach is this kind of fool's layer
polls of the stomach. This polls the stomach
can increase its surface area increase its
size based on the amount of food. It receives
these regions are known as role rather G S
GE rub are specific teams or this kind of
folds that interval. For that we saw in the
stomach, so can expand due to its like requirements.
Once the food is mixed with the gastric juices,
which is secreted by the stomach itself. The
stomach is called all this, all this food
mixed with the gastric juices is known as
the crime is known as kind, which is then
removed from the pilotless, which is this
point the end of the stomach duodenum into
the small intestine because this is the end
of the upper GI once the duodenum starts.
We call it the lower part of the GI tract
and that is the ultimate job of the food to
be removed from the pilotless, there is a
specific, while present owners are pyloric
sphincter will talk about that later. Let's
move to the second part of this intestinal
tract that is lower part of the GI lower GI
now the second part of the gastrointestinal
tract is a lower GI tract of the lower part
of the gastrointestinal tract or elementary
can mainly composed of two different units,
one of which we can. We are seeing right now.
First you need to ease the small intestine
and second is the large intestine pardon for
bad handwriting small intestine and large
intestine small intestine is a portion mainly
collected to combine both of them together
as a lower GI tract. The majority of the chemical
digestion process. Actually, all the nutrient
absorption process take place in the small
intestine, large intestine is the portion
which carries the last in undigested materials
convert them into pieces and help them to
be defecated outside the small intestine slide
is about that small intestine structure small
intestine is divided into three different
parts which are eliminated in this picture
with his yellow, purple and pink colour starts
with duodenum. Your local jejunum colour is
purple and helium coloured pink here is that
the three different regions of the small intestine
and if you look at the structure of the small
intestine very much similar that of a structure
we saw in stomach as per the tissue layer
histological structure proceeds, but little
difference as well. In this case, we also
see three different layers in the inner wall
of the small intestine and three different
layers of the tissues longitude in her circular
as well as the third layer, but the new feature
about the lower intestine. The small intestine
is to have something like projection known
as really rely as you can see here is seen
this fingerlike projections all around this
internal surface of the small intestine. This
really is to increase the surface area because
the job of small intestine will be to absorb
nutrients to the more surface area. They they
have the better absorption. They can do now.
This belief is really one of those really
really spoil divided into small fragments.
This smaller and smaller fragments are known
as microbial because of the constituents of
the many right that is the part of the small
intestine and intestine leaves the body for
defences against different pathogens by secreting
antimicrobial compounds as well as antibodies,
which are also known as immunoglobulins was
immunoglobulins which are produced there in
small as well as large intestine and also
produces antibiotic compounds that can fight
against pathogen doing the large intestine.
A lot of healthy good bacteria decides and
that is very, very important for our living's
look at the large intestine, which is almost
the last part of the elementary kernel. It
also consists of several fragments. It starts
with easy as sending: transverse colon and
ascending colon is that the three different
parts that PCC the job for this large intestine
is to hold those undigested foods were water
absorption and then finally conversion of
those undigested food interfaces and then
release them to harness and the partial undigested
foods in their store. The pieces will store
for some time in the rectal and is unit costs
to come, which is attached to a specific portions,
which is extended region known as appendix.
The function of which is now. That means,
which is not required now, but somehow in
revolutionary history they have some function
in the digestion. The blue plates undigested
role. Now he see those large intestine as
well as more in the centre one they have mainly
in the in regions of Liam in the layer, a
small intestine lymphoid nodes in helium they
have lymphoid nodes and those notes are known
as spares, patches, warez patch spares patches
are filled with leucocytes leucocytes means
white blood cells, which are the immunogenic
cells in helping to fight against infection
and the large intestine's job. Besides the
storing of the undigested food and convert
them into pieces. The other job is to absorption
of water and salt and also absorption of vitamin
K also other bacteria present their the healthy
bacteria talked about this producing a lot
of vitamin K and the supply. The vitamin K2
or body. The large as you see there are three
brands of smooth muscle again called the team
coli scores. The outer portion of the colon
to be packed into the pockets called Hofstra
that is a structure that is a unique structure
to hostel is a region where they are properly
invaded in the body so that it's remained
attached with outer portion of the body otherwise
rest of the portion of the digestive tract
is not linked in a way, the separate from
the rest of the dental body cavity. Now you
will see some other accessory part of the
digestive tract that also helps in the process
of digestion and absorption of the food processing
is sphincter is sphincter is regulate the
passage of food from one region of the digestive
tract to the next and then finally it helps
our for the pieces to get out of the body.
So, the role of sphincter in the process of
controlling the digestion is huge. As you
can see in the left-hand picture sphincters
are present in every different branch points
of the digestive digestive tract is the sphincters
of the digestive tract divided into mainly
six different sphincters, we can see here.
One of the sphincters are related to use of
adverse known as the easel fag sphincter upper
oesophagus sphincter new ES and the lower
oesophagus sphincter ill ES. Both of them
are physiological sphincters, then at the
end of the stomach. If you see here at the
end of this stomach the junction between Tony
and stomach and the Pirates of the stomach.
There is a sphincter that controls the release
of the treated mechanical and chemically treated
compound in the stomach pain free to take
entry into the building. Then comes the role
of the pyloric sphincter and then it comes
down to the musical sphincter which is her
circular smooth muscle type of is not its
not any kind of physiological structures are
smooth muscle cell in circular fashion. Both
these pyloric sphincter as well as a musical
sphincter classical sphincter is also found
in SA here musical sphincter found in the
interaction of the junction between the small
intestine with the large intestine so as I
mentioned the sphincters are present in all
of the branch points and then we have internal
annual sphincter and we have external panel
sphincter. Both are present in this area that
controls the movement and release of the pieces
outside the body. The oesophagus sphincter
prevents the air from entering into these
are factors. The lower oesophageal sphincter
prevents acid reflux, which can go from stomach
to these of factors that can cause the damage
to the oesophagus or acidity is a prime problem
with this acid reflux pyloric sphincter. This
one regulates the passage of coming from the
stomach to take entry to the duodenum are
you sick of all controls and regulates the
passage of crime from helium to the large
intestine and in the last two drives like
the internal and external annual sphincter.
They eat and sphincter or IAS when it is relaxed.
It produces the urge to defecate and relax
bifurcation offers an external panel sphincter
when eight, relaxed, allows for the dedication
to both of them needs to be relaxed for the
process of the application's move to the last
part of the discussion, which are accessory
glands. There are several accessory glands,
which are not directly involve all with the
gastrointestinal tract, but plays very important
role of search is salivary gland normally
three types of glands are important salivary
gland liver and pancreas is salivary glands
were moist and food cleans and protect the
mouth. It produces alpha eyeless known as
a salivary eyeless in the same enzyme is also
secreted by pancreas, known as pancreatic
islets are my reasons I'm helping the digestion
of starch and other carbohydrate molecules
can break down starch. The second one is a
lever. This is probably one of the most important
organ of all, from the perspective of digestion
itself is very very important because it produces.
While we actually Marci Faiz, the fact because
without the help of the release of this by
bile salts, we cannot be able to digestive
tract, because is by neutralises that by Marci
find the fat molecules and break them down
and increase their surface area so that other
lipase enzyme can can actually break down
those lipid molecules by secreted sometimes
extra bile that is released by the liver stored
in a small sack nearby the liver, which is
attached to the region of the duodenum that
part that small areas, small section is known
as the gallbladder stores this by 
and the third one is the pancreas management
of lever pancreas gallbladder is very close
to each other and they're all connected because
they have a simple single duct system through
which all those necessary enzymes are released
into the total here seen pancreas. They have
the main proteolytic enzymes to be produced,
it releases different host of digestive enzymes
into the duodenum with the help of the same
pan century, the same type of doctor that
we use the is involved and engaged inside
the pancreas is known as the pancreatic, but
that is the dark has the branch and obtained
with the gallbladder as well. It also produces
a bicarbonate bicarbonate can neutralise acidity
of the crime that is released right after
the treatment in the stomach is another important
priority to make the time. Neutralise our
before using them in in the intestine. Otherwise
intestine elsewhere may have some problem
with this acid stomach cells are designed
to to sustain the veracity so that in a sense
are the anatomical overview of the digestive
system will come back. Friends are. This is
the second part of our discussion regarding
the digestive system and the digestion of
food by human being and this is about the
motility of food during the process of digestion
motility is the movement of food through the
gastrointestinal tract and the muscles of
the digestive system and digestive system
tract walls are also very responsible for
for propelling and mixing those foods or food
contents together. Let's see the whole process
in details the goals for our learning is to
discuss about the types of motility found
in the each section of the digestive tract
to describe the function of each type of motility
and to describe the control of those motility
in the digestive tract with the help of our
two things. Either the nervous system or the
hormones the start point of this whole process
of eating your food begins with achieving
chewing is a mechanical digestive process
that tears down the food grinds the food into
smaller pieces and enough small for swallowing
them because they are through which the food
will enter into our GI tract from outside
into the oesophagus very small for that to
happen way to break the food down, so there
are two processes going on there in the mouth.
