
Chinese: 
伊德里斯·阿贝尔坎 
神经科学专家 
《怎样解放和煅炼你的大脑？》
2018年3月21日
旺代是我启步的地方，我非常高兴能回到这里。
“老乡见老乡，两眼泪汪汪”，
我想，你们一眼就能看出我有一副“旺代相”吧。
嗯，事实上我出生在Pithiviers（法国卢瓦雷省的一个市镇）， 
而且我的长相还带给我其它的好处，那就是:
每次我出入美国海关，那些自以为是神探可伦坡的海关官员们，
看着我护照上的那些章印，不由地想找出点什么来。
“你出生在哪儿？啊，你出生在Pithiviers"

English: 
[Music]
I am very happy to be back in 
Vendée This is where I started in a way 
I was expecting myself to tear up 
a bit I look like someone from Vendée
on top of that it’s obvious in fact I 
was born in Pithiviers which is in Vendée
as you know and in fact my mother 
wasn’t expecting to give me such 
a gift because with a face like mine 
when I cross the American border 
every time with all the stamps on my 
passport the man at the 
border directly thinks he is Inspector 
Columbo so he’s going to try something 

Chinese: 
然后因为这个“Pithiviers”, 会要你在贵宾室里呆6个小时。
我最近一次接受这样的礼遇，是在特朗普选举期间。
谢谢你们的热情接待，谢谢你们的光临！
关于这次讲座，我们将直接进入主题。 
威尔逊，是美国总统的那个，而不是打篮球的那个。
他说过，如果你想要，真的想要，一个最最强大的敌人，
有一个最简单的方法就是尝试做一些新事物。
有这么一个笑话：有一个人想买些蜗牛做晚餐，
于是他就去了市场。
卖蜗牛的商人有两盆蜗牛，
 一盆有盖子，另一盆没有盖子。
他问商人： 为什么这盆要盖上盖子？

English: 
“where were you born?” “Pithiviers” 
“doesn’t say that on your passport it says Pithiviers”
this is when you know you’ll spend 6 hours there 
on top of that last time it was 
during Trump’s election
they were all so tense
thank you for this awesome welcome for 
this full house at this conference 
that we’re going to start without any ado
as an introduction the 
president Wilson the one from the United States 
not the one from the basketball 
he said that if you laughed at 
this one everything is going to be alright 
he said if you want if you want 
to make a lot but really a 
lot of enemies you just need 
to make something new and there’s
a joke about that it’s the joke 
of the guy who wants to buy snails 
for dinner so he goes to the 
snails vendor and the snails 
vendor has two basins there’s one with 
a lid and there’s one without 
a lid so he asks the vendor 
why is there a lid on this 
basin what’s happening the thing 

Chinese: 
那商人回答道： 先生，因为这个盆子里装的是英国蜗牛，
英国蜗牛会想尽一切办法逃走，
如果不盖上盖子，你看着，到了下午，它们就全跑没了。
那人问：那盆没有盖子的蜗牛是怎么回事？难道它们病了吗？
哪有的事，先生，商人回答说:它们好着呢。
挠挠它们，咯叽，咯叽，你瞧，
这些是法国蜗牛，没有必要盖上盖子，
因为一旦有一只蜗牛爬上盆子边沿，
马上就会有其它的蜗牛把它拽下来。
【笑声】
这位是圣奥古斯丁，
圣奥古斯丁，他是一位天才，
出生于卡比尔（现位于北非阿尔及利亚），
他能直接“把真相印入大脑”。
不错，你看，他正在“把真相直接下载”到他的大脑里。

English: 
is answers the merchant it’s 
because in this basin there are 
British snails and the British 
snail no matter what you 
do tries to escape it
is not dumb so if at the end of the 
day you haven’t put the lid on the 
50
00:02:08,280 --> 00:02:11,310
basin is empty but the other basin 
why is there no lid on it 
mister vendor are your snails 
sick of course not mister not at all 
those little snails are fine 
tickle tickle here you’ve got 
French snails and the French snail
doesn’t need a lid 
because as soon as one tries to escape 
the other ones jump on it 
to bring him back
this one is on me so this guy
this guy is Saint Augustine
Saint Augustine was kabyle like all 
the genius
and at that moment in fact he doesn’t give a damn anymore 
he is directly downloading the truth 
in his head 
of course you’re seeing him he is 
downloading the

Chinese: 
这是一幅极具颠覆性的画作。
看，画作中的他，脚踩在书堆上，
这可不是为了搞笑，而是为了表达他根本就对书本不以为然。
对他而言，真相是直接装进他的大脑里的。
他是用什么方法做到这样的呢？ 
用他的心。
哪怕是在那个年代，我们也已经知道，
当我们对一件事情感兴趣时，我们学习起来会更容易。
我们知道这个事实很久了，从古罗马时代就知道了。
这幅画重申了这一点。
也就是说，带着热情学习，能把知识直接印入大脑。
事实上，这正是“磁石”这个词的来源，
早在亚里士多德时代，我们真的认为磁石的磁性类似于一种爱的感应，
它能在两个对象之间相互传递。
这就是为什今天法语里有“aimant”这个词，意为“吸引力”

English: 
truth directly in his head and in 
fact this painting is really 
subversive as much as a painting during 
Louis XV’s reign could be 
subversive and in fact he is 
stepping on books and there’s no 
joke that is at that moment he doesn’t 
give a damn anymore he is downloading the truth 
directly in his head 
and what does he use to 
download the truth in his head his
heart he uses his heart because 
already at that time they knew that when you like 
something you learn it more
easily 
in fact we’ve been knowing that for a long time 
since the ancient times 
but this painting is a reminder that
is to download the 
knowledge directly in his 
brain he is going to use his passion 
for the truth the word magnet comes
from there in fact in Aristotle’s time 
they were really thinking that 
a magnet magnetism was a sort 
of sympathy a sort of love which 
connected two objects and it’s 
for that reason that today in
French we call it a magnet and here 

English: 
his magnet for knowledge 
is his heart and that’s the main 
subject of my work on education or 
more simply on one of the 
biggest lie of the industrial 
revolution which is to produce or 
to flourish a choice needs to be made  
you can’t have both you can either be 
productive and depressed or 
you’re fulfilled and you’re a  
bum and this opposition is in fact 
obvious when you say it out loud 
you can feel it’s fake you can feel it’s 
not relatable as soon as you make
a sentence out of it 
you can quickly understand its limits 
but the worst lies 
are the tacit lies which 
are subconscious you know that
in French the etymology of the word work
comes from the latin tripalium which means
torture instrument in Italian 
it’s lavoro which means	
the pain of giving birth 
so we’ve got in the Latin world a real
notion  that in fact the arduousness is 
the equivalent of work and that you
can’t measure someone’s 
productivity without measuring his pain and 

Chinese: 
当我们说吸引力，事实上是在说吸引人心。
这正是我在教育方面的工作主题之一，
或者更简单地说，这实际上是有关于工业革命的谎言中的一个，
即：你必须在生产率和快乐之间做选择，
不能两者兼得，
或者你很有生产能力，却很抑郁；
或者你很快乐，却是个懒汉。
如果有人宣扬这样一种对立情况时，
那么无论哪个通情达理的人都会感到有问题， 
它根本站不住脚，
我们马上就能发现它的局限性。
但是最厉害的谎言是心照不宣，是无意识的。
法语里“工作”这个词来源于拉丁语的“tripalium”，
这是一种古代的工具，用来折磨反叛的奴隶。
工作这个词的意大利语是“lavoro”，意思是分娩时的疼痛。
所以，在拉丁语种的世界里，
我们可以得到这个概念，工作必定是痛苦的。
更彻底地说，当我们衡量某人的生产效益时，
少不了要计量他所承受的痛苦。

Chinese: 
就这样，择优原则引申为了“痛苦原则”。
这就是说，如果没有痛苦就没有贡献。
虽然当有人这么说时，我们会觉得这个说法不怎么站得住脚，
可是在不少国家，这样的潜在的逻辑影响着许多人的思想。
在韩国就是如此， 
人们很少使用他们的假期，
如果他们使用一周的假期，他们会感到心中有愧， 
他们甚至发明了“微型假期”：
你能看到，下午7点到9点时，有父亲们在公园里支起帐篷，
就这样，父亲和孩子野营，每天一起享受几个小时的假日时光。
似乎是如果你完全享受了假期，
就有愧于国家的经济发展。
嗯，关于这点，真的是需要我们有智慧地应对的，
因为，富有成效的人不一定快乐，
这是可以肯定的。

English: 
and so the meritocracy by extension
is a suffercracy which means if you 
haven’t suffered you’re not deserving 
once again as soon as you say it you can 
feel it’s not working that way in fact
but there’re so many country where there’s 
this software in the back room of 
many people’s minds Korea works
that way in Korea people barely 
take days off they’ve got a 
week off but they really take
it furtively they even 
invented the concept of mini 
vacations you see family man 
who are deploying the Quechua 
tent in a public park from 7pm to 
9pm to spend time under the tent 
with their children just like that
some hours in the day 
because if you go on a real
vacation it would be too much 
and it’s really the idea that if you’re 
fulfilled you’re a 
traitor to the national economic 
recovery it’s really the thing that 
we need
to work on intellectually because
not all productive people are 
fulfilled it’s for sure not all 

English: 
productive people are 
fulfilled you can have an engineer 
who is really good at his job and at some
point because someone 
keyed his car pulls out a gun
and kills someone it’s common 
in the States you can have 
someone clever you can 
have someone competent who 
at some point will become a burden 
for the society and the 20th century showed 
on a very big scale 
that it’s not because someone is productive
that he/she is fulfilled but all fulfilled
people are for sure productive 
you’ll never see someone fulfilled 
in jail it doesn’t exist 
of course you don’t have to 
believe me I have two hours to 
convince you about that all 
unproductive people are not necessarily 
fulfilled of course you already knew that
but all fulfilled people are for sure
without any doubt
productive and for that we need 
to question the roots of 
productivity in fact what you’re 
seeing here is the new F-35’s helmet 
in other words the plane that cost a boatload
to the American taxpayers and that still 
doesn’t fly perfectly and that 

Chinese: 
你可能会看到，一位优秀的工程师，
因为某人当着他的面划坏了他的汽车，
他就拿出枪把那个人打死了，
这种突然失去理智的事在美国很常见。 
一个有才华，有能力的人，
在一定的时候，就可能成为社会的重负，
这种情况，在20世纪时就已大规模地显示了。
富有成效的人不一定快乐，但快乐的人却是富有成效的。
你会在监狱里看到一个快乐的人吗？这是不存在的。
当然，你们不必全信我的话。我还有2个小时可以用来说服你们。
富有成效的人不一定快乐，
但快乐的人却是肯定地，必然地，毋庸置疑地富有成效的，
为此，我们需要对生产效益这个问题追根求源。
现在你们看到的是驾驶着最新的F-35多用途战斗机的飞行员戴的头盔。
尽管美国为军用飞机花费了大量的纳税人的钱，可是结果并不那么理想。

English: 
plane has the the most neuro
ergonomic helmet on earth 
a single helmet costs 450 thousand 
dollars only the helmet I’m not talking
about the researche to create it 
I’m talking about the helmet if you 
want to buy yourself one for Christmas
you’ll need to spend 450 thousand bucks to 
use this helmet and in fact
this helmet illustrates a discipline which
strove to be known 
it was very difficult and which is 
called neuro ergonomic this 
discipline was in fact born in the US
air force and the reason why 
it was born in the US air force is not 
because the guy who created it
who is called Raja
Parasuraman who is dead now 
it’s not because that guy wanted
to work for the US air force
it’s because he had nobody else to
work for that is in the 70’s 
when he introduced the concept of 
neuro ergonomy everyone laughed 
everyone and the US air force thought
your idea is not that dumb and spent 
a lot of money only to 
enhance the pilot’s lever and the 
pilot’s lever it’s apparently clear
that is not to plant carrots 

Chinese: 
这架飞机里的飞行员戴的头盔是最新科技产品，
价值45万美元，这仅仅是这个头盔的价格。
我且不说这个头盔的开发研究成本，
我只说这个头盔的价格，
如果你想买它做为圣诞节礼物，只需支付45万美元。
实际上，这个头盔充分印证了一个科学研究领域，
要在这个领域里有所突破是非常困难的，
它就是神经工效学。
这项研究最早是美国空军开始的。
当时做这个研究的人名为Raja Parasuraman， 
现在他已经去世了。他一开始并没想为美国空军工作，
后来他为美国空军工作，是因为在当时没有其他人选。
也就是说，在1970年代，
当他阐述神经工效学这个概念时，
所有的人都觉得好笑，
是的，所有的人。
但美国空军认为这个点子不错，
当时，他们为了提高战斗机操作杆的性能投入了海量的资金，
在这点上应该没有异议，战斗机不是为了播种蔬菜，
它的目标是歼灭敌人，

English: 
it’s to kill people so the aim of 
enhancing the pilot’s lever is to
make it easier for him to attack 
more targets 
I mean to control 
the airspace they send hunters
interceptors today multirole 
hunters who can as well 
bomb as intercept and to have a
good control of the airspace they need 
the hunter to engage many
other hunters and that’s what we 
call avionic and the avionic is 
still not automatic even 
today there’re some aspects that are
automatic but they need the pilot 
to decide if he shoots 
or not so the pilot needs to have 
a good understanding of the things that
are happening miles away
from him obviously during WWI
aerial fights were almost 
hand to hand but now
they do it from further away so the main issue
for the Americans during the Cold War
and still today was 
to develop a helmet which would allow the
246
00:08:42,669 --> 00:08:46,750	
pilots to understand what was going on
100km away from them in all
directions who were the allies and
who were the enemies when to
shoot and so on so so they developed 
this helmet before that for example to send 
a missile they needed to slowly
lock the target with a kind of 

Chinese: 
所以，提高战斗机操作杆的性能的目的是为了一次性攻击尽可能多的目标。
为了控制空域，以前我们派出截击机，
现在使用多用途战机，
它能消灭敌方战机。
为了更好地控制空域，需要单架飞机能同时与多架飞机交战，
这就有了航空电子。
航空电子设备还不完全是自动的，
尽管现在已有很多的自动设备，
但仍然需要由飞行员来决定是否发射武器，
这就要求飞行员能感知周围百公里内的情况。
我们知道，一战时期的空中战斗，战机之间是近战，
但现在战域扩展至百来公里，
所以，从冷战期间直到现在，
美国一直努力发展飞行员头盔技术，
为了让飞行员能很好地了解周围百公里内的情况。
清楚在他的周围，哪些是敌人，哪些是伙伴，
他该向谁射击。 
在投入使用这个头盔之前的情况是：
在发射导弹之前，
先要使用手柄慢慢瞄准目标，

English: 
joystick but now they just need to
look at it and blink and the missile 
goes off this is to show you
till where we can go 
when we really care about 
the ergonomic it is not 
impossible to care about 
cerebral ergonomy I won’t say
it’s simple because it took them
time but when you really want it 
here how powerful is the ergonomy 
and when you don’t give a damn 
it can give that what you’re seeing now
in fact  I’m a bit mean because 
it’s not that we don’t really give a damn 
this was the Rolls Royce of the military 
shoes in 1840
believe me and those 
shoes why were they the 
Rolls Royce of the military shoes in 
1840 it’s because they were 
one of the first shoes in history that
had a left and right foot 
the concept of left and right 
feet for example during Napoleon’s reign 
was a complete decadent lux 
if one soldier had 
asked to make a shoe with a

Chinese: 
而现在只需要通过飞行员转头的动作来追踪目标。
我说这些是为了让你们知道，
当我们真正关心神经工效学时，我们能走到哪儿。
实际上，只要我们真正关心神经工效学，
神经工效学就会发展。
我没有说它很简单，这需要时间，
但如果我们什么都不做，
那就会是这样——【图片 鞋子】
你们看到的是一双1840年的高级军鞋。
为什么我要让你们看这个呢？
因为这是历史上第一双区分左右脚的鞋。
在以前，鞋要分左右脚这个概念完全是一种奢侈，
试想，在拿破仑的时代，
如果听到一位士兵说：
嗨，不能按照我们的左脚和右脚分别做鞋吗？
大家都会笑起来，

Chinese: 
真的，所有的人都会笑。
因为这支大军所穿的鞋，
全部都是一样的。
无论左脚还是右脚
两只脚的鞋是完全一样的。
它有好处，从某个意义上说，
至少批量制作起来更为容易。
所以，当时如果有人胆敢提出要按照左右脚分别做鞋，
不但会遭到嘲笑，
没准还会被怀疑是另有用心。
为什么要提这样的要求？
这难道不是浪费时间？
总之，这个提议在当时是不会有结果的，
而这些，正是我的研究课题。 
比如，你去鞋匠那里，
如果鞋匠对你说，
你要知道，不是我做鞋子来习惯你的脚，
而是你的脚来习惯我做的鞋子。
你肯定会这样回答，
你这个蠢货，
简直是胡言乱语。 
我的脚可要比你的鞋重要得多，长久得多，
你的鞋会坏， 
不出五年就得换新的。
而我的脚，我会一直使用它们，
所以，绝不是让我的脚去适应你做的鞋，

English: 
left foot and one with a right foot 
for a change everyone would have laughed 
everyone
the big army’s shoes was 
the same one you would take one for the
right foot and one for the left
foot but it was the same shoe and 
it had a meaning because you could 
imagine that industrially speaking
it was easier to produce 
so if someone had asked if someone 
would have had the audacity to ask for a shoe
only for the right and left foot 
everyone would have laughed at him
he would almost have been called 
a traitor a waste of time 
for Napoleon and nobody would have looked further
that’s my subject and it’s almost 
all my subject you see if you
go to a shoemaker and he 
says you know what
it’s probably not my shoe that
has to adapt to your foot it’s your foot that
has to adapt my shoe so you’re 
going to answaer that he is a jerk who 
doesn’t know how to do his job because
I’m going to wear my feet a bit 
longer than your shoes your 
shoes are going to last 4 or 5 
years I won’t wear them anymore I’m 
going to change them my feet though
I hope I’m going to wear 
them a bit longer so it’s 

Chinese: 
而是你按照我的脚来设计鞋子的形状。
这是常识吧。 
我说这是常识，
可是别忘了，
最早的时侯并不是这样的。
要想这类事情理所当然地，
为现在坐在这里的每个人所拥有，
需要通过高智慧的斗争，斗争得到的结果就是：
现在在座的任何一位听到某鞋匠说，
“该是你的脚来习惯我做的鞋”时，
都会说这个鞋匠绝对不是一位好鞋匠。 
说到我们的大脑，
虽然不会使用这位鞋匠理论， 
但涉及的是同一个主题，
也就是说，如果听到有人对你说，
“应该是你的大脑要来适应我所设计的机器，
而不是我的机器去适应你的大脑。”
事实是，他正在试图欺骗你。
因为人类是世界万物里最高级的物种，
毋庸置疑，
不存在优于人性之上的人造物。
以人为本，人性至上，
即“人”的不可凌架性。
任何人造物，比如，金字塔，罗马帝国……
随你想到其它什么，都不凌架于“人”之本身。
一句话，是人性至上！
然而，如今，人性正处于一种巨大的焦虑之中，
因为我们正在思忖， 
是否还有什么事物，
不在人工智能所能及的范畴内。

English: 
definitely not my feet that have to take
the shape of your shoes it’s your
shoes that have to take the shape of 
my feet it’s simple what I’m telling you
it’s simple but remember that 
through History it wasn’t that simple
they needed to fight
intellectually to make it 
simple for everybody in this
room today but this high 
flying intellectual fight led 
to the fact that anyone in this
room knows that a shoemaker who comes 
and says that it’s your feet 
that have to adapt to his shoes is a
bad shoemaker we don’t have the 
word shoemaker for the brain but it’s
the same subject that is someone 
who comes and says it’s your 
brain that has to adapt to 
my system and not 
my system that has to adapt to your brain 
in fact he is ripping you off
because the human being is superior to
all those creations you won’t 
find any human creation that is
superior to the humanity the humanity 
is superior to all the things 
it created from the pyramids
to the Roman Empire
anything the humanity is
superior to all those creations and
the humanity today is worrying
because it is wondering
if one of its creation won’t 
exceed it that is the artificial 

English: 
intelligence but so far
the humanity stayed superior to all 
its creations and the humanist movement
gave its importance to mankind 
that is it’s not to 
mankind to enter our 
systems it’s to our systems to
adapt itself to mankind of course
it’s easy to say it 
theoretically like that 
but how do we apply it
concretely first we can ask ourselves
if that much efforts were
put into neuro ergonomy 
to kill people
it could be interesting to put 
them into the daily life 
if you know a bit my work you 
know that a big subject of my
research is what I called 
the pacifist industrial complex 
the opposite of the military industrial complex
that is how to put the same
economic and intellectual efforts 
put into war
in peace and the neuro ergonomy is 
about that precisely so
on one side we can observe that it took
years to accept a shoe for the right
foot and one for the left foot when they 
wanted to spend more money they made a helmet

Chinese: 
尽管到目前为止，
人性还一直优先于其它事物。
人文主义思潮确立了个人价值，
肯定了人是生活的创造者和主人。
这也就是说，
绝不应该让人去适应机器或环境系统，
而应该去设制符合人类的机器或环境系统。
按理说，这很容易做判断，
像这样权威性的词汇已有很多。
但是，如何实际应用呢？
嗯，我们已经在提出这类问题了，
【头盔图片】
看看这个，我们在神经工效学投资如此之多，
目的却是杀人。
如果投资神经工效学的目的是为了我们的生活呢？
也许你听说过我的工作，
我所研究的一个重要主题之一，
就是我所说的与“军事工业复合体”相对的“和平工业复合体”，
也就是说，如何实现在“军事工业”，在“和平工业”，
投入同样多的金钱和智慧？
这就是神经功效学的课题。
你们看，一方面，我们已知道，
在民事生产中，要花多少年，
我们才接纳了做鞋要分左右脚这样的事；
另一方面，在军事生产里，只要我们愿意
——比如，为了能在即时锁定多个攻击目标时，

English: 
that cost 400 450 thousand dollars according to
the variations that could instantly 
identify many targets reduce the pilot 
cognitive load so obviously 
we can legitimately ask 
ourselves that’s a classroom 
in 1875
that’s a classroom today 
and I’m not here to criticize that
is in fact I’m a
structuralist I’m never criticizing 
people I’m criticizing the structures I’m
criticizing you know mankind is obviously
superior to all his creations
but he still has quite a short
lifetime in his history 
himself in human history  so 
we tend to let ourselves be 
overwhelmed by systems we created
without questioning them because
we’ve got automatism and we can
really be overwhelmed by
systems and structures we created
that goes for the economy mankind 
created the economy to help himself
but ends up dying for it mankind
created the states and nations
to help himself but ends up dying
for them the Indians from America
for example didn’t have flags they
didn’t have the concept of nation state 

Chinese: 
尽可能地减少飞行员的脑力负担，
——我们马上投下巨额资金以生产这样的头盔；
对此，我们可以合理地提出上面这个问题。
【图片 教室】
这是一间1875年的教室。
【图片 教室】 
这是今天的教室。
我不是为批评谁，
实际上，我是一个结构主义者，
我从不批评人，
我只批评结构。
虽然人类是世界万物里最高级的物种，
但是人生很短，
而且人类的历史也并不长。
可是现在的趋向是，我们创造机器，
让机器超过了我们，并对此毫不置疑。
这是因为我们有全自动技术，
它们的生产能力是比人力强，
有效地促进了经济发展。
只是，人类创造这些，
本来是为人类自己，
最终却牺牲了我们自已。
同样的，人类创造了国家，民族等，
最终却为国而亡，为族而亡。
以美洲印第安人为例，
他们没有自己的旗帜，

English: 
as we know it because they 
didn’t feel the need to
but as soon as they met states 
with a flag and a national anthem
they all died and the state nations 
were created in the beginning to protect themselves
from the others
it was bad luck for a people to 
met another people that had a
state nation while it didn’t have one
and it’s precisely what happened 
with the romans in Gaul but it’s also
what happened with the Indians
from America what’s 
even worse it’s that 
this desk here is more 
ergonomic than this one because it’s
inclined so this one reduces
the risks of carpal tunnel 
syndrome
I admit 
I would’ve liked that we could have done better
but how can we do to do better 
it’s all the subject I’m going to be very sincere
I don’t have a more important message 
that the one that’s going to appear 
on the screen if you already
have seen some of my conferences 
you already know for some of you 
this message but I really don’t have 
a more important message than this one

Chinese: 
没有我们所说的民族国家的概念，
这是因为他们不感到有这个需要，
但是一旦他们遇到了那些打着旗帜，唱着国歌的人，
他们全都死了。
最初，我们创建民族国家，
是为了人们之间互相保护，
可是民族国家对美洲印第安人来说，
却是不幸。 
发生在印弟安人身上的事，
在罗马人和高卢人之间，
也同样发生过。
【图片】更重要的是，
（以前的）这个教室比（现在的）这个
更符合人体工程学，
因为它的课桌是倾斜的。
这能降低得腕管综合征的风险。
我必须老实对你们说，
我们原本可以做得更好。
但如何才能做得更好？
这就是我要说主题。
真的，我想传递给你们的最重要的信息，
就在这两个小泡泡里。
也许你们中的一些人已经听过我的讲座，
那你们已经知道了这个信息，
除此之外，我真的其它更重要的信息了，

Chinese: 
所以，我很真诚地对于你们说，
你们可以起身离座，
去哪里喝上点夏郞德甜酒……
呵呵，看来我徒是一位地方主义者，
完全不称职……（演讲者意识到自己搞错了，
因为夏郞德甜酒不是此次演讲地点旺代地区的特产。）
总之，我真的没有比这个更重要的消息了，
那就是：历史上任何一次我们会记得的革命性改变，
不论是哲学、政治、道德、科学技术、宗教……
还是其它任何领域，都一样，
如果它是一场革命性改变，
它总是有步骤地，必然地分三步走——
首先，它被认为是可笑的，
然后它被认为是危险的，
最后它被认为是显而易见的。
——可笑，危险，明显。

English: 
that is to be very 
honest once I will have given it 
to you you can stand up and leave 
have a glass of Pinot des Charentes
yes I regionalize my jokes it’s not even appropriate
I couldn’t find an alcohol from Bressuire 
someone at the front row is telling me 
there are a lot but I think if 
I had said there were a lot
you might have been offended  
I don’t have a more important message 
than this one this message
is that any revolution in the 
human history that is 
philosophical political moral 
scientific technical religious legal
whatever in each 
area if it’s a revolution 
it systematically has to go 
through three stages first it’s 
always considered ridiculous 
then it’s considered dangerous 
and finally it’s obvious

Chinese: 
以妇女的投票权为例：
【看手表】
统计表明，现在在座的一千个人里，
肯定有人会说，今天真是可笑。
【笑声】
我总是在三月八号开这个玩笑。
玩笑结束，回归正题，
在1789年《人权和公民权宣言》里提到的“人”，
仅仅是针对“拥有市民权的男性”而言的，
并不包括“女人们”，
这很可笑吧。
当时为妇女争取权利的奥兰普·德古热，
后来在法国革命期间，
被推上了断头台，
起诉要点之一是:
在她的作品《女性与女性公民权宣言》中，
她向男性权力和男女不平等的观念发出挑战。
可见，虽然被认为是笑话，但也和危险沾边了。
法国革命之后100年，19世纪末，1889年，
有一位英国妇女要求投票权时，男人们开始思忖这个问题，
“谁来带孩子？谁来做饭洗碗？”
于是这就成了问题，而且变成危险了。
于是，那些为争取女性参政权的英国妇女们遭到迫害，

English: 
ridiculous dangerous and obvious 
women’s vote for example 
statistically in a room of a 
thousand people there’s inevitably one 
that’s going to say no it’s still ridiculous 
today make this joke 12 days 
before the 8th of march done let’s be 
serious 1889 bill of rights 
1789 sorry 1789 
French bill or rights for men
and men citizens but no woman 
in sight no missus leave me alone
I’ve got work to do
it’s ridiculous Olympe de gouges was
beheaded she was beheaded 
because she tried to write
the bill of rights for women 
and women citizens 
directly beheaded so we’re flirting
with the dangerous but after 
the beheading of olympe de gouges 
a woman who asks for the right to vote
they don’t behead they laugh so it’s
ridiculous a 100 years later 1889
it’s dangerous who’s going to look after the children
and wash the dishes because after 
a 100 years men started to ask 

Chinese: 
她们被监禁在监狱里，被折磨，
被关入精神病院，
被杀。
在19世纪末的伦敦，
可以因为一位女性“读小说”而把她关入精神病院，
所以，关于女权的革命进入了第二个阶段，
即被视做是危险的阶段。
现在，妇女拥有选举权，且“为什么不呢？”
这已成为一件显而易见的事。
另外，我要说明一下，
这样的事例并不是在世界各处同步发生的，
同样的事，在不同的地理位置，有些尚处在荒谬阶段，
有些已经在显而易见的阶段。
我们应把这种现象当做机遇，
试想，如果我们想要一次性改变整个世界，
这无疑太困难了。
这些革命性改变，
无论是技术上的，
还是政治上的，

English: 
themselves real questions 
so they torture lock up in psychiatric 
hospital or in jail the suffragettes 
and as a last resort they kill them 
a legal criterion to get a woman admitted
into a psychiatric hospital at the end of the 19th century 
was she reads books end of the joke 
so we’re in the dangerous 
period and then today 
women vote and so what
it’s completely obvious  
except for some countries to whom we give 
the Legion of Honour 
I’ve made  this joke in front of 
prefects 
if you’re looking for me you’ll find me
at the nearest sm club only to tell you
it’s not synchronous it’s not 
synchronous there are places 
where it’s ridiculous and others
where it’s obvious and that’s
kind of an opportunity because if we
had to change the whole world at once
it would probably be too complicated for 
those revolutions a technologic revolution 
as well as a political 
revolution 

Chinese: 
由于地理位置的原因， 
有些地区已到了显而易见的阶段，
有些还处于危险或可笑的阶段。
所有的革命性变革都经历过了这三个阶段——
地球是圆形的：可笑，危险，明显。
地球绕着太阳转：可笑，危险，明显。
废除奴隶制度：可笑，危险，明显。
废除种族隔离制度：可笑，危险，明显。
女人可以穿长裤：可笑，危险，明显。
问问可可香奈儿就知道了。
男人和女人一起参加讲座：可笑，危险，明显。
现在为这个大厅所有的设备提供电源的是交流电， 
可在19世纪初，托马斯·爱迪生认为交流电是危险的，
虽然托马斯·爱迪生是一位电力系统专家，
但是他始终认为交流电是危险的。
在爱迪生手下工作的尼古拉·特斯拉开发了交流电，
由于爱迪生不认同交流电系统，
导致尼古拉·特斯拉斯与乔治·威斯汀豪斯合作， 
开办了西屋电气公司，从此与爱迪生的直流系统直接竞争。
为了让大众产生交流电比直流电更危险的印象，
托马斯·爱迪生联合利益集团，动用一切手段妖魔化交流电：
当他听说纽约州政府正在考虑用电椅的时候，
他大力推荐使用交流电；
他还曾经在纽约的公共场所，

