This series is about perhaps
the most powerful idea
ever to occur to a human mind.
The idea is evolution
by natural selection.
And the genius who thought
of it was Charles Darwin.
I'm a biologist and Darwin
has been an inspiration to me
throughout my whole career.
His masterpiece, On The Origin Of
Species, was published 150 years ago.
And it changed forever our view
of the world and our place in it.
What Darwin achieved was nothing
less than a complete explanation
of the complexity
and diversity of all life.
And yet, it's one of the simplest
ideas that anyone ever had.
In this series,
I want to persuade you
that evolution offers a far richer
and more spectacular view of life
than any religious story.
It's one reason why
I don't believe in God.
I want to show you how Darwin opened
our eyes to the extraordinary reality
of our world.
In this first programme, I'm going to
tell you who Charles Darwin was,
explain how he discovered his
theory of evolution, what it is,
and why it matters.
By the end, I hope to have convinced
you of the truth
that evolution is a fact,
backed by undeniable evidence.
And I want to give you a glimpse
of the brutal elegance of the force
which, Darwin realised,
drives evolution on...
..natural selection.
When Charles Darwin
was born 200 years ago,
sailors and explorers
were sending home
a dizzying array of specimens
like these
from all parts of Britain's
growing empire.
Every animal was believed to have
a unique place in God's creation,
each made by God according to
his perfect, unchanging design.
At school in Shrewsbury,
the young Charles Darwin was taught
that God had created the Earth,
and all this rich variety of life
just 6,000 years ago.
Today, thanks to Darwin,
we know differently.
But even now, according to polls,
four out of every ten British people
prefer to cling to the old ideas
and believe that God
created our world
and every living creature in it.
I think it's scandalous
how little our children are taught
about evolution at school.
A typical class gets
just a few hours
to study one of the most
important ideas in science.
This lot got me.
I went to meet a science class
of 15 to 16-year-olds
at Park High School in London to
try to open their eyes to Darwinism.
Why do we need to find out
about evolution?
Why do we need to find out
about evolution?
Because it is the explanation
for our existence and because
it explains such a huge number
of facts,
because everything we know
about life is explained by it.
I believe in my religion
so whenever I read about evolution,
I can't understand it,
I don't believe it,
I just, like, believe my religion.
Right, so you know what
you believe when you start,
and any new book that says
anything different,
you don't read it?
Even if you've got evidence,
I just like...I've found
a stronger evidence,
which is the Holy Book, so...
So, the reason you believe it
is because that's the one
you were told first?
'I can see that a few hours
in the science lab is no match
'for a lifetime of religious
indoctrination.'
I was brought up to believe it.
Is that a good reason
to believe something?
Yeah, because I went to church
since I was little.
Yeah, and it says it in the Bible.
Yes, but in the Hindu
sacred scriptures,
it says something different,
doesn't it?
Yeah, they're brought up
to believe that...
So everybody should believe
what they're brought up to believe
even though they contradict
each other?
You can be made to believe
something in science, and then,
you can be made to believe
something in religious studies,
but it's really up to you
what you believe.
You can't just say that...
Well, look, I hate this phrase,
"made to believe", that's awful,
and I would hate anybody to think
I was trying to make
anybody believe anything.
I'm asking you to look
at the evidence.
Perhaps you haven't got
a full impression
of how strong the evidence
actually is.
Nobody has seen evolution
take place over a long period,
but they've seen the after effects,
and the after effects
are massively supported.
It's like a case in a court of law
where nobody can stand up and say,
"I saw the murder happen",
but yet, you've got millions
and millions of pieces of evidence
which no reasonable person
could possibly dispute.
That's sort of the way it is.
'There's only one thing for it -
'I'm going to show them evidence -
'something they can touch with their
own hands, see with their own eyes.
'Later, we'll see if I can
make them think again.
'When Charles Darwin was a teenager,
'he would have been
as much of a creationist
'as some of these children.'
Darwin was born into a prosperous
Shropshire family in 1809.
His father was a doctor,
and keen that his son should
follow in his scientific footsteps.
