today we are going to talk about various schools
of thoughts in psychology what i will do is
ah initially i will share a list of with you
and there after we will one by one go through
ah various schools of thoughts what was the
major concepts or major theory is given by
that school of thought those we would discuss
but you would realized that few of the thou
schools of thoughts we would know venture
through light through very very quickly ah
few schools you might realize that we are
little more time and in some of cases i will
just tell you that fine these are the measure
things but we would be talking about these
when we come in the force coming ah lectures
on various topics
if you look at the antecedents in psychology
you can ah just divide the measurey schools
of thoughts in following categories the pre
scientific phase where you have the philosophical
empiricist nativism associationism then you
have the experimental psychology phase and
then started coming the measurey schools of
thoughts like a structuralism functionalism
associationism behaviourism gestalt psychology
psychoanalysis field psychology hormic psychology
dynamic psychology humanistic and existential
psychology cognitive psychology so these are
now the measure schools of thoughts that determined
the course of fraction in this various subject
during certain phase in history
now if you look at the pre scientific phase
primarily you will have know the philosophical
state the empiricist state nativism and the
associationism and various psychologists you
will find now they have ah given various types
of concepts primarily soul mind body these
where the issues that you would find being
discussed largely in the pre scientific phase
but couple of things you would find very interesting
like if you go through the work of descartes
you would realized that he didn't talk about
nerves as hollow tubes which carried animal
spirit in different directions he did conceive
human body as a machine and he said that animals
basically are automata ah which doesn't have
soul they are machines with reflexes instincts
and other automatic actions
so he was the now making a distinction between
animals and humans and he said that body when
you referred to body it basically refers to
all that is inanimate and if you refer to
soul or mind that refers to the fact that
know it has si it is basically a thinking
substance that has power body that consisted
of the extended matter and the soul consisted
of the un extended matter so this is the very
interesting type of norm ah concept being
to post that that point in time so long back
where the focus was although on mind body
this were you show but then there was the
reference to the fact that human body has
nerves nerves are hollow tubes in which the
animal spirit flows in various directions
and then you would realized that much later
clinically it was realized that yes we do
have arteries and wends and of course its
not ah the animal spirit but its basically
the blood the oxygenated in the de oxygenated
blood that now moves in that in those nerves
and there of course tubular in structure
so this is very interesting there is the reason
with that we should talk about it here if
you ah look at the work of leibnitz once again
in the pre scientific psychology he talked
about monad when is that monad is basically
the element of all being and which is a point
of force it is indestructible uncreatable
immutable ok but it is not static and he said
that the world is an infinite pluralism of
independent monads ok he went on to say that
find individual monads have certain degree
of consciousness and the degree of consciousness
provides extent of clarity to reflect upon
things in totality ok monads which have poor
degree of consciousness are unconscious so
there is a reference to conscious and unconscious
with reference to monads that leibnitz talked
about ok long back
he went on to say that the low degree of consciousness
ok basically leads to what we called as a
little perception and monads with high degree
of consciousness they produce very obvious
in perceptible activities much later in psychology
ok especially when psycho analytic ah phase
came at that time no there was heavy infuses
on the conscious in the unconscious mind but
yes leibnitz talk about it long back leibnitz
ah in that very phase also talked about parallelism
were he said that mind monads and body mena
monads they follow parallel course ok and
then you realized that it was basically not
freud who coined the idea of unconscious rather
it was leibnitz ok so that's the reason we
are referred to know ah rene descartes and
leibnitz
if you look at the whole work done ah in the
stage what we are referring to here as experimental
psychology you would find basically the work
done in the area of psycho physics neurophysiology
phrenology localization of the brain functions
ah if you remember localization of the brain
function we had talked about when we even
came to ah measure mile stones in psychology
then of course reflex action in reaction time
sense physiology evolution and what is called
as psychology of genius ok on the left hand
side you find ah couple of names written there
weber and fechner who get the credit of establishing
ah and doing empirical work ah in what is