English: 
well sometimes there are geographical
areas where it’s obvious 
and others where 
it’s dangerous or ridiculous 
but any revolution went through 
those three steps all of them the earth 
is round ridiculous dangerous obvious
the earth goes round the sun ridiculous
dangerous obvious the abolition of slavery 
ridiculous dangerous obvious the abolition
of the apartheid ridiculous dangerous obvious
women can wear 
pants ridiculous dangerous obvious 
ask coco chanel women and 
men can attend a conference
together ridiculous dangerous 
obvious the alternating current that 
supply all the electronic 
devices of this room well the
alternating current according Thomas Edison 
who was quite a competent 
guy in electric current well 
it was dangerous 
Thomas Edison during the 19th century beginning of 20th
even lobbying to prove 
the dangerousness of alternating current that 
had been discovered by nikola tesla 
who had worked for his 
rival 
the Westinghouse society and precisely 
Thomas Edison did lobbying for 
being electrocuted becomes 

English: 
being Westinghouse he even 
electrocuted dogs and
cats on a public place in New York City 
with alternating current to prove 
it was dangerous he even
dared to buy 
an elephant retired from a circus to 
kill him with alternating current in new
york so ridiculous dangerous obvious the 
problem is we go straight from 
dangerous to obvious so the cynicism 
goes on we forget that everything
that surrounds us
the diversity of this room as well as
the alternating current or the personal 
computer and so on 
well we forget that everything that
surrounds us went through those 
three steps it’s obvious for us now but there was 
a time where it was between 
ridiculous and dangerous 
so obviously it’s very easy now 
to laugh at our 
ancestors to say that they didn’t know 
that the alternating current wasn’t
dangerous some of them at the time
of incandescent lamps were 
unscrewing the lamp to try and lit 
the coil with a candle with a
match and I mean it’s easy 
to laugh at it but what’s difficult 

Chinese: 
用交流电当众电死狗和猫。
他做这些都是为了向市民宣传交流电的危险性。
为了打垮西屋电气公司，
他甚至从马戏团里买回一头退役的大象，
然后亲自用交流电电死了这头大象。
你们又看到了吧：可笑，危险，明显。
问题是，看待发生在我们身边的事物时，
我们直接进入显而易见的阶段。
比如在这个厅里，男人和女人坐在一起听讲座，
使用交流电，个人电脑等
对于这些事物，
我们习以为常，引以为然，
我们忘记了，在这之前，
在历史上的某时某地，
它们或是可笑的，
或是危险的，
直到今天才成为显而易见的。
当然，笑话前人前事，
是件容易的事，
笑话以前的人不知道交流电其实不危险，
笑话以前的人不会使用白炽灯，
试图用蜡烛或火柴去点灯丝…… 
笑话别人总是很容易。
困难的是提出问题，

English: 
is to ask ourselves what’s 
ridiculous today and what 
could become obvious tomorrow because 
we’re far from finishing in this 
dynamic the idea of having shoes
with a right and left foot 
went trough ridiculous dangerous 
obvious and it’s the military necessity 
that made it slowly evolve well 
the idea of having neuro ergonomy in
school I beg you to believe me 
will go from ridiculous dangerous 
and obvious too 
in fact those three steps are so 
true ridiculous dangerous and obvious and 
Schopenhauer that originated this
idea in fact and Gandhi too well 
it’s so true that if an idea doesn’t 
go through ridiculous it’s not
revolutionary at all if an idea
doesn’t go through ridiculous 
it can’t be revolutionary the
reciprocity isn’t true that is 
that every revolutionary idea must 
go through ridiculous but every 
dumb idea isn’t necessarily 
revolutionary it’s very difficult 
for a decider and today we’re 
all deciders
it’s very difficult for a decider to
make the difference between a 

Chinese: 
哪些事在今天我们看来是可笑的，
在明天会变得显而易见？
这才是真正的智慧。
路漫漫……
从产生做鞋分左右的想法，
到现在成为常规，
主要是由于军事的需要，
并且经过漫长的进程，
走过了三个阶段才实现的。
可以想见，在学校里推广神经工程学，
相信我吧，
它也将会经历可笑，危险，明显这三个阶段。
事实上，这个三个阶段的概念是叔本华提出的，
甘地也提出过。
这是肯定的，
如果一个点子没有经历可笑阶段，
它就不会是革命性的。
换言之：如果一个想法不可笑，
它就不可能具有革命性。
反之则不然——
也就是说，
愚蠢可笑的想法，不一定是革命性的。
这样一来，就增加了决策者的难度，
尤其在今天，每个人都是决策人，
各种新点子充斥在生活中，
我们怎样才能判断，

Chinese: 
它究竟是一个会引发革命的点子，
还是一个蠢念头呢？
苏菲派教徒说：“红宝石比矿山小。”
没错， 红宝石具有革命性，
矿山是笨人的主意。
如果你想拥有一颗红宝石而又不想费力开采，
自然是去找珠宝商，
赚大钱的人是珠宝商，
是在无数不可分辨的砾石中找到红宝石的人，
这样才产生了市场。
当我们把红宝石从砾石里分离出来，
打磨后放在用绸缎镶边的垫子上，它就身价百倍了。
嗯，革命性变革也是如此，
想要发动一场革命性变革，
就要在诸多的难以分辨的各种想法里， 
找到具有革命性的想法。
显然地，不是任何砾石里都有红宝石，
也不是任何想法都具有革命性。
你永远不会在砾石之外找到红宝石，
你也不可能在那些当时看似愚蠢的想法之外，
找到具有革命性的点子。

English: 
revolutionary idea and simply a 
dumb idea I can see on your faces that 
you’re facing them every day in fact 
the Sufis say that the ruby is smaller 
than the mine 
to that I want to say thank you 
for coming but it’s true that is
the ruby represents the revolutionary 
idea and the mine represents 
the dumb ideas well if you want 
to find a ruby without getting your hands
dirty you need to go to the 
jeweller 
but you won’t earn any 
money on that the one that 
earns money thanks to the ruby 
is the one who goes get them 
when they look like rocks it works 
there in fact  and when he pulls it
out of the rock and shape it and put
it on a silky embroidered cushion 
all of the sudden the value rose and 
it’s the same for the revolutions to change
to bring a revolution to the world you
need to go get it when it’s 
indistinguishable from the other dumb
ideas so obviously every rock 
doesn’t hide a ruby it’s for 
obvious but each dumb idea 
doesn’t hide a revolution either
but you’ll never see you’ll never
find a ruby somewhere else than 
in a rock and you’ll 
never find a revolution somewhere else 

English: 
than in ideas that look dumb at
their time
so obviously let’s try to put
it into practice on this notion 
of neuro ergonomy and let’s enter the heart 
of the matter this is Mr Alexis 
Lemaire and Alexis Lemaire is a 
scientist in quantic physic 
he is not autistic I insist because 
now you’re going to see what’s 
on the board and you could doubt it 
and he calculated the 13th 
square root of a number with a 100 digit numbers
in his head in 3 seconds 62
his brain can make it and in fact 
yours actually it’s quite a
debate on that for this particularly 
13 square root because I really like
Alexis Lemaire but he wouldn’t 
agree on the fact that anybody 
could do the same but he also
published his methodology 
he is quite an open minded guy there was
a guy named Viem Klein and his
job was calculator and 
Viem Klein was calculating the 73rd 

Chinese: 
现在我们进入神经工效学这个概念。
请允许我向你们介绍亚历克西·斯勒梅尔先生，
他是量子物理学的研究员
他没有自闭症，
我这样强调，
是不想你们因为照片产生某些联想，
他是一个心算世界记录保持者，
（2004年12月）他用时3.62秒，
心算出了一个100位数的13次方根。 
他的大脑能做到这样，
我们的大脑呢，
当然，我在这里不是为了讨论关于13次方根的心算问题。
亚历克西也不会同意说，
这是谁都能做到的事，
而且他还是出了书， 
解释了他的计算方法。 
另有一位名叫Wim Klein（克莱因）的人，
他是一位计算师，
他能在1分钟内计算出任意一个500位数的73次方根。

Chinese: 
他曾为CERN（欧洲核子研究组织）工作，
他的工作是做大量复杂的计算，
他的计算速度比当时的电脑快。
他的大多数计算是心算，
他的工作之一是计算和检验其它计算师的计算结果。
他曾说，在一定的情况下，
进行相当数量的特定训练后，一般人也能做到。
我们知道有很多悖论，
可能相信“天才和白痴只—線之隔。”
其实根本不是这样，
事实上，这需要进行超常的明确的训练。
在克莱因的例子里，我可以告诉你们， 
克莱因的数字天份是与生俱来的，
在他的生活里，数字包围着他，
就好像如果他走进这个大厅，
身不由己地，就会有无数的数字，
比如圆周率小数点后的数字，
跃出他的脑海，投映在四周的墙上。
问题是，这给克莱因带来一些困难，
正因为他的大脑会在墙上“投射”出如此之多的数字，
这反而对他造成一种限制，
比如他可能会很难找到他所住的宾馆的房间，
如果你告诉他“你的房间号是362”，

English: 
square root of a number with 500 digit numbers
in less than a minute his job was
calculator for the CERN in fact at
that time he was better than the 
computers so his job was to 
calculate and check the 
calculations of the CERN’s computers 
and this Viem Klein was saying that
if someone was well enough 
trained anybody could 
do it because those people are 
extraordinarily trained and in fact 
that’s all the paradox he is
not an idiot savant I hate this 
term idiot savant but it’s
absolutely not the case here he is someone
extraordinarily trained in Viem 
Klein’s case I’m going to give more
details he was born with the desire of 
spatializing the numbers according to Viem 
Klein numbers are in the space
that is if he had entered the 
room he would have started 
to project decimals of PI on the
walls in his head 
to the point that he had problems 
Viem Klein because his brain 
was projecting so many numbers on 
the walls that he was almost ending
up seeing them that is 
he could barely find 
his hotel room because if someone 

Chinese: 
而在他眼前，到处都是数字，
这造成他必须走到房门前，
才能确认他看到的“362”是真正的房门号，而不是他大脑投射在墙上的数字。
我说的这些是否会让你们觉得，自己的大脑越来越不行了？
其实不是这样的。如果说绝大部分的人不能算出100位数的13次方根，
这不是因为大脑不能，
那是因为没有这个需求，
是因为这一能力在进化过程中从来就不是生存之绝对必要。
不能因为我们达不到计算师的能力，
就错误地认为，我们的大脑变弱了，
我们的智力减退了。
事实上，很多人缩小了智力的定义。
有一件很有趣的事是，
已有研究团队对人工智能系统进行了智商测试，
但这很糟糕，真的很糟糕。
智商测试是一种很有趣的测量工具，
我们不能说它是一种反科学的方法，
可是做为一种值得关注的测量方法，
它还远未达到全面性，
远不能代表人类的智慧。

English: 
said to him it’s room 362 he was 
seeing numbers everywhere so he had 
to get close to the door to check 
which one was the real 362 of the 
room and which ones were simply 
projected by his habit to project 
numbers into the space all of that
 to show you that in fact the brain is well
constructed if it doesn’t know how to calculate
the 13th square root of a number with a 100 digit numbers
it’s the case for most people it’s because
it doesn’t need it 
if it had needed it it would have done it 
but it doesn’t need it 
there was no situation in 
the human adventure when it was 
useful to save lives that’s why our
brain is the way it is it 
would be wrong to believe that our brain
is weak because it doesn’t know how to do
what a calculator does in fact and 
many people are reducing  
the intelligence to that so there’s
something I like a lot it’s that 
today the artificial intelligences 
can pass 
IQ tests 
it hurts it hurts so bad because 
IQ is an interesting standard  
we can’t say that it’s a pseudo 
scientific standard  it’s not the case 
it’s an interesting standard  that is far from
being complete that is far from 
being perfect and from representing 

Chinese: 
智商作为认知尺度是有用的，
其实，最初也是为了这个原因而设计它的，
为了检查大脑受伤的病人，
评估他们的认知能力，
我们需要一种既可重复操作的又足够简单的测试方法，
这才有了这种测试。
可自从有了人工智能，
而且我们还对工智能系统进行了智商测试以后。
摆在我们面前有两条路：
要么承认我们的大脑已经没有用武之地了， 
因为机器人已和我们一样聪明；
要么我们说大脑和人工智能的关系，
就好像手和手影的关系，
手影能反映手能做的事情，
这是真的，
但我们手能做的事情，
却不能都从手影里观察到。
好，现在来看看智慧这个概念，
科学家们对加姆很感兴趣，
吕迪格尔·加姆是德国著名的记忆术及脑力训练专家，
他能通过心算将素数除到小数点后第六十位。
科学家们使用断层扫描技术，
对他的大脑和其他“正常人的大脑”分别扫描，
这是电脑断层扫描结果。
我说一下扫描的原理：
向人体注射能发射正电子的显像剂，
一种脱氧葡萄糖，
大脑的活跃部位，即糖消耗量高的部位，

English: 
the human intelligence but that is useful 
for example to check a certain level of
cognitive loss in strokes it’s one of 
IQ’s first roles in history 
to check when someone had 
a trauma if he/she have had 
cognitive loss or not and it allowed 
to have a reproducible standard quite
simple but from the time when 
an artificial intelligence can
pass IQ tests we have 2 
that it’s over because 
solutions we can either say 
the robot is now as 
clever as we are or we can say that the IQ
is to the brain what the shadow is to
the hand the shadow of my hand can teach you 
many things about my hand 
it’s true but it’s not my hand 
many things are not taken 
into account let’s reflect 
on this notion of intelligence there’re
researchers in Caen that compared 
a prodigy calculator 
named rüdigergam that calculates 
divisions of primary numbers 
until the 60th decimal in his head 
and they put in imagining and 
compared it to quotes normal people 
so here you can see the 
result it’s a tomography with
positrons emissions that calculates 
the sugar consumption to simplify 
it calculates the sugar consumption 

English: 
in comparison of different brain’s 
areas and in red you have 
rüdigergam 
in red you only have 
the brain’s areas that are mobilized 
by rüdigergam for its mental calculations
and only by him and in red and green 
I mean in green sorry you have the ones 
that are mobilized by it and the others
that is you put 30 peoples in 
imagining and ask them to calculate 
in their head like six by seven and so
on not too much by heart 
calculations not by heart like 12 by 13 
things like that and then you observe the 
area of their brain that activates on 
average the area of the brain that 
activates on average for rüdigergam 
and in red you highlight the difference and
it’s very interesting because what the
researchers discovered that
rüdigergam uses its 
spatial memory to count 
we’ve been knowing it for some times 
because the neuron in fact isn’t there 
for language in the evolution the 
neuron is here for movement in the
evolution it appears for 
movement 
at the very beginning it appears
in the corals’ ancestors to throw

Chinese: 
会有“发光”的迹象。
你们看到的红色部分，
就是加姆的大脑在心算处于活跃的部位， 
明确地说，只有加姆的大脑在心算时才会使用到这些部位，
而绿色的部分，就是加姆和所有其他人都使用的部分，
就好比，如果你让三十个人去扫描室，
要求他们做心算，
不需要做复杂的计算，
做做6乘以7之类的，
再做做12乘以13之类的，
然后将他们的大脑被激活的部位与加姆的做比较，
显示为红色的部分就是不相同的地方。
这是非常有趣的，
因为研究人员发现，
加姆运用了他的记忆空间来帮助心算。
我们已经知道，神经元的起源并不是为了拥有语言功能，
它首先是为运动服务的。
原始的刺胞动物（如珊瑚）就是使用神经元来发射毒液的，

Chinese: 
然后就是水母，
水母的肌肉收缩运动就是由神经元控制的，
通过喷水推进的方法使自己向相反的方向游动，
它的运动方式被认为是地球上能量利用率最高的方式之一。
这就是神经元的用处，
它不是为了说话，不是为了思考，
它是为运动服务的。
就是这样！
再接着，神经元数量逐渐增加，
现在人类大脑中约有860亿个神经元，
每个神经元会和别的神经元形成大约1000个突触，
这样就会有10的19次幂以上个突触（约125万亿），
于是在进化过程中，
我们开始使用部分神经元做其他的事情。  
事实上，在这个例子里，
看这里，这是小脑，
它的主要功能是，
控制行走，跳舞等身体姿势， 
比如，在花样游泳时，
要使动作和音乐节奏合拍。
加姆主要使用小脑做数学计算，
并同时使用前额叶区，

English: 
poisoned stingers first known neuron 
in the evolution is this one 
it’s a thing that serves to throw poisoned 
stingers and then it’s in medusas 
and it serves to coordinate a propulsive 
movement that is in fact the movement 
effective propulsion movement 
energetically on earth medusas’
movement and a neuron is useful
for that it’s not for speaking it’s not for
thinking it’s for moving 
that’s it and later slowly 
our brain that has many 
neurons 86 billiards and in 
synapses even more obviously it’s 
hundreds and hundreds of trillions 
well quickly our brain is going 
to recruit neurons that are here for  
movement to do other things and in fact
we can observe for example here and there 
what you can see here is the 
cerebellum the cerebellum is a bit
like the brain’s graphic map we use
it to walk dance to adopt a 
posture in general but most of all
when we try to coordinate 
like dancing synchronised swimming 
and it uses the cerebellum
to do maths 

Chinese: 
前额叶区的功能是记忆， 
加姆的能力是运算能力与记忆能力完美结合的体现，
真的很有意思。
嗯，我这里有瓶水，
它有一定的重量。
假设它代表一个数学问题， 
嗯，这个瓶有一定的重量，
而这只手代表你的大脑。 
显然我们没有能力像加姆那样，
能用心算将素数除到小数点后第六十位。
因为你，我，我们就好像是用小手指提瓶子，
 
570
00:28:25,100 --> 00:28:26,380
就像这样，但这不是正确的方法。
看到我这样做，你会对我说，
你的姿势不对，
用这个姿势提瓶子浪费力气。
我们能看见我们的手，
但我们看不见我们运行中的大脑，
打这个比方，是为了思考我们运用大脑的方式。
因为我们看不见我们运行中的大脑，
所以无法判断我们是否很好地利用了我们的大脑，
是否符合神经工效学原理，
是否充分发挥了大脑的潜能？
我可以回答，一般来说不是的。
因为就手的神经工效学来说，
它等待了几万年，
人的双手是在劳动中演化的。
古人类学家们研究原始人的生活， 
研究他们打磨燧石制造工具的过程，

English: 
among others and then it is going
to uses his systems prefrontal 
linked to episodic
memory this is really 
interesting because someone left me
a bottle 
let’s imagine that this is a math 
problem it has a certain weight 
it’s a certain congestion this is 
a math problem and this is your
brain 
well you and I the problem of 
dividing 2 primary numbers till the 60th 
decimals you and I we’re going to catch 
it this way it isn’t the right way of 
doing it and again you’re going to say 
thanks for coming Idriss because 
we can see with the hand in fact 
because we can see our hand but
we can’t see our brain I’m giving you
knowledge right now 
and you can’t see 
how your brain is catching it 
your brain is catching it but you can’t 
know if it’s ergonomic and I can even
tell you that in general it isn’t 
because the cerebral ergonomy 
it took years and years to manual 
ergonomy 
the paleoanthropologist are looking
at the evolution the way they cut
the silex and the way they catch the 
rock to cut the silex well without 

English: 
cutting their hand 
the ergonomy isn’t obvious it took
years and years to understand
the hand ergonomy 
the brain ergonomy is also a 
challenge today because we the 
humans have a chimpanzee brain 
more or less that is 
we mainly see the world as tangible the
tangible world 
our brain doesn’t have to do anything 
to see it because our brain 
has evolved for the tangible world
why because it’s the tangible
world we can eat or it can eat
us so in the neuron’s 
evolution it’s practical it’s moving
it’s to escape it’s to 
see it’s to bite it’s to
eat or avoid being eaten 
the intangible the immaterial our brain
is capable or imagining it but it 
requires a systematic effort 
the immaterial requires an effort and that’s 
why in Singapore for example they 
have some of the best math teaching
techniques in the world because 
they’re achieving maths 
they’re making it more practical 
more tangible and more sensuous and
obviously we’re then capable of doing
abstract but it requires 
some efforts this is why an abstract work 
of art is more boring to watch
than a figurative work 

Chinese: 
拿取石头的方式，
以及如何做到在击断石头时不伤到手，等等……
在人手经过几万年的进化后，
才开始有了现在的关于手的人体工效学的研究，
大脑的人体工效学也是我们今天需要挑战的问题。
事实上，我们人类的大脑和黑猩猩相差无几，
即我们所能看见的，主要是有形世界。
对于有形的世界，
我们的大脑无需做任何努力就可以看见，
因为我们的大脑本来就是为有形世界而进化的。
为什么呢？
是为了让我们可以看见可吃的东西或看见会吃我们的东西。
大脑神经元的功能是具体的：
为了运动，为了逃跑，
为了感知，为了咬食，
或为了避免被咬食。
对于无形的，非物质的东西，
我们的大脑能够想象它，
但需要做出一定的努力，一贯如此。
以新加坡的数学教学为例，
新加坡的数学教育在亚洲一直保持领先水准，
教材质量在国际上也倍受推崇，
这是因为他们将数学具体化，有形化，感性化，
用图形代替抽象的数字和问题，
让孩子直观地理解数学概念、算式。
当然，我们能做抽象思维，
但需要做出一定的努力。

Chinese: 
这就是为什么，
我们很容易欣赏具像艺术，
却很难理解抽象艺术，
因为具像艺术有形象，是具体的，
我们大脑能直接感知，
而抽象艺术不然。
在神经科学里，有一条绝对的规则：
所有费脑力的，都是不受大众欢迎的；
所有毫不费脑的，都是受大众喜爱的。 
我留给你们自己去考虑这个规则，
它可能会给政策制定造成什么后果。
它可以使你很容易出售你的“商品”，
比如希特勒，在30年代时，
就成功卖出“国家困难是犹太人造成的”这个故事，
因为它简单，是一个好故事。
大脑喜欢下意识的想法，
如果大脑不得不在容易和真相之间做选择，
它常常选择容易。
让我们回到瓶子来。类比大脑的使用方式，
呃，加姆是这样拿的，利用了整个手掌，
而我们只用小手指。
看着我的小手指，
这个小手指代表“工作记忆”，
工作记忆相当于我们大脑里的便利贴，
不是为了长期保留信息。
如果在课堂上问：
“你还记得15秒前我说过的话吗？”
这不是一个聪明的问题，

English: 
of art
because the figurative is concrete
it’s direct our brain perceives it 
abstraction requires an effort
and the absolute rule in 
neurosciences is that anything 
which requires an effort is unpopular
everything that requires an effort 
anything that requires no effort
is popular I let 
you think of the political consequences
consequences of this rule which means 
915
00:30:20,460 --> 00:30:23,219
that you can sell when you are 
Hitler in the 30’s you can sell
that all the problems boil down 
finally to the Jews
it’s because it’s very simple to imagine
there’s no effort to make
it’s simple it’s a narration which works
and when our brain has to choose 
between a simple fake narration 
and a complicated true narration 
it generally chooses
the fake simple narration and if 
we get down to the bottle 
well Rüdigergam catches it 
like that meaning that what I showed 
in reality my little finger 
represents what we call the work 
memory in your brain the working 
933
00:30:48,869 --> 00:30:51,299
memory
is the brain’s sticky note it is saturated after 
15 seconds, this is what I said
seconds
this is why it is 

Chinese: 
因为工作记忆只能维持很短的时间，
约15秒。
我们还有其它种类的记忆，
如：空间记忆，
它帮我们记住我们把车停在哪里了。
情节记忆，
它能让我回想起早上吃了什么。
程序记忆，
它能让我们知道如何打领带，如何走路，
如何骑自行车……
这三种记忆，空间记忆，情节记忆和程序记忆，
它们很稳定。
我们还可以加入味觉记忆， 
而它可能是一切记忆里最稳定的，
它甚至能抵抗阿尔茨海默氏症。
人就是动用这些记忆来做心算的。
嗯，这次讲座的标题是
《怎样解放和煅炼你的大脑？》。
回答是这样的，
我们的大脑不是肌肉，它不能像肌肉那样锻炼。
当我们锻炼肌肉，
肌肉会越练越大，
之所以能这样，是因为我们不是昆虫。
我们有肌肉和内骨骼，
肌肉固定在内骨骼外面，
昆虫却相反，昆虫有外壳，
它们的肉长在外壳里，
正因如此，昆虫需要蜕皮，

English: 
stupid to ask this question in class
because the memory works
saturates very quickly it isn’t there to
do long-term retention 
we’ve got other memories we have
the spatial memory that we use to know 
where we parked our car the 
the episodic memory we use to know
what we ate in the morning the processing
memory we use to do a 
948
00:31:16,200 --> 00:31:20,130
a knot’s tie or to walk or 
to ride a bicycle and these 3 spatial 
episodical processing memories have a 
a very good stability
we could add the smell and taste memory 
which is maybe the most stable of all
and which resists even to Alzheimer
actually people have a tendency 
to mobilize these memories 
to do their mental calculation
the public title of this lecture
was how to muscle one’s brain well
the answer is that the brain is not a muscle 
which can be muscled
and why? Because all our muscles 
when we train them get bigger 
because we are not 
insects
we’ve got an endoskeleton our muscles are
on the skeleton 
whereas for insects they’re inside 
the skeleton and that’s why 
the insects moult because after 
a while their skeleton is too small 
well we have an endoskeleton so

English: 
when we train our 
muscles they get bigger 
but our brain is in a skull 
it can’t get bigger so when 
we train it well it reorganizes itself
but it has to work at a
constant mass whereas the muscle 
doesn’t work at a constant mass 
when we train it the brain does 
it almost works at a constant mass 
there’s a bit of neurogenic for the
adults but we also loose neurons 
let’s say they work at a constant mass
so it’s mainly the software that 
changes and clearly I can tell you 
that Alexis Lemaire doesn’t work 
with windows so how is it
interesting to develop all of 

Chinese: 
因为外壳使昆虫的生长受到限制。
我们有肌肉和内骨骼，
当我们训练肌肉时，
肌肉会膨胀，
但我们的大脑长在颅骨里，
它不能膨胀。
当我们训练它，它会重组自己，
但需要它不断地做海量的工作。
我们的大脑能持续不断地做海量的工作，
肌肉却做不到。
虽然随着年龄增长，新生神经元逐渐减少，
通常成年后神经元就基本无法再生，
但最新研究表示成年人也会有新生神经元。
无论如何，大脑能一直不停地做大量的工作，
所以，我们需要的是换“软件”（使用方法）。
就好比说，亚历克西跟我们的“计算机硬件”一样，
但“操作系统”不同——他使用的不是视窗系统。
为什么要发展这些呢？

Chinese: 
【乔布斯的访谈视频】
嗯，我在这里放这段视频，
不代表我赞同所有他做的事和所有他说的话。
不过我很同意他刚才说的那些话。
你不需要对别人完全赞同或完全否定，
只需要理智地思考。
你可以去听听亨利·吉伊曼谈伏尔泰，
他谈到伏尔泰时分为三个部份：
第一部份，伏尔泰是个坏人；
第二部份，伏尔泰不是坏人；

English: 
that
I’m quoting Steve 
Jobs but it doesn’t mean that 
I’m defending what he has done 
or said but you’ll 
immediately detect someone who is
intellectually immature if he
says that he disagrees with a thinker 
because he heard he said that 
or that if you take for example 
Voltaire’s case it’s horrible 
I encourage you to watch 
 Henry Guillemin’s conferences 
and when he talks about Voltaire
part 1 Voltaire is a bastard part 2

Chinese: 
第三部份，伏尔泰究竟是谁。
对我来说，每个思想家都是一个果实，
每个果实里都有籽。
我第一，乔布斯第一，
皮埃尔·哈比第一，
随你们怎么认为。
每个思想家都是一个果实，
每个人有不同的烹饪方法。
有人做果酱时不放果皮，
有人喜欢含有果皮，
但在前面的视频里，
乔布斯所说的非常有意思。
乔布斯的述说，
冷静而合理，
他在说“热爱”。
他说的是：“如果你不热爱你正在做的事，
你会放弃。”
想像你正准备开展一个计划，
可能是有关企业创新的，
可能是有关政治的，
也可能是有关科学的，
随便你想像一个，
如果你不热爱它，当它变得很困难时，
你会放弃它。
乔布斯说的是当你热爱它， 
你会变得不屈不挠，战胜一切。
我说到过生产率和快乐，
也说过，不应该在两者间做选择。

English: 
Voltaire isn’t a bastard and 
part 3 who is Voltaire and in fact 
according to me each thinker is a fruit 
each thinker is a fruit there’re 
seeds inside including me steve jobs 
pierre rabhi anyone you
want each thinker is a 
fruit and you simply need to cook your
own opinion you can take out the skin
the seeds or leave them it’s as 
you want but what steve jobs
just said is very 
interesting it’s very 
interesting because it’s cold and
rational it deals with love 
that is he is saying 
if you don’t love what
you’re doing you’re going to give up if 
you don’t love what you’re doing
if you’re not if you’re working
on a project it might be 
associative 
entrepreneurial political scientific 
whatever you want well if you don’t
like it when it will become a bit too hard 
you’re going to give up 
and that’s what they’re really saying 
and if you really like it you’ll hold 
on way more than 
the adversity and that’s really cold
that is the only subject of my conference 

English: 
is to tell you that to produce or to flourish 
you don’t need to choose it’s a lie 
to say that you’ve got the choice between 
producing or flourishing edgar morin
for example said it’s a 
beautiful observation he said
the first thing I learned in our 
educative system is to
resign myself to boredom and it’s not
a fatality 
that is we don’t have to 
suffer to be good at something to be 
productive 
it doesn’t mean we won’t make any effort 
but effort and pain are 
two different things if for example 
you want someone to burn a
maximum of calories well make him
play football but don’t make him
run around the field
if you do that he is
going to stop and won’t come back
next time except if you’re on his
back if you make him play football
he might come back on his own  
like a grown up and burns even more
calories he will make even more
efforts but he won’t perceive it as 
something annoying or painful 
so lets see this notion of 
perseverance when we like what we’re doing
that’s a good example it’s the
story of airbnb but why

Chinese: 
如果有人说我们能在生产率和快乐间做选择，
这是一个谎话。
埃德加莫兰，一位优秀的思想家，
例如，他说过， 
我在我们的教育体系里学到的第一件事，
就是不要去学自己不喜欢的东西，
这不是天命，
也就是说，
我们没有必要为了有好成绩而承受痛苦。
这不是提倡我们不去努力，
而是需要我们明白，努力和痛苦是两码事。
打个比方， 
如果某人想最大程度地消耗体能，
可以让他去踢足球，
而不是要求他在空地上转圈子。
如果你要求他在空地上不停地转圈。
他会停下来，除非你逼他，他不会回来。
如果你让他踢足球，
他可能会自己再来，
这样消耗的卡路里可能更多，
虽然他付出更多的体力，
可是他却不会觉得很痛苦。
让我们来看看这个概念：
“当我们热爱我们所做的事情时，我们会坚持不懈。”
【图片 早餐麦片】
爱彼迎网站（英语：Airbnb）的故事，
是一个非常好的例子。
为什么它的名字里有“空气（air）”这个词？

English: 
is there air in airbnb according to
you yes
well yes it’s completely true that
is at the beginning airbnb was made of
design students who san 
Francisco is an obscene city in 
terms of real estate prices it’s the most
expensive city in the US and so 
some people thought we’re going to
sublet our living room we’re going to 
sublet an air mattress in the living room
an air bed and because we’re not animals 
we will share our breakfast so we’re
going to do air bed and breakfast and
that’s the concept air bed and 
breakfast so it works between buddies 
but as soon as they asked 
bankers a loan it didn’t work
anymore I mean they meet an 
investor and say we’ve got a great
idea strangers are going to live at
your place well the investor live
in a penthouse with a different 
key for the elevator he doesn’t 
really see how he’s going to let it to a 
stranger so this project doesn’t
have credibility it doesn’t work 
it’s ridiculous so they go into debts
don’t have anymore money they’re close
to go bankrupt and just before
declaring bankruptcy they decide
to do a last stand and to print