But the adolescent Charles,
more interested in shooting and
fishing than academic prowess,
was contemplating an easy life
as a country parson.
Luckily for him, and for us,
he had the opportunity to open
his eyes to see the world.
In 1831, as a young man of 22,
Darwin's family connections got him
a once-in-a-lifetime invitation -
a round-the-world voyage on
the survey ship, HMS Beagle.
Over five years, Darwin collected
hundreds and hundreds of specimens
to send back to the collections.
But increasingly,
he wasn't satisfied
with just recording
the animals and plants he saw.
He was beginning to have doubts
about the Biblical story
of how animals were created.
While ashore, riding across
the South American flatlands,
Darwin amused himself
by chasing after rheas -
shy, ostrich-like flightless birds.
But he was puzzled.
Why had God bothered to create
two very similar but slightly
different types of rhea?
Had an original group
of rhea split in two,
and once separated,
started to develop in their own way?
The mystery deepened when Darwin
noticed an even more marked effect -
on islands.
I was lucky enough to retread
Darwin's footsteps
on the Galapagos Islands last year.
Here, he began to wonder
why God would have created
distinctive kinds of tortoise,
finch or iguana on more or less
identical small islands.
Were iguanas like these related
rather than separately created?
Were they cousins of the similar but
different iguanas on nearby islands?
This pattern of relationships
became even more intriguing
when Darwin encountered fossils.
The evidence of fossils
would help Darwin develop a theory
of life on Earth
far more wonderful and more moving
than any religious story of creation.
This team of American scientists
has uncovered the remains of
two-million-year-old ground sloths.
Today, I'm joining the dig
because it was fossils like these
that made a huge impression
on the young Charles Darwin
during his voyage on HMS Beagle.
To Darwin, they looked like ancient,
giant versions
of animals he saw around him.
(MAN) The ground sloths flourished
for millions of years,
and were quite successful.
- They were huge, weren't they?
- Some of them were.
They were bear-sized, up to...almost
rivalling mammoths and mastodons,
up to six metres in height when
they reared up onto their hind legs.
(DAWKINS) What struck Darwin was
how, apart from their enormous size,
the fossils closely resembled
in every other detail
the skeletons of modern sloths
living nearby.
(MAN) You can see similarities in the
details of their teeth,
peculiar features that they share
with modern armadillos,
modern tree sloths
and modern anteaters.
We can infer that they are
related to these animals.
(DAWKINS) The discovery of fossils
was a huge challenge
to the religious orthodoxy
of Darwin's youth.
What were these animals?
When had they lived?
And why didn't they exist any more?
Some suggested that fossils were just
God playfully ornamenting his world.
Others claimed
they were the bones of sinners
drowned in Noah's flood.
But Darwin was one of the first
scientists
to correctly identify them as
long-dead species of animals.
He was starting to grasp that
the Earth might be a lot older
than the Bible led us to believe.
And how had he realised this?
Through a fascination with geology.
During the voyage of the Beagle,
Darwin had had time to immerse
himself
in the pioneering work
of Charles Lyell.
Lyell argued that the landscape
we saw around us was formed
by the slow action of vast forces,
not thousands,
but millions of years of gradual
change.
So, if the Earth was shaped
and reshaped
over an immense period of time,
was there room,
Darwin began to wonder,
for life to undergo slow changes
as well?
You know how old these rocks are?
They're about 200 million years old.
Back in the 19th century,
lots and lots of people
came here to look for fossils.
And some of the most famous
fossils have been found here.
'I'm taking the science class
I met earlier to the beach.
'Many of these teenagers
have been brought up
'to mistrust the idea of evolution.
'I'm hoping they'll find a small
fragment of the kind of evidence
'that made Charles Darwin
think again.'
Do you know what our ancestors
were like 200 million years ago?
- They weren't...
- They were around,
they wouldn't have been here
because this would have been
the bottom of the sea.
They would have been kind of like
shrews, little whiskery, twitchy...
It seems to be like a dream,
but it's real.
Yeah, yes, it does, doesn't it?
This is all sedimentary rock,
meaning it's laid down at the bottom
of the sea, mud coming down,
layer after layer after layer -
that's what fossils are.