One is a mechanical breakdown and another
is the chemical breakdown is very little part
to the main part is a mechanical breakdown.
Achieving is one of the situation. She is
one of the procedure of the mechanical breakdown.
She will also mixes the food with saliva and
oil makes the food with saliva saliva contains
our eyeless that that is all salivary eyeless
that can break down starch and the polysaccharides
which is a sugar part chewing also have both
type of action in control and reflexes like
voluntary as well as involuntary reflex components.
The small intestine reflexively slows down
this gastric emptying to allow the neutralisation
and enzymatic digestion and absorption of
its contents so that we can pick and take
some more food and break them down and then
engulfed with insight. The second part after
achieving the food start to move through the
surprises and ultimately it will raise the
stomach and is all part of entering the food
from the mouth into the oesophagus fair is
known as the swallowing and in this case is
a fabulous has the responsibility to move
the food that is known as the bowlers which
is achieved or grind it food and eating the
food from firings. The stomach so that was
firings means the place of the throat to the
stomach, where the food we recite for a while
and then it will be broken down protein digestion
will take place a little bit there. This is
also movies contained by a process known as
peristalsis that we talked about earlier in
the first part as well. Peristalsis is like
a kind of a close contraction of the muscles
that will allow the food to like it sits like
if the food is present here in squeeze the
muscle hears it will push the food towards
a specific direction in this direction is
towards the stomach. The swallowing begins
voluntarily, but it is completely by the reflexive
activity and reflexive activities, involuntary
nature and there are two types of peristalsis
primary and secondary. The primary peristalsis
controlled by swallowing centre in the brain
as a specific centre for that in the sequence
of events that happens in swallowing stopped
by like a step-by-step in the first part is
a soft palate rises to close of the National
ferries are because there are different different
kinds of walls present that prevents our the
passage to the National ferries, the National
passage as well as other parties like the
National firings and the nozzle passage as
well as the this GI disease of Ad-Aware placed
very close to each other and the deeper part
of the food particle enters into the nozzle
passage. It can block our airway that can
lead us to the death and shocking suit to
prevent that a rear wall that we close up
are that nozzle passage and that what happens
at the very beginning in the second step is
the term our staff to rotate a type to start
to force this bowlers, which is saliva mixed
grind it food, it will force the bowlers to
go into the first area of the firings known
as the all firings or older firings Larry
silly weights and it will start closing the
glottis c is another part of the National
passage through which are like a added this
to the glottis will be close there afterwards
after the closure of the glottis epiglottis
covers the glottis. So why fashion. The complete
National passage is blocked. If you think
that this food is moving from this now than
there are two different passages side-by-side.
This is a food passage. This is. This is a
National passage and this is the Savannah
area and there are glottis that will be covered
and then epiglottis will cover the tops. Ultimately,
the National passage is completely blocked.
So now the food can easily move the oesophagus
only right that the pharyngeal muscle are
start a contract and there is a specific known
as the oesophagus sphincter or you is upper
oesophagus sphincter there is a sphincter
sphincter muscle that present in the joint
between the oesophagus and this passage of
our mouth, and that is the area. This offer
is a viable winter start to relax that allows
this bowlers to take entry to the oesophagus
and the primary peristalsis process will start
to begin once the food particle enters once
the bowlers in the inside base of factors
in the process of peristalsis begin in the
peristalsis is considered a wave like this
is if you if you marry like this is a normal
width of the oesophagus, then it will be contraction
of the muscle side-by-side regions and that
contraction will allow the food particle that
is present is the contraction regions that
will allow the food particles. Let me change
the colour. Here we take that read a little
black in this case, this, this close contraction
will push this food to the direction of the
stomach that the process and then the bowlers
moved to the stomach and finally to the end
of this whole of all is available, there is
another sphincter there is a junction between
the oesophagus and stomach known as lower
oesophagus sphincter or AES and once a few
take entry through the areas into the stomach.
The alias we close down so the stomach. It
will look something like this like droid that
is a sphincter. So once. Once the food particle
take entry, they will close up that area of
the decision of the stomach is completely
separate in the oesophagus is blank and is
involved in are like closed so that the stomach
contain the food only. There, the larger the
size of the bowlers they start to make more
force and the more force should be made and
it should be generated by the peristalsis
in the oesophagus to push it hard to go into
the stomach. I kind of take approximately
nine seconds for a typical bowlers to move
from the oesophagus to the stomachs\'85 Very
very fast. It's only nine second for this
whole process to complete our and the likely
Queen's water and for this things. It will
take only about one 2nd to travel \f1\endash
very fast with all the process we discuss
slowly step-by-step for all the things were
walkers very, very far simultaneously to this
whole process and not simultaneous action
sequentially mostly now. Once the food is
in the board are like an stomach as you see
in this is the where the picture says is about
the peristalsis leg in the bowlers and the
muscle contraction, just above it. It will
start creating a force and pressure to the
bowlers and the direction of the pressure
is towards the stomach to the food particle
start moving and ultimately religion the stomach
through the lower oesophagus sphincter and
also food particle reaches stomach that sphincter
closed around now are the relaxation as well
as are the contraction of both of these are
very required for the peristalsis processor
to continue with that will see the relaxation
of the peristalsis that we require that the
stomach normally stores, food and techniques
as this food with the gastric juices for some
sort of chemical ligation, mostly the digestion
take place for the proteins and then there
are empty. All those contents into the small
intestine that is the first part of intestine
known as duodenum. Now, in this case repeatedly
alike like relaxation of the specific area
of the stomach known as a finder's are required
as well as the this structure: body because
this is the part known as the fund as this
is the part known as the body so fund as bodies
of the part should be relaxed and some extent,
to allow approximately 1 L of the food to
enter into the stomach so once you're looking
at the stomach in peak condition. You can't
actually believe how much it, the bigger it
can be once the food particle start to enter
inside the fund is an world body start to
relax. It can allow up to 1 L of the food
to be stayed inside the static contraction
of the stomach also take place and that is
also required for pushing the food through
the stomach into the duodenum that is also
very required like to talk is like every 3
to 5 times in a minute. It mixes the stomach
content with the gastric juice and empty the
there the whole content which will be known
as a kind in this case it will be known as
a kind because was a bowlers to consider the
stomach is mixed with all the acids and all
the chemical companies from stomach is known
as time and in the kind will be taken into
the duodenum from the stomach with the help
of peristalsis and the frequency of this peristalsis
contraction. It is regulated by the interaction
between the pacemaker cells that are present
in the smooth muscle cells in the stomach
wall. A larger volume of food in the stomach
is getting it to produce a stronger gastric
contractions and the smaller volume of food
are links to the less gastric contraction
in that sense, as you see here the pedestal
contraction begins from the on the first point,
and once you start to push this food particles
to the downside of the stomach. Then again,
for the peristaltic contractions are currently
push the food material and is is another sphincter
that is present between the stomach and during
junction known as pyrolytic sphincter and
also regulates whether once the food enters
into the duodenum should not come back into
the stomach is not required in that sense,
so here is another picture explaining the
whole process of further peristalsis that
goes on in the stomach is approximately 3
to 5 times per minute are but still this peristaltic
contractions really, really important to push
the food. If it's more solid food, then the
contraction is even further. Even stronger
now this whole process of contraction is regulated
by our brain different centres in our brain
that actually gives the idea whether the food
is large enough so it will generate a larger
force to put it into the duodenum and stuff.
Now if you go here. The chemical composition
of the food as well influence the rate of
the digestion. For example of a sleepy reach
with sleepy reach content of our food and
that is, it will take much longer time to
die, just than the carbohydrate rich in which
rich food is carbohydrate rich would have
a dietician started from the mouth and the
whole process and is a little like the soul
can be digested with Ram Islay is executed
their anomalies will be secluded from pancreas
as well live feeds are a much harder to work
with in the digestion process because we are
not water-soluble sorry to break them down
smaller fragments are with the help of bile
salts. The rest of the process we need to
do sequentially to finally take it inside
our body. But in this case, the contractions
of the and from that propels the kindly to
the duodenum is a small sports that happens
here at the end of the junction of the stomach
and duodenum and there is a sphincter and
risk as a whole process starts to work like
like small squirting size one by our. For
example. This is process of sporting foods
like small amount of food at a time is known
as the gastric emptying gastric emptying is
the release of the full product or kind from
the stomach to the duodenum and they get transferred
to the public sphincter that works there.