Chinese: 
你们是怎么想的？
【听众回答】
说对了。真是这样的。
两位创始人是在大学学设计时认识的，
为了一起创业，他们搬到圣弗朗西斯科（即旧金山）。
圣弗朗西斯科的房价格很高，
是美国房价最贵的城市。
于是他们想到在自己公寓里摆上几张气垫床，
出租给旅行者们，
并且提供早餐。
“气垫床+早餐”（AirBed & Breakfast），
这就是Airbnb的概念。
初创时，公司运作良好。
当他们想扩大公司，
想向银行贷款时，
遇到了问题。
于是他们去找人投资，
进展很不好，
因为人们不能理解，
为什么会有人愿意让一个陌生人住到自己家。
这个计划的可靠性在哪里？
这简直可笑，
是行不通的。
筹措资金失败后，
为了能够维持公司，
他们思忖，
既然用AirBed这个点子筹不到钱，

Chinese: 
那就先用Breakfast来赚钱。
于是，搞设计的他们创作了早餐燕麦特别版本，
图片里的是0.8 X 1米的纪念版本。
真正的版本相当于一台自动售货机那样大，
里面放的是30克一袋的小包装。
他们以每款40美元的价格出售。
在美国就是这样，
他们就那样卖。
最终，他们卖掉800盒，
虽然不能完全解决资金问题，
但这让他们有了信心。
他们继续带着“让一个陌生人住到自己家”这个点子，
寻找投资者。
最后一次是这样的：
“如果你们没有其它的点子，
那你们可以走了，
门就在那里。”
“不是的，我们还有其它的点子。
我们做了麦片盒”
“哦？我好像听说过，
你们卖掉多少啊？”
“我们卖掉800盒，先生。” 
“了不起，孩子们，你们赚到一千美元对吧。”
“不，不，我们赚到三万二千美元。”
如果说投资者会做什么，
那就是他们会做算术。
“什么? 40美元一盒，
你们在开玩笑吧。"
“绝对是真的，给你看我们的交易单和税单。”
然后杰比亚不再说什么，

English: 
special offers
so we could have done air bed
but as they don’t have money anymore
they decide to do breakfast and so
they print cereal boxes
these are the commemorative boxes
they are 80 cm, 1 meter high
but the original were as big as 
a small box from a vending machine
with 30g of cereals inside
and they sell them 40$ apiece
you cannot explain this we are 
in the USA so this is going to work
they will sell 800 of them but
it is not going to pay back their mortgage
I mean the debt on their credit cards
but it’s going to bring back their confidence
so they go to meet their
investors we’ve got a great idea
strangers are going to sleep at your house
the answer was if you’ve got nothing 
more solid to offer the door
is this way
we have got other arguments
you remember these cereal boxes
I heard about it in the San Francisco Chronicle
how many did you sell
800 sir 800 that makes 1000$
right no no we earned 
32000$
if there’s one thing the investor knows it is
how to calculate
and you sold them 40$ each
you’re pulling my leg no no 
it’s true have a look at the order forms

Chinese: 
只是把盒子放在桌子上，
对方看着，沉默着，
足有一分钟后，然后打开支票簿，
同时说了具有历史性意义的话：
“听着，关于你们的项目，
我马上就能回答，
我不相信，完全不相信，
但是如果你告诉我，
你有本事把2.5美元一盒的麦片，
以40美元一盒卖出，
我肯定投资你。”
这位投资人说，
在生活里，你必须能够成为“谷物早餐企业家"，
因为这样的企业家，富有韧性和创意，
为了能继续发展他的计划，
不惜做任何事，
哪怕要去打印谷物早餐盒。
一般来说，
通常会有很多项目摆在投资人面前，
它们各有各的优势，
并不是看上去最好的那个项目，
一定会赢得青睐。
“谷物早餐企业家"与
硅谷企业家不同，
硅谷企业家们大部分是从哈佛大学出来的，
他们就不会那样，
他们读哈佛不是为了打印谷物早餐盒。
所以，一旦事情变得困难，
到了一定的时候，他们就不再坚持，

English: 
look at the tax receipts and so he 
puts the box back says nothing
during at least one minute
then takes his ckeck book out 
and utters an historical sentence
listen guys your project
let me tell you straight away
I don’t believe in it but if you say
you are capable of selling 
40$ boxes which cost 2,50$ 
in the vending machine 
at my door of course I will 
invest and the founders will say 
you need to be a cereal entrepreneur
because the cereal entrepreneur
is the guy ready to 
print damned cereal boxes 
to finance his project
and as a rule it’s true that what makes 
this kind of project for an association
an NGO a foundation 
a firm or movements the best 
profile are not the winners
because for example in the Silicon
Valley this consensus
on the entrepreneur side 
the guys from Harvard won’t do that 
because they did not go to Harvard 
to print cereal 
boxes
as soon as it becomes tough

English: 
the guys say here’s Google right there
which offers a 150000$ salary 
a year why should I bother
and eventually they quit
but if the project is your
baby if truly you are emotionally 
bound it’s in your guts 
it’s your project and you are not going to 
quit in the open countryside because it’s 
your project so we see why loving what
1178
00:39:13,970 --> 00:39:19,580
we do may make us more 
competitive because that’s the topic 
once again flourishing
productivity for example in the knowledge
economy which is my hobby
why loving what to do 
makes us more performing
we are transferring knowledge
here I am giving you knowledge
and in exchange what 
are you giving me
attention very good and what else
time these are the most 
fundamental ressources of human 
existence and attention is very 
important because if you stay 20 years
in a coma
we can say that you lost those 20 years 
20 years in a comma are 20 years lost 
essentially so the attention is 

Chinese: 
反正他们可以去别处就职领高薪，
比如去Google工作，
何必为了某一计划而烦恼呢？
但是，如果你把你的计划视作是你的孩子，
你从内心里对它充满了感情，
你是不会放手的。
这就是说，当我们做我们热爱的事，
我们会变得更有竞争力。
我再次重申我的主题：快乐产生效率。
例如，在经济领域，
“我的大数据”显示，
当我们做我们热爱的事时，
我们会更有效率。
此刻，我正在把知识传授给你们。
相对的，你们给我什么?
注意力。
很好，还有什么?
时间。
对，这是两种人类最基本的资源。
注意力非常重要，
如果你昏迷了20年，
我们可以说，你失去了20年，
自然，昏迷20年等于失去20年。
在我们昏迷时，
我们的注意力是零。

Chinese: 
注意力是有价值的，它能卖钱，
甚至能卖很多钱。
如今，“销售注意力”的人
都是超级富有的人。
他们叫做facebook，google，twitter， 
还有属于谷歌的youtube。
当今，经销注意力的人，
是手握王牌的人，是最有钱的人。
“每桶注意力”的价格要比“每桶石油”高得多。
正因为卖注意力比卖石油赚得多，
所以才成就了Facebook现在的市值。
哪怕我们最近知道了Facebook
出售数据的丑闻。
使用“注意力”这个词时，英语使用的动词是"支付"——"pay"
(pay me your attention)
而法语使用的动词是"给予"——"donnez"
（donnez moi votre attention）
注意力是有价值，它是需要你支付的。
另外，毫无疑问，
时间也是生命里最珍贵的资源。
当甘地放弃所有的物质享受的时候，
他唯一保留的是他的怀表，

English: 
really important in a coma our 
attention is at 0 you have to pay for
attention it costs money it even costs 
a lot of money people who are selling 
attention today are very rich
people 
they’re called facebook google twitter 
youtube that belongs to google 
people who are attention 
dealers today are loaded 
facebook is worth 5 times 
total in stock exchange because the attention
is worth much more than oil
you’re selling attention barrels you’re
richer than when you’re selling 
oil barrels otherwise Facebook wouldn’t
be worth it 5 times total in stock exchange
1215
00:40:25,990 --> 00:40:32,410
and you’ve seen recently the scandal of 
data selling at facebook and the 
Americans are not saying give your
attention
they’re saying pay attention we pay the 
attention in English it’s not give me 
your attention we say pay me
attention pay me something 
because we pay attention and 
time is the most precious 
resource of our existence there’s 
no doubt Gandhi 
when he gave up all his 
material goods 

English: 
the only thing he kept is his 
watch that’s it he even threw away 
the chain he kept a small
cord he kept his 1 dollar Ingersoll
watch as his only material good
that followed him in his 
grave and in fact he checked
it just before getting 
killed so attention
and time  it is 
impossible to download 
knowledge in your head without 
having paid attention and time it 
is impossible you can’t download 
knowledge in your brain without having 
paid attention and time that are the 
two sinequanone things to save  
a knowledge in your head 
so it gives this small equation 
very cute 
I’m doing a parenthesis people
are so disgusted by math nowadays 
that there are some people
1252
00:41:34,750 --> 00:41:37,030
when they’re shown an 
equation there’s a part of their
brain that activates and says
don’t even try it so I’m going
to talk about this phenomenon of this
don’t even try it in psychology it’s called
the taught powerlessness we can convince 
a child very quickly that he is 
bad it’s dramatic but it also 
works for the adult but please
delete this app that says 
don’t even try it really delete it 

Chinese: 
他把表链也扔了，改用一根绳系着。
他常看他的表，
那只价值1美元的英格索尔牌怀表。
这是唯一一件陪伴他终生的物质财富。
在被谋杀之前，
他曾最后一次看过时间。
因此，说到注意力和时间，
想不花时间，不花注意力地，
把知识直接印到大脑里，
是不可能的。
你们不可能做到，
不花时间，不花精力地，
就把知识存入脑海。
这二个要素是必不可少的， 
它可以籍由这个可爱的方程式来表达。
我插入一句，
现今的人，讨厌数学，
甚至于，当有些人看到方程式时
大脑的某一部份会被激活，
叫他不要去试着解这个方程。
我要和你们谈谈“大脑发出不要去试的指令”这个现象，
心理学术语是“习得性失助”。
我们能够很容易地说服一个孩子， 
使他认为自己是个坏孩子。
这很不幸，但就是这样的，这在成人身上也起效，
这和“大脑发出不要去试的指令”的现象是一个道理，
赶走它，不要让它在大脑里扎根。

English: 
because in fact it is super
what’s the aim of an equation 
remind it to me do you know it 
is there someone in the room that 
knows why it was invented
because a clue it wasn’t invented to
piss you off in fact but we don’t have time
to learn it at school but what’s 
the use of an equation what are the 
specifications for an equation in 
human history is to squeeze an 
expression in as few digits possible 
in math history the equation
slowly appears 
with only one red line
to reduce the digits number for a
long
sentence for example the sign equal was
invented by a Scottish mathematician that
was just fed up of writing equal to
everyday he was writing lines of 
equal to and he was fed up so he just
said I’m going to write two lines that’s it
and the x in the equations was invented 
in bagdad during Charles the Great or 

Chinese: 
回到方程式，它有什么用处？ 
这个房间里的人，
是否有人知道，方程式为什么被发明？
我给你们一个提示，
并不是为了让你们费神而发明的。
它到底有什么用？
在人类的历史中，
方程式被认为的是用最少的符号去表达一个意思的式子。
在数学史上，方程式的出现是非常缓慢，非常艰难的。
例如，等号的发明，
是一位苏格兰的数学家发明的等号，
他每天要写无数次“est égal à”这些字，
他感到烦透了，
为了避免枯燥地重复“est égal à”，
他就划了两道等长的平等线段来代替， 
这就有了等号。
而方程中的未知数“X”，
是在查理曼大帝时代的，8月19号，
或其它日期，随你喜欢，【笑声】

English: 
during Iznogoud depending on
your references and Arabians 
were just writing x with a letter
they were pronouncing rh and when 
Spaniards Latinised this letter
they were pronouncing rh they 
replaced it by a letter they themselves 
were pronouncing rh the x from mexico 
the x is pronounced rh in in andalousia 
when they latinized it they replaced it 
by a x when Descartes invented 
the sign I mean the symbol the notation 
sorry square by square x squared and then 
x cubed 4 x it was just 
because he was fed up of writing too 
many x so an equation in the 
beginning is only useful for this obviously
when we switch to morse when you switch
to a code you need to decode it 
it’s annoying but at least when you 
write it you have all the 
expression at once this 
equation is very simple it just says
that the drawn knowledge the downloaded 
knowledge phi of k the flow of 
knowledge k is obviously knowledge in
English knowledge meaning knowledge 
the drawn knowledge from a well 

Chinese: 
从巴格达传入欧洲的。
阿拉伯人在表示“（尚未知的）东西”使用的字符是"chay"
而西班牙语中没有这个发音。
于是，西班牙人从古希腊文字母中选取“X”（chi），
这个发音接近的字母来代替这个阿拉伯字符。
后来，笛卡尔发明了指数符号，如X²,X³,X⁴...，
也是因为他烦透了写 “X*X*X*X*X...”
就是这样。
当然，符号在生活中的作用不仅仅是这样，
它可用来写密码，
比如摩尔斯电码，
可是我们必须会解码。这很烦人。
但使用符号的好处是，
你所写的东西一目了然。
这个方程式表示：
“所交换的知识与注意力和时间的乘积成正比"。
Φ 在这里代表流量，
K 是指知识，即英语单词knowledger，
我们从井里汲取的知识，
例如，这口“井”，

Chinese: 
我放在中间的那个符号∝，
是正比符号，
我没有放等号，
因为它们两边的量不一样，
只成比例关系。
“At”代表注意力和时间的乘积，
因此，这个方程可以理解为：
你们将从这个讲座里获得的知识，
与你们付出的注意力和时间的乘积成正比。
这个方程不是完美的，
没有加入睡眠时间，
你们知道当我们睡觉时，我们是在巩固。
这在方程里没有体现。
此外，也没有加入经验，
要知道，当我们对一件事已有所了解，
继续学习它时会更容易，
这也没有被标记在这个方程里。
但是它完全适用于这个讲座，
也就是说，在今天结束时，
你将从这个讲座里萃取的知识，
与你付出的注意力和时间的乘积直接成正比。
那么，它会产生什么后果？
首先，为什么我要使用乘积。
为什么我不用加法，如A+T，
我也可以用除法，A/T，

English: 
for example that well so the drawn
knowledge from that well is directly 
proportional the middle sign only 
means proportional 
I didn’t write equal because it’s not the same thing
it’s just proportional to the product 
of attention and time the quantity of 
knowledge you will remember from
this conference is directly
proportional to the attention  and 
time you will have paid so this equation 
is not perfect it does not take
into account sleep you know when you sleep
you consolidate it’s not written here
it’s written nowhere that you consolidate
when you sleep it’s not written
there’s also experience it is not taken 
into account in this equation 
you know that when you already know
something it’s easier to learn the 
next thing it’s not written here but 
1338
00:44:36,050 --> 00:44:39,050
it works very well for this lecture
meaning that the sum of 
knowledge you are going to draw from
this lecture
at the end of the day is directly 
proportional to the product of the tension  
and time you will have paid
so what are the consequences
why did I write a product I could have written
a plus on the T I could have

English: 
written time T I could have written 
power T but why did I write 
by T because in maths
the product has a particular 
property which is called contagion
of the zero and the contagion of the zero
means exactly this meaning that if 
you do a by b by c by d until 
z and your letters have a zero
then your product equals zero this is
what I wanted to show as in 
real life this is how it goes
you are here listening to me
well if you give me an hour of your 
time but during one hour you are
as if listening to Barry White’s music
in your head there will be no  
transfer of knowledge
I like this example because
statistically there will necessary be 
somebody in the room who is going to 
have let the music play 
can you feel it is coming 
or not this is dirty of me and if 
you give me all your attention 
you are into it but can only 
do it for thirty seconds 
1375
00:45:43,520 --> 00:45:46,430
only
well there will be no transfer as well
so we see that we must give both
a by t and we see there food 
for thought about school because
at school obviously the only thing

Chinese: 
或者用A的T次幂，
因为在数学里，
数字0的性质很特殊，
0乘以任何实数都等于0
也就是说，如果“a乘以b乘以c乘以d ... 乘以z”，
无论有多少个乘数，但只要这些乘数里有一个0， 
那乘积将是0
我想说的是，
这个现象同样出现在生活里，
比如，现在你们正在听我的讲座，
假如你给我一个小时，
但在这一个小时里，
你的脑海里回响着Barry White的歌。
那就不会有多少知识进入你的大脑。
我喜欢这个例子，
因为从统计上说，
在这个厅里，在这一个小时里，
将不可避免地会有人这样，
【“Let the music play” （Barry White的歌）】
是不是被我说中了？
如果你全神惯注于我的讲座，
完全沉浸于我讲的内容里，
可惜只有30秒，
哦，你能获得的知识也多不了多少。
由此可见，我们必须同时给予这两者，
A 乘以 T ，（注意力乘以时间） 
这使我想到学校，
因为在学校，唯一能够控制的是这个“T”（时间）。
假使你们每周学习三个小时的英语，

English: 
you can control this is t you will be 
doing three hours of English each week
you will not become bilingual
finally because three hours do not 
mean three hours of maximal 
attention
yes if school were competitive to  
catch one’s attention we would know 
it I am not here to attack 
school in fact you should know that
school was very competitive
to catch the attention at a time 
we have completely forgotten this
why did Ferry create compulsory 
public instruction and why does he
write a law
well it’s for the parents because the kids
the pupils wanted to go to
school
if you asked to a countryside kid
if you can choose between wrapping
straw sheaves and listening to
Jules Caesar’s life
the calculation is soon done
the countryside kids wanted to go to 
school when the parents said
what do you think is the use
of learning Jules Caesar’s life
to wrap straw sheaves at first
it was the parents who did not want
public compulsory instruction 
from a legal point of view
it was to compel the parents to leave
children at school clearly there were
many other stakes it is not the point
to debate on this today but at 
first it was really to 
compel the parents and some 

Chinese: 
我们并不能就此成为说双语的人，
因为这三个小时，
并不一定是全神全神贯注的三个小时。
哦，是的，如果学校有吸引注意力的能力，
那可能会达到。
要知道，我不是来批评学校的。
其实，以前，对孩子们来说，
学校其实很吸引人。
为什么茹费理（Jules Ferry）建立了免费、世俗的强迫性小学教育？
为什么制定费里法（Lois Jules Ferry）？
嗯，这是为了父母，
因为那时的孩子们想去学校。
试想，如果乡村的小孩有权
在绑好一捆捆干草与学习恺撒大帝的历史之间做选择，
结果不言而喻—— 
孩子们想去学校。
但是他们的父母反对子女接受教育：
“为什么要知道凯撒？
这对捆干草有帮助吗？”
因此，要求所有15岁以下儿童必须入学，
首先是为了迫使父母们能让孩子去学校，
当然，还有其它的目的，
但这不是今天的论题。
起初学校的强制性主要是针对父母，

Chinese: 
直到父母们感受到了受教育的好处，
如能改变社会地位等，
父母们推着他们的孩子去上学，
于是，以前让父母们讨厌的上学义务变成了孩子们讨厌的义务。
但请记得，学校曾经是很有吸引力的。
等有了出版产业，有收音机，有电视，
互联网，youtube，
社交网络，电子游戏……
就好像一场军备竞赛，
个个都为了捕获注意力。
当然，赢的不会是课程。
想想在50年代，
当你拿起电话听筒，
线的另一端，有一个真实的人，
你拿起电话，不需拨号，
就有电话操作员和你对话，为你服务。
因为在那个时代，对付出注意力，
要求的费用，还不是太昂贵。
可现在，你基本没有可能找到
一个售后服务电话是由服务人员直接接听的。
要想获得人类的可支配注意力，变得越来越难了。
在此同时，各种传播媒体，极尽所能地捕获
所谓的“可自由使用的人脑时间”，
这很可悲，但却是事实。

English: 
generations later 
the parents have perfectly understood
that it was also a matter of social 
promotion and so they said to their  
children now go school is now 
compulsory for the children not
for the parents why because at the 
time school was competitive to 
catch attention and in the meantime
there was the written press the radio
the television internet you tube
social media video games there has 
been a race to arms to catch 
your attention to receive human 
attention it’s has become more and more
precious think of the 50’s
you would take your phone and 
you had a real person in front
of you you had an operator 
you did not need to dial a number 
there was a real  operator 
who talked to you because at the time 
giving human attention 
was still really possible 
and not too expensive but today 
only for after-sales service try 
to talk to a real human just to test 
it has become more and more difficult
to have human attention available for
a problem
meanwhile the media have fought 
to try to catch a maximum of shares
of our attention which has been 
tragically called human available 

English: 
brain time unfortunately it is true
and so the good news is that 
school could be competitive 
it’s just that it did not have to do 
it because it was compulsory 
it did not to fight to have the 
sum of attention it required but
thing is that you can force time 
1461
00:48:08,560 --> 00:48:12,220
you cannot force attention 
you cannot absolutely even if 
you are in Clockwise Orange Stanley 
Kubrick with the guy who has  
the eyes wide open you cannot force 
somebody to give his attention 
it is not possible
you can seduce yes it’s possible to
seduce people’s attention this is 
possible but forcing their attention 
is not possible you cannot rape it 
you can just  seduce it which 
by the way is a good thing
but obvisouly in teaching 
this is what should be done if your
money is your purchasing  power 
in AT so there are many happy 
consequences but sorry an AT
is the currency for the economy 
of knowledge it is not time it is 
an AT meaning one hour with maximum
attention 
and beware maximal is very easy to 
define this is when you are so 
caught up by a book that you miss
your station when you are so caught 
up by a book or by a candy crush 
game and you miss your 
station well you have reached  
an equal of 100% attention 
and when you are in elevator music 

Chinese: 
不过也有好消息，那就是学校是有可能取得更多的注意力的，
只是它没有去做。
既然义务教育已成为必须，
就不需要再去争取。
事实是，你可以规定学习的时间，
却不能规定付出多少注意力，
哪怕象斯坦利·库布里克的电影《发条橙》里那样，
用机器扒开眼皮，也做不到。
你可以使用诱惑的手段来获得人们的注意力，
但用武力是做不到的，
你不能强廹，你只能吸引，
幸好是这样，
在教育领域里，我们本应该这样做的。
在知识经济中，如果购买力的单位是“At”（注意力和时间的乘积），
也就是说钱的单位是“At”，
会有哪些结果？
不是时间， 而是“At”。
“1At”即1小时的“全神贯注”。
“全神贯注”可以理解为：
当你专心致志地看一本书，
为此而坐过站时，
当你看一本书或做其它的事， 
而错过你的车站时，
你付出的是百分之百的注意力。
如果在你的大脑里回响着音乐，

Chinese: 
那你的注意力就是零。
在这两种极端中，存在着其它的各种状态。
当你的注意力是百分之百时，
你处于心理学里说的“Flow”状态。 （心流）
参照这个方程里的 Φ(k)，
知识流处于高流量。
虽然这个方程不是完美无暇的，
但它的美妙之处是，
如果你的购买力单位是At，
在贫穷的国家里，
孩子出生时不拥有财富，
但拥有注意力和可支配的时间。
也就是说，在知识经济里，
所有人生来就具有购买力。
显然，这个购买力，不同于常规商品的购买力。
是的，如果你有一百万欧元，
哪怕银行不营业，你也有一百万欧元。
至少在税务上说，你有这些钱。
对市场经济来说， 
有两个独立的因素:
你有多少钱，
商店是否开门。
显然，贫穷国家的孩子缺少机遇，
他们缺少进入“知识商店”的机会，
缺少进入知识市场的机会去使用他们的At，
尽管智能手机的普及使他们有了新的机遇，

English: 
mood in your head sorry Barry
well your attention equals zero 
and there is a whole spectrum between
the two when your attention equals 
100% this is what we call in 
psychology the blurry we call it 
1498
00:49:07,060 --> 00:49:10,780
the flow and this is a precise reference
to the flow of knowledge in a 
position of flow the knowledge comes 
high-speed
well on one hand the beauty of this
equation 
despite all its imperfections well 
if your purchasing power is in
TA
the young Somali wasn’t born 
with 1000$ but he was born with 
attention and time in the economy
of knowledge well everyone has a 
purchasing power at birth 
obviously in economy purchasing power
and access to a shop are separated it isn’t 
the same thing 
if you have 1 million at 
the bank and that banks are 
closed you have 1 million at the bank
at least for the fisc you have them
so in economy we completely separate 
the how much you have in purchasing 
power and are the shops 
open it’s two different 
things
obviously the Somali doesn’t have the same
access to knowledge shops than 
us it’s obvious he doesn’t have the
same opportunity can’t take the same

Chinese: 
我不会说是平等的机遇，
因为这是不可能的，
但至少给了他们更多的可能，去使用他们的At。
再如，失业者比就业者有更多的At。
因为比起就业者，
失业者有相对多的供个人消费的At，
除非就业者混淆了他的“个人At帐户”和“公司At帐户”。 
这是什么意思呢？
这是指他把本来需要使用个人时间学习的内容，
放在工作时间里学。
现在，这样的做法受到越来越多的鼓励。 
为什么呢？
因为我们意识到，这样做是很有成效的。
对我来说，知识经济最令人愉快的地方是，
在怎样的条件下，能最大化一个人的At。
当你把所有的时间全心全意地，奉献给一个人时，
我们称这种现象为什么？
爱。
当你爱一个人时，

English: 
path to get access to spend his TA
but the arrival of smartphones 
in Africa starts slowly to I 
won’t say equalize the opportunities 
it would be wrong but to give 
more opportunities to spent his TA
in constructive things
1535
00:50:09,830 --> 00:50:14,400
finally the unemployed has more
purchasing power than the employed because the
unemployed has a quantity of TA
for his personal consumption 
superiors to the employed except if the
employed confuses his personal 
accountancy and his professional 
accountancy in TA
what does it mean to confuse one’s 
personal accountancy and 
professional accountancy in TA
it means learn at your workplace 
something you would have wanted
to learn during your free time 
and that’s more and more encouraged 
because we realize that 
It’s efficient to do that obviously 
according to me the prettiest dimension of
the knowledge economy it’s the
condition to what we maximise our
purchasing power
how do we how is it called 
when we give all our attention and 
time to someone how do we call
this phenomenon 
love when we love someone it is 
very easy to spend your TA

Chinese: 
你能很容易地为他(她)而使用你的At。
我们爱我们的孩子，
所以，我们很容易为他们使用自己的At，
在学习上也一样，
如果你喜欢数学的话，
你也会很容易把At支配给它，
如果你讨厌它，就很不容易做到。
这意味着，知识经济必然使爱恋者的购买力最大化，
它是一种热爱的经济。
这并不是我的发现，
达芬奇早就指出过这一点，
在他的《大西洋古抄本》里写得很清楚，
“没有热爱就不会卓越”。
如果你想又快又好地学一样东西，
试着去爱它。
通常我们会感到，这是在浪费时间，
还有其它很多事等着我们去做，我们没有时间。
但是，如果你能去爱它，享受为它所花的时间，
这将非常值得，
因为，在接下来的几个月你将学习得更快更多。
是的，如果你有5个小时，且你热爱它， 
你就有5At。
如果你有5小时，你不热爱它，
你最多1At，
因为你的平均注意力只有百分之二十，

English: 
for this person
we love our children it’s easy 
to give them TA well it’s the same 
for a discipline if you love 
something if you love math 
it’s very easy to give it TA
if you hate it it’s more complicated 
it means that the knowledge 
economy literally maximise the 
lovers purchasing power 
1572
00:51:17,479 --> 00:51:22,170
normally here I have to throw the mic 
and leave I didn’t discovered it it’s
Leonard Da Vinci 
before him Aristophane but 
Da Vinci clearly wrote 
in the  Atlanticus Codex if you 
want to learn something efficiently 
treat yourself to the luxury he really
used the word luxury to try and like 
it luxury because you’ll have the 
impression of losing time 
I don’t have time I have to 
deliver someone tomorrow I have to
fill this form yes but if you have 
the luxury of finding the time to love 
it’s worth it because during the
next months you’ll learn 
faster and much
longer
yes if you have 5 hours and you 
like it you have 5 TA if you have 5 
hours and don’t like you might 
have on TA because your attention

Chinese: 
而当你热爱它时，你的注意力能达到百分之百。
这就是我说的知识经济最大化，
等同于热爱的程度，
能使我们工作起来更有效率。
在各种结果中，主要的不同是苦差或是热爱，
当我们做喜欢的事时，
进入的门槛很低，
退出的门槛很高。 
做苦差的情况正相反。
举例来说，如果你回家时已经很疲劳，
但你有一件事要做，
有两种可能的情况：
如果要做的事是你热爱的事，
你一回到家，马上就会去做。
即进入的门槛很低，
事实上我们甚至可以说几乎没有，
甚至呈成负数，
它意味着，
你在回家之前就已经开始考虑它了。
然后，你投入工作，
听到电话铃声，
有时你也不去接，
这意味着退出的门槛很高。
这就是热爱，是激情。
现在来说苦差，

English: 
will roughly average 20% so 
if you like it your attention will be
at 100% during the 5 hours
so yes mathematically the knowledge 
economy maximise the lovers
purchasing power and here we can see
why the love of one’s job makes one more competitive
to use the term
so there are many consequences we could
see to this but it is above all the 
difference between a chore and a 
passion actually a passion is a 
very weak entrance barrier and a
very strong exit barrier whereas
1609
00:52:23,190 --> 00:52:26,279
it is the contrary with a chore
in other words if you come back home
and you are exhausted you’ve got something 
to do
well there are two possible versions
to make it simple either it is 
a passion and you are going to do it
straight away as soon as you are home
you are going to do it 
the entrance barrier is thus very
weak actually we can even say that 
the entrance barrier is negative so 
low it is because it means 
you started thinking about it before
even being back home so the 
entrance barrier is negative because
it is so low and then you’re doing your thing
you are into it
when the telephone rings but 
you don’t take the call because it is a 
a passion so the exit barrier is very 
high to distract you is going to 
be very tough

English: 
this is passion now for the chore 
well the chore you get back home
you are exhausted but you don’t feel 
like doing it you will need an effort
to start doing it 
so a high entrance barrier the effort
is necessary and then once you have 
started the telephone starts
ringing and you stop suddenly
exit barrier very weak and this is 
the difference between a passion and a
a chore and here we can see immediately
why passion is more productive 
than a chore and this is what 
1646
00:53:22,710 --> 00:53:27,150
this equation stands for 
I use my heart to get into my head 
the knowledge in my brain
I use the fact I love it the passion 
to get the knowledge into 
my brain so obviously just below
love there is addiction 
yes addiction because all love is addictive
but all addiction is not necessarily
love I will leave you ponder on this
for five minutes and so there are 
technologies there are media which are 
great at catching the TA and there
are media which are sponges for TA
and these media are the games
and not only video games

Chinese: 
同样，你回家时已感到很累， 
你要做的事并不是你喜欢的，
必须付出努力，
勉强自己去做，
这就是说进入的门槛高。
然后，当你听到电话铃响，
你马上就会停下来，
那就是退出的门槛低。
这就是苦差和热爱之间的区别。
一目了然，
热爱更有成效。
这个方程表达的意思是，
如果你想使自己在某个主题上的知识流量最大化，
那么尽量热爱这一主题，
用“心”把知识带入大脑。
在爱的状态里，
存在着另一种状态——“上瘾”，
所有的爱都具有成瘾性，
然而具有成瘾性的不一定是爱。
于是，新技术和媒体能捕获我们的At，
真的很厉害。 
有些媒体，特别是游戏，就好似“At海绵”
游戏不仅仅指电子游戏。
自古以来，游戏就是“At海绵”，
古代奥林匹克运动会是和平的象征，
当时，人们约定在奥运会举行期间，