'On a beach like this,
'the pounding sea gradually
exposes different layers of rock
'and within them, hidden treasure -
'a history of past life on Earth.
'So, each layer you go down to,
'you find a completely
different set of animals.'
And if you look at the animals
that you find, and plants,
over the great span of time,
you find that they form
a kind of ordered sequence,
you find fish,
400 million years ago,
but you find no mammals at all
400 million years ago.
The fish gradually changed into
amphibians, changed into reptiles,
reptiles changed into birds,
changed into mammals.
Did you find that?
- Yes.
- Oh, that's terrific.
That's really great. Yeah.
That's a beautiful ammonite.
That's really beautiful. Well done
for finding that. That's wonderful.
'The fossil hunt has been a success.
'Like Darwin, these teenagers
have been brought face to face
'with some tangible remnants
of evolution.'
The evidence Darwin had seen with his
own eyes on the voyage of the Beagle
seeded huge heretical
questions in his mind.
And once he started thinking,
he couldn't stop.
Darwin, once
an easily distracted student,
returned from the voyage
of the Beagle
a determined, even
obsessive research scientist.
The trip had changed him and it was
soon to change the world forever.
Back in London in the late 1830s,
the specimens he'd collected
and his reporting of the voyage
made Darwin a scientific celebrity.
Even more importantly,
while cataloguing his finds,
Darwin realised that
life forms weren't fixed.
They had changed over time.
They must have evolved.
Now, he wanted to pull together
all the evidence
to understand how and why
this had happened.
It took Darwin 20 years of research,
on and off, to develop the ideas
that would eventually be set out in
The Origin Of Species.
He wanted to be fully certain
of his facts.
BIRDS TWITTER
The hard graft was done here
at Darwin's home,
Down House in Kent.
Long before the days
of the internet, of course,
Darwin drew upon
the collective knowledge
of an entire generation of
naturalists all over the world.
He sent out thousands of letters
asking for data,
posing questions,
trying out theories.
And back the letters flowed
from all around the world into
Down House, a river of information.
Darwin studied the detail
of how different mammals
share remarkably similar skeletons.
Their limbs have the same
bones in the same order,
just reshaped and resized
to suit different ways of life.
He was drawn to the similarity
of early embryo development
in very different types of animals -
fish, birds, reptiles.
Increasingly, he became convinced
that every living thing
must be related to every other.
Darwin began to see the history
of life as a vast family tree.
Life began millions of years ago
at the base of the tree,
and as time went by,
our ancestors evolved,
split off and multiplied along
branches
until now,
every species on the planet
is a twig at the end of a branch -
all are related, all cousins.
Life had evolved from single cells
into complex sophisticated beings.
It may seem like a huge leap,
but Darwin realised it had
been achieved by small steps
over a vast span of time.
He grasped the immense age
of the Earth.
Darwin believed the world was
hundreds of millions of years old.
Today, we know it's
over four billion years old,
and the life we can
actually see around us
has existed for an insignificant
blink of that time.
Darwin's wife Emma used to play
to him on the piano
in this very room,
and Darwin would lie
on the sofa and listen.
It's not clear how much
he got out of it, though,
because it was once said of him
he was so tone deaf that people
had to nudge him to stand up
when they were playing
God Save The Queen.
I want to use this piano
to illustrate
the vastness of geological time,
and yet how comparatively
little of it
is occupied by those animals and
plants that we know anything about.
If we have the origin of life at
the bottom of the piano there,
and recent times at the top,
I find it astonishing
that we have nothing
but bacteria all the way up here,
past middle C,
way up to about here,
when more complicated cells
than bacteria first evolve.
And then we get
the first mini-celled animals,
the first large animals
somewhere here,
fish start around here,
the dinosaurs don't come in
until about here,
and then, the extinction
of the dinosaurs around here.
About here, the apes and monkeys,
and the whole of human history
would occupy a space less than
the width of one piano STRING
right at the top of the keyboard.
Life had evolved over time.
But how had this happened?
Why hadn't creatures stayed the same?