called as psycho physics bell magendre johannes
mullar working in area of neurophysiology
ok
so one by one we would know ah go through
all of them and very we will see what were
the measure thoughts what were the measure
concepts what were the measure hypothesis
or theory is it was proposed in that very
phase so of course as i said at weber and
fechner ah now there work is considered at
psychophysics and psychophysics basically
now investigated the quantitative relationship
between the physical stimulus and the resulting
psychological experience ah in fact when we
will come in the next week on the topic of
ah perception there also we will be talking
about webers law what weber basically said
is that the psychophysical experiments ok
you can have three types of ah experiences
that it can lead to one the experience of
temperature sense the touch sense and the
muscle sense ok and his work basically now
led to the discovery of what is called as
two point threshold ok
and two point threshold he found it is not
constant for different part of the body so
certain sensitive parts of the body like the
tip of the finger here the two point threshold
is very small whereas certain other part of
the body say for example the back of the body
ok the two point threshold is very large so
two point threshold basically would being
that say if you take ah a force if you take
two sharp edged ah object and if you prick
it here ah see two points which are very close
if you just put it here you feel that even
though physically that distance between the
two points is minimal you can still sinister
at the tip of the fingers simply because this
is one of just most sensitive parts of the
body
whereas the same thing when you touch at the
back you realized that fine it is only one
point which is now touching your body so this
was the concept of two point threshold and
weber gets the credit for coming forward with
this and of course he talked about what is
called as webers law where he said that the
ability to discriminates small differences
in stimuli basically depends not on the intensity
of the stimulus alone but on the ratio between
the difference in the standard weight ok and
we will be talking about webers law with interesting
example ah when we come to ah the next week
when we going to be talking about perception
and at that time you would also be talking
about j n d what is called as just noticeable
difference i am not going in to the details
right now because next week we would have
been talking about all these things
then the other important person in the area
of psychophysics our fechner and basically
it is fechner who is considered as the father
of psychophysics he came forward with now
three methods ok what are called as psychophysical
methods first method the method of limit second
the method of constant stimuli and third the
method of average error so basically what
is said that in the method of limit the observer
can we presented a series of either increasing
or decreasing s stimuli where the intensity
of the stimuli either incrementally changes
both in either direction either it could increase
or decrease until there is a change that the
observers and the respond by saying yes or
no ok this was considered as the method of
the limit that you proposed and did come forward
with the concept of r l and d l ok the reiz
limen and the difference limen ok and reiz
limen and difference limen again we would
be talking about it when we come in the next
week to perception
so magnitude of the stimulus if you are able
to perceive it at least fifty percent of the
time it is considered at reiz limen and the
smallest change in the stimulation that you
can take fifty percent of the time that is
called as difference limen the details of
it we will come in the next week ah the second
method that you proposed was the method of
constant to stimuli and is said at on each
trail the observer receives one stimulus selected
from a set so for discrimination of the reiz
limen the observer responds with yes or no
on each trail whereas for the discrimination
of the d l the observer responds with greater
than or less than has comparison know ah between
the test stimulate and the standard one the
third method that was the method of average
error here the observer adjusts a continuously
variable is stimulus so that it becomes equal
to the standard stimulus
here each trail consists of an adjustment
from a point of obvious inequality to a level
that appears to be subjectively equal and
fechner of course can forward with law which
is popularly ah now considered as fechners
law where in if the intensity of the physical
magnitude to the stimulus increased in the
geometric order one two four eight sixteen
so one and two double of it two two zar four
four plus four eight eight plus eigtht sixteen
so it is increasing in geometrical order the
resulting increase in the sensation magnitude
of just noticeable differences takes place
in arithmetic order means one two three four
five ok this is called fechners law ah fechners
law also gets a credit of talking about identity
hypothesis again the referring to mind body
problem he said that mind and body are related
to each other in the same way as the inside
and outside of a circle which are opposite
side of the same line ok