Chinese: 
各城邦互不交战。
聚集到奥林匹亚的各城邦的人，
罗马的人，
雅典的人，
斯巴达的人，
尽管在其它时间里，
他们常互相交战，
但在奥林匹亚举行运动会的期间，
全体休战，
大家一起观看竞技。
如今，当TF1（法国电视一台）想卖出广告时， 
不会插播在中学教学节目里，
而是在游戏节目里，
如电视综艺节目，足球比赛。
我们都知道，
世界杯足决赛获得的At， 
比全世界大学十年的At还要多。
这就是基利安·姆巴佩赚钱比我多的原因。 
（Kylian Mbappé 法国足球明星）
【笑声】
同样的，对于建筑师，市长或镇长来说，
他们可能会拆资建造一个1万人，
2万人甚至8万人的体育场，
但不会去建造一个8万人的圆形剧场，

English: 
it’s known since Antique times
that games are TA sponges when the 
Greeks wanted peace they organised
Olympic Games everybody watched 
and Thebes came Athens came 
Sparta came they were three cities 
which spent their time fighting the
rest of the year but there was the 
Olympic truce
they watched the Games they did not 
fight the Romans the Romans when they
wanted peace they organised the 
circus games 
everybody watched and there was 
peace and still today when TF1
wants to sell an ad we agree that 
they don’t offer a lecture at the 
French Academy they offer games 
either television games or football 
we agree that a world championship
final is going to catch 
1683
00:54:31,230 --> 00:54:35,880
much more TA in one instance than  
the whole university world in ten years
and this is why Neymar is much 
more paid than me 
don’t laugh it’s not supposed to be funny
actually we agree that for an 
architect or for the mayor of a
town or for a chairman of 
local council community it makes sense
to build a stadium for 10 20 until 80
000 persons but you will never see 
a 80000 persons auditorium 

English: 
because to spread the cost of a 
80 000 people stadium it takes 5 years 
to spread the cost of a 80000 people
auditorium it’s harder it doesn’t 
mean it’s impossible today
we’ve got MOOC with on line classes
well we start to welcome TA in 
big quantities on curves but it
stays lower to football because 
games are great to capture 
attention and time why because 
games are very neuro ergonomic 
and I’ll be back on that 
so for example I’ve got two questions
to ask you on that we’ll start 
with the most special the most 
technical 
you know that in china there’s a 
university that trains professional  
players  it’s called Lanxiang 
institute of technology it’s a
state university and this state 
university trains professional players 
that’s what we call electronic 
sports the E sport Korea have a 
1720
00:55:54,059 --> 00:55:57,990
state secretary a state 
secretary for e sports there are 

Chinese: 
因为摊销体育场的承建费用只需5年，
摊销圆形剧场，那可就费劲了，
尽管这不是不可能。
再以慕课（MOOC）为例，
这种大规模开放在线课程，
正在获取越来越多的At，
虽然暂时还不如足球，
毕竟，游戏捕获注意力和时间的能力是令人生畏的，
这是因为人们在消遣时，人类工效学的效果达到最佳状态。
稍后我会详说。
现在，有两个需要思考的问题，
先说比较特殊性和技术性的，
在中国，蓝翔技师学院
在2017年开设了电子竞技专业，
培养专业的电竞职业选手。
该专业属于体育类，
早在2003年，电子竞技就经中国国家体育总局批准，
成为体育运动项目。
在韩国，建立了韩国职业电子竞技协会（KeSPA），
负责举办电子竞技。
2000年创办世界电子竞技大赛，

Chinese: 
该赛事照搬奥林匹克运动会的模式，
参赛基本单元是国家。
你们能想像，《星际争霸II》或《刀塔2》冠军队的收入是多少吗？
他们能靠电竞能养活自己吗？
事实上，他们不但可以养活自己，
还可以在比斯卡罗斯（法国朗德省的一个市镇）购买几幢海滨别墅。
我不确定最新的数字是多少，
我知道，在2014年，
韩国选手在《星际争霸II》或《刀塔2》的
电竞比赛里获得的
总奖金收入达6百万美元。
谷歌，facebook，苹果，特斯拉
这样的公司向足球运动员支付薪水，
让运动员训练人工智能。
这就回到了我们的主题，
让大脑工作的问题。
在坐的诸位，有物理学家吗？
物理学上，劳动的计量单位是什么？
【观众回答】
按天数计算，嗯，很好
体力劳动就是能量输出， 
对大脑而言，是一样的。
关于认知神经科学的研究，
在95％的科学出版物里，
都与比较脑内葡萄糖等相关物的代谢率有关，

English: 
competitions and Olympics 
according to you how much earn 
the e sports Olympic winners 
on a game called 
starcraft ii or dota ii how much 
do you think they can live with it 
well they can totally live with it in fact 
they can even buy several villas with an 
ocean view in biscarosse it’s 6
millions 
I’m talking about a number from 2014
I’m not even sure it’s the same 
price now in 2014 the 
dota and starcraft winners won 
6 millions of dollars
behind that there was google 
facebook apple tesla that offered them
football players’ salaries to 
train their artificial intelligence 
that’s the subject let’s go back on
the work of the brain question are there 
physicians in the room what’s the
unit of measure of work in physic 
how do you measure work in physic 
in Jouls good work is 
an energy in physic well it’s the same
for the brain it’s a 
simplification but 95% of all
scientific publications in 

Chinese: 
就像前面我象你说讲解过的，
【图片 大脑扫描】
这个图表现的就是葡萄糖的消耗情况。 
它是利用正电子发射断层扫描术，
记录光子的出现的动态过程，
计算脑内葡萄糖等相关物的代谢率，
当某块脑区工作的时候，它需要的能量巨增，
因此，我们通过比较脑内葡萄糖等相关物的代谢率变化，
我们就能知道当脑执行某种任务时，
哪一部分脑区最兴奋活跃或者工作最努力。
你们能看到数据吗？（图片不对) 
简单地说，
这个技术是测量我们的大脑，
在工作时消耗了多少燃料。
你们认为在以下几个任务中，
哪件事让大脑消耗的葡萄糖更多？
确切地说是消耗的乳酸更多？
下象棋时？
下围棋时?
系领带时?
做蛋黄酱的时候？

English: 
cognitive neuroscience what they’re
looking at is the compared consumption 
of glucose by the brain that’s it 
exactly like this one for example 
this one I showed you what it is
looking at is the compared consumption 
1757
00:57:06,150 --> 00:57:09,960
of glucose tomography with positrons 
emission the functional resonance 
imaging  well functional and 
magnetic also called 
the bold answer meaning blood 
oxidation level dependence that 
answers roughly which part of the 
brain is more irrigated and more 
irrigated because it needs more 
oxygen to metabolize more lactate 
so to simplify sorry have you 
seen the number 
well good 
in fact to simplify really the 
work in the brain it can be 
measured in how much fuel was
spent today according to you in 
which of the following tasks your 
brain works the most meaning 
consume the most glucose or lactate 
more precisely when you play the chess 
when you play a weiqi game
when you tie a tie when you cook 
mayonnaise when you calculate the 13

English: 
square root of a 100 digit numbers 
as you’ve seen previously 
when you solve differential equations 
with stochastic partial derived 
every morning at 
breakfast
or when you play starcraft 2 your opinion 
in which situation your
brain is going to burn the most glucose 
so from very far starcraft 2 actually
according to you which one is the
most simple in terms of 
consumption which one 
1794
00:58:30,470 --> 00:58:34,869
consumes the lest glucose the 
mayonnaise
the tie well the answer is the 
the 13 square root of a 100 
digit numbers well obviously don’t make
me say what I haven’t everyone 
doesn’t know how to 
admitting that you can do it 

Chinese: 
算一个任意100位数的13次方根？
或是每天早餐时做个随机微分方程？
或者当你玩星际争霸2时？
你们认为是在哪种情况下，
大脑会燃烧更多的葡萄糖？
嗬，星际争霸2大大地胜出。
在你们看来，哪件事最简单，消耗最少？
做蛋黄酱吗？
系领带吗？
答案是算一个任意100位数的13次方根。
【笑】
我没有说所有人都不会算，
如果你会算，

Chinese: 
你的大脑为此消耗的葡萄糖不会很多。
真正有趣的事情在后面，
随机微分方程消耗的葡萄糖也不多。
虽然求解随机微分方程很复杂，
但仅求得一个近似值的话，
有一个网站可以做到这一点，
网站名是wolframalpha，
你只需要记住的是，
使用Wolfram Alpha做题消耗的能源比使用Google搜索少。
也就是说你用谷歌搜索布雷叙尔的披萨店，
需要消耗的焦耳，
即千瓦时，
要比Wolfram Alpha解答随机微分方程时耗能多。
谷歌的服务器为搜索布雷叙的披萨店而支付的电费，
也比解答随机微分方程而支付的多。 
好了，另一方面， 
大脑的糖消耗可以用数学来解释，
想知道一个问题的难易程度，
有一种简单而精确的方式，

English: 
the consumption of glucose is not
incredible also and it’s extremely 
interesting what just comes after 
are differential stochastic
derived partial equations but
don’t let me say what I haven’t said
we cannot solve them
analytically but to do 
numerical approximations
there is a website which does it very
well called wolfram alpha and this 
is just what you must remember 
wolfram alpha
consumes less energy doing this
than a request on Google meaning
that looking for a pizzeria at Bressuire
consumes more Joules more 
kilowatt-hour than to solve 
a stochastic partial derived 
differential equation the Google 
webservers will have a higher 
electricity bill if you ask them
to find
pizzeria at Bressuire than if you asked 
them to solve numerically a 
a stochastic  differential 
equation apart from this 
question because beyond the 
consumption of glucose in the brain 
there is a very easy way in maths
so very rigorous as it is for the group in 
maths to explain the difficulty of 
a problem

English: 
the difficulty of a problem in maths
is very simple it is the length of a
minimal program which resolves the task
precisely if you are interested in this
in a programming language which is
called the assembler 
if you have to calculate the complexity of 
a problem it’s the length it’s a 
pattern of repetition you count the
repetitions obviously but the
length of the program that makes the
 tasks well the 13th square root equals one page
one page of the program can 
calculate the 13th square root of a 100 digit 
numbers you can program a big 
calculator to do it like a
TI92 it can do it 
big up to all the nerds who once had 
it in their bag 
so it’s not crazy same the differentiated 
equation will 
consume less kilowatts 
than a google request 
after that you’ve got chess game 
that’s always under the google 
request to be very 
rigorous 
the chess game and yes 
it’s hard ok but in fact machines 
beat humans it’s over 
since 1995 it’s over the 

Chinese: 
它的标准非常简单，
就是看在一个程序里，
用了多少长度解决这个问题。
如果你感兴趣，
这个程序的专业名称是“汇编语言”。
如果你要计算一个问题的复杂性，
汇编语言程序的长度就代表了问题的复杂程度。
只要一个页面的程序，就可以算出一个任意100位数的13次方根。
当然，一个大计算器也可以算出来，
比如 TI-92（美国产图形计算器，尺寸210mm x 115mm x 30mm）。
所以不必吃惊，
解答随机微分方程所用的电量就是要比使用谷歌查询少。
然后，我们说国际象棋，
它也比使用谷歌查询耗能少，
对比结果是很准确的。
国际象棋很难下，是的，
但现实是，
机器已经击败了人类，就是这样。
从1995年起，
最优秀的人已经不能打败最好的机器了。

English: 
best human cannot defeat the best
machines anymore it’s over 
deeper blow and deep blow of ibm have 
beaten the best humans and it’s over
we can’t go back 
no human  can beat the best machines 
to a chess game it’s over 
and after that there’s the weiqi game 
the weiqi game is even harder than the 
chess game from a math point 
of view but no human can beat the best
machines anymore 
Lee Se-Dol the weiqi game master 
was beaten by alpha go the google
1880
01:01:22,229 --> 01:01:25,079
software and that’s over 
no human can beat the machines 
anymore and after that you’ve got 
the tie so yes a robot 
can also tie a tie but how can
you explain it that a tie is 
fashion 
how do you explain it that the knot 
is balanced how do you explain that the
fabric matches the shirt and the colour 
matches the suit how do you incorporate  
it in the machine how do you
code it google would love to have an
artificial intelligence that can do it
google would love to have an
automatic karl Lagerfeld that can 
choose  the next trends 
it could send it to the next 
speculator on cotton he would 
go crazy the guy would love 
to have that but they can’t 

Chinese: 
IBM开发的Deep Blue（深蓝），Google开发的AlphaGo（阿尔法围棋），
击败了所有的最优秀的人类选手。 
一切都结束了，不可逆了，
再也没有任何人类象棋好手能够
战胜最好的象棋机器。
这之后，是围棋，
虽然从数学的角度看，围棋比象棋难，
但是，同样的情况又发生了，
现在已经没有任何围棋好手
能够击败最好的机器。
如，Lee Sedol已输给了AlphaGo。
（李世石，韩国围棋九段棋手，2016年代表人类与AlphaGo比赛）
所以，都结束了，
没人能打败最好的机器。 
现在我们来说说系领带，
嗯，机器人可以做到系领带这件事，
但是你怎么向它解释，
哪个领带时尚，
怎样把领带结打得四平八稳，
哪种面料配哪种衬衫，
哪种颜色搭配哪套西装……等等
诸如此类的问题，
怎样将这些问题用电脑编码？
谷歌非常希望有一种人工智能可以做到这些，
谷歌希望有做出自动版的Karl Lagerfeld（卡尔·拉格斐） 
能够选择下一个流行趋势，
可想而知，利用这样的人工智能，
投机商人们可获得更多的利润。
相信我，他们会这样做的。
只是就目前而言，

English: 
because for the moment
artificial intelligences can’t 
do it and after that you’ve got the
mayonnaise same principle 
how do you tell the robot the egg is
here the mustard here the oil here
you need to mix this way and 
incorporate the oil you need to 
separate the white from the yolk
go explain it to the robot how do you
program it and if you’re playful 
you put a golf ball too how do you 
explain the robot that this is a 
golf ball and this is an egg  and that
an egg is cracked like this
we don’t know how to do it 
there’s no robot today that knows
how to cook mayonnaise 
when it’s easy for us 
during a long time we believed that 
intelligence was the capacity to 
express yourself without any ambiguity 
it was very controversial in the 90’s
there was an philosopher named Jacques
Derrida and he had an honoris
causa PHD from Cambridge university
there was a tribune written
against him that was signed by
I won’t say the greatest philosophers
of their time because no one 
knows them anymore today but 
by great professors who said that 
derrida wasn’t a philosopher 
they signed the tribune in the London
time it was serious they said that 
derrida wasn’t a philosopher 

Chinese: 
人工智能还做不到。
然后是蛋黄酱，同样的道理，
你怎么告诉机器人，
鸡蛋，芥末，油，都在这儿了， 
你怎么告诉机器人，
怎样分开蛋白和蛋黄，
怎样加入油，
你怎么向机器人解释？
另外，如果你爱开玩笑，
加进一只高尔夫球，
你怎样教会机器人区分高尔夫球和鸡蛋？
以怎样的方式打开鸡蛋?
目前，我们不知道该怎么编这类程序，
至今还没有机器人能够制作蛋黄酱。
而这对我们来说，是很简单的。
其实，在很长的一段时间里，
我们认为高智商代表着能毫不含糊地表达一切。
在90年代时，曾有一个极大的争议，
是关于雅克·德里达，这位伟大的哲学家的，
当英国剑桥大学决定授予德里达教授荣誉博士学位时，
曾遭到来自于20位左右来头很大的学者的抗议，
他们抗议的信件被刊登在《泰晤士报》。 
他们认为雅克·德里达不是哲学家，
因为他们认为德里达的作品“不符合公认的清晰、严谨标准”，

English: 
because he was speaking a language 
extraordinarily ambiguous 
and ambiguity is contrary to 
philosophy you don’t need to have
read Esope to say bullshit like that
but at the time 
well it was clearly declared 
that ambiguity couldn’t have its 
place in the philosophical 
language 
so let’s go back on ambiguity I was
talking about ambiguity at a time 
when it was considered that expressing 
yourself in an ambiguous language was a sign 
of low intelligence or at least 
a lack  of philosophical rigor and 
today everyone who works in 
1954
01:03:25,050 --> 01:03:27,270
artificial intelligence knows that 
the AI future 
is to deal with ambiguity when you ask 
to an AI something 
you go on your 
smart TV and you shout 
in the remote’s mic 
the next movie you want to see 
at the beginning if you say play a 
clint eastwood movie 
it might write it like 
k l i m t because the 
artificial intelligence 
didn’t get that you switched 
that fast between French and 
English 

Chinese: 
“令人难以理解”……等等，
总之他们认为这种模糊性是与哲学对立的，
在那个时代，不少流派认为模糊的言辞缺乏哲学的严竣性，
在那个时代，含糊的表达方式被认为是不智慧的表现。
今天，工作在人工智能(法语缩写IA)领域的人都认为，
未来的IA，就是需要解决模糊问题。
假如你使用人工智能，比如你的智能电视，
你对着遥控器的麦克风说你想看的电影的名字，
如果你说要看克林特伊斯特伍德（Clint Eastwood）的电影，
出现在搜索框里的可能是“lim t es ist aux ide”
因为人工智能没有马上明白，
你在一个法语句子里组合了英语单词。

Chinese: 
这个从法语到英语的快速的跳转很模糊，
这种模糊导致很多种可能的翻译，
我们的大脑处理这类模糊问题很在行，
而对利用算法来处理的机器来说，却很困难。
算法应包含一系列清晰定义的指令，
这是计算机算法的数学定义，
一个算法的每一步骤必须有确切的定义。 
正因如此，煎饼食谱还没有一个算法，
因为煎饼食谱有太多的自由选项，
根据个人喜好，配料的种类和数量都会不同。
嗯，我们说到哪了？
我们说了蛋黄酱，我们的领带……
对了，星际争霸2的复杂性远远超过其它的事。 
我知道这听起来很疯狂，
但是一位玩星际争霸2的职业选手，
每分钟要做400个动作，
每分钟要做400个动作是什么概念？
我给你们一个参照，

English: 
it was ambiguous it could have
been interpreted in many
ways our brain deals the ambiguity 
very well 
but the definition of an algorithm 
the rigorous definition of an algorithm 
is a list of instructions to 
execute without any ambiguity it’s the 
mathematical definition of an algorithm  
list of instructions to do without 
ambiguity and that what makes the
crepes recipe isn’t an algorithm 
yet because in the crepe 
recipe 
there’re many freedom degrees according
to the quantity of grand marnier 
you pour in the paste or not
you can’t actually copied and afterward 
where were we I said nanani
the mayonnaise our tie and way
before that you played 
starcraft 2 I understand it seems 
crazy but a professional gamer 
of starcraft 2 is doing 400 actions per
minute 
400 actions per minute to give you an 

English: 
idea it’s like to play Chopin’s great 
waltz in replay 
at least the most dense part 
of the great waltz in replay 
during 30 minutes 
you can see them on their 
keyboard for 30 minutes without 
stopping 
a piano keyboard has more keys 
than a computer 
keyboard because it has 85
keys while a computer keyboard has 
less useful keys but if you add the 
computer mouse let’s say that it 
also makes 85 a professional 
game lasts 30 minutes 
a professional gamer does 400 actions
per minutes there’re 85 actions possible 
how many different game 
are possible it makes 85 power 30
by 400 the weiqi game next to it 
looks like a tic-tac-toe game because for
the weiqi game the number of possible 
games is 10 power 800 it’s huge
but it’s less than the number 
I just gave you and the number 
of chess game possible is 10
power 120
it’s also huge but it’s less
than weiqi game so in fact 
the artificial intelligence in
AI history started on a 

Chinese: 
相当于持续演奏30分钟，
肖邦的华丽大圆舞曲里最快速的部分。
就像我们常看到的钢琴家的双手
连续不停地在琴键弹30分钟。
钢琴的按键比电脑的多，
钢琴有85个键， 
电脑键盘的键虽然稍微少一点，
但如果我们算上鼠标，
那就基本上与琴键的数量相当。
电竞职业选手的一局比赛约30分钟，
每分钟做400个动作，
有85种可能的行动，
那么，打一局共有多少动作？
85乘以30乘以400，
结果太可观了。
除了围棋，还有井字棋，
围棋的的变化总数，
约为10的800次方，
这个数字远远超出人类的想象。
国际象棋的变化总数可能达到10的120次方，
它也很庞大，但比围棋小得多。
事实上，在人工智能历史上，
人机对战是从井字棋（Tic-Tac-Toe）开始的。 

English: 
tic-tac-toe game the first AI
during Voi noi man 
could beat a tic-tac-toe player then
the chess game arrived it didn’t go 
straight from tic-tac-toe to chess
but the next step was chess
in 95
then the weiqi game in 2014 and the 
new future is 
starcraft 2 that is today 
google tesla apple and facebook
are paying professional players 
to train their AI 
and because AI is expensive 
well those players are 
very well paid so it’s weird 
because I understand that if you’re
in a train you’re cool
and you go have a coffee 
at the dining car you go 
through 3 wagons 
you go through the first one
and you see a guy who plays 
chess 
that’s cool you go through the next one
and then you see a guy who plays a
weiqi game that’s even cooler you 
can come to my place whenever you 
want I’ll introduce you to my daughter 
and finally you arrive just before 
the dinning car
there’s a guy playing on the computer
like a no life or a nerd on 
starcraft 2 so you don’t stop 

Chinese: 
1950年制作的游戏《Bertie the Brain》
是电子游戏史最初的游戏之一，
该游戏便是和人工智能对弈井字棋。
这之后，是在1995年和人工智能对弈国际象棋，
然后是2014年的围棋比赛。
下一个界线将是星际争霸2。
目前，谷歌，特斯拉，苹果和脸书，
支付职业球员薪水，
让他们训练人工智力，
因为IA将创造巨大的财富，
所以这些公司愿意为此支付很高的报酬。
可能你会感到有点怪，但假设一下这样的场景，
你在火车里，
准备去餐厅用餐，
而你需要穿过三节车厢才能到餐车，
当你穿过第一节车厢时，
你看到一个人在玩国际象棋，
有档次！
你经过下一个车厢时，
你看到一个人在玩围棋，
档次更高！
“来我家做客吧，
我把女儿介绍给你认识。”【笑】
然后你就到了餐车。 
有一个人在玩星际争霸2，
你看也不看他，径直走过去，
玩游戏，没档次。

English: 
or look at him because it’s not
cool but in fact from a mathematical 
point of view all of that is much 
harder all of that to tell you that
 arduousness and productivity are 
not the same thing suffering isn’t an 
indicator 
for productivity and to think that if you
don’t suffer you’re not productive 
is a big mistake and in this 
math case we can clearly see 
that it’s easier to get into 
starcraft2 than a weiqi game but 
still it’s much much harder 
to be a professional 
player 
the other question I’m asking you
I told you that games are TA
vacuum cleaner 
according to you how much time humanity 
accumulated on this game world of warcraft 
if we link all the hours 
how long it is who thinks it’s equivalent 
to the US’s age which is 
242 years old more or less 
who thinks it’s the France’s age that is
1500 years old who thinks it’s the 
civilisation’s age 15 thousand years 

Chinese: 
实际上，从纯数学的角度看，
玩星际争霸2比其它的复杂得多，
所有这些都是为了让你知道，
工作的繁重程度不是生产能力的指标，
把痛苦做为生产率的标志是大错特错的。
学会玩星际争霸2 
要比学会玩围棋容易得多。
然而，想成为一名职业选手，那将是很难的。
我要问的另一个问题是，
我们说游戏是一个“AT的抽引器”。
请你们猜猜，
人类一共花费了多少时间在星际争霸2这个游戏上？
如果我们每小时每小时地累加，
它会达到多少时间？
来，你们谁认为大约是截止到现在的美国建国时间，
242年？比这多？
好，那谁认为是法国的年齡，
1500年？更多吗？
那谁认为是至今为止的人类文明的时间，
1万5千年？

English: 
because yes the civilisation’s age is 
in fact superior to 
France’s age when I make this 
joke in the US they directly do a 
standing-ovation who thinks 
it’s more than 15 thousand years 
enjoy 
if we join all the hours that were
spent on world of warcraft 
it equals 7 million years 
between 2004 and 2014 only 
it’s 50 more times than all the 
worked hours by apple and all its
suppliers since 1976
if you join all the 
worked hours by apple and all 
its suppliers apple is the richest 
society of the world 
parenthesis when I say rich
I really mean rich when they call
their banks to know how much they have
on their bank accounts what does the
2112
01:08:51,810 --> 01:08:58,620
bank says according to you I’m talking

Chinese: 
嗯，尽管与我们想的不一样，
但人类文明的出现的确比法国早。
【笑】
有谁认为超过一万五千年？
肯定？
好好回味吧【图片文字：七百万年】
如果累积游戏者从2004年到2007年，
玩魔兽世界的所有时间段，
总计达七百万年。
仅在2004年至2014年之间。
这是50倍于自1976年以来，
苹果公司员工及其供货单位员工的总工作时间。
苹果公司是世界上最富的公司。
说句题外话，当我说它富，它是真的富。
你能猜到苹果公司往来帐户里有多少钱吗？ 
请注意，所谓的“往来账户”，
是指可以随时提取的现金的账户。

English: 
cash I’m not talking of their market
value I’m talking cash the bank says 
your account is a credit yes a 
credit 
you’re following good of Quatar’s GDP
plus the German’s defence budget plus 
the French one and when I say this 
in the US they say bad example 
250 billions in cash with 1 50th of the 
hours spent on world of warcraft and here
I’m giving the advantage to apple 
because I consider that 1 hour equal an TA
and we all know that it’s not true in the office
people are like no it’s false 
so obviously if I told you
that one day maybe we could 
create quatar’s GDP by playing a game
it’s non sense 

Chinese: 
银行回答：“您的往来账户总金额相当于卡塔尔的国内生产总值，
加上德国的国防预算，
再加上法国的国防预算”。
即2500亿现金，
而这仅相当于花在魔兽世界上的总时间的五十分之一。
另外，我把这每一个小时看做是一个AT，
你们都知道在办公室工作时做不到这样。
也许，以后我们可以
通过玩游戏创造出卡塔尔的国内生产总值， 
目前听起来太荒谬吧。

English: 
so here’s what starcratf’s 
competitions look like as I told 
you here you can see someone being
photographed it’s entire 
stadiums being committed to a 
project I really like this example let’s
do a test who in the room has heard 
of Samuel pirponte the 
british that’s the problem 
that is according to my trust
level in fact I bet a different 
part of my anatomy that no one in the 
room has heard of Samuel pirponte
the british but because there’s
always someone to raise it’s hand 
I’d rather tell you straight away
I won’t go lower than my appendage 
in fact
believe me this guy is 
a guy who 
doesn’t matter for most people today
it was the guy paid by the 
president of the USA
to fly the first plane and the guy 
was the perfect son-in-law he had 

Chinese: 
【图片】好了，这是星际争霸竞赛现场，
站在众多新闻记中间的那个人无疑是超级明星。
执着于自己的事业，我真的很喜欢下面这个例子，
让我们先做一个小测试，
有谁听说过塞缪尔·皮尔庞特·兰利这个人？
（Samuel Pierpont Langley）
根据我的经验，不会有人知道他。
鉴于总有人会举手，
我还是选择尽早告诉你们。
现在大多数人都没听说过塞缪尔·兰利这个人，
此人曾获得美国政府以及史密森学会的经济支持，
试图建造一架载人飞机。
他是史密森学会的秘书长，

Chinese: 
他和总统打高夫球，
纽约时报对他的研究做跟踪报道，
还有一点，他很有钱，
总之，此人具备了一切有利条件，
去飞起第一架有人驾驶的飞机。
你们知道是谁成功起飞了第一架载人飞机？
稍稍有点争议，
有人会说是奥托·李林塔尔（Otto Lilienthal），
也有人说是莱特兄弟，
在美国历史上，是莱特兄弟。
为什么在飞行史上，
莱特史弟的知名度高，
而塞缪尔却不那么有名。
莱特兄弟是谁？
一开始，莱特兄弟在他们的家乡俄亥俄州的代顿市，
开办了一家自行车销售和维修店。 
他们的背景就是这样的。
他们两个人中只有一个人完成了高中学业，
他们团队里的其他人也都没有完成高中学业。
他们一边卖自行车的零配件，
一边在玉米田里试验飞机。
为什么是他们获得成功，
而不是其他人？
为什么不是来自理工学院的人，
剑桥的，牛津的……为什么是他们？
因为当莱特兄弟每次去试飞的时候，
他们会带上五套部件，
也就是说，他们每天会失败5次。 

English: 
a sit at the Smithsonian it was the 
American French college he played gold
with the president the new york times
was following him everywhere and of
course he was rich so this guy had 
the perfect conditions to fly
the first plane who flied the first 
plane I know it’s controversial
some will say that it was 
Clement Adder they’ll be right
there’re also the wright brothers 
they are in the american 
history books they flied the 
first plane why do we know the 
wright brothers better and not 
Samuel pirponte the british who were the
wright brothers at the beginning 
they were spare parts bike sellers 
60 km away from Dayton in Ohio 
their pedigree was that
one of them had graduated from 
high school only one of them and 
no one in their team had graduated from
high school those guys were 
selling bike spare parts 
in corn fields 
why them and why not 
somebody else why isn’t it a guy 
from MIT Polytechnic  Cambridge 
oxford why them 
2186
01:11:52,000 --> 01:11:55,790
because when they were going on the
field they were sending 5 packs of 
spare parts a day that is they were crashing

English: 
5 times a day 
so obviously at 30 miles per hour that’s 
why it was a biplane a biplane is 
to have a low velocity lift 
or levitation but still 
they were crashing 5 times a 
day
but when you’re Samuel fucking 
pirponte the british you can’t
crash not only once because 
you play gold with the president
because the new york times 
follows you everywhere because you’ve
got a grant and because you have a chair
at the Smithsonian so failure is
expensive and in order to learn well 
failure can’t be too expensive
in fact if you want to learn well 
to innovate well to create well
or to change the world or to receive a 
nobel price whatever failure needs to
be not too expensive because it’s
tests and failure that create
novelty and when failure is expensive 
you won’t try as much right after the
first failure you’ll stop everything 
so the paradox of the guy who has the
best pedigree and whom no one
knows anymore not even the name
it’s because for that guy 
failure was very expensive whereas
when you’re the wright brother 
in Ohio nobody cares that 
you’re crashing with your machine

Chinese: 
这是当然的，因为它是双翼机，
时速30公里，
双翼机在低速飞行时可以产生较大的升力，
但是它很容易失衡坠落。
他们每天会失败五次啊！
但当你是“塞缪尔·皮尔庞特·兰利”， 
那就不允许失败了，
一次也不行，
因为你和总统打高尔夫球，
因为纽约时报的记者总会出现在你身边，
因为你手握证券，
因为你身居要位，
所以你的失败成本昂贵。
如果你想学会什么，
就必须降低失败成本。
如果你想学习，你想创新，
甚至于想改变世界，
获得诺贝尔奖……
失败的代价必须很低，
因为创新是建立在无数次失败的试验上的。
当失败成本昂贵时，
你没法多次试验，
从第一次失败起，
你就停下来了。
就这是塞缪尔虽然拥有最好的背景，
现在却没有人知道他的名字的原因，
因为对这个人来说，
失败的代价太高。
当莱特兄弟在俄亥俄州的田野里试验时，
没有人在乎，
他们驾驶着可怕的机器，
一天坠毁了多少次，

