Adriene: Welcome to Crash Course
Economics, I’m Adriene Hill,
Jacob: and I’m Jacob Clifford, and today we’re going to talk about labor markets, a pretty important topic.
Adriene: Unless you're independently wealthy,
or fine with living in your parents basement,
you probably need to get a job. But how do you even
get a job? And what kind of job should you get?
In a lot of ways, it comes down to
supplying a skill that someone else demands.
[Theme Music]
This is Cristiano Ronaldo. He makes about
$20 million a year playing soccer. Or football,
depending on where you live. Pretty much everybody
would agree no one NEEDS that kind of money,
but does he deserve it? How do his employers, the
Real Madrid Football Club, justify this huge salary?
Admittedly, the market for professional athletes is complex, but on some level, it’s supply and demand.
The supply of people that have the skills to
be world class soccer players is low.
And the demand for world class soccer
players is incredibly high.
Ronaldo might be willing to play for only
10 million dollars a year; it’s a lot of money.
He might even play for 5 million. And
if he really truly loved the beautiful game,
he might do it for free. So why is he getting
20 million dollars?
This goes back to that really high demand.
Having a superstar on your team generates
millions in ticket and merchandise sales.
It might help you win some of the many cups
up for grabs in international football. So
Real Madrid thought Ronaldo and his double
scissor move, were worth 20 million dollars,
and Ronaldo agreed, so they have a contract.
These same ideas explain how wages are determined in nearly every labor market. Let’s go the Thought Bubble.
Jacob: Usually when Stan goes to the mall
he's the buyer. He demands sunglasses and
giant pretzels and the businesses supply them.
But if he wants a job at the mall’s pretzel
shop, the roles are reversed. Since he supplies
labor, he is now the seller and the pretzel
shop owner becomes the buyer. A buyer of labor.
Now, that’s when wage negotiation ensues.
Stan could insist on a wage of $25 an hour
for his pretzel skills, but the owner would
point out that they could easily hire other
people for much less. The owner could offer
Stan a wage of only $1 per hour, but Stan would point out that he could easily get paid more at the Froyo shop.
In the end, they agree on a wage that makes
each of them better off. The owner gets some
help around the store and Stan earns money
so he can buy even cooler sunglasses.
Economists call this voluntary exchange.
The supply of labor depends on the number
of people that are qualified to do the job.
Stan would love to get paid more, but since
warming up pretzels doesn’t require extensive
skills, the supply of capable workers is high
and consequently the wage is relatively low.
But that doesn’t mean that Stan is going to work for peanuts.
The wage offered has to cover his opportunity cost --
-- the value of his lost free time and the money he could be making doing something else.
The demand for labor depends on the demand
for the products a business sells.
Economists call this derived demand. If pretzel
demand is booming, then the store owners are
going to want more pretzel makers. If other
stores also need more employees, demand for
workers will increase and drive up wages.
Thanks Thought Bubble. Supply and demand explains
why wages are different for different professions.
Engineers are in high demand because they
produce the products that many consumers want
and their supply is limited because the training
for these jobs is pretty difficult.
Social workers and historians, aren’t paid
as much, even though their work is important
because demand is relatively low and supply
is relatively high. It’s not rocket science.
Adriene: Supply and demand explain a lot,
but there are several reasons why wages in
a labor market don’t end up at a competitive
equilibrium. Sometimes workers get paid less
not because they have different skill levels,
but because of their race, ethnic origin,
sex, age, or other characteristics. This is
called wage discrimination.
Wages might also be unfairly low when a labor
market is a monopsony -- when there is only
one company hiring and workers are relatively
immobile. When you’re the only employer,
workers have to take what you offer, or they’re
out of luck.
Take the NCAA, the organization that
regulates college athletics in the US.
Many economists point out that high profile college athletes are generating millions of dollars for their
schools, but they’re forced to accept a very low
“wage” of a scholarship with free tuition.
Now sure, baseball and hockey players can
skip straight to the pros, but the NFL prohibits
drafting football players until three years
after high school. And NBA teams can’t draft
basketball players until they’re 19.
There are some situations where wages might
actually be higher than market equilibrium.
For example, some employers might voluntarily
offer higher than normal wages to increase
worker productivity and retention. Economists
call this efficiency wages.
Henry Ford doubled the wages of assembly line
workers in 1914 to keep them from seeking
jobs elsewhere. And this still goes on
today. You may not be completely happy with
your job, but if it offers way more than what
everyone else is paying, you're less likely to quit.
Unions can also drive up wages. A union is
an organization that advances the collective
interest of employees and strives to improve
working conditions and increase wages.
They do this through collective bargaining.
