Warships first developed as a means of delivering
armies to areas of combat.
Over the centuries they developed weapons
to fight each other, with arrows, flames,
rams, and through boarding the enemy.
Eventually cannons replaced arrows and catapults,
but rams remained a feature on some ships
well into the 19th century.
CSS Virginia was one example.
It used its purpose-built iron ram to sink
USS Cumberland during the Battle of Hampton
Roads in 1862, crippling itself in the process.
Virginia was nonetheless an innovative vessel
which triggered changes to the navies of the
world.
Such has been the case since the Middle Ages.
One nation created an advantage in war at
sea, and triggered changes in the fleets of
its enemies and potential enemies.
Ships propelled by oars gave way to sails,
then steam, then nuclear power and gas turbines.
Heavy cannons and line of battle tactics dominated
naval tactics for six centuries before yielding
to aviation and stealthy submarines lurking
in the depths.
Some ships, on their own, dictated the way
war at sea was fought, and ushered in a new
era of naval history.
Here are ten of them.
10.
HMS Mary Rose
King Henry VIII took a personal interest in
the design and construction of HMS Mary Rose,
overseeing the project from its inception.
The ship was the largest yet built for the
King’s Navy, which had not yet earned the
designation Royal Navy.
The King ordered additional heavy ships as
Mary Rose was under construction.
Mary Rose was built and launched in Portsmouth
in 1511, towed to London for fitting out and
arming, and joined the English fleet in 1512.
Designed as a carrack (a hull with raised
structures called castles which arose from
the main deck fore and aft), Mary Rose was
the first English warship to carry a row of
heavy guns on the main deck.
The batteries of guns ran the length of the
deck, penetrating the hull by the means of
gun ports which could be opened and closed.
Prior to Mary Rose, ship’s guns could only
fire over the top of the ship’s bulwarks,
or from within the castles.
The lines of guns and gun ports changed tactics
in ship-to-ship combat, with the English laying
their ship alongside the enemy, pounding it
down the length of its hull.
The line of battle developed from the new
tactics, and dominated naval battles for another
four and a half centuries.
Mary Rose was rebuilt in 1536, becoming yet
more powerfully armed, but sank in the Solent
in 1545, in circumstances still debated.
In 1982 the ship was raised and preserved.
Today it offers a time capsule of Tudor England
and the birth of the Royal Navy
9.
Floating Battery Demologos
USS Demologos was the first warship built
anywhere in the world powered by steam.
Designed and built by Robert Fulton in 1814,
Demologos was a catamaran, with the paddle
wheel situated between the two hulls, protected
from gunfire.
The design allowed for an unbroken line of
heavy guns running along the gun deck and
the main deck.
It had no superstructure, no masts, and no
rigging.
Fulton designed the ship as a floating battery,
which could maneuver in the calmer waters
of harbors and rivers as a defense against
enemy attacks on American ports.
Fulton delivered the vessel to the United
States Navy in 1815.
By then, the War of 1812 was over and the
ship was no longer needed.
Demologos had an operational career of one
day, when it cruised New York Harbor carrying
President James Monroe.
For the rest of its existence it served as
a floating barracks and stores ship serving
the Brooklyn Navy Yard.
In 1829 the ship caught fire and exploded
when the flames reached its gunpowder stores.
The design survived through the American Civil
War, when ironclad gunboats built for the
Navy patrolled the main rivers and their tributaries.
Paddle wheel propulsion proved limited at
sea.
The development of the screw propeller eventually
replaced it for deep water ships, though it
remained in use in the brown water Navy up
to and including World War II.
8.
USS Monitor
In 1861, Union newspapers reported the Confederates
were converting the captured frigate USS Merrimack
into a casemate ironclad at Norfolk, Virginia.
John Ericsson, a Swedish inventor, designed
an iron-hulled, steam-powered ship to counter
the Confederate threat.
The vessel consisted of the hull, an iron
deck just above the waterline, and a steam-powered
rotating turret capable of slewing a full
360 degrees.
Within the turret were two heavy guns, protected
by an armored gun port when not open for firing.
Invented by Theodore Thimby, it was the first
powered rotating turret to appear on a warship.
It changed the design of warships for the
ensuing 150 years.
Monitor fought only once during its brief
career, battling CSS Virginia to a standstill
at Hampton Roads, before the latter withdrew
up the James River.
The only other time it fired its guns in anger
was in support of Union troops at the Battle
of Drewry’s Bluff in May, 1862.
After refitting at Hampton Roads the ship
sank while under tow off Cape Hatteras, North
Carolina.
During its brief existence the capabilities
of two heavy guns in a rotating turret attracted
the attention of European navies.
The United States built about 60 ironclads
during the remaining years of the war, many
of them improvements on the Monitor design.
By the end of the war, every wooden hulled
warship in the world was essentially obsolete.