English: 
in corn fields
so you can try 5 times a 
day so you’ll beat that guy 
I didn’t discover this great principle 
it’s a guy who’s
named simon  sinek I recommend
you his word he clearly says 
that failure is a diploma and if
you don’t have that failure  diploma 
if you haven’t dealt with failure
in your life you can’t try to do
something new because the
definition of something new 
can’t work at the first try
if so someone would have done it
before you a good example sorry
I made a mistake I didn’t 
that’s why it was in italian it’s not
my fault 
I’ve made this conference in italian
I changed slides sorry yes I’m half 
kabyle and half Italian the world is
divided in two categories the 
kabyles and the ones who want to

Chinese: 
所以他们可以每天试验5次，
所以他们会打败这个人。
为什么莱特兄弟成功，而塞缪尔却不行？
是因为有一个法则，这个法则不是我发现的，
是西蒙·斯涅克（SimonO.Sinek）发现的，
我热切地向你们推荐他的理论，
他直截了当地说：“失败是一张文凭，
如果你在生活中没有过这张文凭，
没有从失败中走出来过，
就不必去尝试创新，
因为创新意味着不会一次成功。
否则，早就有人做成了。”
还有一个好例子，
这位先生，
啊，
抱歉，
是意大利文的，
我没有换好图片，
说起来，我是半卡比尔人半个意大利人。
世界上的人分为两类，【笑】
卡比尔人和梦想成为的卡比尔人的人。

English: 
be kabyle
there’s a clapping that almost 
started 
good bejaïa power right so what’s
written is failure is a 
diploma and bill gates says and it’s
linked with what I said about
the apple he says I failed exams
at the university I failed 
some exams and by the way
he doesn’t have his licence he
never finished his licence 
but I have friends who didn’t 
they’re the ideal son in laws they’re
so clever they passed all 
their exams 
well my friends who passed all their
exams are engineers at Microsoft 
it hurts so bad failure is a diploma 
and you can’t try something new
if you don’t have that diploma 
an other good example that I 
really like is the effect bannister roger
bannister arrives in a context 
where there’re medical 

Chinese: 
我知道你们就要鼓掌了。【笑】
现在，回到正题，失败是一个文凭。 
这张图片上写的是比尔盖茨说的话，
说的也是这个意思。
他说，“在我上大学时，
曾在一些科目的考试中失败了，”
我插一句话，他没有拿到学士学位。
“但是我的朋友却通过了所有科目，
这位通过所有考试的我的朋友，
现在是微软的工程师。”
失败是一张文凭，缺少它，不可能在新事业上获得成功。
另一个我喜欢的例子，
是“罗杰·班尼斯特效应”。（Roger Gilbert Bannister）
当时的背景是，
运动学家与生理医学家们都信誓旦旦地宣称，

Chinese: 
人类不可能在四分钟内跑完一英里（1609.344米），
这是人类生理挑战的极限。
很多人都试着挑战这个极限，
但是专家们已经说了，
这是不可能的，
就是这样，
因为这是人体的极限。
然而，罗杰班尼斯特在在牛津大学的操场上，
以3分59秒4的成绩跑完一英里。
真正有趣的是，
在班尼斯特打破纪录的半年里，
在全世界，先后共有300名运动员，
在四分钟内跑完一英里。
我们怎么解释这个现象呢？
这是什么回事？
难道是因为我们摄入的营养成分改变了吗？
或是改变了训练方法？
或者是我们的身体本身有所改变？
难道他们受过某种不知名的辐射？
才使他们得以打破了他们的极限。
亦或是，仅仅因为，
他们在心里说“这可能的”，
因为他们知道已经有人做到了。
我们把这种现象称为“班尼斯特效应”，
在各个领域里，都有“班尼斯特效应”的例子， 

English: 
congresses at the university that 
say that it’s impossible to run a 
mile in less than 4 minutes it’s a 
physiological limit of the human body 
you can’t so you have many
guys that make amazing congresses 
that absolutely don’t run the mile
for a start but those guys say that’s
that’s impossible we say that you 
couldn’t do it that is how it is
that’s a limit of the human body you
can’t run a mile in less than 4
minutes
and then roger bannister didn’t listen
to that medicine course of 
Cambridge so he ran a mile in 
three minutes and fifty nine seconds 
and what’s interesting it’s once he
did it in the whole 
world 
well three hundreds people in six 
months ran a mile in less than 
four minutes 
so how do we interpret that what does
it mean was it their nutrition 
2297
01:15:38,940 --> 01:15:42,360
that changed was it their training 
that changed was it their physiologic 
that changed have they been exposed
to a radioactive cloud 
that we don’t know of so have they 
succeeded in surpassing their limits 
or is it only because they knew 
mentally they knew it was 
possible because someone
had done it we call it the bannister 
effect and you’ll find the effet

English: 
bannister in a lot of areas 
not only physically it can also be 
intellectually  that’s my drunkenness 
test what colour is the 
elephant in fact I’ve heard that
some people were saying that
it was a legend but I can 
assure that it was 
verified we know and archaeologist 
who studied what we called the 
collapse of bronze age which is a very
significant area of 
human history the bronze age the 
iron was a precious metal at the end
of the bronze age iron was 
difficult to found and that’s why 
the Egyptians were making
removable boats I’ll talk about
it later in the conference 
because iron nails for a boat
isn’t very good and the elephants
to tie them a bronze chain isn’t
good either so mahouts had 
understood that the best way
to tie an elephant was to tie 
him in his head that is they tied 
2334
01:16:52,280 --> 01:16:56,780
a small cord to his leg as 
a baby of course and it couldn’t 
break this small cord obviously 

Chinese: 
且不限于生理方面，
比如也出现在智力方面。
这是我的醉酒测试，
大象是什么颜色的？
事实上，
有些人说这是一个传奇，
但我可以向你保证这是真的。
考古学家得出结论，
在人类历史的一个重要时期， 
青铜器时代，
在青铜器时代末期，
铁是比金更昂贵的金属，
在当时的冶练技术来说，无法大量生产铁。
这就是为什么埃及人造船是可拆卸的，
整个船体没有用一根铁钉，
全部用棕绳固定连接，
因为用不起那么多的钉子。
关于大象，嗯，也不用铁链来栓大象。
照看大象的人有更好的办法来栓住大象，
那就是“栓住大象的脑子”，
具体做法是，
当大象还很幼小的时候，
用一根绳子栓住它的脚， 
幼象没有力量挣脱那绳索。

Chinese: 
直到它成年以后，
我们用相同的绳子，就算那强子根本不结实，
大象也不会逃脱。
因为在它的记忆里，
在它的心灵里……随你怎么理解，
它完全认为这根绳子是无敌的，
任凭怎么做，
都是无法挣脱这根绳子的，
所以它呆在那里不动。
在Rodeo大赛（牛仔竞技比赛）里获胜的牛仔高手们，
有时把马随便地栓在花园里的椅子上， 
那些马也不逃走。
为什么？
因为它们看到绳子上有一个结。
如果栓马的绳子上没有结，
立刻就会跑掉。
它们可不傻！
于是，需要问这样一个问题，
在我们的大脑里，
究竟有多少个这样的结。
其实，我们所有人都有这样的结，
我们的大脑有点像智能手机， 
预装有很多应用程序和情境。
比如“害怕被抛弃”这个情境，
从一出生起，
已经被安置在大脑里了。
小时候，害怕被抛弃，
长大以后，害怕被群体排除在外。
当一个成年人被群体排除在外时，
这会使这个人非常痛苦。
我们有证据证明，
当一个人被群体排除在外时，

English: 
but as an adult they tied the same
small cord and the elephant didn’t
move because it understood 
in it’s training it’s memory 
its psyche call as you want 
it had understood that this cord
was invincible and it couldn’t do
anything against it
so he wasn’t moving and there’re
a lot of not rodeo but rather western
riding champions that tie their
horses to a chair in the 
garden 
and what’s crazy is the horse is 
tied to a garden’s chair and it doesn’t
move because it can see the node
if they don’t tie the cord
it runs away it’s not dumb
so the question we have to ask
ourselves is how many cords we have
in our minds because we all have some
our brain is a bit like a smartphones 
because it has apps 
there’re an app environment 
it is here since birth
it’s installed by the 
constructor if you want and it’s the
fear of being abandoned our brain 
fears to be abandoned when we’re 
young than as an adult it becomes 
the fear of being excluded by
the group as an adult it becomes the
fear of being rejected by the group
it’s very painful we have the proof 
2371
01:17:56,150 --> 01:17:59,390
today in functional imagery 

Chinese: 
他大脑里与痛苦相联系的那个部位，
变得很活跃。 
事实上，心理上的痛苦
要比身体的疼痛，
更让人难以承受，
虽然很多人不这样认为。
想象一下，你骑马时摔断了腿，
严重的伤势让你经受了很多痛苦，
六个月后，
或十个月后，你还会去骑马。
再想象一下，当你刚跨上马背时，
有人过来对你说一件，
在你一生中听到过的最可怕的事，
你的母亲去世，你的孩子去世……
总之，是在你听来最残酷的事，
我可以肯定地说，
一半的可能，你不会再去骑马了。
因为摆脱心理痛苦，
要比摆脱身体痛苦困难得多。
例如创伤后压力综合征（Post-traumatic stress disorder），
这类在战争等创伤事件后产生的精神疾病。 
所以，要问的是：在我们的头脑里究竟有多少这样的绳索？
【大象图片】
我再给你们举一个小例子，
美国教师沙里塞尼克松所做的实验。
她让一个班的孩子们做易位构词游戏，
见图，左栏的三个单词，

English: 
that when the human is rejected by his
group the part of the brain that
activates is a part associated to
physical pain and the psychological 
pain is much more painful 
than physical pain 
many people think it’s the 
contrary but imagine you ride 
a horse 
and you break your leg like really hard
like an open fracture really painful
and six or ten months 
later you’ll go back on riding a horse 
now imagine that you’re riding a horse 
and 
someone tells you the worst news 
of your entire life like the death of
your mother or father or 
child something really bad I can
guarantee you that half the time 
you’ll never ride a horse again 
because it’s much more difficult to get
over psychological pain than
physical pain that’s why the post
traumatic stress exists in 
conflict zones so the question to 
ask ourselves is how many cords 
we have in our heads I’ll give you a 
a quick example there’s an american
teacher named charice Nixon 
and she did a test with her pupils 
and asked them to do write anagrams you

Chinese: 
她本该将这三个单词发给班上所有的
三十位学生，
要求他们，
通过改变三个单词的字母顺序创出新的单词，  
每次当有人找到一个单词的答案时就举手示意。
她有意给其中三个学生右栏里的三个单词，
在右栏里的前两个单词，
无论你怎么改变字母顺序，
都不可能组成新的英语单词。
但是，右栏的第三个单词和左栏的是相同的。
你们在座的人能想到答案吗？
试一下吧，虽然不是你们的母语，
有想到的吗？
没有？
啊，“american”，答案正确，
看来我们这里有Scrabble高手。
你们看，尽管不是你们的母语，
你们还是马上找到了答案。
老师给了那些学生5分钟，
那三个词是由易到难排列的，
bat 蝙蝠 —— tab 标签 
lemon 柠檬 —— melon 瓜
cinerama 宽银幕立体电影 —— american 美国人
发生了什么？
拿到右栏的三名学生，
怎么也没有办法把前两个词组成新词，
而此时，课堂里的其他人都举手了，

English: 
can see on the left column 
the paper she gave to all of her 
students in her class so thirty pupils 
and said when you’ll solve this paper 
2408
01:19:03,990 --> 01:19:08,610
that is find all the anagrams of those
words raise your hand and she tricked
three of her pupils she gave them
the right column paper and on the right
one the first two words you can try as
much as you want there’s no 
anagrams for them in English 
but the last one is the same one
maybe someone here has found it 
you may be not a native 
it’s harder when you’re not a
native but it’s a quick test 
American that’s right I can see we’ve got
a scrabble double black belt 
so as you can see it’s not your 
mother language but you’ve found it
right away
in fact let five minutes to the
pupils especially because they’re used
to it it gets harder but it starts
with the most simple so bat 
tab melon lemon and Cinerama american
right so what’s happening in fact 
when the other students who had
the paper with the impossible first two
see all the class raising their 
hand main

English: 
well they’re convinced the last 
one is also impossible and they say it
they go through a lie detector 
and according to them the third one
is impossible their brain told them
don’t even think of trying don’t you
see it’s impossible don’t even try
and what the pupils say
afterward when asked how did you
feel they say they’ve never felt 
this dumb we call it the 
taught helplessness  
in English it wouldn’t 
surprise if I told you it’s a 
paradigm discovered by the 
CIA during cold war it was 
discovered by a teacher named
martin Seligman and who 
tortured dogs because we can
also do that you mustn’t laugh at
at that one and that man took a 
cage with a wall inside it and from one side of
the cage he throws an electric discharge
the dog can jump over the wall
and goes to the other side of the 
cage for protection then he throws
a discharge on that side and he
observes that the dog can also jump
then he acts like a jerk and throws 
discharges from both sides and once the 
dog figured it out it can’t do 

Chinese: 
他们马上确定，
第三个单词也是不可能的。
无需测谎，
他们真的认为第三个词是不可能的，
他们的大脑对他们说
“不用试了，
你已经知道是不可能的。”
此后，当那些学生被问及当时的感受时，
他们当时都觉得自己真的笨，
这就是“习得性失助”，
英语写做“Learned helplessness”。
你们不用惊讶，
冷战期间的中央情报局已注意到了这个规律。
是马丁·赛里格曼教授（Martin.Seligman）首先提出这个理论，
他用狗作了一项经典实验，
不幸的狗。
马丁·赛里格曼教授安置了一个箱子，
用隔体将箱子分为两部分，
实验人员只对一边的箱底通电，
如果狗跳过阻隔体到另一边，
就可以逃脱电击。
当狗跳入另一边以后，实验人员再对该箱底通电，
迫使狗再跳到对面的箱子……如此反复。
在加强实验里，
实验人员让两边都同时通电，
那只狗不断地跳，直至它意识到无论怎么做都无济于事时，
它不再企图跳离箱子，只躺在原地不动，

English: 
anything else 
it lies down and accepts its fate and 
when they open the door
it doesn’t come out taught helplessness
it thinks it’s ok and hostage 
takers know that farcs for 
example when
they had hostages in the jungle 
they couldn’t keep them in jail
because they had to constantly 
walk so what they would do they
made their hostages repeat
blindfolded and hands tied in their 
back I’m alone I’m 
alone
hundreds of time a day you have to
repeat all morning I’m alone
I’m alone if you not you take a 
blow
and it works very well because it’s
known that people don’t try to 
escape afterward taught helplessness
it’s also known that the more people
know this phenomenon in advance the more
they resist to it 
that’s a bit why I’m giving those 
conferences I don’t think you’ll 
get kidnapped by the farcs tomorrow
2494
01:21:50,940 --> 01:21:57,630
but we never know to be 
honest I decided to 

Chinese: 
消极地接受自己的命运。
当我们打开笼子以后，
它也不出来。
这就是习得性失助。
劫持人质的人知道这个道理，
例如，FARC（哥伦比亚反政府武装）
他们的做法很特别，
由于他们在丛林地带从事游击活动，
必须频繁移动，
所以不能一直把人质关起来。
他们怎么做？
他们把人质的眼睛蒙住，双手反绑，
强迫人质不断重复地说：
“我独自一人，我独自一人……” 
每天人质必须数千次地
重复这一句话，
否则就会挨打。 
这样做相当有效，
因为结果是，人质不再尝试逃跑。
这就是习得性失助。
同样我们已经知道的是，
如果一个人事先了解这一现象，
那他的抵抗能力相对强一点，
这也是我来做这个讲座的原因之一，
虽然我不认为你会被FARC绑架，
但谁知道呢？【笑声】
说实话，我决定出本书，

Chinese: 
是因为有公开在酷刑项目的背景下从事研究的心理学家，
也有在这些秘密项目与公开学术项目之间
可能存在交叉领域开展工作的更具争议性的心理学家。
如马丁 赛里格曼教授， 
他是美国心理学会的成员，
美国心理学会是美国最权威的心理学学术组织。
正是这促使我想写书，
因为我觉得科学被滥用，
我想跟大众谈谈神经科学，
正如有些人研究如何操纵人们的大脑，
也该有些人能跟人们讲讲如何避免被操纵，
这是我的工作主题之一。
习得性无助在学校里得到充分的验证，
最糕的是，
当一个学生学业失败时，
我们不能确定失败是由于这个学生太笨，
有认知障碍，
还是因为这个学生认为他自己很笨。 
也许大脑核磁共振成像能帮助我们找出原因，
目前，我们不可能在每个学校都安放一台核磁共振成像机，
但以后是可能的，
就像以前我们不能在每个学校都安放一台电脑，
那时的IBM电脑有一间台球房那么大，

English: 
write a book because we didn’t 
know that professor Seligman had 
participated to the CIA torture
program we didn’t know and 
it was revealed later he was part of 
the American psychological association 
which is a great association that works
well not criticized at all but he
was a very important member of that
association we’ve got many proofs 
nowadays that he participated to
a CIA torture program that’s when I 
wanted to write a book because I 
thought  it was a bit too much 
we could talk 
neurosciences to the public
because there’re people who work
on how to manipulate others
it would be great that some other
work on trying to tell
them about it it was the main
subject of my work
the taught helplessness tested at school
works really great and the worst is
when there’s an academic
failure we can’t tell if the failure is due
to the stupidity of the student let’s say
a cognitive disability or if it’s because
he thinks he is dumb to know it 
the student should receive a
cerebral imagery and we can’t have
one MRI by school today maybe tomorrow
we could same as yesterday we couldn’t 
have a computer by school when 

English: 
the computers were as big as a 
2531
01:22:59,010 --> 01:23:01,170
pool room and today 
there’re many computers 
in one school maybe tomorrow we’ll 
have the money for it but for now
we can’t so when a student fail we 
can’t tell if it’s because he’s convinced
he’s bad or if it’s because he isn’t
good enough and the taught
helplessness I insist can happen
in fifteen minutes fifteen minutes 
and for the adult only
that’s another test 
called Asch’s conformity
experience 
Solomon Asch during the 60’s 
presents the lines you can see here 
the lines you can see on the right
and asks adults which one of this 
three lines is the same length of the 
one on the left 
it’s line number 2 it’s very easy
but afterward he pays 
fifteen actors to say of course not it’s
number three
and observes how many persons
change their mind 8 out of 10 in 

Chinese: 
现在，每个学校都有很多电脑。
所以说，也许以后会有办法，
但现在没办法。
现在，当学生在学业上失败时，
我们没法确定，究竟是他自认没有能力，
这是因为他真的没有能力。
只需15分钟，
就能让一位成年人，
产生习得性无助。
这里有另一个实验，
被称为“阿希的从众实验”。【图片】
是所罗门·阿希（Solomon E. Asch）
在60年代做的一个实验。
他向被试者出示两张画有线条的卡片。
要求被试者判断左图里的线条，
与右图里三条线中哪一条线等长。
你们说呢？
正确答案是右图的第2根线，
非常简单。
但实验者故意安排了一些演员混在被试者里，
这些演员一致说是右边的第3根线，
然后看有多少人改变他们的想法， 
结果，十个人里有八个人改变了他们的想法。
事后，自然地，

English: 
general so obviously when interrogated
the majority of those 8 out of 10 will
say I knew it but I won’t fight 
for lines and they’re
right it’s the good answer
but in general there’s one out those 8
that won’t believe that is he 
auto hypnotised himself to follow
the group it’s very scary 
because it’s ok for a line but when it’s
to say that torturing people is  
2568
01:24:22,230 --> 01:24:25,050
good
because there’re fifteen people 
who tell you that torturing people
is good 
so what do you think is it good
or not it’s harder here it’s what 
we call the Nuremberg effect
typically why good family men
can kill people without 
any problem because their surrounding 
told them it was ok in fact that’s 
the problem our brain when it has 
to choose between conformity 
and truth it chooses conformity
why because when you were in the jungle 
or during ice age for our 
ancestors 
if you were right but excluded 
from the group 
you were right but dead 
so it was great to be right but if

Chinese: 
那些被问到的改变了想法的人几乎都说，
我知道是第2根线，
但我不想为了一根线条而和别人争吵。
他们是有道理的。
但是，平均每八个人中有一个，
会回答说：“噢? 真的吗？”
说明他在当时受别人的影响发生了知觉歪曲。
这很可怕，
就一条线来说没什么，
但如果是关于其它的事，
比如：折磨他人是正确的。
这当然是不对的，但如果有十五个人告诉你，
折磨他人是对的。
然后，你会怎么判断？
这就是我们说的“纽伦堡效应”。
为什么一个好父亲
会毫不犹豫地杀人？
因为他们周围的人都说没问题。
这就是问题所在，
当我们必须在合乎群体标准和遵守事实之间做选择时，
我们的大脑选择从众。
为什么？
因为当我们的祖先生活在冰河时代或采集时代时，
你这样做就是对的，
否则就会被排除在群体之外，
从众是对的，是为了避免死亡。
如果你被群体排除在外，你无法独活，

English: 
you were excluded from the group
you were dead admitting you could 
survive you couldn’t have a progeny
because you were excluded from
the group
single parenthood doesn’t work for 
humans so we’re the descendants of 
those who stayed in the group in 
fact 
another experience that I love is a 
creativity test where you have to
the test itself isn’t that interesting 
the only thing that matters is what the
psychologist is going to do with it
the test is you’ve got all of this and 
you have to entirely burn the candle 
2605
01:25:33,460 --> 01:25:37,119
and keep it parallel to the wall and 
left no wax on the table 
so it’s not the most exiting thing of
your day 
I’ll give you the result straight
away 
the result is that nothing else
that’s why it’s a creativity 
test because it’s badly done because
you normally have to keep the thumbtacks
inside the box
that’s here it’s a creativity test
because it forces the person to 
see the box as an integral part
of the problem resolution 
not simply a thumbtacks container 

Chinese: 
就算你侥幸存活，
你独自一人，
无法生育后代，
人类无法单性繁殖。
结论是，我们是那些选择留在群体里的人的后代。
【笑声】
这是另一个我很喜欢的实验。
是一个创造力测试。
这个测试的内容并不是很有趣，
有趣的是对于实验结果的分析。
实验要求被试者运用桌上的任何物品，
将一支点燃的蜡烛固定在墙上，
蜡烛要与墙面平行，
不能让烛油滴落在桌子上。
让我告诉你们结果，
应该这样做。【图片】
这是一个测试创造力的实验，
前面那张图片不好，
本来图钉应该是放在盒子里的，
应该看上去是一根蜡烛，一盒图钉和火柴，
而不是一根蜡烛，一个盒子，图钉和火柴。
因为当图钉放在盒子里的时候，

Chinese: 
我们潜意识里认定了它是用来装图钉的，
如此一来就限制了盒子的用途，同时也限制了我们的思维。
不要紧，这不是最重要的，
重要的是科学家把实验分为两组，
告诉第一组，
如果解决这个问题，
每人将得到一百美元的奖励，
而告诉第二组，
如果解决这个问题，
我会和你们每一个人握手表示祝贺。
你们认为，哪一组表现更好？
是握手的这一组。
原因是，虽然奖励能让我们集中精神，
从而提高了记忆力，
但是它只适应那些已经见过的事物。
比如，对于在课堂上订正练习，
奖励非常有效，
奖励能有效地激励我们的工作表现。
对于那些简单的、反复的、机械式工作，
奖励机制非常有效。
然而，对于需要发挥创意才能解决的问题，

English: 
that happens to be here
well it’s not that which is important
what’s important is that they have
a psychologist who’s going to tell a 
room as big as one row 
all the people on the left 
side
if you solve this problem I’ll give 
you 100 dollars each and everyone on 
the right 
if you don’t solve this sorry
if you solve this problem I’ll 
shake your hand according to
you which group works best
as you know it you know it’s 
the shake of hand group 
the reason is the 
reward enhances the focus and  
memorization on things already seen
the reward works well for an 
exercise we corrected in class 
2642
01:26:45,849 --> 01:26:49,329
it works well
the reward it works for strengthening 
a behaviour already repeated the 
reward works well for a repetition

English: 
the reward is counter productive 
to an original solution because it puts
the brain when the brain faces 
a reward instinctively it puts itself
in the situation it’s something
we’ve repeated it won’t tell you
of course but the brain when it is
in a rewarding situation positive or
negative strengthening something
stimulating 
it directly thinks ok it’s something
I’ve already seen so it’s going 
to saturate the solving 
problems space by its memory 
when it shouldn’t because the 
solution isn’t in its memory 
so it reduces its performances so 
there’re situations when
the reward reduces the performances 
we call it the effect of 
over-justification it’s a bit scary 
because engineers say that when we 
only have a hammer in hand we 
only see problems as nails so
when we only have the reward in hand 
we only see problems as problems 
we can reward and innovation in
human history doesn’t fit in 
this category it doesn’t mean
we have to stop rewarding 
and or grading even it it’s a 
real subject but in any case the real
subject you have to know 
2679
01:27:55,920 --> 01:28:00,449
that correction and grading aren’t

Chinese: 
金钱激励反而会起到反作用。
也就是说，越丰厚的金钱奖励，绩效反而越低。
这是因为人们很难把金钱的诱惑与压力完全排开，
所以自然无法专注在问题本身，阻碍了大脑的自由发挥。
奖励在许多情况下有效，
当我们的大脑遇到简单的、反复的问题，
会马上进入思维的定势。
胡萝卜加大棒的模式会造成正的或反的效果，
对简单的，无需创意来解决的问题来说是正效果，
因为奖励机制使大脑自主地提升了记忆力空间，
但却因此挤占了寻求解决策略的空间，
这是不应该的，因为解决方案并不在记忆空间里，
于是绩效反而变低了。
这就是在有些情况下，
奖励会降低绩效的原因，
这种现象被称做“过度理由效应”，
这是令人焦虑的。
正如工程师说，
当你手上有一把锤子的时候，
看所有的东西都是钉子。
当我们只有奖励这一个方式，
我们会认为所有的问题都是可以获得奖励的问题，
然而创新不属于那个类别。
这并不意味着我们必须停止奖励， 
虽然这是一个需要思索的问题。
但是至少，需要好好理解订正和分数的区别，

Chinese: 
这两者之间有很大的区别，
它们之间的差别之大，就像螺丝和钉子，
它看起来非常相似，
虽然我们可以用锤子推螺丝，
但正确的方式是用螺丝刀来拧螺丝。
订正是用来改善一种行为，
如果你在钢琴上，弹错一个音，
你可以纠正它，
但分数是为了区分等级，
证明你是否达到某一水平，
超过某一标准。
在一个竞赛里，
有参加人数和预定奖项，
不是每个人都能得奖， 
这时需要用分数来解决这个问题。 
但订正只是用来改善一种行为。
想学得好，
就必须经常纠正错误。
如果我们使某人对订正产生了厌恶感，
就破坏了他的学习兴趣。
当我们让某人害怕被纠正，
使这个人想到改正就害怕时，
我们减慢了他的学习速度。
因为越想学得快，
就越需要经常纠正错误。
就像一个调制解调器。
一个56k调制解调器,
理论速率可以达到每秒传输五万六千个字节。

English: 
the same thing it’s something we
need to understand correction and 
grading aren’t the same thing there’re 
as many differences between correction
and grading than between screws 
and nails it looks alike and you can
hammer a screw but you usually need a 
screwdriver for a screw 
correction is here to 
improve a behaviour if you play 
piano and play a wrong note 
you correct yourself  it’s useful to 
classify that is to tell if you’ve got 
the level or not if you’re in the 
norm or not and if there’s 
a contest the grade is useful
to tell there’re that many 
places and that many people
everyone can’t have it that’s the use
of the grade but correction is simply
to adjust a behaviour and to learn well
you need to be often corrected 
and when you discourage someone 
from correction you destroy his learning
when you make someone being
afraid of being corrected when 
someone is terrified of receiving 
a correction we slow down his 
learning 
because to learn fast you need to be
often corrected it’s like a 
modem if you want I’ll talk about it 
again when we’ll talk about games a modem

English: 
is 56k that 56 000 signals a 
second octet even more than signals 
today it’s optical fibres it’s 
10 20 millions of octets a second 
well learning is the correction
in an hour if you want to
learn quickly you need to be often
corrected in an hour but if you’re 
disgusted by correction you’ll stop
being corrected and the grade isn’t
the same thing 
I didn’t say there was a tool
that was superior to the other I 
just said they’re tools that haven’t 
the same role and often because we don’t 
2728
01:29:28,560 --> 01:29:31,830
have time we mix the two of them 
it’s normal we don’t have time 
to do one part correction and one
part grading but in fact we need to
understand it isn’t the same 
tools 
that’s it another example 
used in marketing  you need to know 
that marketing is about associating 
a product to something people 
want but can’t have 
see the vicious aspect or not that’s

Chinese: 
现在使用的光纤，
每秒可以传输一千万字节。
当我们把学习视作是每小时里的订正，
如果你想学得快，就要经常订正错误。
如果你对订正感到反感，
你就会停止学习。
订正和分数不是一回事，
我并不是说哪个更好，
我只想说这些都是工具，它们的功能不同，
我们却常因时间所限而混淆这两者，
我们需要做的就是将更多的工具装到我们的大脑里面。
另一个例子，是关于市场营销的。
【烟盒图片】
所谓市场营销，就是通过把产品与人们想要却又得不到东西联系起来，
从而促进产品的销售。
你看出它的策略了吗？
这是一个香烟品牌，

English: 
a cigarette brand that made a 
hit in Africa you associate the brand
to something people 
want but can’t have a visa
this brand  made 
a big hit
so if you want to sell a beer you
put a gorgeous blonde the brain 
thinks I bought the gorgeous blond
when I bought the beer it’s 
unconscious and because drinking
the beer won’t satisfy his thirst 
for gorgeous blonds he’ll buy another
one you’ve noticed that a lady laughed 
we often say that to sell a product
to a guy you need to target the 
testosterone so power 
domination success and to sell
something to a woman you need to 
target oestrogens like 
commitment for example when cacharel
wants to sell a perfume to a lady
it calls it promise more than a perfume 
a promise 
I don’t invent anything I don’t draw
2765
01:30:56,910 --> 01:31:01,440
any conclusion 

Chinese: 
在非洲获得了巨大的成功。
烟盒上写着的是非洲青年想要，
但无法得到的东西 —— 签证，
结果获得了巨大的成功。
你想卖啤酒吗？
那就采用美女为广告主角，
大脑被吸引，产生美好的联想，
于是消费者们就买了啤酒。
“秀色可饮”，
一瓶还不够解渴，
那就再来一瓶吧。【笑声】
我看到那边的一位女士笑了。 
人们常说，如果想把商品卖给一位男士，
那一定要瞄准“雄激素”做文章，
让商品具有明显的男性特征，
因为那象征着权力，支配力和成功。
卖给女性的话，
瞄准“雌激素”，注重女性情感因素。
如果你想女士们买你的香水，
要像卡夏尔(Cacharel)那样，
给香水命名为“爱的承诺”（Promesse）。
那你买到的不只只是香水……【笑】
我没有胡说，
我也不做任何结论。