The closure of the spiral sphincter forces
the kind to back into the stomach or further
mixing to what happens here is just like mixing
everything putting a little bit of the duodenum.
Again, it closes down for the force back to
the stomach again and again try to push it
to the duodenum, so this is not a one-time
event process. This process is working slowly.
Once, at a time. A little amount of food is
transferred at the time from now to the next
soak for digesting the year were it be much
faster than digesting all this components
of this cheese contained a lot of chicken
and related content so that is another thing
that you need to. This is a slow digestion
and this is a faster edition that will see
in the wake of this gastric emptying is also
slowed by the presence of facts as seeds and
different kind of hypertonic solutions that
is present in 
the different types of regulation of this
gastric motility that we want to talk about
the number gallery are talked about it that
there are two types of control what is a nervous
control whether one is the hormone mediated
control the signal mediated control hormone
-related control is the most of the part of
control that we will see here, in this case,
nor mine are also plays a very important role
because not control the response of the stomach
during the cephalic phase of the dietician
that all the cephalic phase because that phase
is controlled by the safer London brain content.
The cephalic phase is regulated by large long
reflexes and especially the bag is normal
vagus nerve are regulate the face of this
long reflexes in the cephalic phase and is
vagus nerve carries a signal from the brain
to the stomach. Remember that carry the signal
from brain to the stomach is large nerve and
and during the cephalic phase in both of the
nervous and the hormonal control the whole
response of the stomach are and how the stomach
will empty all this gastric contents and coin
into the duodenum and the whole process look
at the process of hormones. You can see the
gas stream is the hormone that regulates the
gastric secretion and this is the role of
gasoline taxes plus means it's going to the
positive effects of gastrin is secreted by
the cells present in the stomach and attacks
on the stomach to release more of this gastric
juices and stretching the intestinal wall
stimulus. This rates receptors in the cause.
The response by the duodenum while the gastric
motility and emptying decrees as a duodenum
begins to receive kind from the stomach. That's
another important thing to happen as a star
to receive the motility from from that point
start to slow down a little bit and the facts
in the duodenum causes the release of a new
hormone CCK in the facts are present here.
It stimulates this is not a school system
kind and also stimulus gallbladder CCK stimulus
gallbladder release of bile salts because
of violence will be required to break down
fat in smaller smaller fragments so that it
can actually separate facts in smaller fragments,
which is called as an emulsification is emulsification
is required so that like it's a large fragment
of Parikh will break the fact down the smaller
chance, so the increase in surface area so
that other legally pays enzymes can work to
break it down both the hormones for creatine
as well as the nerves elicit a response that
that helps the duodenum are to contain those
acidly content inside and different hypertonic
solutions in the duodenum. As I told you earlier.
It also elicit a response, but the precise
mechanism is not fully understood secret is
released from here as well from the duodenum
and that we act on pancreas to start releasing
different pancreatic enzymes like pancreatic
life is pancreatic islets, pancreatic, different
proteases that will help in this whole process
servers across interactions are worn by another
of this whole process to interact with themselves,
but here the automatic communication between
the interest and the stomach is called in
gastric reflection. That's a very interesting
thing to how the stomach and on the rest of
the rest of the intestinal region interact
with themselves with the help of all this
hormonal signalling process and very much
well coordinated and we can't feel any of
this. When you are eating things because you
once were looking with enjoying the food after
the eating of food we are sitting there watching
a movie where we are working so we don't even
hardly think of what is going on there because
it's not bothering us much, but this process
is going on every single time you take a food
inside our body 
talk about the migration of this food during
fasting, but really the case never talked
about where the food is migrating at the very
normal consequence when we are eating for
constant consistently in a small amount throughout
the time that is a normal process is a healthier
process of eating a full but if we are like
after a meal is digestive during the digestive.
In digestive. Means are we ever consider to
dietician and there is a gap between the privatisation.
The segmentation is replaced by the migration
or motility of the complexes that are present
involved with the dietician of the food marketing
motility complexes are nothing but peristaltic
waves from stomach to the ileum, but sweep
the undigested material towards the terminal
ileum portion that is a kind of fasting/effect
of fasting. It kind of results in putting
all those food that is presenting a part of
our digestive tract will ultimately get to
the clearance part is the endpoint of the
ileum which is at this point, so something
like grooming, so that is why fasting sometimes
required in little amount as well in the frequency
of this migrating motility complexes known
as the migrating motility complex. The frequency
of this migrating motility complexes kind
of once every 90 minutes or like 6 to 8 overnights
one in 90 minutes. You can can select start
to push all those things, whatever things
present, where there is digestive or not digested
it will drag it to the in part of the ileum
that it will take entry into our the large
intestine and it will convert into the pieces
and income out this whole process of migrating
motility complex are controlled by enteric
nervous system and we don't want to talk about
that much here, but that's how it is also
important are to clear all this route for
the later stage of dietician stuff. Let's
talk about the stuffs about segmentation and
a little bit more detail because we heard
the same earlier as well. There are two major
functions of the large intestine that we know
what is a story and concentrating the faecal
matter, so faecal matter, storage and the
second thing is's auction of water salts and
becoming key that is another very important
component. So here you know that between the
ileum at the very end and the beginning of
the large intestine. There is another sphincter
tone as illegal seekers sphincter say here.
It's the small intestine is a musical sphincter
is present here is a musical sphincter opens
to allow the kind to enter into the caecum
that the sphincter gets closer that once things
are entered into the caecum sphincter is closed
and that will allow to block the backlog of
this material now than then this this kind
approximately like a average on average, it
kind of like 500 of this junk materials per
day is this whole large intestine needs to
take care of in release outside the body to
where we require a process called segmentation
segmentation is a structural separation is,
it's not free separation of partial separation
to form a partial compartments in Owen in
in the large intestine and the this this tiny
segmentation that we see here the partial
segmentation that we see the pouches that
formed here known as Hofstra known as Hofstra
as you see the segmentation is a this pouches
are formed and it's actually formed in the
transverse to descending colon till to descending:
find it like from here caecum than then transverse
colon gently descending colon and the mass
movements are sustained and intends to restart
the contractions start to begin in the large
intestine due to the formation of this of
this posture that we see in the peristalsis
will start from this point either slowly start
pushing the four through the transverse colon
till the descending: there is hostel contraction
and mass movements propels the pieces towards
the sigmoid: finally into direct am and this
this movement of peristalsis is not from one
single direction as they have multiple segments
segmentation place father increased role in
the process of clearing all this faecal materials
as you see here if there's only one kind of
symbol. A primary peristaltic wave start,
and it will push the purpose. All this materials
for the direction slowly but as we have a
higher segmentation and contraction of all
those muscles that will allow the food and
all this faecal particles to power down this
whole process until direct am a very, very
fast in the destination of the victim causes
the internal and a sphincter that sphincter
present internal annual sphincter and external
sphincter present consecutive area. Both of
them needs to be relaxed for these of the
material. So in this case next link and a
sphincter have to relax, which produces the
urge to defecate involuntarily smooth muscle
while the extra annual sphincter is kind of
skeletal muscle, which is under voluntary
control. Otherwise it will be very difficult
for us leaving this world. So in this case,
both the relaxation of internal as well as
external annual sphincter is required for
the urge for the deification certification
is developed by the relaxation of internal
annual sphincter while relaxation of external
sphincter will actually make it happen and
that is under our control. Only about 150
ML of the 500 ML kind that interesting to
the caecum is eliminated as faeces was kind
of a says this is the percentages and it's
not even one third approximately is kind of
one third percentage that because most of
the remaining 350 ML, it is absorbed as water,
because that is the portion hero. The whole
farm that they can feed the 500 components.
The 500 animal components are carrying all
the materials, digestive materials as well
as the unwanted undigested undigested materials
so the body will take and observe the digestive
nutrients and we start to defecate with the
undigested materials over the pieces contain
mostly undigested. It will also consist of
bacteria, especially E. coli is a dry weight
are in the pieces you'll see one third part
of the driveway. I is only with E. coli bacteria.
