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-We have lock, and are good to send that command.
We have thirty-one minutes and thirty-two
seconds for our support.
Go for status buffer dump.
-Because the Hubble Space Telescope is so scientifically
effective right now, scientists are using
Hubble to investigate some of the deepest
mysteries of the universe.
-One of the primary things Hubble has been
doing is looking at
the atmospheres around exoplanets.
-If you had asked the guys who built Hubble
and designed Hubble, they would have sworn
that Hubble could never ever do this.
-That's one of the things I love about Hubble
is that it ends up giving us new questions,
new mysteries to explore.
Hubble In The Sky 
Hubble In The Sky 
Episode 2: An Unexpected Journey
-My name is Larry Dunham. I'm the chief systems engineer
for flight systems here on the Hubble Space Telescope.
I started on the Hubble program back in the
summer of 1982, when Hubble was being built
out in California. First telescope, in space,
to be designed so that we've got what we call
orbital replacement units. They're modular
boxes with handrails on them so the astronauts
can go up and just pick and play. They've
got nice connectors on them that make it easy
for the astronauts with their big gloves to
be able to put them in and out.
-We've had five servicing missions.
We have replaced some equipment multiple times,
especially the instruments. We're always 
going with the advanced technology.
-The telescope we have today on orbit is not
the telescope that we launched originally.
We've been able to replace all five of our
science instruments with instruments that
have the technology that didn't even exist
when Hubble was being built originally.
-The Hubble Space Telescope is really an observatory
because it has several science instruments,
several modes of operation. We have multiple
cameras, multiple spectrographs. They each
have different capabilities in terms of their
sensitivities or the kinds of frequencies
they can receive of the electromagnetic spectrum.
We can also use Hubble in different kinds
of intriguing modes depending on what we're
trying to observe.
-There are different types of observing scenarios,
and one of the things the scientists have been able to do
is they've been able to come
up with very interesting and unique observing
scenarios that allow them to do science that
they never thought they could do before.
-Because the Hubble Space Telescope has been
operating for a long time, it's giving us
what we need to explore the universe in deep
ways that would never have been possible when
Hubble was first launched. For example, scientists
wondered whether we could use Hubble in an
innovative mode in recent years, basically
scanning objects slowly, instead of just staring
at them. In some cases that gives us a higher
sensitivity to what we're trying to observe.
And we're using that special mode on Hubble
now to get better information about many types
of things in space, including to be able to
study planets around other stars, what we
call exoplanets, planets outside of our own
solar system.
-What Hubble’s been able to do is as the
planets go in front of the stars that they're
going around, the spectrographs can detect
changes,
very small changes in the spectrum. This has
allowed them to do exoplanet atmospheric studies.
This is something that Hubble has sort of
really stepped up to the plate. It has been
just phenomenally good at.
The spectrographs have really sort of been
leading that, if you ever see things about,
oh, a new exoplanet was discovered that has
this in the atmosphere or that in the atmosphere,
and we think it's made of this, it's the spectrographs
which have shown you that kind of information.
For doing a lot of the exoplanet observations,
you have to catch what's known as a transit.
One, the orbit of the exoplanet has to be
such that it's going to go between you and
the star it's going around.
We can't just do an exoplanet observation whenever we want
or whenever it's convenient. We have to do
an exoplanet observation when it's first starting
to go into the star, and so they have to know
very accurately the timing of that.
We have to schedule it ahead of time. This
is not something that Hubble can get around
to when it wants to. We have to say no, at
this point in time on this date, you have
to be pointed here and you have to be looking
here. We had to really think about how to
schedule this. A lot of thought goes into
it. A lot of thought goes into the planning
and of the execution.
-The Hubble operations team are quite willing
and capable of using the telescope in new
modes and new, innovative ways that enable
us to accomplish science that we wouldn't
otherwise be able to accomplish.
We asked them, would it be possible
to use Hubble to track something moving quickly
across the sky? And they figured out a way
to use Hubble in a fast-tracking mode that
enabled us to do explorations and discoveries
that astronomers didn't envision using Hubble
for when it was first designed.