English: 
so if we go back to experiences of
conditioning where the goal is to
free yourself you’ve heard of 
the Stanford jail experience 
or not and still everyone should
have heard of it 
because it’s an experience 
extraordinarily interesting very
controversial at the time that doesn’t 
respect rule n1 of nowadays
scientific doxa that is don’t be
part of your own 
experience 
it’s supposed to be rule n1 don’t be
part of it and yet still 
the experimenter did it and took 
a quarter of students no not only 
students family men people who had 
their background checked 
who had no judicial antecedent  
or psychiatric so he takes 
a quarter and says 
from now all the people to my 
left you’ll play false 
prisoners in false jails and all the people
to my right you’ll play false 
guardians in a false jail and to play 
it well he’s going to ask the 
palo alto police to arrest them 
to set the mood to arrest 
them take a mug shot 

Chinese: 
让我们回到心理学实验。
在研究人性心理的实验里，
也许你们听说过“斯坦福监狱实验”，
我觉得每个人都有必要知道这个实验。
这个实验在当时引发了极大的争议，
理由之一是它没有遵守科学实验的首要原则，
即实验组织者不能参与到实验里去，
但该实验的志愿者里有组织方的学生。 
此外，实验者选了一些普通的成年人：
没有犯罪前科，身体健康，没有精神病史。
志愿者们被平均分成两组，
让其中一组的人在模拟监狱里饰看守，
另一组人饰演囚犯。 
为了让演囚犯的人更好地进入实验状态，
他们被真的警察“逮捕”了，
随后被带到模拟监狱。

English: 
with a serial number from the side face 
and everything and then he 
thought that maybe in two
weeks he would begin to see 
prisoners who are so into the 
2802
01:32:06,480 --> 01:32:08,430
game that they would think they’re
guilty 
and maybe he would see guardians 
who are so into the game that 
they may start we never 
know to abuse from their power 
and maybe in two or three 
weeks 
he thought that he may see if he
was vigilant enough a beginning of effect 
he had to stop the experience after
72 hours because it went crazy 
and he was the first because he 
wasn’t playing any role he was the 
the boss of the jail and he went crazy
first he started to abuse you give a 
baton to someone he’ll think maybe I 
could start using it you come here 
he did that that is there’s the side
I’m powerful I can’t deprive them from
anything I can take away their
mattress I can cancel food
I can turn the light on in their cell 
those guys have signed for it 
let’s go in 72 hours there were 
prisoners who really thought 
they were guilty and that they
deserved their sentence and some

Chinese: 
本来实验者估计需要两周，
才能观察到人性心理的变化，
比如，演囚犯的人会真的以为自己是有罪的。
然后，也许还会看到演看守的人，
也会认为自己是真的看守，
并因此而滥用看守的权力。 
可事实不像预想的那样，
事后认为，实验者们应该在第三天就停下来，
因为那时实验已经失控。
实验时，为了方便监督和管理，
心理学家津巴多教授自己担任典狱长，
并对实验者产生了影响。
在这个试验中的所有人，
很快就不再能清楚地区分是角色扮演还是真正的自我。
看守们滥用权力，
他们强迫囚犯做俯卧撑，
拿走他们的饭菜，
拿走他们的枕头、毯子和床，
不给牢房照明……
不到三天，有些演囚犯的人
就真的以为自己是犯人， 
不再反抗了，
而演看守的人以为自己在履行职责。

Chinese: 
从来没有哪项研究能预想到这样的情况。
津巴多把这个现象称为路西法效应（l'effet Lucifier ）
在正常的情况下，不会是全部的人，
都会因为受到环境的影响而产生行为和人性的显著改变，
总有人会反抗的。 
在预设的情况下，
在守卫里有一个是教授的学生，
会说停下来，
因为我们开始变得疯狂，
于是实验结束。
这样的结果是不错的， 
可是，当人们不知情时，结果会很糟糕。
津巴多说：“看守们非常享受并开始滥用他们所获得的权力，
没有一种性格测试能预测到。”
所以我说，如果我们不知情，
结会就会很坏。

English: 
guardians became completely 
sadistic and nothing that’s the 
experts conclusions 
nothing in the antecedents researches 
could have gave away a clue nothing 
Philip zimbardo called it the lucifer
effect in right conditions you 
can transform a significant part  
of the population it’s never
a 100% never a 100% there’s always 
someone who will rise in this 
case there was a student who played 
a guardian who told him stop 
stop everything you’re turning
crazy and they got married later it
wasn’t supposed to be funny 
so it ends well but 
what I want to say is it’s when people 
aren’t aware that it ends bad 
in fact what really says 
zimbarlo it’s that the guardians seemed
to really deeply enjoy the 
power they received and no personality 
test was able 
to detect it so when I say
it can end badly when we don’t 

English: 
know it’s true because this 
story happened for real it’s called  
the abou ghraïb torture during the Irak
war and Philip zimbardo and this 
time was for real it wasn’t an experience 
what I’m showing you Iraqi  
prisoners were treated this way
during more than 6 months and 
zimbardo testified during the 
soldiers’ trial who did this he was 
right because he said you knew 
that when you give too much power to
some people they’re going to 
abuse it just for fun and we knew it
and moreover they were working 
for the US navy 
in the 70’s for the US
navy
they had the file they knew it 
hasn’t been showed enough to 
come back on a funnier not 
it’s someone I really like 
he’s called fritz wicked he
is completely crazy totally but 
he was a genius a very important
American physician with swiss origins 
and it’s someone who discovered 
who speculated sorry the dark matter
the black energy and the 
neutrons stars problem he speculated it
in the 40’s and all of that was 

Chinese: 
是的，历史不断重演这样的事，
比如发生在伊拉克战争期间的“阿布格莱布监狱虐囚事件”，
（Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse） 
又称“美军虐待伊拉克战俘事件”。
这不是实验，是真实发生的事。
在六个月里，
美军军人就是这样对待伊拉克战俘的。
津巴多曾做为此案的专家证人，
他说：“我们知道，某些人，一旦得到过多的权力，
他们就会滥用权力，有时仅仅为了好玩。
在70年代时，我就做过相关的心理实验。
美国海军有我的实验记录，
他们是知道的。"
现在让我们来说一些轻松有趣的事的吧，
这个人，是我非常喜欢的一个人。 
他是弗里茨·兹威基（Fritz Zwicky）
他是一个天才，
瑞士人，在美國做研究。
他发现了“暗物质”，发现了超新星，预言了中子星的存在。
问题是，他在四十年代时就推测暗物质的存在，
直到六十代至八十年代，才被证实。

Chinese: 
他的职业生涯，由此可见一斑，
所幸他有自闭症，
所以他完全不在乎别人对他的评价。
他最厉害的骂人字眼是：
“球形浑蛋！”
这表示”无论从哪個角度看，
你都是一个浑蛋“的意思。
“spherical bastard !”
但是我所学到的知识让我知道，
“球形浑蛋并不存在”。
这是一个强大的社会定理：即使一个人再糟糕，
也会有一个角度，
透露出他的敏感和脆弱。
问题是，社会鼓励人们向身边人呈现相同的角度，
工作的时候，
甚至在家里和孩子相处的时候，
我们都倾向于只露出一个表面。

English: 
discovered between the 60’s and the
80’s so obviously his career was quite
annoying but lucky for him he was 
autistic 
so he didn’t care at all 
of what people thought of 
him 
and he had a favourite insult 
and it was spherical bastard  
spherical bastard it means no matter 
the angle you’re
a bastard in fact spherical bastard
in English if there’s one thing I’ve 
learned in fact I’ve learned 
it’s that the spherical bastard 
doesn’t exist it’s a true wisdom 
the spherical bastard doesn’t 
exist someone who is the worst bastard
with you there’s an angle where he
isn’t the problem is 
in life we only show one angle 
always when we work even to 
our children we show them the same
one in a family situation 
we tend to show the same angle  
of ourselves and we’re almost 

Chinese: 
由于受习惯影响而产生的各种条框限制， 
使我们呈现出来的自已看上去总是一样的。
事实上，与你有冲突的人总存在某个角度，
在这个角度下，你们可以成为朋友，
但你必须自己寻找这个角度。
这是马可·奥勒留（Marcus Aurelius）
我曾想在我的书里谈谈“神经元智慧”
事实上，这个词并不存在，
而这正是我感到奇怪的地方。
我们把神经元这个词冠名在各处，
因为神经活动参予在所有的人类活动中，
即使是体力活动，
也有神经元的参予。
神经元科学的研究很广泛，
已经与司法，政治相结合，
这是有道理的，
因为对人脑的研究有助于我们理解司法，理解政治，
理解法官做出判决的原因。
但是“神经元智慧”这个词不存在。
艾萨克·阿西莫夫（Isaac Asimov）说，
人类文明创造了很多的知识和很少的智慧，
智慧注定会消失。
他说得很有道理。
在二十世纪，我们有十足的例子：
我们的文明从科技的角度看非常先进，
而我们的智慧为零。
在非人道思想达到了的极端的同一时期，
技术水平也达到了人类历史的最高峰。

English: 
blocked by rails that were built
by habits where we’re going to
show an angle that is still quite 
the same 
well in fact if we want to solve
conflicts we also need to be 
capable of exploring humans to find
the angle where they aren’t 
perfect 
that’s the theorem of the spherical
asshole doens’t exist  marc aurele 
that’s why I wanted to talk about 
neuro wisdom in my book because I was 
surprised to see that it’s a  
word that didn’t exist whereas
we can put neuro everywhere 
because in human activity 
there’re always neurons in it 
even if it’s a manual one it’s an activity
there’re neurons in it we talk about 
neuro justice neuropolitic and we’re right
because understanding the brain 
allows to understand politic justice
the way the jury takes a 
decision but the word neuro wisdom
didn’t exist whereas Isaac asimof said
a civilization that produces a lot of 
knowledge and few wisdom is 
doomed to extinction and he is  
right 
in the 20th century we saw the perfect
example of civilisations very advanced
technology and 0 wisdom
the worst inhuman civilisations of 
the 20th century were also the most 

Chinese: 
日本的昭和天皇，
德国的纳粹，等等， 
人能够在杰出的同时毫无人性。
我们有必要回顾历史，
有必要想到艾萨克·阿西莫夫的话，
这也是我创出“神经元智慧”这个词的原因。 
它的意思是，
要了解你自己的大脑，
如果由别人代替你思考，
结果不一定会符合你的利益。
马可·奥勒留说过，
在他的生命中有两种权力，
一种是对自己的权力，
另一种是对他人的权力。
而且他说，对于自己的权力高于对他人的权力。
这位罗马帝国的皇帝是有道理的，
因为，如果你对他人有权力，
却对自己没有权力，
如何知道谁会对你有权力呢？
正是这点使人毛骨悚然，
如果某人有对他人的权力，
却没有对自己的权力，
这实在太令人担心了。
对柏拉图来说，
人类的灵魂是一位驾车手和双套马车。
一匹黑马，一匹白马，
黑马代表我想要的，（灵魂的理性部分）

English: 
advanced in technology Diritto’s 
Japan the Nazis Germany so
2950
01:37:02,160 --> 01:37:06,270
we can be advanced in technology and 
be inhuman and that’s the small thing
we needed to remember and that Isaac
Azim reminded and that’s why
I wanted to invent this word neuro 
wisdom 
that roughly means know your 
brain because if not someone else 
will know it for you and it’s not 
in your interest so that’s marc 
aurele who said there’re two types of 
powers in life in fact the power 
on yourself and the power on the 
others and he said that the power on 
yourself was superior to the power on 
the others that’s well thought 
from a roman emperor at the peak of rome
and he is right that is if you have
power on others and you don’t 
have  power on yourself 
who has power on you  
that’s scary someone who has
power on others but who 
doesn’t have power on himself it’s
very worrying according to Plato 
the human soul is a chariot with two horses
a white and a black to simplify 
the sufi said the black one it’s the me 
who command and the white one it’s
the true me well the me who command

Chinese: 
白马代表我需要的，（心灵的无理性部分或欲望部分）
这两者相当不同，
一般情况下，
太少的人懂得哪些是他真正需要的东西，
就像一个孩子，
如果你不给他吃棉花糖，
他自然地认为，
你存心伤害他，
他认为妈妈坏，拿走了他的糖。
但实际上，如果他吃太多的糖，
会吃坏了牙，得去看牙医……
孩子们不会使用理智。
大人有时也这样，
他们也会沉浸于某一事物，
不知道是否对他有害，
不知道自己的利益所在。
从地缘政治的角度看，
1919年在巴黎的凡尔赛宫签署的《凡尔赛条约》，
根本不符合法国的利益，
但是法国为了羞辱德国，
占领莱茵兰做为担保，
要求德国作为战争的唯一责任人——其实并不是
——对战争造成的损失和破坏负责。
法国不需要这样做，
但受自我意识驱使，
法国这样做了。
“自我”说：
我是胜利者，
由我来做决定。
以上是我的讲座的第一部分，
是最难以理解和最长的一部分，

English: 
is the one who says give me what 
I want and the true me is the one who
says give me what I need and they’re
not the same in general very few
people want what they need very
very few if you deprive a child 
from marshmallow he will come 
to the natural conclusion that you 
want to harm him in fact his mom
is mean she took his pack of 
candy yeah maybe but if you
had eaten the whole pack 
you would have been so sick and
it would have harmed you more 
well it’s the same for human in fact 
the adult human and even the states
and that’s what is scary states 
don’t know where their interests are
in geopolitical
it wasn’t in France’s interest 
in 1919 to write the Versailles diktat  
to humiliate Germany 
to occupy  the ruhr to force  
Germany to admit that they were 
the only responsible of the first 
world war which is wrong it wasn’t
in France’s interest to do it 
and still they did it because 
their ego wanted it and our ego 
is the me that command the one that says
give me what I want  
it was the first part and from far the
longest the others are much 

English: 
more simple and practical 
the abstract requires 
efforts but practical 
doesn’t concretely it’s a bit 
like the hello kitty moment of the 
presentation
I’ve got Chinese students sometimes 
they’re like oh it’s so cute but because
you don’t have a heart I can see 
that  in fact the best remark I’ve had 
in firms clubs 
3024
01:39:23,810 --> 01:39:30,920
in france about this picture was 
the chain is pretty Rorschach test 
for CEOs so why
did I put those tiger babies 
first to remind you that 
playing is the most efficient 
way to learn period and in neuro ethology 
it’s known since the 70’s playing
is the most efficient 
way to learn period why because in fact
the cleverer an animal is the 
more it plays 
be careful it’s a correlation not 
necessarily a causal connection but  

Chinese: 
其余的部分相对简单。
就像前面说过的， 
理解抽象的事物需要大脑做努力，
理解具体的事物，大脑不需要做努力。
为什么我要给你们看这张图片？
【图片 虎宝宝】
一方面是为了提醒你：
玩耍是最有效的学习方式！没有之一。
自上世纪七十年代以来，这已经成为神经科学的共识。
玩耍是最有效的学习方式。句号！
为什么？
首先要知道的是，
越是聪明的动物，越是善于玩耍。
要注意的是，
这两者间是相关关系，
而不是因果关系。

English: 
the causal connection was proven 
in fact the cleverer an animal is 
the more it plays dolphins 
play tigers play octopuses play 
parrots play crows play of course
the cats play dogs too 
the cleverer an animal is the more 
it plays prey or predator play 
all mammals play in fact to 
learn but not only so octopuses and 
crows too and in fact 
the more nature has to select a 
complex behaviour a difficult behaviour 
like for example a chimpanzee that 
collects ants in a anthill with a 
baton covered in honey it’s very
technical well every time nature
has a technical behaviour to teach 
it does it through playing
from breaking a nut with rocks 
to using a baton to 
collect ants playing 
will be used by nature 
3061
01:40:40,850 --> 01:40:43,730
to teach the behaviour the more 
complex the more technical the more 
nature will use playing why 
because playing is correcting you twice a
second
adding the fact that playing has a low 
entrance gate it’s very easy to 
start a game it’s harder 
to stop it low entrance gate high exit
gate it’s a passion of course

Chinese: 
越是聪明的动物，越是善于玩耍，
海豚喜欢做游戏，
老虎喜欢游戏，
母鸡们游戏，鹦鹉们游戏，
乌鸦游戏，当然，猫爱游戏，狗也是。
捕食者跟猎物一样，在玩耍中学习，
这一行为在哺乳动物中具有普遍性，
此外，还有母鸡，乌鸦……
总之，这一行为成功地历经了数百万年的自然选择。
例如黑猩猩会用沾有蜂蜜的小树枝钓白蚁，
这个行为的技术性很强。
在大自然，为了把技术性行为灌输给后代，
都是使用玩耍的方式而达到教导的目的。
学习举起石头敲砸坚果，
或学习用小树枝钓白蚁，
总是通过玩耍来实现。
需要学习的行为越是复杂，技术要求越高， 
大自然越选择以游戏的形式进行，
这是为什么?
因为游戏鼓励长时间孜孜不倦的纠错练习。
此外，进入游戏的门槛很低，
开始游戏很容易，
要想停下来却很难。
入口门槛低，出口门槛高，这是一种激情，
因此非常有效率。 

Chinese: 
你们知道在大自然里的竞争要比
巴黎综合工科学校的入学考试残酷得多。
在大自然里，如果你失败了，你就死了，
你没有机会等明年再来一次。
大自然里没有礼物。
在一个遵从丛林法则，
适者生存的严酷环境里，
大自然选择的最有效的学习方式是玩耍。
这些虎宝宝，如果它们不通过玩耍去学习，它们会死。
它们将不会捕猎，
它们将不去保卫自己的领地，
它们将不进行繁殖活动，
它们会死，它们的种群会灭绝。
所以对它们来说，
这不仅是严肃的，还是攸关生死的。
同时，虎宝宝的图片还说明了“萌值”的重要性。
“mignonitude”，在法语里是一个新词。 
英语里有这个词“cuteness”
“萌值”能够引发成人的养育之心。
“萌值”从神经科学的角度看，
表达的意思是，
“不要害怕我，
来照顾我吧，
看看我吧。”
"萌值”是一种演化上的适应，

English: 
it’s more efficient you know 
nature is a bit more selective 
than the entrance exam to Polytechnical 
for nature if you fail you’re dead 
you won’t come back next year 
you’re dead so nature is not
nice in an environment 
that is very mean and competitive 
the jungle law the most efficient 
learning behaviour that she 
selected is playing because 
it works if those tiger babies doesn’t
play they’ll die they won’t know
how to hunt defend their 
territory or reproduce they will
die and the specie will die 
too so playing is serious for them 
it’s not just for fun 
it teaches them to reproduce to 
hunt and to defend their territory 
and also those tiger babies illustrates
the importance of cuteness so in 
French it’s a neologism but in English 
that word exists it’s cuteness
cuteness means mignonitude in French 
cuteness in neuro science 
exists and it’s very precise 
3098
01:41:49,220 --> 01:41:55,460
it means don’t be afraid cuteness
is a message that says don’t 
be afraid 

English: 
take care of me look at me 
cuteness is one way nature 
has developed to catch others’
time and attention in fact you 
think we domesticated cats but 
actually they’re the ones that 
domesticated us 
we know that the more an 
animal is domesticated the more it
stays cute as an adult wild cats 
don’t purr as adults 
but domesticated cats do the more an 
animal is domesticated and all things 
equals the longer it says 
cute why because for a domesticated 
animal its survival depends
on humans’ time and attention 
so to attract a maximum of 
humans’ attention I mean the more
it attracts humans’ time and attention
the more chances it has to survive so
the cuter it is the more chances it
has to survive especially if it’s an
animal that doesn’t watch over herds
anymore humans’ time and attention
guaranty two things food and 
protection from predators
if there’s an human around there’re
less risks to get eaten by a predator 
to come back on playing I’ll talk about
cuteness right after it’s a kind of 

Chinese: 
是为了吸引别人的关注和时间。
你们以为是人类驯化了猫吗，
其实是它们驯化了我们。
我们知道，越是被家养的动物，
当它成年时，越保持着很多它幼年时的特点，
成年后的野猫就不再发出呼噜呼噜的声音，
但家猫就有。
越萌越受宠。
为什么？因为宠物的生存取决于其主人对它的关注度和时间， 
所以必须尽量地吸引主人的注意力。
越是被关注，越有利于它的生存。
于是，越是可爱，越有利于生存，
尤其是当它还能看护家蓄群的话。
对宠物们来说，
获取主人的注意力和时间，
是为了确保食物和受到保护。
先让我们回到游戏，
以后我会再谈这个问题。
这是一种看着屏幕，

Chinese: 
通过使用操作手柄实行的外科手术。
屏幕和手柄，
也许会引发外科医生的提问，
玩动作类电子游戏是否能提高手术的操作能力?
我们已经做了测试。结果显示，
接受视频游戏训练的外科医生，
腹腔镜手术速度提升了35％，
所以，以后在你接受腹腔镜检查之前，
要让你的外科医生先玩动作电子游戏“热身”。
现在回到“萌值”这个问题，
虎宝宝图片传递了二个信息，
第一个信息是游戏是最好的学习方式，
这也是人们在模拟器上培训飞行员的原因之一。
另一个信息是“萌值”的重要性。
这个图片显示的是，
左边的照片是萌值高的，
相对的，右边的照片是萌值低的。
为了提高实验的严谨性，
既有成人的照片，也有幼儿的照片。
这是为了表明，
不仅仅是孩子被认为可爱，
成人也是，
且有一定的标准可寻。

English: 
surgery that gets done with 
controllers and a screen it didn’t take
long before there was a 
3135
01:43:02,870 --> 01:43:05,420
surgeon who asked maybe 
surgeons who play 
action video games will be 
more efficient they’ve made tests
and surgeons who play action video 
games are 35% more efficient 
on laparoscopic surgery so much that 
the study concluded that if you needed
this surgery ask your surgeon if 
he plays video 
games
and now let’s watch the cuteness 
question so the second message
of those babies tiger the first one
being playing is the most efficient 
way to learn if not civil 
aviation wouldn’t learn on 
simulators and the other message is 
the importance of cuteness 
that’s what show this publication 
you can see here you’ve got pictures with 
on your left a high cuteness 
compared to a low one on the right 
and to be perfectly rigorous 
they’ve put young and 
adults 
to show that it’s not only 
because it’s a 
child that it’s cuter but 
even between children pictures 

Chinese: 
研究结论，显然是，
大大的眼睛、高高的额头等被认为最可爱。
结果表明，可爱的肖像得到的关注多，
这是通过利用眼动追踪仪，
能够知道眼睛的注视点而得到的结果。
我们得到的数据显示，
越是可爱，获得的"At"越多。
为什么？
因为如果婴儿不可爱，人类就灭绝了。
可爱的婴儿给我们的第一个信息是：
和睡懒觉说拜拜。 【笑】
因为我们人类一方面是两足动物，
另一方面我们人类有着相对很大的大脑，
虽然不是所有动物中最大的，
但相对体型，我们的大脑相当大。 
如果你看到大猩猩的头颅，

English: 
and adults pictures they put 
high and low cuteness and obviously
the conclusion of this study is 
according to the criteria you can 
see here that is cuteness 
is mainly a large  
forehead big eyes ect
3172
01:44:10,260 --> 01:44:15,880
well cute pictures are more watched 
that’s it cute pictures are more 
watched when you use an 
eye tracker glasses that follow 
the look you can observe that what’s
cute capture more TA
why we have to be clear if babies 
weren’t cute the human specie 
would have disappeared the first 
message of a baby is still lie-ins 
are over if he isn’t cute
after that it’s going to be complicated 
to negotiate so why because us
humans are bipeds on one hand
and on another one us humans have
big enough brains not the biggest 

English: 
of the animal reign but we’ve got a 
big enough brain if you see a gorilla’s
skull in fact the gorilla has 
a bony crest at the top of its head with
two recesses on the side that 
hides muscles in fact the gorilla 
has muscles at the top of his head
see a gorilla it’s soft on the top it has 
a muscle there because the gorilla
has a gigantic muscle to bit 
gorillas are one of the best
bitters of the creation with polar
bears believe me well 
those muscles take
room on the potential 
size the brain could have had
it’s two muscles that digs a hole 
in the skull and the gorilla obviously
needs to bite because it’s 
essentially a quadruped not all the 
time but most of it 
so quadruped 
well they have rather short
hips on the waist and 
muscles to bite but humans are 
biped so their brain has room to
develop because their hands are 
free they can cut their meat 
cook it and so the brain
develops itself very well but because he 
is a biped well his hips can’t be 
too large either because bipeds

Chinese: 
在雄性大猩猩的颅骨顶部有一个脊状凸起，
在这个脊的两边分别长着肌肉，
也就是说大猩猩的头顶上有肌肉，
它头顶上摸上去软软的地方是两块咀嚼肌肉。
因为大猩猩有这样巨型的咀嚼肌，
所以它有着动物中首屈一指的强大咬合力，
和北极熊不相上下。
正是这两块巨大的肌肉，
使颅骨向下凹陷，占用了空间，
局限了本来可能发展的大脑。
大猩猩需要强大的咬合力，
因为它是四足动物，
虽然偶尔摇摇晃晃地直立行走，
但总体上是用四足行进的，
所以它们有着较短的骨盆，
和强大的咬肌。
相反，人类是双足行走的，大脑高度发达，
这是因为，直立行走解放了双手，
我们可以使用双手切肉，烹调食物， 
促进了大脑的成长。
为了适应双足交替行走的方式，
骨盆不能太宽，否则会站立不稳。
就这样，狭窄的骨盆，巨大的头颅，

Chinese: 
要想婴儿能顺利出生，只有一个办法，
那就是带着一个发育尚未完全的大脑出生。
人类大脑在出生时没有发育完毕，
出生后的前6个年头，大脑发育最迅速，
整个发育期大约到了21岁才能完成。 
这就意味着孩子是非常脆弱的，
因为他的大脑还没发育好，
所以在很长的一段时间里，
孩子无法独自生存，
所以我们必须照顾他。
要想让别人照顾他，
他就必须可爱。
萌值是生存的客观需要，
一个可爱的宝宝传递出来的信息是
“照顾我吧”。
萌值非常重要，
我之所以要谈论它，
是因为它与技术发展有很大的关系，
【图片】
你会把你的孩子交给哪个图里的机器人照顾？【笑声】
创造新科技的人很了解这个情况。
他们知道，要想让用户接受他们的创新产品，

English: 
can’t have hips 
too large so a big brain and
limited hips there’s 
only one option  actually it’s to
give birth to a brain that isn’t  
finished yet and that’s what’s happening
for humans we give birth to a brain that
isn’t finished and that makes 
most of its developing post
partum by the way most of it until
21
so it means that children are 
weak because their brains aren’t 
finished children aren’t capable of
surviving alone for a long
time so we have to take care of them
to take care of them they need to be
cute because cuteness is 
the coupling between the brain and the
cute thing so the
baby said take care of me 
I’m cute cuteness is very serious
actually and why am I 
talking about it  sorry that was the
subject roughly regarding
technologies to which robots would
3246
01:46:45,330 --> 01:46:48,320
you give your children 
and innovators understood it well 
that is in technology we know
that if we want a technology

Chinese: 
就得把产品设计得可爱。
当一件新科技看上去很可爱，
我们就不那么害怕它。
有一个典型的例子，
那就是苹果公司，
这就是他们的王牌，
因为他们在设计产品时，
注意到了这种微妙的心理影响，
在购买者和产品之间创造了一种感情，
致使人们愿意付更多的钱购买它。
以这件在80年代设计的产品为例，
它有圆圆的边角，
白色的塑料，像其它玩具那样，
软盘驱动器看起来像在微笑，
所有这些向你传递了这样的信息：
“不要害怕我”。
一项新技术不是因为它能运行而被接受，
而是当人们不再害怕它时，它才被接受。
因为新技术开始运行时，
比之于显得可笑，它更显得什么？
它更显得危险。
有多少新技术，正如我们之前提到的，
在一开始时不被人接受， 
是因为它让人感到害怕。
再例如，还是关于萌值，

English: 
to be adopted it needs 
to be cute because when a 
technology is cute we’re less
afraid it means don’t be afraid of
cuteness and typically the kings in
that area are apple that’s why
they’re that rich actually 
it’s because there’s a very subtle 
psychological dimension in the way
they design their products resulting
that people are ready to pay 
more and there’s an emotional
bond created with the object for 
example that design in the 80’s what
does it tell you don’t be afraid 
it has round edges 
white plastic it’s a toy 
it also says hello and the floppy
drive looks like a smile 
a technology isn’t adopted
when it works it’s adopted 
when it ceases to scare 
because when a technology 
works 
it’s not ridiculous anymore given that
it works but what is it dangerous
how many technologies I’ll show 
you that later weren’t adopted
whereas they worked because they
were scary 

Chinese: 
这是一个中国警方的宣传图片。
布热津斯基（波兰语Brzeziński）——
曾任卡特政府的国家安全顾问，
曾经说过：“现今，杀死一百万人要比统治百万人容易得多。” 
现在的中国有十三亿人口，
要治理十三亿人口，这绝非易事。
且不说其它，无论如何，
他们已经有了一定的管理艺术——就像这张图，
交警开给你一张罚款单，
你将为此付出你一周的工资，
但是，这些漫画风格的交警，
他们很可爱，
有着大大眼睛和宽宽的额头，
他们对你说，你将被扣去四分…… 
这很有效，统计证明，
它能有效地减少攻击性，
因为当我们面对一个较为可爱的刺激物时，
我们的攻击性较弱。

English: 
for example the cuteness that’s
the case of the Chinese Brzezinski 
the advisor Jimmy Carter’s Dark Vador
Brzezinski said it’s easier 
nowadays to kill one million 
people than to govern one million 
people 
well if I wanted to make bad  
jokes I would say that Chinese 
tried both but today they try to
to govern one billion three hundreds
million people and it’s hard 
to govern one billion three hundreds
millions well I didn’t say they were
doing it well that’s another subject 
but in any case they acquired quite an
experience on how to govern one
billion three hundreds millions 
people and so when they give you 
a fine that equals a one week 
salary 
they’re cute that is here you’ve got 
a policeman very cute type manga 
with big eyes big forehead 
that tells you you just lost
4 points that’s on me it works 
we know that statistically it 
reduces 
aggressiveness because when we’re

English: 
confronted to something cute we’re 
less aggressive that’s neuro ergonomy 
that’s why I’m talking about it 
it’s typically a case when if you don’t
know your brain someone will
for you and it’s not in your 
own interest actually 
al Capone said we obtain much
more with a nice word and a gun than
with a nice word alone it’s true last
time at the grocery shop no sorry
3320
01:49:25,160 --> 01:49:29,030
it’s also true the other way round  
that’s also what’s interesting we obtain
much more with a gun and a nice
word than with a gun alone 
that’s what demonstrates all 
those posters for example when you go
to New Zealand five months ago
I had a conference in new 
Caledonia New Zealand and New 
Zealand let’s say you just did
a 14 hours plane ride and you 
have to wait three hours because
they have very precise sanitary 
tests 
it’s normal they have a very 
specific biodiversity an invasive 
specie mustn’t arrive 