As you can see it's residing there for a while
and they actually provide vitamin K may produce
vitamin K to provide the vitamin K to the
host. This is kind of a beneficial to have
E. coli in August, not about the absorption
I till you hear the absorption that the intestinal
cells. The large intestinal cells are involved
with is the uptake of sodium to ride the science
as well as it will observe what are a lot
of water. And here are the cells we use different
type of transporters are co-transporters that
will allow the sugar and like one example
if I give up about sugars to take sugars inside
with the help of a sodium density gradient
such kind of core transport that that process
there inside is the last part of this process
of movement of food I want to talk about and
that is vomiting was one of the food kind
of on unconventionally and that is against
this whole route from stomach through the
mouth is not a normal process of releasing
the content that's why it creates an issue
in normal condition, vomiting actually reflects
and reflexes coordinated in the brainstem's
company recorded in the brainstem with their
and the this vomiting reflex can be stimulated
by multiple factors that we know it could
be due to the excessive stretching of the
stomach due to some reason like the stretching
of the stomach depends on our physical activities
as well as some emotional activities as well.
Abnormal vestibular stimulation legs seasickness
it could be urogenital pain is kind of testicular
pain or something like that kind of painful
injuries can also allow our this whole process
of vomiting, stimulate it would be like in
increased intracranial pressure can also result
in vomiting tendencies and to cling to the
back of the throat that most of us are sometimes
of our life actually get this idea and noxious
of any kind of toxic chemicals can also make
it happen. Vomiting is processed by this copious
saliva production that start building your
mouth. Once the copious amount of salary will
start to produce and no to be present in the
mouth that is a condition that signals the
nearby cells in the muscles put all these
things that are present in the stomach outside
the body and the sequential events of the
vomiting follows a reverse peristalsis movement
from the small intestine into the stomach
and through the stomach and the mouth is kind
of against all the odds against all the whole
process of dietician and the stomach and freedom
and from contracts, forcing the stomach and
intestinal contents through the lower oesophagus
sphincter. So even though the sphincter is
present to block this backflow, but still
in that condition. The force is so much due
to the contraction of land from the stomach.
It will start allowing to throw all those
components into the oesophagus and trimmings
of factors completely to the upper oesophagus
sphincter and true that out of the mouth,
vomiting, though it since bandwidth feels
like feels bad as well as the it's also like
tiresome process, after which we get very
tiresome, but actually sank a protective function
protective process to remove higher harmful
substances from your GI tract from our body.
That's why it's also very positive and important
task to do when we are body's compromise for
some kind of our bad substances in our GI
tract that that's all about the movement of
food. Both the way from mouth to the stomach
and in stomach the mouth as well. Welcome
back friends, welcome to another part of the
digestive system lecture. This is the third
part of the digestive system and here we are
talking about the different types of digestive
system secretion different audience present
in the digestive system. Those are made with
different tissues and cells that distant to
produce a specific type of chemical factors
that helps in the process of digestion dietician
deals with both secretions as well as absorption
is first the need secretions to bring down
the food into smaller fragments and produce
nutrients in the unique form, then they will
take those nutrients and absorb that suggestion
is distant and designed in such a way, let's
look at the process of the system secretion
and secretions involve the production and
release of juices and hormones by the gastrointestinal
tract and its accessory gland is like a reverb
pancreas gallbladder and stuff. The goal for
all learning is to understand and list the
secretion of the digestive tract to describe
their function and to describe the control
of the secretion with the help of both nervous
system as well as hormone mediated system
first slide that I want to talk about is more
of a fact slide where we want to see the typical
daily consumption of food is approximately
800 g for an adult and feed is approximately
2 L that about 1.5 L of the saliva secreted
into the mouth per day. So just imagine loosing
1.5 L of saliva approximately 2 L of gastric
juices secreted every single day and pantries
delivers moved 1.5 litre of the pancreatic
juice while liver or gallbladder start producing
the pile of point five litres 1/2 later and
small intestine produces approximately 1.5
L of the fluid as per think that this whole
secretions. If we join them together. It approximately
gives us around 9 L security right so the
gastrointestinal tract contains about 9 L
of the fluid every single day and is about
only .15 L is eliminated with the faeces.
Most of them are required for the conversion
of the food that we take and Delphi ultimately
absolve your body and which is very remarkable
and that help us to understand about how remarkable
or digestive system really is. Let's move
into the first kind of secretion that is salivary
gland secretions should be planned or saliva
secretion.\par
Six. Salivary glands include the three different
types. One is apparently grand. This is a
pair of parity gland. Actually, some mandibular
gland and sublingual gland is of the three
major types of glands that we have a salivary
gland while glands produce serous fluid and
that we contains enzymes, electrolytes and
different kind of use in a little amount of
musing, which helps in to produce mucus a
little bit as we have a kind of mucus around
in your mouth. Some mandibular gland and sublingual
gland produces more of a viscous fluid than
parity gland and ultimately releases whatever
things we call them saliva that carries salivary
eyeless enzyme that has the capability to
break down our starch polysaccharide so that's
why we need any carbohydrate food is the first
kind of chemical reaction will take place
in the mouth. The release of all the saliva
coming in from the salivary glands society
provides plenty of functions. One of the major
function as a protection of our mouth against
different bacteria and other foreign pathogens
because they have anti-map bacterial molecule
secreted known as lysozyme presenting or saliva.
It also carries immunoglobulin A. That is
antibody targeted and this is known as a sequel
to the antibody because it secreted with Sally
worked years and staff so that helps in protecting
our body's also helps in the process of waste
because it will dissolve the food chemicals,
then it will also help in the lubrication
right because it will also produce mucus a
little amount and for free is a dietician
that we talked about American breakdown starts
with the help of a nice knife look at the
regulation of the salivary secretion is regulated,
both with the help of like most leaves with
the help of the nervous system or process
is regulated to see the areas you can see
here. One is a state ET and then the stress
scenarios, there is the process of involving
with lake like her eating a photo you see
a lot of foods and staff, air around you and
you have access to all of them to the parasympathetic
nervous system of your body start producing
ACh ACh Helsing involved with some chemical
signalling inside the cell that ultimately
produces inositol triphosphate and ISI glycerol,
both of them are kind of diacylglycerol is
a part of membrane bound structure that will
ultimately allows the further downstream signalling,
which helps in release of our infusion of
the Sally were containing contents and vesicles
inside the cell that allows the live saliva
to come out in your mouth while if you are
going to any kind of stress than sympathetic
nervous system will start acting and norepinephrine
will be made that will produce a lot of psychic
AMP and unzip the cyclic AMP that will prevent
the release of Saliba's most process of salivation
is controlled by autonomic nervous system.
Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic as
we saw just now and normally they involved
with an artificial nerve nets. The nerve number
seven open correct and is a gloss of pharyngeal
nerve that is the nerve number nine year loss
of pharyngeal, both of his nerves carry this
whole process is parasympathetic stimulation
causes watery and enzyme which secretion from
the saliva glands normally the touch site
and the snail of the food stimulates the salivary
glands and you can just take different experiments
to prove that we have plenty of experiments
to prove that thing back if you are entering
into a good restaurant with a very appetising
smells appetising smell it and that smell
stimulates our simpatico passing by the parasympathetic
nervous system influence to produce our saliva
and arsenic substances are and pressures of
chewing also because the increase of the release
of Saliba, because we put something in your
mouth and starts chewing it teeth that will
also allow to release more of the Saliba from
the salivary glands distress kind of fear
or fatty or if you're sleeping in this condition
is that you need beat the process of salivation.
Otherwise, just imagine the amount of salivary
produce viable while we are staying awake.
I still not produced during sleep, but sometimes
while you are looking through a dream or something
like that. Saliba sometimes come out during
the sleep as well, and second thing that is
another very important kind of secretion that
goes on mostly east of factors is known as
secretion of mucus and also we can call it
as a piece of factors, secretions and this
only secretion that is made by these are factors
because our this mucus is very important component
and actually produce, known as new scene which
is converted into mucus because of a viscous
and mobile thing that will actually make this
area of the suffered a slippery act also courts
the police of algal cells so that the food
can easily pass through these are factors.
This is one thing second thing is that normally
no oesophagus is connected with the stomach,
so if there is strong stuff security acids
in different contents and there is a chance
if some are start to squeeze back and the
lower oesophagus sphincter is somehow more
releases as massive scan back flowing to the
survivors. This phenomenon is known as acid
reflux acid reflux or its also known as a
disease called GE RD Roenick is a viable reflux
disease that thing can cause the release of
other cells to kind of damaged by the activity
of the acid in the content of acid. It is
very, very are very high here in the stomach
to prevent that. This is why this produces
those mucus that covers the whole of Farrell
Wall and protect us against this will look
like this in the intestinal fluid\'85 These
are the cells and the start producing bicarbonate
to the fighting is that as he does well because
of I covered as well as a lazy start to neutralise
the environment of page in the stomach, you
may have a pH of pH around which is very,
very acidic like the hydrochloric acid and
sulphuric acid at that range. Normally they
produce hydrochloric acid with this very,
very acidic. This page to so once the produces
mucosal cells arranged to have a based on
pH 7 and the starts secreting those things
are to protect us against it. Nothing of the
third kind of secretion. It is a gastric secretion.