then the second phase that you find in experimental
psychology was neurophysiology ah magendies
we are referred to his work ah instead we
are talking about measure miles stones take
different things you would find a charles
bell he talked about know the distinction
between the sensory nerve and the motor nerves
bell and megendies they came forward with
law what is call as bell megendies law this
law says that the sensory nerve communication
signals from external and internal environment
to spinal cord ok is through the dorsal root
whereas the motor nerve that carry signals
from spinal cord to the muscle ok to initiate
some action response that is through the ventral
root and they also talked about ah an interesting
phenomena talking about the direction of flow
so they said know that the conduction in the
nerve always occurs in only one direction
what was called as law of forward direction
ah this was the phase when the doctrine of
specific energy was talked about which said
that a specific nerves are stimulated by appropriate
stimuli and not by any other stimulus
the same stimulus may produce different sensation
according to the nerves it stimulates ok and
the concept of nervous circle was also ah
talked about ah saying that sensation from
muscles are necessary for better motor control
muller gay for now the doctrine of a specific
nerve energy and it was alexander humboldt
who also went ahead talking about the phenomena
of nerve impulse where he talked about the
intrinsic in the bimetallic electricity then
came an interesting phased a talked about
phrenology ah this was are interesting ah
know phase where ah very new concept was proposed
call ah now gave this doctrine of phrenology
and he ah basically said that different psychological
functions that basically depend on the specific
regions of the brain
so if you utilized certain area of the brain
ok then that concern area would expand and
therefore it would push the brain out so ah
basically now if even if you touch your head
you will find you know bumps hear in there
on the head so some crusts and some turns
know so places where you find there is a bump
according to basically that very ah you know
area of the brain is under control of certain
functions were in you have developed extreme
expertise and therefore that area has expanded
and this expansion has led to ah know push
the brain forward but very interestingly initially
now it got so much of attention but then give
slowly and slowly peoples said that find this
is not true the forth interesting ah worked
at came ah forward in this phase was the localization
of the brain functions and of course paul
broca we referred to ah in when we were talking
about measurements stones ah rolando came
forward with concept of cerebral hemispheres
and he said its cerebral hemispheres are the
principal centers for all higher mental functions
ok
and it did go ahead suggesting that sensations
are basically localized in medulla oblangata
then flourens ah suggested that cerebellum
is the seat for coordination of and control
of the movement and medulla is the center
for nervous system ok he also talked about
spinal cord which was responsible for conduction
of the nerve impulse and finally it was paul
broca ah who succeeded you know suggesting
the centers on the left side of the hemisphere
ok which are basically ah know con ah which
basically controls this speech ok and on his
name this area is named as brocas area ok
then ah came another stage when reflex action
and reaction time was the focus and marshall
hall was the person who ah did this work marshall
ah hall talked about bodily movements and
is said at there are four types of movements
that you find voluntary respiratory involuntary
and reflex movements
he is said that voluntary movement basically
depends on conscious and the action of the
cerebrum ok so it is a conscious process completely
under the control of the cerebrum on the other
hand respiratory movements basically depend
on medulla oblongata and they are involuntary
he suggested that involuntary movement basically
depend upon muscular irritability produced
by direct stimulation further he said that
reflex movements depend on a spinal cord and
are independent of brain and consciousness
bessel proposed that the difference between
any two observer may be due to the innate
personal difference in ability to make perceptual
discrimination ok and bessel of course he
was very much interested in astronomy so ah
based on astronomical observations a ah led
to the new field of experimental psychology
where he talked about complication experiments
and reaction experiments
complication experiments basically ah now
made involved processes ah from more than
one sense organ whereas in the case of reaction
experiments the absolute personal equation
was measured ok so this was an interesting
thing that he came forward with and he also
suggested that given an impulse ok everybody
would take time to form response then came
sense physiology ah basically this was the
area when the conduction speed and colour
vision was studied at length hermanns he came
forward with speed of nerve conduction and
he said this speed of nerve impulse is approximately
nineteen ninety feet per second he invented
opthalmoscope through which he could directly