Chinese: 
这就是神经人体工程学，
这就是我要跟你们说的。
如果你不了解自己的大脑，
了解它的人会替你做决定，却往往不符合你的利益。
艾尔·卡彭说过
“温柔的话语加上一支手枪所能得到的，
比只说温柔的话语所能得到的多很多。"
完全正确。【笑】
其实倒过来说也是正确的：
“温柔的话语加上一支手枪所能得到的，
比只用一支手枪所能得到的多很多。"
就像这张宣传画的示范效果。
再如，当你去新西兰时，
五个月前我去那边做过讲座，
经过14个小时飞行，终于到了到了新西兰机场，
但你要等待3个小时才能离开机场，
因为你必须通过严格的卫生检查。
对新西兰这样全球生物多样性最为丰富的地区，
这样做是很正常的，
是为了避免自然生态环境被入侵物种破坏。

Chinese: 
如果查出带有动植物寄生虫的植物和食物，
就要交数额巨大的罚款，
最高达90万美元的罚款。
像是鞋底上粘的土壤，吃剩的苹果核，
可能会让你被罚一千美元，
这些都是在你踏进新西兰之前可能发生的。
为了向乘客做宣传，一般有两种方案，
要么在告示牌上大大地写上罚款一千元，
要么你放置这可爱的卡通动物，
这只小狗是机场的卡通代言人，名叫“好男孩”。
它在屏幕上向乘客们解释卫生检查的具体事项，
应该怎样做才能避免麻烦，尽快地通过检查。
这个宣传效果很好，这正是萌值起的作用。
再看看台湾人的做法，
自從台北1996年推廣“垃圾不落地”以來，
使用垃圾车播放贝多芬的音乐。
每当贝多芬名曲《致爱丽丝》自窗外传来，
许多台湾人第一个动作就是──拿起垃圾往外冲，

English: 
on their soil so the slightest thing
that has a small organic 
debut
it’s a fee of I don’t remember how much
but it’s huge it’s around 
900 thousands dollars 
right away so dirt under your shoe 
an apple core whatever you 
want it can go till 1000 dollard
of fee 
right away you haven’t even
entered the country yet that you’re already 
paying so to communicate that kind 
of message there’re two solutions either
you put huge signs 1000 
dollars in your face if you don’t
cooperate or you put this 
lovely small animation character 
named officer good boy 
that’s a dog name that will
3357
01:50:35,210 --> 01:50:40,160
tell you on a screen how he is going 
to nicely control if you don’t have 
too much dirt under your 
shoes and not too many apple cores 
in your bag and it works
because cuteness works 
actually the Tawainese when they
wanted to collect rubbish 
in Taipei they made sure the 
garbage truck plays 
Beethoven a garbage truck 
that plays Beethoven because you  

English: 
have to take out the trash 
right when they pass by because of the 
tropical climate 
it would smell really bad especially
in small streets it would reduce 
restoration it’s not really nice to
enter a restaurant with a bad 
smell of rotten fish at the entrance 
you have to let and I’m not even talking
about typhoons if the trash stayed 
outside for too long and they’re 
taken away 
so the trash needs to go right away into
the garbage truck so to encourage 
people to go down 20 floors 
they made sure the truck was
playing Beethoven and cuteness 
also works for 
bigger technologies like the 
urban ones for example that’s the 
tramway in Casablanca 
it was also adopted because it was 
cute and it was the cutter of the call 
for tenders 
of course it was also working 
3394
01:51:37,719 --> 01:51:40,570
it was functional and powerful it has 
its specifications but it was 
also cute so to be adopted it’s 
better same for tesla when they 
did their home automation battery
with round angles battery if poorly
maintained could make your house 
explode so it better be 
round and cute  
otherwise when a technology isn’t 

Chinese: 
要赶在卡车开走之前把垃圾扔进去。
因为台湾的季风气候，
平均气温高，雨水量相当大，
垃圾放置没多久，
就会腐败变臭。
我还没有说放在街道边的垃圾，
如果再遇到台风，
你可以想象它们被吹到各处的情形，
所以，必须把垃圾直接倒入垃圾车里。
为了鼓励人们从20层的楼上下来倒垃圾，
就有了播放贝多芬的卡车。
萌值的概念也应用在城市规划里， 
例如，卡萨布兰卡的有轨电车，
它之所以被选中，是因为它可爱，
它是所有投标产品里是最可爱的，
当然，它的性能也很优良，动力强，功能全，
它不仅符合规格要求，而且还很可爱。
特斯拉发布的电动汽车家用壁挂式充电器，
圆形的边角，使它看上去很可爱。 
另一方面，如果技术产品不可爱，会怎样？

English: 
cute here’s what happens that’s 
Antikythera machine an analogic 
computer 
from when Julius Caesar was 14 
I’m not telling you something 
borderline it’s pure archaeology 
we discovered this mechanism in
the 60’s 70’s I think in sub marine 
archaeology in Greece and 
it’s a machine as 
complicated as the Nazis’ enigma 
machine during world war 
II
let’s say to be precise it’s 
somewhere between Pascal’s pascaline 
and the Nazis’ enigma machine in 
terms of complex algorithm it’s 
the equivalent of a 
Mac book air during Jesus Christ 
it’s the same gap and that machine well 
it ended up like that you have 
a connexion diagram of one 
cogs of a cogs 
series sorry it’s a bit complex 
let’s admit it and it predicted 
eclipses but it was non discernable 
from magic and because it was non 
discernable from it well it disappeared
people got scared of it Eole’s ball 
or aeolosphere it’s just a steam
machine in Alexandria in 

Chinese: 
这是安提基特拉机械，可谓当时的“电脑”，
该机械的制造年代约在公元前150到100年之间，
那时，凯撒大约14岁。
该机器是于1901年在希腊安提基特拉岛附近的安提基特拉沉船里发现的。
该机器内含多个齿轮，
其复杂程度堪比纳粹在二战期间使用的恩尼格玛密码机。
当然这不是绝对意义上的复杂度比较，
我只是想说明这个机械的先进程度与那个时代的反差有多大，
这个“古希腊的电脑”在当时，好比“Macbook air”出现在耶稣生活的年代里。
这是现代科学家们绘制的安提基特拉机械齿轮配置图，
这只是其中一个齿轮的内部配置信息，
都已经如此复杂。
该机械是为了计算天体在天空中的位置而设计的，
可以追踪日食日食，
由于它过于神奇，跟无法捉摸的魔术一样，
使人们感到害怕，
所以，它很快就消失了。
这是埃及托勒密王朝时，
亚历山大港的希罗发明的汽转球。

English: 
ancient Egypt 
so this steam machine during
the 3rd century in Egypt 
not even I think it’s 2nd century
I couldn’t tell you Héron from 
Alexandria had created this 
there was a temple Heole’s temple 
and the idea  was to make 
a lot of cash 
like many times in ancient 
religions 
I said ancient so the goal was 
to create something when you
made a donation a priest was
coming lit a fire and
miraculously one minute after the doors 
were opening like magic and in 
fact how does it work well it was
a steam machine that is here you can 
see the basic process there’s a 
cauldron closed of course with 
water inside it and there’re pipes
that go to the ball and around the
ball you’ve got pipes that
turn when you lit a fire and it
actuated a transmission  
belt with pulleys it was
a steam machine in ancient times and 
as much as I know the industrial
revolution didn’t happen at that

Chinese: 
它是一部蒸汽机，
比工业革命早二千年制造。
亚历山大港的希罗还造了一个神庙，
就像其它的古代宗教一样，
建造目的当然是为了收钱，
请注意，我说的是古代宗教。 
当来访者走到庙前，庙门紧闭。 
想要进入，必须在门外的祭坛上点一把火。 
随后就跟变魔术一样，
一分钟后，门奇迹般地自动打开了。
希罗设计的这个装置，其工作原理也是利用了水蒸汽：
火燃烧时加热空气，
祭坛下密闭空箱内的热空气膨胀，
气压升高，
通过管子进入一个密闭球体。
球体内有水，
水被汽压压入旁边的吊桶内。
吊桶下降，
联动两根柱子转动，
就转开了寺庙的门。
这是一个带滑轮的，以蒸气为动力的装置，
那时没有工业革命的概念，

English: 
time because this was indiscernible 
from magic same principle he even
called it Heole’s balls like he called it
that way as if Heole himself had
given it to him because they were 
friends don’t even try to do it because
thunders might hit you and that 
was the stake that is an inventor 
at that time couldn’t show 
how his creations worked 
so he couldn’t make them 
cute and when you don’t make an
invention cute it disappeared 
an other example is Bagdad’s battery 
something crazy an electric battery 
created by the Sassanid before 
the 7th century in the actual Persia 
I mean Iraq now Persia at the time
among the Sassanid 7th century
an electric battery 
we don’t know its use at all 
a priori not to charge an 
I phone but we know it worked  
either to do electroplating I don’t
remember exactly how we
say it but something to plate metal
or we think it was for an 
initiatory ceremony in a temple
like abracadabra you
owe me 100 bucks and
it worked during the 8th century 

Chinese: 
像汽转球这样新奇的玩物，
并未予以任何实际应用。
在古代，这种像魔术般难以琢磨的东西，
常会遭来嘲笑。
在那个时代，如果你发明了什么东西，
不需要向人揭示它的工作原理，
当然也就不需要考虑它是否可爱，
但是因为它不可爱，
所以消失得很快。
这个奇怪的东西是巴格达电池，
约在七世纪萨桑王朝时被制造的，
1932年在伊拉克的巴格达附近被发现。
我们不知道它是用来做什么的，
无需经验，就知道它不是用来给手机充电的，
但它是实用的。
它是通过把金属片浸在溶液里，
使金属片之间产生电流，
可能是为了用在某种宗教仪式上。
在八世纪的时候就有这样的东西，
实在是太不可思议了。

English: 
that’s what crazy it wasn’t 
adopted because it was
indiscernible from magic otherwise 
people who want technology 
to be quickly and well adopted 
how do they do they make it cute 
apple sells more watches than the 
entire Switzerland today the whole 
Switzerland sells less watches than apple why 
because it’s the cutest on the market 
it’s round angles a small
recast 
even mickey’s on it it’s cool guys who
sell you a connected watch that checks
your heart rate knows your
appointment of the day what
you’ve done are in the middle of a 
scandal with NSA we know
since Snowden’s revelations that 
NSA spy on literally everybody 
it’s a bit dumb because there’s just
a small piece of paper that we’ve signed 
after the war they sell us a watch
that’s intimate linked to us in
the middle of a scandal with the NSA
I’d like to say it’s brilliant in fact 

Chinese: 
它没有被人们接受，
也因为它跟魔术一样难以捉摸。
如果要让新科技被人们很快地接受，该怎么做？
让产品显得可爱。
苹果销售的手表比瑞士销售的所有手表都要多。
这是为什么呢？因为它是市场上最可爱的手表。
圆润的边缘，
将表盘设置成米老鼠……
太酷了！ 
苹果还发布过一款智能手表，
能够监测你的心率，
它可以记录你全天的各项数据。
斯诺登向媒体揭露了美国政府的绝密电子监听计划，
使我们知道了NSA(美国国家安全局)利用
各大技术公司的网络数据（苹果也在其中）， 
监视每一个人。
你们知道植入心脏起搏器吧，

Chinese: 
但你们知道巴纳比·杰克吗？
这位天才黑客曾经发现了广泛使用的胰岛素泵存在缺陷。
他计划在8月1日的黑客大会上演示如何入侵心脏起搏器。
7月25日杰克在美国旧金山突然死亡，
死因是吸毒过量。
对此我不加评论。
杰克原本要在大会上演示的是
如何利用安全漏洞使植入型心脏起搏器失灵。
如同一部美剧里的情节一样，
一个杀手在十米开外不动声色地暗杀他的目标。
在美剧里，杀手曾说必须知道心脏起搏器唯一的设备序列号后，
才能进行远程控制。
但杰克曾对记者说过，
虽然他认为电视剧情“非常真实”，
但在生活里，真实情况更简单——
“他们还需要获得设备序列号，而我的演示什么都不需要”。
我曾为一家名为Cylance的美国公司工作，
它是一个做杀毒软件的公司。
该公司的网络安全负责人说，
在总统大选期间，完全可能存在黑客扰乱选举过程。
这是当然的，任何系统都会有弱点。

English: 
today you can hack a 
pacemaker Barnaby jack a great 
American actor managed to 
hack a pacemaker and an insulin 
pump and the guy describes he had 
to give a conference in San Francisco on
that subject he died of an overdose in an
hotel in San Francisco and Barnaby
Jack I’ll make no comment on that
death it was the day before he had to
explain how he was doing it and
so Barnaby Jack was explaining 
right before to the journalists who were 
following him that in fact there’s a
24 hours episode where they
do this but it’s fictional and in
this 24 hours episode they say 
shoot we need the pacemaker’s 
serial number or we’re stuck and actually 
Barnaby Jack said to the journal that
3542
01:56:37,030 --> 01:56:39,850
in real life it’s even more  
simple you don’t need the serial 
number 
I’ve worked for an American company 
named silent that did antivirus 
and the boss I mean and the 
chief hacking officer the hackers’ boss 
in this company just hacked the 
voting machine right during Trump’s
elections just showed it was
possible yes of course it’s possible 
what do you think no system is 

Chinese: 
他举例说，黑客可以入侵集装箱船的系统，
在卸货时把集装箱投入海里。
所以，在伴随着各种泄密丑闻的世道里，
如果你想你的新科技产品被大众接受，
让人不产生害怕的感觉，实在是很有必要的。
终于，进入到最后一个部分，
也就是最简单的部分。
在我的书里有一个词“神经法西斯主义”
我对“神经法西斯主义”的定义是：
一个要求我们的大脑只服务于生产率的社会。 
你的梦想，你的渴望，全部无足轻重，
你的大脑只为生产率服务。
我的职业是顾问，
今天人们已经在像谈论“脑汁”交易一样谈论顾问职业了，
我很讨厌这种表达，
这意指该职业只是为了尽可能地榨取大脑的能力，

English: 
invulnerable he was saying you can
hack 
a container ship’s ballasts 
so you can ballast a container 
ship at sea when it’s charged 
and it’s game over so in the 
middle of that scandal your technology
if you want it to be adopted better 
say don’t be afraid 
last part the simplest in my 
book I’ve made a lot of 
friends when I talked about a word
named neuro fascism and I define
neuro fascism as a society where
your brain is only useful to 
productivity it’s over you’re a 
brain on a stick we don’t care 
about your dreams your aspirations 
your brain is only useful to
productivity 
well my job is consultant it 
doesn’t mean I have an 
important position in India 
you want some and the consultant 
job many people call it 
3579
01:57:52,670 --> 01:57:56,280
brain juice 
I hate that expression brain juice 
that is roughly you put your brain 

Chinese: 
而这就是神经法西斯主义，
即：人体（尤其是大脑）只服务于生产率。
也就是：“如果你不能服务于GDP（国内生产总值），你就一无事处”，
我认为这样的社会就是神经法西斯主义社会。
听上去是反乌托邦的，
但在现实里，有很多国家正在慢慢地走向它。
在中国，学生们开始服用兴奋剂，如“利他林”。
“利他林”是一种中枢神经系统兴奋剂，
做为处方药，它被广泛应用于注意力缺失症。
虽然此药受到严格的管理，但因其号称能“增强考生记忆力”，
每逢重大考试，一些家长都会四处找这种药给孩子吃，
特别是在大学入学考试前。
中国的教育竞争是如此的剧烈，
学区划分政策颁布以来，
不少家庭为了替子女选择理想的学校，
不惜重金，到重点学校、名校所在社区购置房产，

English: 
in the press and you get a
milkshake it’s dirty it’s 
disgusting it’s what the neuro fascism 
is about actually it would be the idea 
that the human body the brain in particular 
but the human body is only meant for 
productivity that’s it that is 
if you’re not useful to GDP you’re
useless that to me would be a neuro
fascist society and it seems
dystopian but in fact there’re a lot 
of countries where they slowly go
that way in the Chinese educational 
system they start to have doping 
that is they’ve got students who 
take Ritalin which is 
normally prescribed for attention 
troubles on which I will only 
pronounce myself if you mention them 
during the question part on which
I at least have my personal opinion 
but Ritalin is used as 
doping during Chinese national exams 
and the education stakes in China 
are so big that in fact the school
map quintupled the price of the 
square meter for some flats in 
Shanghai and Beijing 
because it’s still zoning so some 

Chinese: 
在上海和北京，有些“学区房”价格比非学区房高五倍。
由此造成了房地产业的“学区房热”，
有些房产公司专门买卖学区房，
他们了解各分区里的所有学校排名，师资等信息，
真的很惊人。
十三亿人口的中国好像一个大实验室，
这意味着每有一个问题都要乘以十三亿，
任何问题都会变得很显著。 
结果，在中国，在一些考试前需要做兴奋剂检测，
来确定你是否服用了利他林。
对我来说，这是一种慢慢接近神经法西斯主义的表现，
我们最好能提前做出反应。 
啊，我的个人感受， 【图片】
这是一个美丽的雕塑。
我的个人观点，
打分生活和真实生活的区别就是木马和真马的区别。

English: 
parents were ready to buy a
flat in this or that area 
as soon as they saw that 
this school was better so it created 
real estates bubbles completely 
crazy with agencies specialized 
in information retrieval 
on which school was the best which 
high school was the best 
mind blowing things 
China is a laboratory because 
all human failings are multiplied 
by one billion three hundreds
millions
so you can see them right
away today
during some Chinese tests 
3628
01:59:25,050 --> 01:59:28,380
drug tests are made to check
if you’re under Ritalin 
or not according to me we’re slowly
entering the neuro fascism 
but precisely it’s good to start
acting now before we’re deeply into it
my personal opinion this sculpture 
is very beautiful but my personal opinion 
 yes I said this sculpture my personal 
opinion is that graded life is to real 
life what wooden horse is to real
horse I’m aware it’s a 

English: 
highly controversial opinion that
is according to me graded life is as 
relevant to real life than the wooden 
horse is relevant to the real
horse this one is stylish it 
looks good it’s proportionated it 
teaches you things a wooden horse can
teaches you many things on a real horse 
there’s no debate on that 
you can learn to stand on it 
then to stay longer on it you 
learn things about the 
real 
horse with a wooden one 
but you can also outdo yourself on 
a real horse without ever seeing
a wooden worse of your life you know
we grade everything today it’s not 
only at school we grade states’ debts 
triple a and we know it’s completely 
fake in triple a’s case 
I mean if there’s a thing where 
we’ve seen it was fake all along it’s 
the grade of the sovereigns’ debts 
and the obligations 
3665
02:00:43,500 --> 02:00:46,680
but today we’re so 
conditioned to react to labels that 
I’m convinced at some point you’ll
be able to write great wines of 
Bordeaux on a Coca Cola bottle and
people will buy it as such because 
we were conditioned to react 
to what’s written 
not to what it really is the true nature

Chinese: 
我有充分的心理准备，这会是一个引发争议的观点。
你们看到的木马很美，比例匀称，
我们能够通过木马，学到很多真马的知识，
关于这点不会有什么争议。
你可以学习骑马，
保持姿势骑在木马上， 
你甚至可以成为行家里手，
哪怕你从来没有见过真正的马。
你们知道的，现在的生活里，一切都被打分。
不只有学校对我们打分， 
连国家也被打分，
我们对国债进行打分，
“3A级"，
这不正常，
因为国债的发行主体是国家，所以它本就具有最高的信用度。
但今天的我们就是这样，只认标签。
如果我们真的那么相信那些标签，
我相信某天，如果把波尔多葡萄酒标签贴在可乐瓶上，
人们会把它当作是波尔多葡萄酒来买。
因为我们对标签存在强烈的条件反射性，
而不它真实的品质。

English: 
of what’s in the bottle actually 
you know at some point 
it was how we learnt swimming
but it existed 
I started by telling you 
Napoleon soldiers’ shoes
there was no right or left 
and slowly it was a long and
slow revolution to start putting 
a slight difference between right
and left but swimming at some 
point was learnt that way we know
it’s not the right method 
now but we transmitted this 
notion in English for example the my
tailor is rich
it’s exactly it and today 
informatics for a while 
when I was a student we were 
learning on a bench on a white board
we were writing the code and then 
copying what was on the white board
in our textbooks that’s not how we 
learn informatics actually the 
best computer scientists in the 70’s
80’s Elon Musk in particular so 
Tesla’s CEO
it’s people who learnt it at a time
3702
02:01:50,490 --> 02:01:53,610
when video games were delivered
on paper that is there was a time 
quite short when a video game was 

Chinese: 
你知道吗？ 
曾经，这是我们学习游泳的方式。
我一开始说过，起初，拿破仑军队的鞋是不分左右的，
然后一点一点地，左脚和右脚开始有微小的差别，
这个过程是很漫长的。
就是这样，我们曾经是这样学游泳的，
而现在我们知道这不是一个好的学习方法。
同样在英语学习里也有这个现象，
例如：« My tailor is rich»
【出现在法国电影《警察在纽约》里】
当代，我们开始有计算机技术。
在相当长的一段时间里，
当我还是学生时，
我们要把写黑板上的代码，
全部抄到自己的笔记本里，
我们就是这样学习计算机的。
比如，特斯拉老板，伊隆·马斯克（Elon Musk）
就是在七十，八十年代时学习电脑的，
那时的视频游戏是发行在纸上的，
虽然那段时间很短，
但曾经，视频游戏程序是发行在纸上的，
大约有30到80页，

Chinese: 
为了玩游戏，你必须先把纸上的内容一字一句地输入到机器里，
而且在当时，没有倒退键，
这也就是说，万一在打好的文本里发现拼写错误，
就需要从最后往前删除到有错的地方，
然后再重新输入。 
所以问问我们自己，怎样以符合人体工效学的方式来学习？
这个概念是非物质性的，需要付出一定的努力，
可以通过寓言或隐喻，比喻等来理解，
刚才的木马，很优美，
但它也可能会是这样——
一匹在你大脑里的特洛伊木马。
对电脑黑客来说，特洛伊木马能侵入你的电脑，
对大脑黑客来说，这匹木马能侵入你的大脑。
如果你已经受到影响，
如果你是在到受影响的情况下做的选择，
那“选择”这个词就变得没有意义了。 
这不是我说的，
是思想家伊德里斯・沙赫（Idries Shah）说的，

English: 
delivered on a 30 to 80 pages book 
with the code you had to retype in
the machine and at that time there
was no erase key that 
means if there was a spelling
mistake you had to erase 
everything till the mistake and I 
can assure you it created you some 
ayatollahs on grammar coding aged
11 so let’s interrogate ourselves on just 
this ergonomic of learning I told you
learning is immaterial so to
consider it well you need to 
make an effort and it may be good to 
do allegories or metaphors or 
parables because yes the wooden 
horse well the one I showed you is 
cool but it can also become  
that one that is a wooden horse 
in your brain for hackers 
a wooden horse is something 
that allows them to access your
machine it’s the same for brain 
hacking if you’re conditioned 
the word choice can lost its sense if 
you start choosing what you’ve
been conditioned to choose 
I didn’t say this it’s one of my great
mentors Idriss Cha 
I’m called Idriss as a reference to him 

English: 
actually and he clearly said the 
word choice can lost its sense if 
people choose what they’ve been
conditioned to choose so imagine
3739
02:03:08,780 --> 02:03:13,280
you’re in a five stars hotel 
facing an unlimited buffet
I’m talking the buffet of your life 
there’s everything salad bar vegan option 
roasted meet sushi foot massage 
everything
and then imagine you’re hungry so 
you’re in paradise let’s not say you’re
in paradise but there’re people who 
would call it paradise 
and now imagine that the butler 
comes and says you have to eat 
everything  anything you leave
will be counted on the final check
in other words in this case you’ll pay
what you haven’t eaten not what 
you’ve eaten you’ll be sanctioned 
on that you’ll be sanctioned on what 
you haven’t eaten and if you let
too much not only you’ll pay a 
gigantic check but moreover you’ll
be kicked off the hotel we’ll do

Chinese: 
我的名字就是从这里引用的。
想象一下你身处一家五星级酒店，
面对着开放式自助餐台，
注意，你人生的自助餐台上——
海鲜，烤肉，寿司……足部按摩——应有尽有。
总之，饥肠辘辘的你到了“天堂” 。
也许你不认为是天堂，但许多人会觉得这是天堂。 
现在，想象一下主厨突然现身，
大喊到：“你必须全部吃掉！全部！”
剩下的每一盘菜都要付钱，
也就是说，你要付钱的不是你吃掉的，而是你没吃的。
如果你没有吃的菜太多，
不仅账单上的金额高得惊人，

English: 
a guard of honour to humiliate you 
actually we’ll be all around you 
singing you’re cheap you didn’t 
finish the buffet and then the 
butler shows you on his watch 
that by the way you have one hour
because someone else did it before you
in one hour so we know it’s possible 
and now you’re in hell 
the buffet hasn’t changed it’s the 
same one but rules have 
changed there’s rule number 1 and 
then rule number 2 one is 
paradise and the other one is hell
we were able to go from paradise 
3776
02:04:30,619 --> 02:04:35,170
to hell just by changing the rules 
but by keeping the same content 
obviously if I told you I don’t know 
if this situation happened to your kids 
once in their life that someone is holding 
them hostage and force them to
eat an entire buffet on pain of 
sanctions if this had happened even to 
you  you’ll be under medical surveillance for 
10 years and yet if I told you

Chinese: 
你还会被赶出酒店，颜面扫地，成为笑柄。
随后，主厨拿出表来，
补充道：“你有一个小时！
因为有人在你之前做到过，
所以我们知道这是有可能的。” 
现在，你不再身处天堂，而是掉进了地狱。
自助餐没变， 
改变的只是游戏规则。
1号规则，2号规则，
一个是天堂，一个是地狱。
从天堂到地狱，一样的内容，不一样的规则。
很明显，如果我假设这种情况发生在你的孩子身上，
如果他不能飞快地吞下餐台上所有的食物，
他会受到处罚，
或者它发生在你身上，
你对食物的感觉会彻底颠覆，
恐怕经过十年的治疗也恢复不了。 
但是，我可以向你保证，你已经经历过，

English: 
that it already happened to you not 
for a day but for 3000 days in
your life what would this situation
I just described be 
many times in teaching you’re
sanctioned not on what you’ve
eaten but on what you haven’t 
eaten no one had a 20/20 
GPA 
and there was also a completely 
crazy time of negative grades 
negative grades means you should 
have done nothing imagine 
you’re the manager of an  
agricultural fair 
and your job in life is to make 
people eat as much local products 
as possible 
so you manage an exhibition 
centre full of diverse local 
products and your goal
in life is to make people 
eat as much as you can to fulfil
your goal according to you
what’s better make them form
a line with a 12 gauge gun 

Chinese: 
不是在某一天，而是在成千上万个日子里。
我说的这种经历是什么？
这种经历叫作“教育”。
在学校，类比自助餐，我们获得的分数不是针对们所吃的，
而是针对我们没吃的，
没人能获得满分，
因为这相当于吃完自助餐台上的所有食物。
还有更出奇的，以前还曾有学生获得负分，
意思是——你做得比什么都不做还要差。
【笑】
想象一下，你是农业展的经理，
你的工作就是确保每个人，吃尽可能多的当地的农产品。
展览会里充满了各种各样的风土食产品，
为了实现你的目标，
你会怎么做呢？
你会选择用枪指着他们，强迫他们吃呢？

Chinese: 
还是把展览摊位组织得有声有色，
唤起人们的食欲以确保人们吃得多呢？
你认为哪种方法更有效？
你们知道吗？我们称消化系统为“第二大脑”。
因为它是继“第一大脑”之后，神经元数量最多的身体器官。
我们的消化系统吸收食物的自然方式是愉悦的，
吃东西对谁来说都不是一件苦差事，
午餐时间更是一个休息时间，
是一个令人满足的时间。
这对我们的第一大脑来说是一样的，
我们天生喜欢学习，喜欢以自然的方式学习。 
孩子们会不停地提问， 
为什么天空是蓝色的？ 
为什么植物是绿色的？
因为我们的大脑天生就有学习欲望。
我们可以毁掉这种欲望，
比如，你没有办法强迫婴儿吞下黑巧克力或咖啡，

English: 
pointed on them
like if you don’t eat the salami I’ll 
kill you or make very organized stands 
to make people eat a lot 
according to you what will work
the best you know we call the 
bowels we call them the second
brain because it’s the body 
part that has the most neurons 
after the first  brain that is the 
brain and the spinal cord and the
natural way for the second brain to
to ingest content is 
pleasure 
no one will ever say I don’t want to eat again
the lunch break
isn’t a chore it’s even a break
it’s not the lunch chore it’s the lunch
break but it’s the same for 
our first brain it naturally 
likes to learn our first 
brain it likes knowledge from the 
beginning 
look at children they ask you 
why the sky is blue why plants
are green or maybe the  
contrary because our brain 
has a natural desire to learn
but we can break this desire for example
take a baby you won’t be able to make him

Chinese: 
因为婴儿自然地抗拒有苦味的食物，
苦，通常表示这个东西不能吃，坏了，或者有毒。
这也是酒精有苦味的原因。
苦味是一种信号，
会对你的神经元起作用。 
可可，咖啡和酒精都很苦，
但随着你的成长，你可能会逐渐喜欢上它们。
如果你要求一个孩子吃黑巧克力，
他不愿意，你却强行灌他。
他会从此厌恶巧克力， 
看到“Jeff de Bruges”（法國巧克力品牌）就要吐。
欢迎来到现代教育界，学习迷人的数学， 
我们可以做得更好，
我们可以让孩子们轻松地学习，
但我们需要做努力将数学形象化，
要尽量使其简化，
就像芬兰，瑞士，冰岛和丹麦等国做的那样，

English: 
eat dark chocolate or coffee 
because babies have a natural dislike
for bitter taste because bitter taste 
points out neurotoxic 
that’s why alcohol is also bitter 
bitter taste points out 
a neurotoxic it points out something 
that will act on your neurons so cocoa 
coffee and alcohol are bitter 
but growing up you can learn to like
it 
dark chocolate coffe or
champagne 
if you force a kid to take dark
chocolate whereas he really 
doesn’t want it and you’re like 
I didn’t ask for your opinion you
have to eat that dark chocolate well
you will disgust him from chocolate you’ll
show him a chocolate box and 
he will get sick welcome in 
contemporary learning of 
math we can do better than this 
it doesn’t mean we can’t 
teach maths to kids 
the good news is on the contrary 
we can but we need to go 
slowly we can’t over 
complicate things actually in 

English: 
Finland Switzerland Iceland 
Denmark they’re really careful to
materialize maths as much as they can
to make the learning more neuro 
ergonomic at the beginning then
later obviously they enter the 
abstract because the aim is still 
to go towards the abstract I’m 
really convinced we eat 
knowledge it’s edible it has a taste it 
has a taste and our brain like to eat
knowledge and it likes to make 
a good meal of knowledge you know that 
the French gourmet meal is a UNESCO
world heritage 
maybe one day we’ll have the 
knowledge gourmet meal 
ridiculous for the moment almost 
dangerous because there’s the
bullying effect  bullying is when
you have suffered for nothing 
bullying is a useless pain don’t 
confuse it with initiation that is 
in the past a hunter’s initiation 
in the Iroquois tribe was to 
check if he was going to panic 
in front of a buffalo because you 
needed to test him before facing it
that was what the initiation was for 
so in tribal systems the initiation 
was going to the front
we go towards something difficult 