This is one of the major secretions of four
digestive system gastric secretion is like
mostly scholar gastric mucosa. Those are the
cells that are present at the start producing
our different chemicals with the help of XO
crying and Indo cried as well as paracrine
secretions makes secretions, collectively
called the formation of gastric juice approximately
2 L of this gastric juices produced every
single day and includes mucus so general gastric
juice has several count continues say it has
the mucus. It has HCl it has Pepsi version
if Seema Jain is a type of our enzyme that
can produce Pepsi natural Pepsi is a precursor
of the enzyme pepsin which is a protease enzyme
and the starter produces several type of intrinsic
factors which has functions like mucus throughout
the stomach is produced and it's protecting
the lining of the stomach cells pepsin is
also secluded throughout the stomach, a cell
is produced by fungus and body is under to
part the produces a HCl to this place and
intrinsic factors are also produced by fungus
and body rest of the parts produces less body
place and his missus signalling process known
as a Nintendo in the crime signalling because
the cells now if you zoom into the structural
CDs are the remains of the decision of the
same kind of structures we are observing your
hazy differences like G sensor presents is
the Jesus there are also cheap cells. There
are parietal cells. There are mucus cells,
differences are present in some of the social
same to me crying themselves the same time
the crime cells present in the pilot is read
religion is where the entire endocrine cells
are present to start leasing gastrin gastrin
is a hormone and the cells in a row in the
crying hormones and in the crime cells because
those are in the criminal secretions and secreted
by and secreted by the cells that are present
in the enteric body and you will see that
all of them right. Cheap cells mucus of the
start leasing companies and factors inside
a trash the specialist will produce each of
the gastric secretion separately. For example,
the stomach mucosa is in vaccinated if you
look in on this this this whole stomach body.
This whole sensor in vaccinated in the form
deep awareness called they are called as a
gastric peat and they feel with gastric glands
as you see here is a look at the fungus. This
area is seen to start forming this invagination
is and what such invagination is this one
forming called gastric peat and gastric glands
just against produces mucus because it is
one of the gastric glands. It has mucosal
cells to produce mucus gastric glands have
a light in the body as well as in funders.
They also produce HCl and there are two types
of mucus that are produced in the stomach.
One is a thick alkaline mucus in the pristine
water in mucus that says it will get in this
are the parietal cells are specific design
cells in this picture is parietal cells start
producing HCl and intrinsic factors while
mucus cells producing mucus and essentialist
cells is being coloured cells of the cheap
cells. This cheap cells. Their also known
as lineman Jake cells produce is I'm watching
it is an inactive proteolytic enzymes and
that will help to produce Pepsi machine and
some cells in the gastric glands of the recipe
look wherever she cell G cells may be present
in the pilot risk they are entire endocrine
cells that produce gastrin. Although all of
this are most of the secretions are made from
the stomach cells and the gastric peat and
gland that is formed inside the stomach still
keep slide for explaining the stomach secretions
and some examples of that as well only know
the stomach produces mucus produces HCl intrinsic
factors and staff at the mucus that the stomach
produce that protects the stomach from the
self dietician that also known as corporatisation
bra by all those neutralising stomach acids
are that that's present there, so so so here
this are mucus actually neutralise the stomach
acids and also it inhibits the activity of
the protease known as Pepsi, while mucus and
the tight junctions between the cells in the
gastric mucosa. They are collectively known
as the gastric mucosal barriers because if
you look at the this cells that are present
in making the stomach is not loosely place
like that. We have a tight junction formed
in between the cells so that all those acid
contents and all those components cannot take
entry in between the intercellular junctions
there on the aspirin and alcohol are absorbed
across the stomach's mucosal epithelial otherwise
rest of the things don't have any in three-pointer
when aspirin or alcohol passes through the
stomach's mucosal barrier, they can destroy
those cells that were ingesting a lot of alcohol,
aspirin, day by day can harm your stomach
in turn harm your digestive system and a cell
that is secreted by the stomach, especially
the parietal cells that lowers the luminal
pH between approximately 1.5 to 2 speech content
that is produced are most experience with
fundus and the body is the proton contents
listed here and there are this case, this
change in pH, like on the scale that represents
10 fold change in pH in the stomach for the
example of two pH that is compared to the
mouth which is seven Arsenal its two pH compared
to the mouth, 37, so imagine how much acid
in the content will be here actually really
is a very serious 02 to digestive food is
actually a to make other enzymes activated
and the high acidic content for making all
this proteolytic enzymes active RNA to release
this acid. The highly acidic gastric environment
that is also very lethal for most of the bacteria
and other microorganisms, so we won't find
generally bacteria that they are in the stomach
unless there is any compromise nation in the
lining production in the stomach and it was
compromise nation is done due to the taking
of aspirin or taking up a lot of alcohol,
day by day due to any kind of Ulster on their
then our bacteria can take place or take entry
through that place or there are few bacteria
like like camp pile of actor jejuni, they
can actually present there in the stomach
and they can actually. Peaking is acidic content
over that. So that's one kind of bacteria
that can colonise and stomach, even though
there is a high acid content, but most of
the bacteria cannot take it still functions
you to break down the plant cell walls. Most
of the connective tissues defeat the plan
product because we are used for a lot of power
plant products are in the nature is the protein
in a little bit, but mostly it converts that
Pepsi Jane, which is the precursor molecule
of Pepsi to into the active Pepsi once to
produce active Pepsi that is the active enzymes
to break down protein components right. The
parietal cells start secreting another factor
known as IEA for intrinsic factor which is
also required by the intestinal cells to absorb
vitamin B12. If you don't have intrinsic categories
properly in our stomach of vitamin B12 absorption
will be halted because the vitamin B12 content
is halted it. If you can't absorb vitamin
B12 in our body through stomach that means
our RBC production will be compromised because
production and maturation of RBC required
a lot of vitamin B12 because it's a cool factor
is act as a cofactor in the process of the
RBC maturation and that can cause the anaemia
known as per nieces in the stomach triggers
the release of another hormone called Stream
that is from this by lowly creature and these
are the cells present in owners and G cells.
All these molecules are all of this hormone
start to release and they also this this gastrin
stimulates the cell secretion by the parietal
cells and also the histamine secretion by
the time crying cells Paraguayan cells that
is present here the pattern cells also produce
this histamines histamine acts as the kind
of like it synergistically act with casting
to stimulate the release of a sale positive
feedback loop going on there. Once it produce
a this gastrin from the GCL start producing
more histamines from from as well. Histamine
and gastrin together help producing more and
more HCl stomach to make the content more
acid to keep the content acidic over the time
the site knife to go to the type of secretion
made by pancreas is known as the pancreatic
secretions critic secretions mean they produce
a lot of sick juices and chemical factors
together known as pancreatic juice. The most
chemical that produced by the pan critic secretions.
They required in the dietician process and
mostly a pretty alive tick also few parts.