look in to the eyes of the participants and
young helmholtz theory of colour vision came
which is also called as trichromatic theory
ah where he talked about three pure colours
red green and blue
he said that three kinds of a specific fibers
within the optic nerve are there which are
responsive to different wavelengths ok and
he suggested that we also see mixed colours
so when the three primary colours are balanced
we see white or we say gray he talked about
resonance what is called as harp theory where
we talked about the inner ear and the basilar
membrane there and how basilar membranes are
attached to nerve fibers and these nerve fibers
finally go to the auditory area in the brain
and he did talk about the fact that the fibers
they are capable of responding to a specific
tones which is a loudness he also talked about
know the unconscious inference and his doctrine
of unconscious inference ah ah suggested that
are resulting perceptual experience contains
something which is neither ah contributed
by stimulus nor by receptors rather our past
experience contribute to this in unconscious
way and the major characteristics of unconscious
inference and he said that it is basically
irresistible
so when we perceive the resulting perceptual
experience do come immediately edward herring
ah know gave this opponent process theory
or what you also called as opponent colour
theory where he talked about the set of receptors
black white the first set green and red the
second set and blue and yellow the third set
and he said that red blue green and yellow
they are the four primary colours ah he also
talked about the function of the receptor
where he said that assimilation ah or catabolic
phase these are the two phases where in one
case the building approx is takes place that
is the simulation or the anabolic phase the
second is the tearing down ok the catabolic
phase and he said that the person never sees
red green or blue yellow but it is possible
to see reddish blue or greenish yellow
charles darwins work all of us know now famous
work on evolution he give the theory of evolution
talked about variations talked about know
species survival of fittest and finally it
was galton who came forward with what is called
as psychology of genius basically he said
that individual greatness they usually follow
the family line ok all though he is work was
not accepted later on but he proposed this
very concept that outstanding abilities or
powerful mental functions are basically inherited
and of course he talked about the fact that
the fingerprints are the foolproof way of
identification so all though he is now theory
of eminence and outstanding ability which
has a genetic origin this was discarded but
fingerprint has foolproof way of identification
is still you find that is being used and if
you recollect ah when we are talking about
major mile stones we had talked about the
seminal work of surfrances galton ah the techniques
that he led to a especially the question air
and all those things
and basically it is ah galtons view that led
to the foundation of psychometric that we
use so generously nowadays then came the third
important school of thought what is called
as structuralism wilhelm wundt is given the
credit of being the father of a structuralism
and the important people where brentano stumpf
muller kulpe they are cal called the early
structuralists where has titchner is considered
as modern ah structuralists wundt basically
talked about the science of experience according
to him there are two types of experiences
mediate experience and immediate experience
so experience that is used as a way to locate
something other than the experience itself
is mediate whereas if you are experiencing
as such then it is immediate in nature and
he is said that psychology is basically the
study of immediate experience or the conscious
experiences
and he suggested that consciousnesses atomistic
in nature by atomistic nature he basically
meant that it has two components sensation
and feeling sensation which is the objective
component of the consciousness and feeling
is the subjective component of consciousness
ok and he said that images occur when sensations
they blend together he also gave a this feeling
components the dimensions of it and he said
that there are three tridimensional excitement
come these are by polar tension relaxation
and pleasure displeasure and similarly he
said that there are two attributes of sensation
in feeling one is the quality and the other
is the intensity all psychical compound is
the combination of elements of sensation and
feeling and then he talked about will wherein
he said that will is a feeling that lead to
overt action
he also talked about the elements of consciousness
which combines now means of association and
four types of associations he talked about
simultaneous association successive associations
assimilation and complications then he also
talked the principle of creative synthesis
wherein he said that the element of consciousness
might form such a complex or compound ah whose
characteristics are different from the characteristics
of the compound elements he also gave this
law of psychic relationships ok and interestingly
he would realized that it was this very principle
of psychic relationship ok which was later