7.
CSS Hunley
Several navies (and the Continental Army of
the American Revolution) experimented with
submersibles prior to the American Civil War.
Several designs were proposed before the construction
of the first submersible boat in 1605.
In 1800 Robert Fulton built a submarine for
the French Navy.
Napoleon was unimpressed, and the French gave
up on the project, which was later rejected
by the Royal Navy as well.
Not until the American Civil War was a submarine
used to attack an enemy ship.
Hunley, built in Mobile, Alabama and delivered
to Charleston, South Carolina by rail, attacked
and sank USS Housatonic.
Hunley sank in the attack.
It was the third time Hunley sank, killing
all of its crew.
Hunley was and is referred to as CSS Hunley;
the designation implies the submersible was
commissioned into the Confederate States Navy.
It was not.
The vessel arrived in Charleston privately
owned by its builder.
The Confederate Army seized it and operated
it during its attack.
Its crew were Confederate soldiers, not sailors.
During testing in Charleston Harbor, Hunley
sank with the loss of five men of its eight-man
crew.
It was salvaged, repaired, and sank again
in the harbor in October, 1863, killing all
of its crew.
Though it sank Housatonic (February 17, 1864)
it again was sunk, with the loss of all hands.
Nonetheless, the successful submarine attack
changed naval warfare.
Fifty years later, German U-Boats demonstrated
to the world just how much Hunley changed
the way war is fought at sea.
6.
HMS Cobra and HMS Viper
By the end of the 19th century all the world’s
major Navies relied on steam to power the
majority of their ships.
The steam engines in use were primarily reciprocating
engines, which used pistons driven by steam
to create a rotating motion.
Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company of Great
Britain proposed the use of a steam turbine,
invented by Charles A. Parsons, to power British
Naval ships.
In 1894 Parsons demonstrated the concept to
the Royal Navy with a vessel built by his
company named Turbinia.
The Navy was impressed with the speed demonstrated
by Turbinia and ordered two destroyers, Cobra
and Viper.
They were the first two warships in the world
powered by steam turbines, which remain the
primary source of power for propulsion in
most ships.
Both ships had short careers.
Viper was launched in 1899 and commissioned
the following year.
During speed trials, the ship exceeded 35
knots (over 42 miles per hour), well above
its design specifications.
Unfortunately, at slower cruising speeds fuel
consumption was excessive.
Viper was lost in 1901, wrecked on Renonquet
Rocks.
Cobra was lost in heavy seas just six weeks
later.
The promise shown by both ships during their
short career was the death knell for reciprocating
steam engines at sea, and the steam turbine
became the engine of choice among shipbuilders.
They remain so to this day.
Even ships equipped with nuclear reactors
use them as the source of heat to create steam
to drive turbines.
5.
HMS Dreadnought
When HMS Dreadnought entered service in the
Royal Navy in 1906 it rendered every other
battleship in the world obsolete.
Ships of all navies were referred to as pre-dreadnoughts,
while those built to emulate the British battleship
were called dreadnoughts.
Powered by steam turbines from Parsons Marine,
and armed with a uniform battery of ten 12”
guns in armored turrets, Dreadnought was the
fastest and most powerful battleship built
to that time.
It triggered a naval arms race which lasted
for the next decade.
The German, French, Italian, Japanese, and
American Navies all instituted building programs
to compete with the new British innovations.
The naval arms race ensured that by the time
of the Battle of Jutland in 1916, Dreadnought
was no longer a front-line vessel.
In terms of speed and fighting power the revolutionary
ship had been surpassed.
Dreadnought, designed to be the most powerful
surface combatant afloat, did not take part
in any of the surface engagements of World
War I.
It did ram and sink a German U-boat during
the war, while performing coastal defense
duties.
The sinking gave Dreadnought the distinction
of being the only battleship in history to
sink an enemy submarine.
In 1921 the revolutionary battleship was deemed
hopelessly obsolete, and sold as scrap.
4.
IJN Hosho
During the First World War the contending
navies experimented with aviation.
Aircraft launched from ships showed promise
attacking enemy ships, troops ashore, and
each other.
Naval Aviation became a controversial subject
in the days immediately following the war.
In most navies, one faction emerged which
supported aircraft development to focus on
attacking enemy ships.
They claimed that even the most powerful battleships
were vulnerable to airborne bombs and torpedoes,
and the future of naval warfare was in the
skies.
The other side claimed the airplane was good
for scouting missions and little else, since
anti-aircraft guns were easily installed on
surface ships.
The Japanese Navy supported naval aviation
enthusiastically.
In 1920 the Japanese began construction of
Hosho, the first ship designed and built from
the bottom up to serve as an aircraft carrier
(early British and American carriers were
converted from other ship designs).
Hosho entered service in 1922, the same year
the Washington Naval Treaty limited the number
of battleships and cruisers operated by the
world’s largest navies.