-Now when we're observing our planets, when
we're observing Jupiter, or Saturn, or Uranus,
or Neptune, they move also. You have to move
the telescope because they're just going around
the Sun. They're actually moving because they're
really moving, so we have to move with them.
Or if we’re observing asteroids or comets
you have to chase after them.
-'Oumuamua, we know came from outside of our solar system,
is like a big asteroid that was detected
whizzing through our solar system. We wanted to use Hubble
to observe this as well. And we were able to track it
and this was not a simple operation.
It's moving at
more than a hundred thousand miles an hour, so
being able to observe this and track it is
a wonderful capability that the operations
team has enabled Hubble to have.
spot, now we have to get in the exact 
location to put the target in
the science instrument aperture.
-The telescope is big, it's massive. It moves
about the same speed as the minute hand on
a clock, so to move from pointing at one thing
to go completely around the other one, takes
us a half an hour. It is not a very fast motion.
We actually use a very interesting technique.
It's using Newton's third law. We have these
very large reaction wheels on it. They're
about two feet across, very very heavy,
very very massive wheels. You start spinning those
wheels one way, the telescope will spin a little
bit in the opposite direction.
This is how we can move the telescope from
one part of the sky to another
part of the sky.
-Once we've moved the reaction wheels and we've
moved the telescope so we're in the right
spot, now we have to get in the exact 
location to put the target in
the science instrument aperture.
-What's going to happen now is the FGSs are
going to start talking to the telescope, talking
to the flight software computer and saying,
I want you to move the telescope over here
a little bit to be able to position the science
for the science aperture.
-Most of the time we use the Hubble Space Telescope
to do observations that have been planned
quite a bit in advance. Observers around the
world, astronomers will write proposals. We
will then take those accepted proposals and
observe whatever it is that the astronomer
has proposed, but sometimes there are things
that happen that are unexpected or rapid events
that we need a more rapid response.
-We have a capability of what we call a target of opportunity,
and that's when something unexpected
happens in the universe that astronomers,
they want to immediately jump on that as fast
as possible with Hubble. Case in point was
the gravitational wave detection of two neutron
stars colliding. The target of opportunity
was submitted for Hubble to actually go look
at the remnant, and see if we could find it.
-We had the engineers run through it, we got
new commanding sequences from the Space Telescope
Science Institute. We're able to run all that
through and then
we executed on orbit.
-We have to respond very fast to produce a
new schedule and set of command loads.
-We can modify a lot of the flight software,
modify how the instruments are commanded.
It allows us to change. We can
react very quickly.
What Hubble has done compared to what we were
thinking Hubble could do is just amazing. Hubble’s
had its fingers in almost everything. The
neutron star collision. Looking for all the
supernovae, all this stuff going on with dark
matter, dark energy, exoplanets. Hubble has
just been constantly finding new things. Now
we're looking at these interstellar comets
and these interstellar asteroids visiting
us. It's really been spectacular to watch.
-There really are two key aspects to Hubble's
design that have enabled us to last
the 30 years that we have, and that is really
the redundancy that we have on board, and
then it's the servicing, putting in new and
improved instruments, and being able to improve
the hardware with lessons learned over the
30 years of Hubble operations.
We are now at our peak performance.
-The Hubble Space Telescope has had a profound
impact, not only on astronomy. It showed that
humans in space and science can go hand in
hand to enable us to explore space in richer
ways than we could ever do with either just
astronauts alone or just with instrumentation
alone. By using these skills together, new
vistas of exploration are open to us, and
that lesson is something we're still benefiting
from as we envision future space exploration.
“Go ahead?” “We have a go for release.”
“Okay, Charlie."
-It's amazing with a program that's lasted,
the duration that Hubble has lasted, that
the astronomers up at the Space Telescope
Science Institute continue to come up with
new things that they want to try to do with
Hubble, and we certainly hope that we'll be
able to continue to provide that kind of capability
to them until the late 2020s and beyond.
Hubble Eye In The Sky
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