on take an up by gestalt psychologists he
will come to gestalt psychology little later
he talked about apperception and apperception
know as a phenomena as as cognition as activity
so according to him stimulation leads to perception
perception leads to apperception and apperception
leads to will ok and of course he talked about
psychophysical parallelism where he talked
about the interaction between the mind and
the body
and remember ah that the apperception the
term perception that was used by him ah modern
psychology uses attention word for that the
another important person in this school of
thought was titchner he said that basically
the problem of psychology is what how and
why of the phenomena so if you are analyzing
the mental experiences and trying to break
it down into simplest components then it is
what of the problem if you are interested
in process and laws at governed ah these mental
components then it is how of the phenomena
and if you are interested understanding the
way by which mental events correlate with
their physiological conditions then it is
why of the phenomena so basically what how
and why is the subject matter of psychology
this is titchnrs view and is said that there
are three elements of consciousness sensations
images and affection sensations basically
has the elements of perception images have
the elements of idea and affection has the
elements of emotion and recording to titchner
we human beings have forty two thousand four
hundred and fifteen different types of sensations
ok
he talked about the basic attributes of elements
of consciousness where in he talked about
quality intensity clarity and duration and
he said that the primary method of investigation
is either introspection or experimentation
titchner talked about law of contiguity law
of contiguity means ah the ah concurrence
of two type of type of things together if
one comes after the other in very close duration
so he said that whenever a sensory or an imaginary
content occurs in our conscious experiences
all those sensory or imaginary contents they
are likely to appear which happened in the
past and it was contiguous ok and it is basically
the meaning of sensation or image ok which
is determined by the context in which it occurs
ok in consciousness so this was what is called
as the context theory of meaning and according
to him the methods that can be used to study
emotion or basically the method of impression
ok and the method of expression by impression
in ment that when we want to compare different
of affective characteristics then it is the
method of impression
and if you are a studying emotions ok on the
basis of bodily changes then you are basically
trying to study ah emotions with respect to
expressions the fourth major school of thought
in psychology was functionalism and if you
look at the list of the functionalist is start
with william james and it goes up two good
worth and you have all legendaries here frankly
speaking functionalism was a school that came
out as a protest against structuralism so
functionalist basically this said that behavior
is adaptable and in order to psychologically
survive any organism must be able to adjust
to its environment and their focus was more
and more pragmatic so they said that the validation
of any know knowledge in psychology must be
done in terms of its value and utility ok
they talked about mental life or what was
referred as consciousness both has phenomena
and has condition so the subject matter that
was found in experience is the phenomena and
the base of the mental life ah know is found
in the body and of course this said that consciousness
is continuous and ah dynamic process which
is very very complex according to functionalism
the study of human beings must be considered
in their adaptive and re adaptive processes
that they take forward with respect to their
environment ok the major methods that they
focused on was introspection experimentation
and the comparative method ok ah of course
you should remember that william james himself
did not use the method of experimentation
and the famous theory the james lange theory
for emotion we would also talk about it no
when we come to the topic emotion in the coming
weeks
james propose this and lange who was a danish
psychologist also proposed the similar type
concept and therefore the credit for this
theory was share between the two so this was
now ah major ah now concept given in ah by
this is school of thought and then ah now
functionalism also talked about the doctrine
of instinct ah james said that instinct is
a unlearnt pattern of reaction they are self
preservative as well as unlearnt they are
modifiable by our habits and as compared to
other species human beings have a large number
of instincts james talked about three types
of self's the spiritual self the social self
and the material self is spiritual self basically
refers to various psychological functions
the social self basically is formed on the
basis of the recognition of a person by others
ah based on know the opinion they hold about
that vary person and the material self basically
is our body and our personal possessions
james also talked about the primary and the
secondary memory primary memory you can ah
relate it to short term memory and secondary