WINGS FLAP, PIGEONS COO
Darwin wasn't just
an abstract theorist,
he like to get his hands dirty,
testing his ideas,
and in the 1850s, he became
fascinated by pigeons,
by how man had remoulded
the wild rock dove
into a rich variety of forms.
Darwin's bird specimens
are now stored
at the Natural History Museum
at Tring.
It's a very weird feeling,
these are actually
Darwin's own specimens.
I see from Darwin's own label here
that this is a blue owl pigeon.
Tumblers are characterised by
this curious tumbling behaviour
that they show, sort of
falling through the sky.
This one has been relabelled,
it is a Darwin specimen.
This one actually has
Darwin's original label here.
Darwin realised that, for centuries,
through small steps, pigeon breeders
had been in the business of
evolution.
Here was life in constant flux.
One of the big things
Darwin had to fight against
was the feeling that people had
that species were species and they
never changed into anything else.
Artificial selection on dogs,
pigeons, cabbages,
was a beautiful illustration for
Darwin of how plastic things were,
you could pull them, it was
like modelling clay, almost -
you could take a wild animal
and pull bits out,
press other bits in, enlarge bits.
It was showing that there's
nothing static about species.
Species can change.
Now, in his 40s, Darwin
became a pigeon fancier.
He kept some 90 birds of 16 types,
devoured books on breeding
and attended numerous pigeon shows.
What excited Darwin was the powerful
comparison that could be drawn
between domestic breeding
and what he'd observed of nature
acting on wild animals
like the finches he'd
collected in Galapagos.
In the pigeon's case,
it's artificial selection,
it's human breeders using their eye
to choose -
I think I'll breed from that one,
I want the beak longer, or shorter,
I want the plumage
to be whiter or fluffier.
So, breed from the one that
has the quality you want,
and then, after surprisingly few
generations, you can produce
a change in the breed. In nature,
it's not like that, of course.
Nobody comes along and says,
"I want one that has
a great big, thick beak."
Nevertheless, given that
there are tough seeds
that only a thick beak can crack,
natural selection favours
those individual birds
that succeed
in cracking the seeds,
until you end up with this sort of
climax beak, which is really huge,
the product of tens of thousands
of generations of...
natural selection breeding for
ability to open tough seeds.
BARKING
Man had utterly transformed
many animals and plants
by selecting for particular
characteristics
over and over again.
Nature was also doing this.
But how could nature make
specific choices, as humans could?
Darwin's answer would
come in understanding
exactly what nature is.
150 years ago,
Charles Darwin's work revolutionised
the way we understand our world.
For 20 years, he had pieced together
evidence that proved the fact of
evolution
and developed a theory
of how nature, not God,
selects life in a similar way
to humans breeding pigeons.
How does nature select?
In the cruellest way.
Today, much of the world is
controlled and cultivated by man,
but there are still a few remote
places red in tooth and claw.
I've come to Kenya, where I was born.
It's one of the wilder places on
Earth,
where the full force of natural
selection can still be seen.
As night falls, it's kill, or be
killed.
ANIMALS GRUNT
The total amount of suffering
in the natural world
is beyond all decent contemplation.
During the minute that it takes me to
say these words,
thousands of animals are running for
their lives,
whimpering with fear, feeling teeth
sink into their throats.
Thousands are dying from starvation
or disease
or feeling a parasite rasping away
from within.
There is no central authority, no
safety net.
For most animals, the reality of life
is struggling, suffering, and death.
For Darwin, grappling with nature's
horrors must have been a huge
challenge.
As a young man,
he had wanted to become
a country parson.
He had believed in an orderly
and harmonious animal kingdom.
Now, he contemplated
the brutal reality of nature.
Darwin's brilliance was to connect
what he was seeing
with an idea from a completely
different discipline - economics.
Thomas Malthus had written
a popular influential diatribe
about the perils of population growth
in early industrial Britain,
and how this would inevitably be
stopped by food shortage and disease.
Darwin seized upon Malthus's warning
about a human struggle for resources,
and he applied it
to what was happening in nature.