Representatives for the workers negotiate
with employers and if their demands aren’t met,
workers go on strike, and stop production
altogether. Although unions were once very
strong in the US, union membership and their
strength has declined since the 1950s.
At their height, approximately 1 in 3 American workers were in a labor union. These days it's more like 1 in 9,
and the largest unions represent workers in the public sector, like teachers and firefighters.
Wages might also not be at equilibrium when
there is a minimum wage -- basically a price
floor that prevents employers from paying
workers below a specific amount.
Technically, in the US, minimum wage
affects less than 3% of workers.
But the Brookings Institution estimates that
an increase in the minimum wage likely wouldn’t
just impact that small slice of the labor
market. It would also drive up the wages of
people who make just above the minimum wage.
According to Brookings, that ripple effect
could raise the wages of nearly 30% of the
workforce.
The debate over whether or not there should
be a minimum wage, and how high that minimum
wage should be, gets pretty heated pretty
fast.
Some classical economists argue against nearly all forms of government manipulation in competitive markets.
They say the minimum wage not only leads to unemployment, but it actually hurts the people it claims to help.
Their logic goes something like this: A minimum wage deters employers from hiring unskilled workers,
hiring only skilled or semi-skilled workers instead.
These economists argue that minimum wage
does little or nothing to alleviate poverty,
since instead of earning a minimum wage, unskilled
workers end up earning no wage at all.
The economists that support a minimum wage argue that real life labor markets aren’t as competitive
or transparent as classical economists suggest. They believe that employers have the upper hand
when it comes to negotiating wages and that individual workers lack bargaining power.
I’m not going to tell you what to think,
but think about it like this: if a grocery
store wasn’t required to pay $7.25 an hour,
and the grocery store was the only place hiring,
they could likely squeeze individual employees to accepting lower than market value. In this interpretation,
minimum wage isn’t interfering with competitive markets, as much as it’s correcting a market failure.
Remember anti-trust laws that prevent powerful
monopolies from charging higher prices? Economists
that support minimum wage laws say they prevent
employers from using their power to exploit workers.
The economists who are entirely opposed to
minimum wage laws are losing the policy battle.
Most countries around the world have minimum
wage laws, and many of those countries without
them have de facto minimum wages, set by collective
bargaining agreements.
But even among economists who support some
sort of minimum wage, there’s disagreement
over how high that minimum wage should be, and what raising the minimum wage might do to the economy.
Consider the U.S.: the current federal minimum wage is $7.25 an hour. In 2014, 600 economists, including
7 Nobel Prize winners signed a letter arguing that the minimum wage should be increased to $10.10 an hour.
They argued that raising the minimum wage
could have a small benefit to the economy.
Workers, with their newly increased wages,
would spend more. This would increase demand,
and perhaps help stimulate employment.
But some of those same economists balked when
it came to the question of raising the minimum
wage to fifteen dollars an hour. They argue
that even if a fifteen dollar an hour minimum
wage might make sense in an expensive city,
like Los Angeles or New York, where the median
income is relatively high, it could have a
significant negative effect on employment
in a city or town where incomes are lower.
If economics was a pure science, we could
just test these ideas under controlled circumstances.
We could have one state set a significantly higher minimum wage than its neighbor and see what happens.
It turns out that happened in 1992, and
economists David Card and Alan Krueger studied it.
New Jersey raised its minimum wage from $4.25
to $5.05 while Pennsylvania kept theirs at $4.25.
The economists surveyed large fast
food chains along the state’s shared border
and found that workers didn’t get fired, in fact, employment in New Jersey actually increased.
But it’s far from settled. There have also
been studies that indicate raising the minimum
wage DOES increase unemployment. A relatively
recent survey of economists, by the University
of Chicago, found that a small majority think
raising the minimum wage to nine dollars an
hour would make it noticeably harder for poor
people to get work.
But, and this is where it gets interesting,
a slim majority also thought the increase
would be worthwhile, because the benefits
to people who could find jobs at nine dollars
an hour would outweigh the negative effect
on overall employment.
Jacob: Very few economists argue a higher
minimum wage will end poverty, but some argue
that it could reduce poverty. The minimum
wage doesn’t exist in vacuum. Policies that
fight poverty should also focus on providing
education and skills.
Adriene: Those skills are what the labor market
values. It’s those skills that are in short
supply and high demand, and will command higher
wages. So, while you’re waiting for economists
to figure all this out, you might want to
learn a new skill. Practice your double scissor,
and maybe take Ronaldo’s job.
Jacob: Thanks for watching Crash Course Economics, which is made with the help of all these awesome people.
You can help keep Crash Course free for everyone
forever by supporting the show at Patreon.
Patreon is a voluntary subscription service where you can help support the show by giving a monthly contribution.
Thanks for watching! DFTBA!