They also produce like polite enzymes as well,
but very less move mostly pretty likely the
secretions that initiate the process of chemical
dietician in the interest I actually comes
from the pancreatic juice and in this case,
the producer some important facts. One of
such important fact file that produced by
the liver. Mostly, but it is stored and released
from the gallbladder that suffice fact to
increase the surface area and subsequent chemical
dietician will take place while the AIDS of
crying pancreas produces two types of pancreatic
juice enzyme reach pancreatic juice that is
one thing, enzyme reach second one is why
carbonate one of the juice contains a lot
of enzyme factors on a certain contains a
lot of HCO3 factors, both of them are required
in different purpose. They reach pancreatic
juice is stimulated by the hormone consist
of kind in CCK, while the HCO3 and reach a
pancreatic juice stimulated by the secretion
of security and exocrine pancreas secretions
are often delivered through the different
sort of like a part of pancreatic sphincter
that is present there between the pancreas
and the junction between the genomes of the
sphincter regulates the release of the six
of crying materials and to follow with some
of the enzymes if you look at the enzyme reach
secretion to contain some of the enzyme is
one of such he is like mostly proteases example
of such proteases chymotrypsin produced by
the pancreas second type is a mindless that
is known as a pancreatic islets secreted by
pancreas. The first sort of the my list released
by our salivary gland disorder salivary of
my list and it also produce VIPs only pays
whatever you say the enzymes to break down
lipid action of lipase will only be strong
when there is a release of why the liver otherwise
are like this cannot act on large fragments
of fact, the proteases include strict chymotrypsin
trips Ecogen and pro-carboxy peptide is all
the things chymotrypsin origin trips Ecogen
Jane attached as the suffix there. That means
that that chemical of that enzyme is not properly
active as the these are the of pre-molecules
need to cut and like some sort of modifications
are required to maintain active. So let's
eclipsing the Jane is converted into traipsing
chymotrypsin origin is converted into chymotrypsin
and pro-carboxy 50 days is converted into
carboxy 50 days actually in pair of crying
is the enzyme that helps in the conversions
of all those chymotrypsin at literature into
traipsing chymotrypsin into crime scene and
stuff. Once the produced mostly like, say,
the internal kinase enzyme that converts the
Syrian into traipsing in a row kind is the
same sign that converts chymotrypsin and into
traipsing this traipsing activist chymotrypsin
into chymotrypsin and traipsing activist,
pro-carboxy 50 days to produce carboxy 50
achievements, but first started with internal
kinase enzyme and also a different set of
cells known as the cells are also present
inside this pancreas cells start secreting
polycarbonate that the second part of the
secretion HCO3 reach secretion HCO3 reach
secretion from the duct cells to neutralise
the acid from the stomach and to produce optimal
pH in the urine, so that the rest of the process
can work fine, because stomach is designed
in a way to support and leave in the acidic
environment. While the duodenum are cannot
receive that much of acid and leave healthy
to give needs to neutralise all those companies
and that is done with the help of the secretion
of HCO3 and pancreas is that the process of
industrial signalling. It also secrets some
hormones because that is also famous for secreting
hormones to such hormone secreted by pancreas.
One is a key selling another one is glucagon
which are required for the metabolic pathways
of after the dietician of event, but not exactly
in the dietician, even while regulates the
absorptive state and local regulates the post
absorptive state of the process of the dietician,
mostly controlling the glucose concentration
in the blood stream and that's important role
to play the regulation of pancreatic secretions
are made up with different hormones lexically
teen GIP and CCK secreting cells like as he
did in the intestine causes increased sodium
bicarbonate release to neutralise the environment,
fatty acids and sugar causes the increased
insulin release and CCK fats and proteins
because the days of this CCK saw the thing
depending upon what kind of content that we
have and that digesting stimulates the release
of all those different hormones, feedback
loops presented a positive view palace negative
view. Where is controlled by hormones as well
as parasympathetic nervous system's time to
look for the secretion comes from liver and
liver oil is get fascinated about the function
of the liver, because this is one of the most
important organ of our body. It carries a
lot of functions for metabolism as well as
in dietician so many different directions
of a body to release all the toxic materials
from our body and everything, so this is kind
of hero organ of her body. The main digestive
function. The liver place is to produce what
is called as by and why is associated in the
dietician of that they don't secreted by the
fact dietician will be kind of impossible.
The buybacks of into the gallbladder switch
secreted by liver, and through this duct,
it will go to the gallbladder with this this
static duct and finally there is those COMMON
hepatic dark and six is telling that they
all tie together to find the forward scholar
common bile duct that will ultimately release
all those companies into the duodenum and,
here, here are what is called hip at a pancreatic
sphincter just between this duct in when we
have the connection between the buy store
inside the gallbladder pancreas and the levers
of three different ways connected to one single
comment that there is a sphincter to regulate
this whole process that is hipper to pancreatic
sphincter major components of bile is organic
compounds and in HCO3 solutions. The organic
compounds that we have mostly are bile salts
that helps three months to find the facts
in favour of large fat component between Windows
component down into smaller chunks and fragments
so that although sleep people like the enzymes
have much more surface area to work and break
down those fat components into further smaller
fragments and work associated with the pancreatic
lipase which comes through the pancreas swans
by fragment demystifies this fact, the lipase
will act and break the fact down into fatty
acids and glycerol consolidation take place.
I'd also contains lecithin. It contains cholesterol
and contains believably. Will you been, lecithin,
cholesterol, and all the rest of bile salts
are secreted by police will be in our eliminated
through the pieces, but bile salts are recycled
throughout the time because the required all
the other times in different process. They
are recyclable and this team the secretion
of bile from the liver and in those bike and
storing the recalled products storage site
because liver is the busy organic and not
produce those file wherever it is required
in their process digest food. Some part of
the bile, which is stored in the gallbladder
that we come to help in the process of digestion
to stimulate this whole process like Minister
Miller, the release of this chemical is wide
enzyme by the hormone actually security that
scholar snatchers and the seat 16 secreted
by cells secrete bicarbonate solution that
is identical to the pancreatic bicarbonate
solution as well, and the function as a lever
neutralising agents lever is not only allowing
the fact dietician, but also start secreting
all those in the star release the secreting
and stick it in the name of this hormone known
as the natures and the seed. It is naturally
protecting ask against acidity because it's
a bicarbonate solution that is produced's
time to look at the secretions made in the
small intestine small intestine have this
was submucosal glands. It has the planet cells.
It has a goblet cells all the different types
of cells and tissue have different secretions
by the goblet cells release mucus planet cells
produce into kind is intake kinase enzyme
that acting is all those bank ratings are
emergence as submucosal glands produce viscous
mucus to prevent the damage of the mucosa
-looking little deep. We have those intestinal
glands or also known as clips, intestinal
clips. You can see the detail of the search
of intestinal crypt variable brush border
actually made up with the wheelie kind of
cytosolic extensions of those sets in the
intestinal epithelial is like a brush border
because it was at the micro file of the cells
that we can see and be the concept of veal
microminis that normally the cell and should
be like this one is a form wheelie start to
form like this was before micro file. It actually
start to form things like this to think of
why we need to do these things. This is without
any will win very without microbial misses
with micro Willian will be wiling to is the
more surface area is increasing and the job
of the small intestine is the dietician, as
well as absorption of the foot that should
be placed properly here, so that's why we
have a lot of microbial contents produced
in the and and the those posts as those epithelial
cells that produce certain enzymes obviously
Russia that is one part of the job, but there
were job absorption/need to keep in mind to
modify all the components so that they can
interact and involved with this process. Lastly,
of large intestinal secretions large intestinal
section Alcan mucus in the large intestine
containing bicarbonate, the mucus that we
have in the large intestine. We have a bicarbonate
where potash mine that secreted by the intestinal
cells as potassium ions that is secreted as
well as HCO3 bicarbonate health and the neutralisation
from the stomach acids and time potassium
also helps in the process of preventing any
kind of bacterial acids damage the loan of
mucus in the large intestine is much bigger
compared to the part of the mucus is present,
the mucus in the large intestine courts all
the mucosal cells all the epithelial cells
that the first hand in the first order is
putting all the cells it will prevent any
sort of acidic damage. It will also prevent
any sort of packaging painter because this
is large intestine and this is filled with
E. coli was a healthy and friendly bacteria
human body and his eyes are not multiple bacteria
resides in the intestine and the role of their
game is to produce vitamin K and the also
fighting in some other invaders of foreign
pathogens right. That's why we need to take
to collect close look of gaining a good healthy
gut microflora is a better way of living the
life that we involved with the idea probiotics
while we take all those healthy bacteria from
outside with the help of our like yoghurt
and other stuff so that it can keep us healthy.
The mucus that we see it lubricates the pieces
and protects the large intestinal wall forming
a sort of mechanical damage and friction that
is generated during the release of the pieces
lets a person is not drinking adequate water
that is the pieces becomes hard and really,
really hard and strong that can lead to the
damaging the intestinal wall that can ultimately
lead to the release of blood and staff their
that can be prevented and both the reflex
that is required here long reflects a similar
short reflexes that are triggered by the mechanical
stimulation of the seeds and increased secretion
of alkaline mucus in the large intestine start
to release so the more friction, it will be
generated. The more pieces are going to involve
with the interaction with the wall that the
more they want to create mucus so that our
those are pieces will remain soft and it can
really is without harming any of the cells
and intestinal lining of her body that in
a sense are different sort of secretions that
are required in the process of the dietician.