As more individuals are produced
than can possibly survive,
there must in every case
be a struggle for existence.
Nature is an arena of pressure.
Of every individual born,
the chance of it surviving to
reproduce the next generation
is very, very small.
Most animals die young.
The next step for Darwin
was to realise this -
what makes the difference
between success and failure
in the struggle for existence
isn't just chance.
All living things vary,
even if only slightly.
Darwin realised this was the key,
a tiny variation - sharper teeth
or faster legs, keener eyes,
better camouflage, better sense of
smell can make a crucial difference
in an animals chances of survival.
If an animal survives,
it is more likely to reproduce
and crucially, pass those variations
on to its offspring.
Nature's struggle for existence means
that organisms with helpful
variations
tend on average to survive
and reproduce.
Those without die without offspring.
The race is survival.
The finishing line is reproduction.
This is what Darwin defined
as natural selection...
..the key to evolution.
"Natural selection is daily and
hourly scrutinising throughout
the world
"every variation, even the slightest,
"rejecting that which is bad,
"preserving and adding up
all that is good,
"silently and insensibly working.
"We see nothing of these
slow changes in progress,
"until the hand of time
has marked the lapse of ages."
Gradually, very gradually, as
successful variations are inherited,
natural selection sculpts life
into different shapes,
better and better adapted to eke
resources out of their
particular surroundings.
Longer necks are favoured
to feed from tall trees.
Thinner fur for warmer climates.
Life forms become ever more
specialised.
And if separated from their
ancestral group by geography,
by a forest or desert, on an island,
they can specialise to such an extent
that they no longer breed
successfully
with that ancestral group.
They are then classified
as a distinct species.
This is the origin of species.
But evolution doesn't stop there.
These species are then themselves
honed by the presence of other
species.
The environment in the form of lions
is getting systematically worse
from the point of view of a zebra.
And from the point of view of a lion,
zebras are getting systematically
worse,
they're getting better at
running away.
Predators are getting better
at catching prey.
Prey are getting better
at escaping from predators.
So there's a kind of escalation,
it's an arms race.
Arms races account for
the spectacularly advanced
engineering of life -
camouflage systems,
camera lens eyes, venomous stings.
Arms races can be seen
in unexpected places.
Mankind is certainly not immune
to the nightmare Darwin called,
"the war of nature."
We humans are currently
in a battle with viruses.
It's being fought all round
our world.
Today, in the slums of Nairobi,
natural selection acts
through a virulent disease
cutting through the population.
Nairobi's prostitutes have,
on average,
seven to ten clients per day
with a high prevalence of
HIV which causes AIDS.
But genetic researchers have
found that some lucky individuals
have a weapon in the arms race with
HIV...
Salome?
Yeah. >
How are you?
I'm Richard.
'..a remarkable resistance to the
virus.'
Can I ask, how long have
you been a sex worker?
25 years.
And during that time,
have you lost many friends to AIDS?
I have lost
many friends.
Many friends?
When did you first discover
that you are resistant to HIV?
She knew for a long time,
but she actually believed
completely in 1990
that she was resistant. 
She feels God has been good
to her and she's the lucky one.
Yes.
It's not God at work here in
all this squalor and suffering.
And it's not luck either.
The Canadian scientist, Larry Gelmon,
has studied the odds of survival.
We knew the prevalence of HIV
in the sex worker population,
we knew the prevalence in
the clients they were dealing with,
we knew how often they were
having sex with these people,
and it was a mathematical
impossibility that
they should have been sex workers
for as long as they have with
the number of contacts they had,
and not become HIV infected.
The resistance
these women have
seems to be a variation that can be
passed on to their children.
Some of the women
are related to each other familially,
we also think there is some factor
in their blood, in their cells
that is probably genetically
transmitted.
(DAWKINS) I suppose if we
came back in 1,000 years,
we might expect to see
a major shift in the frequency
of these genes in the population?
(GELMON) Yes, I think in any epidemic
situation, those people who are
very vulnerable and susceptible
will get sick and die.
And those people who are going to
survive are going
to have some kind of resistance
which they'll transmit on
to their descendants.