memory you can relate it to long term memory
he talked about consciousness and suggested
that fine it is personal always changing a
continuous and selective ah process which
deals with objects and other then itself and
he also talked about the function that co
consciousness serves and he said that basically
consciousness makes human being better adopted
organisms and when faced with new problem
it is basically consciousness that makes us
adjust according to the new demand cattell
ah was another important ah source of know
new concepts in this is school of thought
who basically talked about two types of reaction
time sensory and the muscular reaction time
ok
and ah he said that sensory type of subjects
now gives in sensorial reaction time more
quickly than the muscular reaction time so
he was basically now making a distinction
between type of people based on they are reaction
time but most importantly cattell discovered
the new psycho physical method what is called
as the order of merit ranking method and this
method is widely applied now ah in personality
and psychometric carr was another important
contributor to this is school of thought who
gave three methods of study introspection
observation and experimentation and he did
talk about law of repetition or law of frequency
and said that greater reputation results into
increased associative strength ok and they
also said that the primary agents of behavior
selection are attention motives and learning
the new school of thought basically many people
said this was not a basically a school thought
but we are considering it as right now as
a school of thought was associationism you
can again divide the older and the modern
school and if you look at the list in the
modern school you again have the stoll words
who gave major theory is in psychology ebbinghaus
pavlov thorndike guthrie ebbinghaus theory
we all know and we would be talking about
it when we come to memory in the forth coming
weeks ah he said that by repeating observations
the error in one direction are roughly cancelled
ok by those in the opposite direction and
he was the one who came forward with non sense
syllables which is still date used in the
study of memory he came forward with around
two thousand nonsense nonsense syllables and
he is also given the credit of coming forward
with this ah estimate span of memory you know
seven plus minus two he also came forward
with this concept of forgetting curve forgetting
curve we will again talk about when we come
to memory and of course method of saving that
is the amount of a for that is needed to recall
something that was already previously learned
ok ah this is against ah method which we would
be talking about when we come to memory parallels
work again we will talk about when we come
to learning he was the one who talked about
ah condition responses or reflexes and he
talked about all types of things now the very
far that the responses are associated it to
stimuli the fact the higher nervous activity
in the brain now they get connected he talked
about extinction spontaneous recovery generalization
discrimination the law of reinforcement all
these things we will be talking about when
we come to learning in the coming weeks he
ah mentioned one thing the what he called
as experimental neurosis that was basically
the failure ah to discriminate and complete
disorganization in behavior so this is ivan
interesting concept that i have talked about
thorndike again we would refer to him and
we come to ah learning he gave this favors
trial and error method of learning where he
talked about learning by selection and connection
and the loss of learning we talked about three
laws and law of readiness the law of exercise
and the law of effect so law of readiness
said that when ah conduction unit is ready
to conduct conduction by it is always satisfying
compared to this when the conduction unit
is not ready to conduct then forceful conduction
is annoying and third condition when the conduction
unit is ready to conduct not to conduct is
again annoying
so this is what we called as law of readiness
law of exercise is said at with more practice
connections become much more stronger and
then of course he talked about the law of
effect that are response that produce satisfying
effect in a person is stamped in and the response
that produces annoying effect is stamped out
ok and law of effect is now called truncated
law of effect the next ah school is the behaviorist
and again you know most of these names watson
is given the credit of being the father of
behaviourism and again whole lot of people
the major once being ah bandura tolman and
skinner in this row now watsons of course
talked about know the s r component know the
stimulus response ah component of psychology
which is always talked about he talked about
the empirical or the methodological behaviourism
which is the study of behavior rather than
consciousness ok and he said that this ah
you know method is the major source of data
for psychologists
he also talked about radical behaviourism
or metaphysical ah behaviourism saying that
denial of the existence of mind ah is something
that is desirable ok and the focus should
be basically on ah the behavior rather than
the mind and consciousness he said that psychology
is a branch of natural science that studies