We've been talking about her digestive system
and the different parts of digestion in human
body. In this video lecture will be talking
about the dietician and absorption that is
going on in our body with building act like
different anatomy of the of her digestive
system. We saw the different types of control
and regulation of the digestive system time
to actually understand how the dietician and
absorption take place and of what are the
different regions for this process of chemical
digestion involves are breaking down of the
food the help of enzymes and those enzymes
to break down macromolecules into small fragments
and nutrients was a small fragments generated
when they are absorbed in the GI epithelial
cells. In this lecture, we will be discussing
the action of digestive enzymes involving
eyeless proteases like this, along with the
function of bile salts. We will also describe
the trans epithelial transport of simple sugars
and amino acids and thirdly, we will be discussing
the emulsification and chemical digestion
and absorption of lipids, which is a slightly
unique compare to the carbohydrate and protein
digestion and absorption. Let's talk about
the chemical digestion process that actually
take place in in mouth from the beginning
till the end in the intestine. They ingested
food first is broken down mechanically in
the mouth that is known as the mechanical
dietician. Once they are broken down into
fragments into smaller pieces in to be swallowed,
then they will be taken inside the oesophagus
through the oesophagus ultimately take entry
into the stomach inside the stomach. There
are two types of digestion take place. One
is a little bit of mechanical dietician and
a little bit of chemical digestion as well.
The small particles are then mixed with our
seeds, which is hydrochloric acid secreted
by the stomach cells and the sassy will help
and allow to break down protein fragments
inside, so this is a kind of protein dietician
begin in the stomach. Now the major nutrients
must be broken down enzyme epically in sequential
stages in the small intestine to finally produce
the fragment portion of all carbohydrates,
proteins and lipids to look at here. There
are, she of all the six polymers of carbohydrates,
lipids in and proteins. The polymer of carbohydrate
example starch when broken down in produce
unique sugar that is due course. Similarly,
we have protein molecules. When you break
them down. It produces an amino acid and we
have facts when you break them down. We get
fatty acid and try a\f0\'e7ai glycerol as
a unit component here you see the different
list of enzymes that are involved with the
substrate break down into small fragments
for example, breakdown of starch is mediated
by eyeless, I secreted both one in mouth and
another from the pancreas and both of them
break them down and form maltose and glucose
proteases act on stomach and small intestine
break down protein terminus it lipase acts
in the small intestine in the duodenum break
down fat into fatty acids and glycerol. Now
all carbohydrates must be digested insanity
into the more separate components is the first
and foremost thing carbohydrate. We are dealing
with must be broken down into the more numerous
moustaches digested into the more normal glucose
while sucrose is digested into the monomer
glucose and fructose lactose is digested into
glucose and collectors while maltose is digested
into two glucose. This should be produced
proteins all the time should be converted
into Amina sites has is that they can produce
with breaking down protein can be a like a
dipeptide breakdown of this protein into two
peptides to M&S is together or they can form
trifecta, three of them in the second linked
and most of this fact is broken down into
fatty acids and try a\'e7ai glycerol that
we talked earlier are some also nonpolar products
in the dietician and that can be absorbed
by simple diffusion process, which is a passive
diffusion to the phospholipid bilayer of the
intestinal epithelial cell pocket most of
the polar substances are absorbed using active
transport or in some cases, passive carrier
mediated transport through the cell membrane.
So we have the channel proteins through which
it can take entry facts are nonpolar's can
easily take entry through the membrane because
that is mostly hydrophobic, let's first talk
about the carbohydrate digestion in the mouth
is the first Art point dietician begins in
the mouth. This is the type of chemical digestion
that we are talking about normally mouth is
involved with two types of dietician. One
is mechanical. Second is chemical in the mechanical
dietician. Teak is involved to break and grind
all those food into smaller particles and
then they'll start mixing this would particles
with saliva saliva contains a mile is an moneyless
can break down starch into fragments and is
bring down starch into following components.
It can break the starting to maltose and mall
to trials and some amount of extreme maltose
is normally a disaccharide want to try is
the trial saccharide and texting is a kind
of branched fragment that is generated as
you see the starch is a hugely branched molecule.
It's been broken into all the smaller fragments
there, but when all this mixed eyeless and
all the chemical agents are transferred from
mouth to the oesophagus into the stomach inside
the stomach the stomach as seed deactivates,
this salary eyeless to the function of salivary
analysis only active in the mouth and when
the food is moving through the oesophagus.
That's only part salivary analysis active
process mixed. It is enough to break carbohydrate
count because it take a support to break and
I just carbohydrate. The second thing is about
the protein dietician and the protein dietician
begins in the stomach, so most chemical process
like normally the process of putting dietician
authors on stomach because stomach releases
as seed and another enzyme, known as Pepsi
actually peeps in require acidic environment
act and break down protein components. That's
why they need to release acid and really is
hydrochloric acid in the stomach, while the
Pepsi will start activating it breaks the
peptide bond between the tyro Singh and phenylalanine.
Remember, it breaks the bond of any in acid
sequence are repeated peptide between tyrosine
and phenylalanine into smaller amino acids
and the produce peptide fragments and that
contains few amount of our and amino acids.
This is a larger protein broken down pipe,
obscene, smaller fragments of an amino acid
chain stomach also responsible for little
bit of mechanical dietician, where the stomach
has its own peristaltic waves generated that
can break and grind food is a little bit in
the inside stomach talk about the process
of digestion in the small intestine small
intestine is the region where most of the
chemical digestion take place and is also
involved in the absorption of all those nutrients
inside pancreatic digestive enzymes alone
are not sufficient to digest carbohydrates
and proteins that are present here in the
small intestine is pancreas secretes all those
proteolytic enzymes, example seen chymotrypsin
is the examples it produces pancreatic lipase.
They also provides pancreatic islets lipase
is essential for the bulk of fact, dietician
and for example cellulose and other type of
planned complex carbohydrate can not be digested
by the humans because we don't have any of
the enzyme to break them as the reason we
cannot is eat grass because the most part
of the grasses made with cellulose is the
plan syllable component suite adjustable plan
polysaccharides serve as an important source
of dietary fibre, which is also required for
proper movement of the bubble to the large
intestine and certain fibre type help the
movement of the stool to the: if you look
at here the vegetables and the fruits contain
this amount of dietary fibre, but they mostly
contain valuable vitamin C and minerals as
well so that all those vitamins and minerals
are absorbed in the small intestine and most
of the dietary salt that we take most of the
dietary salt that ridiculous as you deserve
all that resolves those things are absorbed
by the small intestine by either the trans
cellular or para-cellular transport mechanism
in the small intestine. So what are those
type of scenario in the Chancellor transport
of water. Water is linked to active transport
of sodium by sodium, potassium pump. So what
is taken in drag inside with the help of the
sodium, potassium pump sodium is actively
pumped out through that process\'85 This is
inside this is outside the sodium is dragged
out. Potassium is dragged in. Once the sodium
is actively pumped out of the digestive tract
at the best lateral membrane of the epithelial
cell sodium, then moves the sodium removes
passively from the GL and into the epithelial
cell to the ion channels, which is a sodium
glucose co-transporter channel, so Sony and
is moving inside the cell glucose is also
moving inside the cell, and then follows the
sodium is through the electrochemical attraction
process also start to flow inside and then
as a lot of irons are moving inside the cell.
The concentration of irons are increasing
inside the cell, and to keep this concentration
of inside nine concentration inside and outside
constant in an equilibrium. What I start to
passively inside those cell via osmosis \f1\endash
the overall idea of absorption that is taking
place as you see here, we will be looking
at this process that this is the first part
of the dietician in small intestine mediated
by mediated for the carbohydrate digestion
and absorption. So here come the pancreatic
islet is that continues to digest all those
large fragment of carbohydrates into smaller
fragments. Actually, these enzymes work in
the duodenum, which is a start point of the
small intestine and intestinal cells know
the brush sets. This is known as the brush
border brush border of the cells for the dietician
or this brush border enzymes completed the
process of carbohydrate breakdown into monosaccharides
and in this case, the group. Normally, the
lukewarm eyeless bring down the maltose sugar
different enzymes lukewarm eyeless breakdown
maltose in and want to trials of those things
are broken down by the look on my list dextran
is, breaks ground extreme and not writing
it here, so take screen is broken down by
the extreme is okay as Anglesey areas will
be the enzyme to break it down for example,
to break down so close we have soup craze
secreted for making a lack tools we have lactase
is carbohydrate breakdown in signs that are
secreted there and work the most nutrients
that are absolved mostly by the trans epithelial
transport. So what is that process. There
are different transporters that are present
in the epithelial cell membrane could be primary
or sometimes secondary active transport in
the secondary active transport is which the
glucose and galactose are core transported
glucose and directors are core transported
inside the cell to get fructose enters the
epithelial cell normally on its own via their
own transporter that we ceases to close specific
transporter, but glucose and galactose, they
transfer the same time and specific region
and we also have glucose sodium co-transporter,
which also helps to move glucose using the
sodium ion concentration gradient. Once inside
the epithelial cell all the monosaccharides
that take entry monosaccharides exhibits the
best lateral side of the cells in the same
type of transport molecule via the facilitated
diffusion because that will be possible to
move from there into the capillaries and sprayed
to the body rest of the area of the body cells.
