Hi, Ninja Nerds!
In this video we are gonna talk about the inflammatory response, but before we...
do that, let's define what is inflammation.
Inflammation, is some type of tissue damage. Right?
So it's damage to the tissue that initiates...
a set of vascular and cellular events...
that are designed to be able to clean up...
any type of cellular debris, any type of infectious
organisms, and initiate repair. So again, one more time.
What is inflammation?
Inflammation is any type of tissue damage or tissue infliction
All right? ... that initiates a set of vascular events,
and cellular and molecular events...
that are designed to clean up any type of cellular debris...
or pathogens and initiate repair.
That is it's design. Right? What could cause inflammation?
It could be due to physical trauma, it could be due to certain types
of chemical trauma, it could be due to infectious microorganisms,
it could be due to sunlight and burns... Right?
There is many, many causes of inflammation.
What we are gonna do in this video, is we are gonna take a scenario. We are gonna look at
a gram-negative bacteria and then we are gonna follow
the entire
inflammatory response in a sequence of actions
beginning with that infectious microorganism. So let's go ahead and dive
right in. All right! So first of... Let's say here
I have this gram negative bacteria here
It's this gram negative bacteria and you know gram negative bacteria
has on its outer lining
it has lipopolysaccharide layer
That lipopolysaccharide is pretty dangerous, they have lipid A
which can act as endotoxins.
so, also
A lot of bacteria have specific types of antigens
On their surface, right?
and what are these red things called?
these red things are called antigens
and antigens could be
sugar molecules
they could be protein molecules. They could be glycoproteins.
But what do antigens have to be? In order
for it to be an antigen, an antigen has to be two things
it has to initiate two different types of things
One is it has to be immunogenic
And the other thing is that an antigen has to be reactive
What does that mean to be immunogenic and reactive
it means that it has to be immunogenic meaning that is has to be able to activate
certain types of immune system cells
in order for those immune system cells to start proliferating in response to that
 
Reactive means that the actual immune system cells, specifically the plasma cells
can produce antibodies against this antigen
so in order for it to be a complete antigen, it has to be immunogenic
initiate proliferation
and reactive which is going to be initiating antibody production
There is what's called incomplete antigens
Incomplete antigens, for example, could be something like poison ivy or poison oak, like the urushoil oil
when ever it gets into the skin it's actually not specifically a complete antigen
but then it binds with our skin protein. So it's called a hapten, right. An incomplete antigen
But when it binds with our skin proteins it then becomes a complete antigen
and then it can cause that rash that we see with poison ivy, right.
Anyway, just want to give you a little bit of information about antigens. What are antigens?
They are going to be the sugar molecules, our proteins, our glycoproteins that are immunogenic
and reactive as long as they are specifically complete antigens
So now, this bacteria
let's say this bacteria is releasing endotoxins.
It's releasing its specific endotoxins
and these endotoxins
they start damaging these tissue cells
so let's say they end up damaging a lot of these tissue cells.
A lot of damage to these generalized tissue cells.
A lot of damage to these generalized tissue cells.
And we'll talk about what happens whenever they're damaged.
Also there's a lot of other types of cells
of other types of cells
circulating right around this area
that are kind of just posting up in this area.
There cells, these green cells are
called MAST CELLS.
And these mast cells have specific types of receptors
present on its cell membrane
and whenever these endotoxins either damage this mast cell or
activate
these receptors on the mast cell,
it can initiate a specific type of inflammatory response.
If these endotoxins damages the mast cell or it activates
these receptors present on the mast cell
And it sends signals to the nucleus.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
This preformed granules in here, which are called Weibel-Palade bodies.
They are not that important, just know that they are preformed granules...
that are called Weibel-Palade bodies.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