human behavior and behavior for him included
even something like verbalization as well
so the objective of watsons behaviourism was
basically to make prediction about response
after knowing the stimulus and to make prediction
about the stimulus if you know the response
the methods that he suggested was observation
conditioned reflex technique and now it was
adopted ah ah basically from pavlov and ah
bekhterev
the third method he talked about was testing
and the fourth method was verbal report so
these are the four method step was talked
about by him skinner we all know ah now the
famous skinner box and the operant conditioning
experiments we would talk about his work when
we come in the coming next to the topic of
learning his approach is basically also called
as descriptive behaviourism ok or inductive
behaviourism and he is primarily very very
popular for his instrumental conditioning
experiments albert bandura gets are other
credit know for introducing what is called
as soft behaviourism ok skinner and watson
we have called as radical behaviourists whereas
bandura is given the credit of being the soft
behaviourists
and he said that human behavior can be understood
as a function of reciprocal interaction of
behavioral cognition and the environmental
determinants he is considered at observational
learning or modeling is one of the best ways
of ah know ah learning which basically means
that majority of our behavior is basically
learned through co ah copying so that means
that a person can learn without performing
a behavior so you just observe you just copy
and you model this very you know technique
ah we would be again talking about when we
come to learning and he also referred to self
system basically it refers to cognitive structures
that provides reference mechanism and a set
of sub functions of the perception evaluation
and regulation of behavior then came gestalt
psychologists of course wertheimer kohler
kofka and many others get the credit
this very school talked about many concepts
but basically they are famous for the principles
of primitive organization various principles
they talked about what they are they popularly
called as the gestalts theory sim ah principles
of similarity proximity continuity closure
objective set figure and ground ok they also
talked about perceptual constancy all of this
we will be talking about when we come to the
topic of perception in that coming week then
came up major school of thought psychoanalysis
sigmund freud was considered ah as the pionier
he is given the credit of being the father
of modern psychology as well and adler jung
horneye erikson they are the one who are called
as neofreudiance right now i am not going
into the details of what they talked about
because when we come to ah the topic personality
in that very week we would be talking about
various theories given by all these psychoanalysis
ok
but you would realize that the focus completely
shifted now if you ah graphically plot what
was the focus of attention of various schools
of thoughts and if you when if you starts
from a structuralism so structuralism to behaviourism
to a socialism to ah all this is schools coming
up to psychoanalysis will find a big change
the major school of thought which came little
later was the humanistic and the existential
psychologists two people who are popular ah
know are abraham maslow and carl rogers carl
rogers we all know for the persons centered
therapist ah his self theory ah which is basically
based on his own experience as a client centered
therapist and he talked about the organism
ah referring to the totality of experience
going on within the whole individual at a
particular moment and he talked about the
locus of all the experiences within that a
very organism
carl rogers ah we would be talking about again
we come to ah personality again abraham maslow
very famous for his self actualization n theory
he give this ah famous need hierarchy ah concept
he talked about human motives which are innate
and that are arranged in ascending hierarchy
of priority gradually ah now psychology moves
towards ah new school of thought which looked
at know the ah mental faculties and what is
called as cognitive psychology this was basically
a revolt against behaviourism and the entire
focus was on higher mental processes so the
cognitive psychologists they were interested
in studying what happens between the stimulus
and the resulting behavior three basic paradigms
you will find the new structuralism man machine
relationship and the new mentalism ok these
where the focus of the cognitive psychologists
and now you will find at they are is whole
lot of now mix and matches that has taken
place
if you remember last ah last time when where
talking about various divisions of psychology
and the prominent areas the emerging areas
you could have found know that psychology
has expanded no right from ah ah the general
principles that was being observed ah two
what not at the modern type so this is the
whole course of develop and that has taken
place in psychology this was the ah know are
summary of the major schools of thoughts next
we converts we would be talking exclusively
on various topics each we could be dedicated
to one major ah concept and this is how we
will precept