Hosho was used to train Japan’s fledgling
naval air service, develop carrier tactics,
and apply lessons learned to new aircraft.
The ship’s air wings saw combat during the
Sino-Japanese War in the 1930s.
By the end of the decade, Japan possessed
the world’s largest aircraft carrier force,
with trained aviators second to none.
Hosho served throughout World War II as a
support carrier and a training ship.
After the war it repatriated Japanese troops
and civilians to the home islands.
In 1946 the ship was sold for scrap.
3.
USS Nautilus
During the Second World War, advances in the
theoretical science of using nuclear reactors
as a power source for ships showed promise.
The US Navy was particularly interested in
its use in submarines, since the process consumes
no air.
On New Year’s Eve, 1947, the Navy contracted
Westinghouse Electric Corporation to design
and build a nuclear reactor for use in submarines.
Navy Captain Hyman Rockover was assigned to
oversee the US Navy’s and the Atomic Energy
Commission’s joint effort in 1949.
Two years later the construction of the world’s
first nuclear powered ship, USS Nautilus,
was funded by Congress.
On January 21, 1954, Nautilus was launched
into the Thames River at Groton, Connecticut.
On January 17, 1955, Nautilus put to sea,
sending the message to the world, “Underway
on nuclear power.”
From the beginning of its operational life
Nautilus was an experimental vessel.
It was used to prove the viability of nuclear-powered
ships, study the effects of long-term operations
submerged on men and equipment, and demonstrate
the ability of American submarines to operate
under the polar ice.
In 1958 Nautilus transited the North Pole,
departing from Pearl Harbor in the Pacific
and surfacing north of Greenland.
At the time the chagrined Soviets had no submarines
which could match the capabilities demonstrated
by Nautilus, which was rapidly being joined
by other nuclear submarines, each representing
lessons learned from their predecessors.
Today Nautilus is a museum at the Naval Submarine
Base New London in Connecticut.
2.
USS George Washington
The nuclear submarine USS George Washington
was the third US Navy ship to bear the name
of the first President of the United States.
George Washington was built to support the
Polaris submarine launched ballistic missile
(SLBM) system.
On June 28, 1960, the submarine left Groton,
Connecticut bound for Cape Canaveral, Florida.
There two Polaris missiles, which had been
problematic during their development, having
failed in several land based launch attempts,
were loaded into its 16 tube missile compartment.
On July 20, 1960, George Washington successfully
completed the first submerged launch of a
ballistic missile, announcing, “Polaris
– from out of the deep to the target.
Perfect.”
George Washington was the first American submarine
to have two separate crews, designated Blue
and Gold.
For the rest of its career as a strategic
deterrent, the crews alternated the completion
of patrols.
While one crew was at sea the other rested,
and retrained on equipment and duties.
George Washington operated for ten years before
its first refueling in 1970.
In 1982 the submarine was retired from strategic
missile patrols (after completing 55 in both
the Atlantic and Pacific) and served as an
attack submarine until decommissioned in 1985.
George Washington was the first to demonstrate
the US Navy’s ability to launch ballistic
missiles while undetected at sea, a significant
Cold War deterrent to Soviet aggression.
It was the first of the 41 for Freedom, the
name given to the American submarines built
from 1958 to 1965 which served as nuclear
deterrents at sea.
1.
USS Triton
Usually a ship’s shakedown cruise is used
to familiarize the crew with each other and
the vessel in which they are embarked.
Most are of short duration, with an extended
period of maintenance and repair immediately
following the ship’s return to port.
Not so for USS Triton, the only American nuclear
submarine to date to be built with two reactors.
Both reactors could drive either of the ship’s
two screws, though normally each drove one.
On February 15, 1960, after loading an abnormally
large supply of food and other essentials
(and warning the crew to file their income
taxes before departure), Triton left New London
on its shakedown cruise.
It did not resurface until the following May.
In between it completed the first circumnavigation
of the globe, submerged, following as closely
as possible the route taken by the Magellan
Expedition in the 16th century.
The achievement, announced to the world by
President Eisenhower from the White House,
was far more than a publicity stunt.
It demonstrated to America’s enemies and
allies that its submarines could operate anywhere
in the world, their whereabouts unknown, for
extended periods of time.
The cruise provided invaluable data on inertial
navigation and the psychological effects of
extended submerged deployment, both vital
to the Polaris program.
It charted a vast area of the sea bottom previously
unknown.
Hydrological experiments gave new information
on the oceans’ currents and salinity levels.
Triton’s commander, Captain Edward L. Beach
(author of Run Silent, Run Deep), wrote articles
for National Geographic and other magazines
describing the voyage, and volunteers for
the submarine force increased.
Triton proved the nuclear submarine was the
most potent threat in America’s arsenal,
a reputation it retained throughout the Cold
War.