Just as Europeans today are
descendents of those who
had the genes
to survive the plague,
so if Africa's AIDS epidemic
took its course,
natural selection would favour
descendents
of women with resistance to HIV.
This is the unstoppable force of
natural selection
first revealed by Darwin,
now observed by modern science.
Back in England at Down House,
now 20 years after his
voyage on the Beagle,
Darwin had worked out the answers
to the biggest questions ever asked.
But he was strangely reluctant
to go public with his idea.
Darwin himself said that he'd
become a kind of machine
for grinding theories out of
huge assemblages of facts.
I think that wasn't really
what it was like at all.
He was an extraordinarily
imaginative, deep thinker.
He had a prodigiously
curious mind as well.
He was drawn to facts
that didn't fit.
He once said,
"I cannot bear to be beaten."
Darwin's theory explained how
the diversity of life from the planet
had evolved spontaneously
without interference from any god.
But he was acutely aware
of how upsetting
this flat contradiction of
the religious story would be.
He hesitated to publish.
Then, in June 1858,
Darwin received a letter
from a naturalist travelling in the
Far East, Alfred Russel Wallace,
which set our similar ideas.
Darwin was in despair about
being scooped.
He was even ready to drop
his life's work.
But he was persuaded by
Charles Lyell and others
to present his unpublished work
alongside Wallace's notes,
and then complete his masterpiece
for publication.
I've come to meet Randal Keynes,
Darwin's great-great-grandson
to try to understand
Darwin's frame of mind
as he finished his book.
This is a book about
geology by Mr Greenough.
It has this wonderful inscription -
"Charles Darwin, Buenos Aires,
October 1832."
So he's on the Beagle,
really getting into
his stride as a geologist.
This is a scrapbook,
a children's scrapbook
that belonged to Darwin's daughter
Annie.
'Darwin was
no aggressive polemicist.
'He didn't take to the stage
to publicise his work,
'but sought to influence leading
thinkers behind the scenes,
'by sending them proof copies of the
book with apologetic letters
attached.'
He would write things like,
"This vile rag of a theory of mine."
Was that genuine modesty or was there
an element of false modesty about it?
It was entirely real, um, and this is
a very strange point about him.
Through the years when he was
steeling himself for publication,
um, he was, at different times,
enormously confident in it,
and at other times,
he was utterly uncertain.
He had a deep fear, I think,
that one species would be discovered
that had some element of its make-up
that could only have been designed.
Doubts may have lingered
in Darwin's mind,
but finally, 150 years ago,
he set out his ideas on evolution
and how it worked
in The Origin Of Species.
The book sold out its first run
of 1,250 copies within two days.
It has never been out of print since.
The Origin turned our world
upside down...
..but still there was one big gap
in Darwin's understanding.
150 years ago, at the age of 50,
Charles Darwin finally published
the big idea
he had sat on for almost 20 years...
..a natural law that explains
life itself
and the evidence available to him
to back it up.
This is the most precious book
in my collection.
It's a genuine first edition
Origin Of Species.
But it's not just the most precious
book in my library.
Charles Darwin's Origin Of Species
is one of the most precious books
in the entire library of our species.
This book made it possible
no longer to feel the necessity
to believe in anything supernatural.
It completely revolutionised
the way we see ourselves,
the world and our origins.
But what Darwin never cracked
was how the improvements
of natural selection
were preserved
from generation to generation,
why they didn't become diluted
by interbreeding.
It was only in the 20th century,
in the neo-Darwinian revolution,
that scientists married
evolution with genetics.
Genes are the long strings of code,
instructions to the cells that build
all living things.
Scientists now realise
that genes from the parents
don't blend as they combine
during reproduction.
Each gene is inherited in its
entirety...or not at all.
The science of the genes also showed
how new variations arose.
When animals reproduce,
their genes are copied,
and put into sperm and eggs.
During that copying process,
occasionally
there's a random mistake.
Those mistakes are mutations,
which give rise
to new characteristics
on which Darwinian natural selection
then acts.
And, what's more,
genes can be compared
with pinpoint precision.