Here you see the process advances, glucose
and sucrose and fructose. All the things are
entered inside the cell will be transported
out into the capillary by the process of facilitated
diffusion where there is a carrier protein
required to transfer those monosaccharides
into the specific place of the capital. The
second part of the dietician in the small
intestine is the digestion of proteins and
if you look at the digestion of proteins.
Here are if you see there are small intestine
because in the small intestine. We have the
protease enzymes released from pancreas variety
of proteins and protein breakdown products
that are formed, for example trypsin trypsin
is inactivated form of trypsin origin while
chymotrypsin is inactivated form of chymotrypsin
virgin carboxy peptide is is the activated
form of two carboxy 50 days. They are all
the major pancreatic proteases that approximately
work at pH 7 for the process of putting digestion
trips chymotrypsin. This both to trypsin and
chymotrypsin speed of the protein into smaller
peptides and some of them into single amino
acids. Even so, only single amino acids can
be generated by carboxy peptide is speed single
amino acids two carboxy end of the protein
start breaking down and nurses from the from
the terminal. So, carboxy, 50 days work after
the activity of our trypsin and chymotrypsin
and. You see, there are also brush border
cells that are present in the epithelial,
so this is the brush border enzymes known
as ani of 50 days and dive 50 days continues
the process of digesting those fragment eyes
damning assets so that we can observe that
so was the producing either the company single
amino acid or produced di-amino acids, or
they can produce. Try our amino acids try
peptides that can be absorbed through the
small intestinal cells number of different
amino acids are core transported into the
luminal side of the epithelial with the help
of a sodium and by secondary active transport
swinging sodium can help the sodium gradient
across the cell gets a lot of sodium gradient
is generated here, sodium gradient across
the cell can help to bring some of this sum
of this peptides as well is dry, peptides
and try peptides as well to bring inside the
cell is a co-transporter mechanism to most
of the proteins absorbed as die for price
and try peptides as we talked earlier and
which are further digestive into swing amino
acids inside the jail epithelial cells. Once
you get the dipeptide or lets a type of peptide
inside is epithelial cell epithelial cell
has a lysosome that is filled with proteolytic
enzymes on the release that can bring those
try peptides and I peptides down into smaller
single mono peptides like the more hydrophobic
amino acids and those have been assisting
to leave the best lateral side of the epithelial
by normally simple diffusion mechanism into
the capillaries. There are more hydrophilic
amino acids. They want to exceed the jail
epithelial by the process of has irritated
diffusion in this picture, it is shown that
most examiners in the hydrophobic so they
can easily transfer themselves through the
membrane into the other blood vessel, but
if it carries more hydrophilic one. It should
have a carrier protein embedded into the cell
women that we help move our amino acids into
the's time to talk about the dietician of
fact in the small intestine and dietician
is kind of a unique slightly different compared
to the digestion of lipid digestion of carbohydrate
and protein because dietician takes a lot
more time. Most of the dietary fats are triglycerides
which are made of three fatty acids, public
short, medium, low hydrocarbons and each of
them are bonded with glycerol are with the
help of four ester linkage. Those fatty acid,
so there is a glycerol and hydrocarbon tail
selectors to it with help of ester linkage
in the middle now is that I actually most
of this are dietician or curse in the duodenum
of the small intestine. Mostly the process
of chemical dietician that conveys in the
small intestine or curse in the duodenum and
absorption takes place in the further downstream
of the small intestine to mechanism actually
increase the surface area of the facts and
subsequent chemical dietician one event is
the release of why and second event is the
segmentation which a physical physical event
as well. Segmentation segmentation in the
small intestinal wall segmentation will have
the fact dispersed into that was layer like
the oil and the vinegar. If you see here.
This is a oil and vinegar and how it is dispersed
if you were segmentation, like as you see
there is a segmentation here in the specific
bottle. Due to this kind of segmentation.
We have a different way of separate the oil
from the rest of the parts of most of the
molecules that are present on top of the oil
are the fat. Most of the aqua solution is
residing the bottom. If you do the same thing
with others and the structure security kind
of hard to achieve, but we are segmentation.
It helps in the second thing by bile salts
at the spruce. The smaller fat droplets and
prevent them for attaching with themselves
and form a large fragment so it will keeps
this smaller fragment of facts separated and
you call it as a emulsification now is the
bile salts are keep ethic in nature. That
means there were hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic
side. They can surround the small lipid droplets\'85
This is a small lipid lipid droplet and the
bile salts are surrounding the liberal lipid
droplets and separating into the rest of the
other lipid molecules and prevent them from
coming together. So in this case, they increase
the total surface area of each of the lipid
fragments by separating them into smaller
fragments increasing the surface area of the
lipid helps promote efficient hydrolysis of
this lipid molecules by the pancreatic lipase
enzyme pancreatic lipase will now act so lipase
digests tying triglycerides into more is arise
and three fatty acids will produce it will
prove the glycerol that backbone will be there.
The glycerol backbone and we have all those
hydrocarbons released than one can also be
broken into smaller fragments of the triglyceride,
it can break them down as well. The bile salts
also surround his mono of these rides and
free fatty acids as well to form a time. Droplets
known as my silly droplets is kind of like
1 million times smaller than the emulsified
fat droplet very, very small. So, even of
the dietician is done. Still, the bile salts
keeps like circulating covering all those
fragment eyes portions. Okay, and why it is
required. Let's this is a large lipid droplet
fixing of bile salts of breaking them down
into smaller fragments known as myself and
my silly song, the breaking of the fragments
we have those bile salts to cover them \endash
what we call my cell here once found myself
it come close to the luminal membrane. This
is the minimum and that we can see close to
luminal membrane of the epithelial cells here
and there really is the more movies arrives
in free fatty acids inside the cell via simple
diffusion through the lipid bilayer. That's
what we can see here. So here we have the
smaller fragments of fatty acids and movies
arrives that can be easily diffused through
the cooler area of the cell membrane, because
most of the part of the membrane is actually
made with hydrophobic region. So now this
is one of the way of delivery what happens.
Some of this nicely can directly interact
with the cell membrane that ultimately released
triglycerides and fatty acids inside the cell.
Once we need to transfer the triglyceride
to some distant area of the cell for the process
of metabolism that triglyceride and those
fatty acids are further coated with proteins
and then we bring them to the capillary or
any lymphatic system. If we require and those
fragments which are quoted right up to the
process to transport are known as Cayo Micron
Kyla microns are the dressed up fatty acids
and glycerol is the action that is, that is
transport ready okay and this guy to exceed
the best lateral surface of the epithelial
y-axis of sites is process and then they will
enter the lap lap steel lymphatic system,
so this is the lack to lymphatics to his lack
to lymphatic system. They will be migrated,
then don't actually enter into the ability
to go to the lateral lymphatic system. That's
how the release of fatty acids are made in
the dietician in the small intestine last
thing I want to talk about is the absorption
process that takes place in the large intestine
because large intestine is not responsible
for the chemical ligation. Neither it's it's
a function of secretion, so the only function
it plays is a digestive absorption of the
new friends and absorption of water and absorption
of some amount of like a science and vitamin
K. So the symbiotic relationship between some
bacteria that resides in our large intestine.
Some of the example of E. coli that the friendly
bacteria that is present in our large intestine
and help to generate vital amine key that
is absorbed by this large intestinal cells
as well as large intestinal cells absorb a
lot of water to make the PC is much more concentrated
to be released outside the body sushi are
the byproducts of the schooling bacteria metabolism
include small amount of vitamin B complex
and huge amount of vitamin K. Both are absorbed
in the intestine and here we come thinking
is very essential for producing blood clotting
proteins so without vitamin K, the blood clotting
pathway can be compromised in our body. Now
the colon absorbs the small quantities of
salt as well as you can see here this lumen
of: Eclipse and this is the interstitial fluid,
so what we can do it can take some amount
of sodium and chlorine chloride iron inside
a molecular enters into the lumen with the
help of CFT our channel proteins present sodium
is reabsorbed and also, like as the starter
buildable lot of sodium and potassium inside
the cell, it will automatically allow the
water to back to balance the osmotic pressure.
That's the whole idea of the absorption is
not the primary content of absorbing water,
but as lot of sodium and chloride is being
absorbed to balance the equilibrium of the
concentration of Lions water flow in the osmosis
a sense of the absorption process that take
place in the large intestine. I hope this
will help you to understand about the dietician
and absorption that is going on in our body.
So if you like this whole series of video
about the dietician pleases the like button
abstract. My channel to get more and more
anatomy and physiology videos like that. Thank
you\f0\par
}