The genes in every cell
of every living thing
are made up of DNA -
a code of the same four chemicals,
known as A, T, C and G,
which these machines can analyse.
Whether the cell builds a hamster,
a horse or a human
simply depends on the order
of the letters in the code.
Just as Darwin might have predicted,
animals more closely related
by evolution
have more similarities in their code
than more distantly related animals.
And these codes can be printed out
right here in this man's lab.
In 2000, Craig Venter
was among the first scientists
to map the human genome,
our sequence of code letters.
In the process,
this unlocked the ultimate proof
of Darwin's Tree of Life.
'He was looking at the visible world
and seeing how different it was.'
We now have the opportunity,
with this toolset,
to look at the invisible world,
that he could only get hints of.
And it shows that
there's vast continuity
from the simplest life forms
to the more complex.
He, of course, emphasised diversity,
because that's what he saw,
the whole organism, but you're
finding the incredible similarity
that there is between creatures.
Even bacteria.
To me, it's not a theory any more.
I've looked at the genetic code
of this wide diversity of species,
and it's a continuum.
Yes. Well, evolution is a fact.
That's right.
I mean, there's no question
about that,
and I'm always being asked,
"Well, produce the evidence!"
And, really, you're producing
the best evidence of any.
I mean, fossils are nice,
but if we haven't got a single fossil
anywhere...
The genetic code on its own
is enough.
the evidence from this lab alone
would be...
Not just enough but overwhelmingly,
staggeringly enough.
Darwin anticipated problems
with his theory.
Modern science has answered them.
Evolution by natural selection
has been triumphantly vindicated
as fact.
Case closed, surely.
But can I convince
those school children?
What's so beautiful about DNA
is that it's turned biology into a
kind of branch of computer science,
that every animal and plant
is carrying around,
inside every one of its cells,
an instruction book for making
that animal and making its children.
You've got billions of letters
and you can actually line them up
and you can take the rat DNA
and the mouse DNA
and you line them up and you say,
"Same, same, same...
Ah! A difference there.
"..same, same, same, same...
A difference there."
And that means that when you say that
two animals like rats and mice
have a common ancestor, you can be
totally confident that that's right
because the sheer number
of similarities is so gigantic,
far, far more than Darwin
could ever have dreamed of,
and Darwin would just have loved
to know about DNA.
It's such a shame that he didn't
live long enough to learn about DNA.
I already believed in evolution,
but this has just helped me to
understand a bit more about it.
We have talked about it in class
more, but I still do believe in God.
But I'm starting to think whether
evolution is true or false.
I do believe in evolution
but I don't think it's ever
going to be 100% accepted
because there are many
religious people out there.
I thought about it more
but I still believe in
what the Bible tells me.
When Richard came to our school
today,
I started learning about evolution
and I'd really love to learn more
about it but I don't want to, like,
leave my religion
and go down that path.
I think evolution is the main part
of how the Earth developed,
but I'll still say my prayers
and just keep life going.
I only had a few hours
with these children,
but I hope it'll help them
begin to open their eyes
to the wonderful reality of life
and, at the very least,
ask questions about what they've been
brought up to believe.
Darwin used to do
a lot of his thinking
on solitary walks along this path
around his home, Down House.
At the end of Origin Of Species,
he contemplated how an entangled bank
along a lane like this,
with its teeming life of plants,
birds, worms and insects,
had been formed by the unseen laws
acting around us.
"There is grandeur
in this view of life.
"Whilst this planet
has gone cycling on
"according to the fixed law
of gravity,
"from so simple a beginning
"endless forms most beautiful
"and most wonderful
"have been, and are being, evolved."
Thanks to Darwin,
we, alone of all species,
know that each and every one of us
is a thread in the evolved fabric
of life.
Darwin showed us
that the world is beautiful
and inspiring without a god.
He revealed to us the glory of life
and opened our eyes
to who we really are
and where we've come from.
In the next programme,
Darwinism applied to mankind
and our society,
its terrible misuse in attempts
to justify cut-throat competition,
even genocide.
In the world of the selfish gene,
what hope for the human species?