Chinese: 
尽量把数学具体化，
以更符合神经工程学的方式进行教学。
当然，以后还是要进入抽象思维，
因为这本来就是学数学的目的。
我真的相信我们是“吃”知识的，
知识是有它的味道的， 
而且这味道是我们的大脑所喜欢的。
正如你们所知，我们的法国大餐被列入世界非物质文化遗产名录，
也许有一天我们会有知识的美食名录，
这在现在听来很可笑，甚至危险。 
说到“捉弄新生”的传统，
在这个活动中，受到捉弄的人承受了无谓的痛苦，
它和新人入社仪式不同。
以前，在易洛魁部落里，有猎人祭礼，
那是为了确认他们的战士不会在野牛面前惊慌失措，
这是必须在打猎前做的测试。
在古老的部落里，在战斗前，在做一件大事情前，

English: 
so I’m going to test you a bit 
to be sure but bullying it’s that but 
without any reason only 
because I want to
and when the human brain has suffered 
for nothing there’re 2 psychological 
solutions possible whether it thinks
I’ve suffered for nothing but 
3911
02:09:15,469 --> 02:09:19,969
I’ll be the last one 
and I’ll shut the door
behind me this one is for the great 
people like Frederick Douglas Martin 
Luther King Mandela Gandhi those are
the great souls we didn’t call him 
Mahatma for nothing
the other brain’s behaviour is to 
think well I’ve suffered for nothing but
I’ll transfer my pain to the
next generation to give it
a sense
I’ll make it a tradition I’ll 
manage to give it a
sense because it’s a tradition
I know it hurts what I’m 
telling you  it’s the aim 
ask yourself the question of how many 
things well in Grandes Ecoles’
bullying it’s a fact that’s why it’s
forbidden now 
but how many situations maintain 

Chinese: 
都会先做一些测试，以确保成功。
但捉弄新生的活动，没有任何理由，
只是因为我想要这样做。
当我们的大脑承受无谓的痛苦时，
在心理层面通常会有二种态度，
或者它对自己说，虽然我现在承受的是无谓的痛苦，
但我将是曾受这种痛苦的最后一个人，
在我之后，不再有人承受同样的痛苦， 
就像弗雷德里克·道格拉斯，马丁·路德金，甘地，曼德拉等伟人那样，
甘地被称为“圣雄”不是没有理由的。
另一种态度是，我受了这种无谓的痛苦，
我要让下一代也经历，这样它就变得有意义了，
让它成为传统，因为传统是有意义的。
我知道这很不顺耳，但这正是我的目的。
尽管许多高校现在已经禁止了捉弄新生这一传统，
试问还有多少类似于这样的，不必要的痛苦仍在继续，

Chinese: 
我们只是没有把它公开而矣。
我们继续相信必须在快乐和生产率之间做选择，
即使我​​们一听就知道这句话有问题，
可糟糕的是，我们并没有直接这样说，
但在很多情况里，必须在愉悦和生产力之间做选择。
“捉弄新生”活动正是这样的，
就是为了让这种不必要的痛苦传下去，
使我们承受过的这种痛苦变得有意义，
这个想法是生产知识美食的最大障碍。
我们现在的社会有信息过载的现象，
我们接触太多的信息，
超过了我们所能接受、处理或有效利用的范围，
这就是信息过载。
如果我们布置好“餐桌”，
就可以提高知识消费。
最糟的情况是，如今老师和学生一样痛苦。
在一所有益身心健康的学校里，
老师们会感到快乐，
因为他们是知识的星级厨师，
是由他们来决定菜单，提供新的菜式……

English: 
an useless situation for nothing
we just haven’t put it on the table 
like I told you to keep believing
that you need to choose between producing 
and flourishing 
we can see that as soon as we utter the 
sentence it’s fake but the 
worst is we don’t pronounce this 
sentence we don’t realize that in many
situations we need to choose between 
both of them
but on bullying’s case it’s truly this 
it’s really the idea of  
transmitting an unnecessary pain to
give a sense to this pain we’ve 
3948
02:10:24,230 --> 02:10:29,750
been through it’s probably the thing 
that is the biggest obstacle to the idea
of a knowledge gourmet meal because the
advantage 
is there’s information obesity we can’t 
totally say that when we consume too
much knowledge there’s no 
consequences in fact there is we talk
today of information obesity but 
we could enhance the consumption of
knowledge if we’d laid the table properly 
the worst is it could be nice in the
first place for the teacher 
because he would do a job even more
gratifying in the sense where he 
would be the knowledge master he would

English: 
decide of the menu and new meals
they could probably be exchanged 
because to me for the moment 
teaching looks a bit too much
 to this actually that is there’s a 
quantity of knowledge to know
that students need to swallow 
under any circumstances do you
remember the books you read for the
Baccalaureat no but do you
just know how much you’ve read well
we can’t say it worked so 
once again I’m talking about structures 
I’m not talking about people but the fact 
is even me I’m 31 I don’t even remember 
all the books I’ve read 
for the Baccalaureat I might 
remember 2 of them there were at least 20
let’s go back on AI now Watson 
IBM’s artificial intelligence 
won Questions pour un champion well 
3985
02:11:52,870 --> 02:11:56,430
it’s called Jeopardy in the US and
Watson won Jeopardy 
and now no one can beat Watson 

Chinese: 
只有这样，我们的教育才有可能改变。
在我看来，我们现在的教育很像这个，
【图片 填鸭】
即有一定数量的知识是我们必须吞下去的。
现在的你是否还记得你为了高中汇考而读过的书？
你记得你读过几本书吗？
看吧，我们不能说这样的教育是运行良好的。
再一次说明，我只是谈论结构，而不是在谈论人。
我的情况是，我现在31岁，
现在仅记得其中的两本书，但我当时至少读了二十本。
现在让我们回到人工智能这个话题。
沃森是IBM公司开发的人工智能系统，
沃森参加电视智力答题节目《危险边缘》，并成为冠军，

Chinese: 
这不同于象棋，围棋，而是使用自然语言来回答问题，
人类又被人工智能打败了。
沃森通过学习，已经获得了日本大学的学历。
沃森通过了智商测试，这意味着什么呢？
这意味着沃森非常聪明？
还是说我们的测试是愚蠢的？
对我来说是后者，
因为如果你把沃森留在土豆田里，它绝对没戏，
虽然我不知道这是不是一个好的测试。
但在生物学中的智力测验里，
生存的能力是至高无上的能力，
能经受抵抗，不被灭绝的能力是生物学里最高的能力。
比如，鼠类超级聪明，
它们拥有的集体智慧，
使它们永远不会被灭绝，
就生物学而言，鼠类的智慧高于沃森。 

English: 
at Jeopardy 
it’s crazy it’s not chess it’s not
weiqi game it’s jeopardy 
and Watson passed a Japanese  
diploma and Watson can pass
IQ tests 
what does it mean does it mean 
that Watson is super clever 
or does it mean that our tests 
are completely dumb 
for me it’s option 2 because 
if you release Watson in a potatoes 
filed it’s lost I don’t think that the
potatoes field is the ultimate test
but in biology the ultimate intelligence 
test is the capacity to survive the 
ultimate intelligence test in 
biology is the capacity to resist
eradication together rats are 
really clever because Paris will never
be rats free we’ve been trying 
for centuries but it’s 
impossible because together rats 
are really clever much more 
clever than Watson 

Chinese: 
无论沃森以优秀的成绩获得了日本本科学历，
还是成为回答问题的冠军，这些都很好，
因为这些成绩虽然不能推进我们的智慧，
但至少能推进我们对人工智力所下的定义。
这就是我在前面提到马可·奥勒留的原因，
因为斯多葛学派提倡“认识你自己”。
人工智能也应抓紧机遇，
认识人工智能本身。
之前我提到的剑桥风波，
雅克·德里达被当时的专家们指责，
专家们认为德里达语言含糊，不配称为哲学，
而现在，德里达被认为是解构主义的鼻祖。
同样的，以前我们对人工智能的定义是狭窄的，
现在正是时间来更新我们对它的定义。
例如伊隆·马斯克，
我很喜欢这个人，
他曾说：“我情愿在火星上死去，而不是坠毁其上。”

English: 
because in biology the intelligence
is to resist eradication so it’s good 
that Watson has a Japanese diploma
with honours or that it wins 
Jeopardy every time it pushes 
the limits not of our 
intelligence but our definition of 
intelligence that’s why 
I showed Marc Aurele before 
because the Stoics also use the 
know yourself idea and that
artificial intelligence needs 
to be seen as an opportunity 
to know ourselves to say that our intelligence
tests same for Derrida at a time 
when some of his peers considered 
that his ambiguous language was 
anti philosophical whereas today 
all AI experts consider that 
ambiguity is the Graal same as 
before we had a vision very 
restricted of intelligence it is 
time to update our vision 
of intelligence and 
merit for example Elon Musk 
4038
02:13:46,850 --> 02:13:51,350
I really like that guy he said he 
would like to go on March he said
I’d like to die on March but 
not during the impact still 

Chinese: 
但同时，有一些他的观点，是我不喜欢的。
先让我告诉你，我所喜欢的方面：
计划在未来实现火星移民，
最好的电动汽车——特斯拉，
也是他，积极呼吁联合国禁止“杀人机器人” 。
他干得漂亮！
要知道，这不是民选代表们提出的，
而是马斯克个人领衔全球百名AI专家致信联合国《特定常规武器公约》会议，
呼吁采取相关的措施来制止围绕“智能武器”而展开的军备竞赛。
可能的话，还应该将这类武器纳入联合国的特定常规武器公约
（CCW）的武器禁用名单。
人工智能概念中最会被公众所忽视的一个领域就是军事，
马斯克等人第一次对致命性自主武器系统提出警示。
在此之前，物理学家斯蒂芬·霍金等人也谴责人工智能时代的军备竞赛， 
呼吁禁止自主武器。
因为你们知道，今天的战争常是城市巷战，
“叛乱分子们”在城市里发起战斗， 
战区里到处都有平民，
如果我们放出机器战士，允许它们根据情况做“必要的事”，
局势将会变得不由我们控制。

English: 
there’s something I really don’t like 
in that guy well I’ll first tell you
what I like about that guy so the part
go on march and everything Tesla 
are the best electric cars of the world 
and he also campaigned for an
moratorium on autonomous weapons  
that’s cool 
do you realize that it weren’t
the people we elected who did that 
it’s a guy on its own who campaigned 
for a moratorium a Geneva convention
on autonomous weapons  that 
we can’t armed a he knows that a 
loophole can be found in a convention and
he is the first to know 
but at least that people be aware 
about that people know 
there’re guy who campaigned like 
Stephen Hawking too for the interdiction 
of autonomous weapons that we don’t throw
in street because you know that
today war happens in places 
where quotes rebels 
bad people like Desproges would
say the enemy is dumb he thinks
we’re the enemy whereas it’s him
this one goes far 
well today war is happening 
in places where civilians are and
they let armed robots programmed with 

Chinese: 
所以马斯克的这个主张很好，
我很尊重他。
但是，另一方面，他悲观地认为：
人工智能是人类面对的 “最大生存威胁”，
甚至可能会导致人类灭亡。
他认为应向人脑植入电极，从而避免未来的人工智能危机。
2016年马斯克和别人合创了一个生物科技公司Neuralink，
力图把人脑和人工智能整合在一起，
进入“Cyberpunk”——赛博朋克的社会，
那是一个可怕的社会，
每个人都可以放置植入物，
只是根据社会阶层的不同，植入物也不同，
因为植入物是需要购买的，
你可以想象得到，不会是人人平等的。
富人们植入高价高性能的产品，
穷人只能植入被回收的低价产品。
你甚至可以想象得更远一些，
如果你没有植入物，你也许都没有资格成为公民。
幸好我们还没有到那个程度，
但已有一家芬兰公司在员工的皮下植入米粒大小的芯片，
考勤、开门等通过此芯片验证，

English: 
a vague do the necessary in a 
inhabited area we quickly understand that 
4075
02:15:02,240 --> 02:15:05,360
it can go wild so he did a 
moratorium on that good and I
truly respect him for that but where
he is really pessimistic he 
considers that artificial 
intelligence will beat us so bad
that in fact we should implant 
silicon directly in our brain 
so he created a firm named 
Neuralink that specifically 
work on that nowadays 
it is called by the technologists 
cyberpunk in fact cyberpunk
would be an horrible world where
everybody would have his implants
you would have social classes 
because quickly from the moment it’s
an implant that can be bought 
I don’t think it’s going to be 
installed on everyone so there will
be the rich kid from Hollywood that 
will have the implant 3000 and then 
there will be a guy with a homemade 
implant and you can also
imagine that if it goes
far enough you wouldn’t be able to be 
citizen if you don’t have an implant 
we’re not here yet but there’s a 
finish firm that put a subcutaneous 
implant to its employee to check on

Chinese: 
以免费享用水果冷饮做为交换。
那些人都很愿意。
个人自由 vs. 香蕉奇异果汁，这可真让我犹豫不决。
这是一个真正的主题，
所以我把它放在讲座的最后部分。
马斯克研发电脑与人脑融合技术，
是想避免人类被人工智能淘汰，
我的同事和朋友劳伦亚历山大也担心“智能战争”，
虽然我和劳伦之间有意见相左的时候，
但关于人工智能，每个人都有对有错。
应该让每个人根据自己的想法，制作自己的智慧菜单，
因为没有人能独立做出绝对正确的结论，
加之有各种危言耸听，超级乐观主义者的超人类主义等，
每个人都有对有错，
因此必须混合大家的观点以接近真相。

English: 
them in exchange of free smoothies 
and they said yes my freedom 
versus 
a kiwi banana shake my heart can’t choose 
so it’s a real subject that’s why I 
wanted to end my conference on 
that Elon Musk asks the question 
which implants should we have to 
be equal with the machine what my
colleague and friend Laurent 
Alexandre calls the war of
intelligences same we don’t 
agree on everything with Laurent 
it’s the same apple metaphor the 
skin and the seeds but on the 
AI subject everyone’s wrong 
and everyone’s right you need to 
cook your own recipes with any 
thinkers you want and do your own 
intellectual menu 
because no one’s right on his own
in the artificial intelligence 
subject the alarmists as well as
the super transhumanist optimists
everyone’s right everyone’s wrong
we need to mix their 
point of view and try to

English: 
get closer to the truth but it’s clear 
to Musk that we’ll loose if
we don’t have implants 
directly in the brain I’m against 
it why because to me it’s 
exactly like if we were saying well we
can’t eat normally anymore we don’t 
have time too much work so we’ll
all feed ourselves with intravenous it
will go faster so there’re many 
advantages we can sing the praises 
of the intravenous like we’ll eat
faster we’ll be able to work more
we’ll be more productive because we’ll
be able to eat directly at the office no
crumbs left I mean the thing that
doesn’t make the intravenous 
4149
02:17:31,490 --> 02:17:35,150
argument work is that it’s material 
so we clearly understand 
there’s a problem
because we can see and feel the catheter
that goes inside our veins we think 
I disagree moreover I like to
eat so i can’t do this
because gaining knowledge became 
more and more I won’t say 
unpleasant but scary for many
people we may be tempted to put
an implant at least the Chinese who
took Ritalin 
I can guarantee you that if you 

Chinese: 
我可以明确地说，
对于“如果不做植入我们就会败给人工智能”这样的观点，
我是反对的。 
为什么？因为这就好像对我们说：
“我们工作太多，没有时间正常地吃饭，
全部使用静脉注射代替进食，因为那样更快。” 
我们可以夸耀静脉注射的好处， 
关键是它给我们创造了更多的工作时间，
使我们更有生产力，
因为我们可以直接在办公室工作，还不会弄脏桌子。
但是，静脉注射好的论据是无用的，
因为只要想到要将导管插进血管，我们就会说不同意，
更何况，进餐是一件很愉快的事。
如今，获取知识已经变得越来越……我不想这样说，
但对许多人来说，它已经变得可怕。
比如，向一位通过服用利他林而提高成绩的人推荐植入物，

Chinese: 
只要向他保证能获得好成绩，他马上就会接受。
我们可能会接受诱惑，而这正是我说的神经法西斯主义的起点。
其实，我们的大脑能做得比我们的技术更好，
大脑不是我们发明的，
也与宗教信仰等因素无关，
最重要的是：大脑不是人类的创造物。
早在智人出现之前，大脑就已经出现了。
我们带着大脑出生，
我们不是大脑的创造者，我们对大脑也不了解，
我们甚至不知道睡觉是为了什么。
虽然现在我们有一些想法，
我们知道它能强化巩固记忆，
我们知道在睡眠时，海马体会努力的为我们整理记忆，
虽然我们知道一些细节，但我们仍然不了解睡觉的全貌。
我们不了解我们的大脑，
但我们却要去改制它，这很不明智。
在某些古老部落里有一种“货物崇拜”，
尤其是在第二次世界大战期间。
岛民们将美军当作神，

English: 
offered him an implant for the exams he
would take it right away
so here we can be tempted 
it’s here that we find the beginning of 
neuro fascism to me that is our 
brain is better constructed 
than our technologies in fact 
we didn’t invented our brain and we may
be atheist or believer that isn’t the problem 
the brain isn’t a human creation
period the brain was created 
before the homo sapiens sapiens 
actually because they were the hominid 
and we arrive with a brain we didn’t
create and that we don’t understand we
still don’t know what’s the use of sleep
today we have ideas we know it
strengthens memory we know it makes
what we call hippocampal  
repetition but that’s details we don’t 
know what the use of sleep 
in general so we don’t understand the
brain  but we want to tinker 
4186
02:18:41,800 --> 02:18:44,849
something we don’t understand and 
that’s dumb the scientific arguments of 
Idriss Aberkane 
imagine you have what we call 
in anthropology a cargo cult 
and the cult cargo it’s when the
Americans arrived in the 
pacific they arrived with cargo 

English: 
planes they were island people 
who stayed in autarky 
for centuries who saw 
trucks arriving with chewing gum 
chocolate pineapple in box 
and those people in certain
tribes started to redo 
tracks there was a cargo 
religion they called it the cargo cult when
once every 5 years some 
tribes make tracks to attract the gods
who give chocolate and 
chewing gum
well imagine that a plane lands in the 
middle of the jungle let’s say south  
America and the plane stays here 
you’re a people from Amazonia 
it’s absolutely not obvious I 
don’t underestimate natives people
they discovered the curare that
saved hundreds of millions human lives 
because curare is used in every 
general anaesthesia  just so you
know we killed 100 millions 
of Indians they saved between 100 and 
500 millions of white men end of the 
parenthesis 
but still imagine that plane 
stays in the jungle until you’re the
4223
02:19:51,220 --> 02:19:54,700
tribe chief and after a moment 
you need to move you have a problem
and need to move well a plane in a
jungle doesn’t move easily you

Chinese: 
因为美军从运输机里出来，
将部分物资给原住民，口香糖，巧克力，菠萝罐头……
美军离开后，岛民们发展出一套敬拜仪式，
相信“神”会回来并带来更多货物。
一些部落，每五年一次，建设飞机跑道，
等待飞机出现，带给他们神赐的物品。
想象一下，当一架飞机降落在南美洲雨林深处，
而你是亚马逊原住民，我绝没有贬低原住民的意思。
是他们的发现——涂抹在箭头上用于狩猎的箭毒，
其提取物在现代医学中用作全身麻醉的辅助用药，
拯救了数亿人的生命。 
继续想象一下这架被留在丛林里的飞机吧，
你是部落领袖，
你决定移动这架飞机，
问题是在丛林里移动飞机很困难，

Chinese: 
于是你根据综合比较各方面因素后，
决定削去机翼，
这样移动起来就方便多了。
好吧，这是件蠢事，
因为飞机是用来飞行的，
如果是为了在丛林里移动，它就不会被设计成那样。
有一个苏菲的寓言， 
说的是有一位老妇人，以前只见过鸽子，
以至于鸽子是她唯一熟悉的鸟类。
某日，一只精疲力竭尽的老鹰跌落在她窗前，
她满心怜悯地拾起鹰，对它说：
“好可怜啊，你可真不像一只鸟啊”。
由于她认为鸟应该是鸽子的样子，
所以她好心地剪短了它的喙，给它修剪了爪子，
又把它的翅膀剪成圆形， 
悉心地照顾了老鹰几个星期后，放开老鹰，
她说：“去吧，你现在才像一只鸟。”
老鹰扑打着翅膀，飞得摇摇晃晃。
在我看来，在人脑中植入相关设备的结果将和这个故事一样，

English: 
may think the first thing 
to do is according to 
my standards according to
my problems according to 
my observations we need to cut the 
wings it’ll go faster 
well it would also be dumb because
a plane is made for flying and if
you have to make it 
cross the jungle it wasn’t 
its purpose there’s a Sufi fable
like that of a woman that have never
seen an eagle in her entire life she has
only seen pigeons and one day she sees
a very tired eagle that comes back
from a long journey and collapses 
at her window so she’s like my poor
poor animal you don’t look 
like a bird at all because she has 
only seen pigeons in her life 
so she takes care of it with
best intentions in the world she cuts
its beak tears down its 
claws rounds up its wings and 
some weeks later she makes it 
go it doesn’t fly straight 
but she is like you look more
like a bird now our brain 
under silicon  

English: 
could exactly be like this
go now that you look more like my conception 
of intelligence and if my conception
of intelligence becomes out dated 
well too bad for you because I’ll 
have already cut your wings 
I think it will also be dangerous to 
campaign for a society where 
everyone has his implant to go faster
to be more productive for many good
things kiwi shakes or better  
grades or be more productive 
but in the mean time trying to 
tinkle something we don’t control
with a technology that will grow old 
I mean the brain has been here for 2000
years it’s not nothing it has 
proven itself I’m not sure for 
silicon it would be the same that 
to feed ourselves by intravenous 
my thesis subject at Polytechnique 
was exactly this it was all about 
that controversy 
is it neuro 
maybe it’s not neuro 
personally I don’t care but the
subject was that how to better eat
knowledge with our own means 
I insist it wasn’t how to better eat
knowledge with what we call DNI

Chinese: 
你将有一个符合设计的，被增强的定制大脑，
如果这个定制过时了，我为你感到遗憾，
因为你的“翅膀"已被剪掉了。
我认为，为了得到更高的生产效益
而积极倡导大脑增强的社会也是危险的，
或是为了有更好的食物，更好的水果，更好的成绩……。
虽然我们并未掌握关于大脑的知识，
但是我们已经想要改装它，
并且使用很快会变得落后的技术，
去改造从二十万年前智人出现至今的大脑。
我们的大脑是经受时间的考验的，而植入体呢？
这岂不是与用静脉注射来代替进餐一样吗？
我在巴黎综合理工学院时写的论文的主题正是这个：
"This is what a regular knowledge meal looks like on the Internt"
“怎样以个性化的方式更好地吸收知识。”

Chinese: 
而不是“怎样以"DNI"的方式来吸收知识”。 
DNI(direct neural interface)，脑机接口，
这当然也是一个很好的主题，
特别是关于疾病的研究，
例如，癫痫病，帕金森氏病等，
但我的主题是怎样通过自然的方式更好的吸收知识，
我的论文着眼于利用互联网学习，
我们在网上打开一系列标签，
那是一顿知识大餐。
如今，只在一个标签中里学习已经成为过去，
以前的浏览器里只有一或两个窗口，
也没有标签选项，
你在打开的窗口里学习，仅此而已。
而现在，互联网引发知识爆炸，
为了做一个决定，我们需要打开很多标签页，
或是为了选择一副新耳机，或是选择度假地点，
或是在海量的信息里寻找你所需要的信息，
对于专业人士，如记者，学者或金融工作者等， 

English: 
direct neural interface
because it’s also a subject 
how to better eat knowledge with DNI
and it’s a very good subject 
specifically for sick people
who have epilepsy or else but 
my subject was that how to better
eat knowledge thanks to 
natural paths 
so obviously in a thesis you have 
to interest yourself to a very precise case
you can’t do knowledge in
general
so I got interested into a precise case
that is on internet 
that’s a meal of knowledge 
when you go on internet you open 
several tabs 
nowadays no one goes on 
internet for 
only one tab it’s over there was a
time you know when computers had
one or two windows max there was
no tab it was just  a window 
you opened a window and you were
done and then knowledge only kept 
growing on internet 
and today when you want to make a 
decision you open many tabs to buy 
new shoes or 
earphones or to choose your next
vacations or to inform yourself on a subject 
by cross referencing the sources 
and I don’t know if you’re a 
real professional a journalist

Chinese: 
有时需要一次打开50个标签页。 
同时打开的50个切题标签页就好像是一顿知识大餐。
你准备进餐，你选择菜单，
每个标签就是一盘菜，每盘菜你都或多或少地吃一点，
而你能吸收多少营养和你投入的注意力成正比，
或者换一种说法，与你的唾液成正比。
你打开一系列切题的标签所做的工作，
是任何一个IA（人工智能）没有办法代替你做的，
你可以打开15个最符合你需要的标签，
而这是谷歌不能为你做的。
谷歌只能显示含有关键字的链接，
而你为了寻找最切合主题的信息，
会打开链接，层层深入地查看内容，
必要时再次输入键字做搜索， 
根据统计数据，这个过程从15分钟到15小时不等，
取决于你的需要，

English: 
a searcher or a financial whatever
you’ll have to open 50 tabs 
and  to make a relevant following 
of tabs 
it’s a meal of knowledge you’re going 
to eat so you make a menu and you’ll 
eat each tab more or less well 
by letting more or less 
bones more or less the core of what you’re
going to eat your digestive 
juice is your attention your 
saliva if you want so this is a 
meal of knowledge there’re many
4334
02:23:23,820 --> 02:23:28,530
courses when you make a series
of tabs you’re actually doing a job
no AI can do it for you just 
so you know you can’t open the first 
15 Google’s results when you’ve 
done a research and do that make 
a relevant series Google can’t do
that period you can’t just 
open the first 15 results 
and have everything you
wanted on a given subject it
won’t work when you want to 
inform yourself on a subject well you have
to open the article under link then
change the key words then re do a 
research and finally after 15 minutes 
to 15 hours according to the statistics
between 15 minutes and 15 hours 

Chinese: 
最终在一个窗口里打开一系列切合你需要的标签页。
满足你的需要有两件重要的事，
与营养吸收完全一样，
顺便提一下，营养和味道是两件事，
比如麦当劳汉堡，
它的味道可能很好，但是不一定很有营养。
我们可以用营养值乘以味道值获得一个分值，
别忘了，零乘以任何实数都等于零，
如果营养是零，味道是一百，“营养-味道值”将是零。
在我的研究里，有一个被我称为“相关性-扩散度”的分值，
比如，你想在网上找一间度假公寓，
你无意间看到了一个小猫的视频，
显然这个小猫视频的扩散度很高，但是与你的主题无关，
于是“相关性-扩散度”的得分为零。
我所感兴趣的是如何创建"相关性-扩散度"是高分值的窗口。
一般情况下，如果你为了寻找一副新耳机或新漫画，
或你的度假地点而创建了含有许多标签页的窗口，

English: 
depending on the amount of work
you have you’ll have a relevant page 
for your needs with 2 important
things 
exactly like in nutrition by the
way in nutrition you have nutrition
and taste which aren’t the same 
thing typically if a big mac didn’t 
taste that good it wouldn’t be sold 
that much but it’s not necessarily 
very nutritive so we can make 
a score with nutrition multiplied by taste 
multiplied remember the contagion of the 0
if nutrition equals 0 and taste equals 
100 it makes a nutrition taste  
score equals to 0 in my work I’ve 
called it the pertiviralité pertinence   
multiplied by virality so virality  
is for example if you’re looking 
4371
02:24:34,650 --> 02:24:37,771
for a vacation flat and you find 
a kitten video it’s really 
viral but non relevant 
so the pertiviralité score equal 0 
so I got interested to how do 
we create pertiviral windows 
that is once you’ve 
created a window for 
yourself for your own consumption 
on new cool earphones 
a new comic for your 
collection or your vacation spot 

English: 
when you close your window you 
destroy knowledge and it’s never
good to destroy knowledge 
you could share it with your friends 
you could send it so that 
someone won’t do exactly the same
work as you did by the way 
this algorithm is used by waze if you
use the GPS waze  
it was inspired by anthill because 
there’s no traffic jam in 
anthill there’s no traffic jam
in anthills because ants 
drop a small perfume
drip on the floor when they go outside
the anthill and they’re trained
to follow the most scented path which is
also the most efficient and waze did
the same for the GPS and said 
every time someone brakes we write a
minus on the map every time someone
speeds up we write a plus on the map
so we’ve got the map in real-time
with plus and minus 
so we can calculate faster 
4408
02:25:35,431 --> 02:25:38,551
ways and this even Google didn’t
know how to do it because Google 
bought them 1 billion 160 thousand 
so it was a small service inspired 
from the ants and that actually 
completely changed on a scale of 
people who take their 
car you can imagine it so I 
wanted to do the same for internet 
that is every time you did 
a relevant window you 
can share it in one click without

Chinese: 
一旦你关掉该窗口，所有的内容都被摧毁了。
摧毁知识从来不是一件好事，
你完全可以与朋友分享这些内容，
可能有人就不必重复你做过的事。
导航软件位智（Waze）使用的算法就是利用用户提交的信息，
它的灵感来自蚂蚁，
因为蚂蚁间从来不会有拥堵现象。
研究人员发现，在一条路有可能出现拥堵时，
返回的蚂蚁就向迎面过来的同伴发出信息素，
告诉对方前面交通状况不好，让它选择另一条路。
导航软件位智的做法也是这样， 
它收集用户的地图数据和其他信息，
并学习用户的驾驶信息，如刹车，加速等，
提供路线和实时路况更新，
为你找出用时最短的路线。
这是谷歌没能做到的，后来谷歌以11亿美元收购了它。
这个来自蚂蚁的灵感，完全改变了人们的行车经验。
我想在网上做同样的事，
也就是说，每次你建立了一个与某一主题相关的窗口，

Chinese: 
你可以一键分享它，
不必先做复制链接，打开邮件，粘贴此链接，
最后再发送邮件这一系列烦人的操作。
目前的知识菜肴是这样的，而我想发明知识三明治。
为什么是三明治？
因为三明治容易准备，进食方便，分食也方便，
只需轻轻一扯，就可以分享美味， 
还容易携带。
三明治是英国Sandwich伯爵名发明的，
因为喜欢玩台球，却不想为了进餐浪费时间，
所以发明了可以放进口袋里的三明治。
好吧，现在温习一下我说过的神经工效学的原则，
在讲座的开始我就说过，
最有效的方法是热爱。
而另一个有效的方法是空间。
当我们吸收知识时，
大脑的空间是特别重要的载体。
把知识空间化，能帮助我们更好地记住它，

English: 
having to copy paste the URL you
also the know the principle when you 
want to send a webography to 
someone you copy paste the URL
one by one into an email  it’s
really annoying so for the moment 
a meal of knowledge looks like that 
I wanted to invent the sandwich 
of knowledge 
the sandwich what does it mean
it means it’s easy to prepare 
it’s easy to eat it’s easy to
share or break it in two 
that’s it in one action it can be 
shared it’s easy to transport 
the sandwich was invented by Lord
Sandwich who was a big lazy ass 
because he wanted to 
play the pool and don’t have to take
a whole meal so he wanted one thing
that fits into his pocket 
he invented the sandwich like that 
well if we gather all the neuro ergonomy 
principles we’ve seen the first 
thing I’ve started this conference 
with a good way indeed 
it’s love another 
good way 
it’s the room 
the room when our brain eats 
knowledge 
it’s a really good support

English: 
spatializing knowledge is a good 
way to memorize it it’s called 
the method of loci it’s known since 
the Antiquity people who memorized 
the Odyssey by heart or the Iliad they
spatialized they imagined a known path 
for example from their home to the beach 
and on that path there’s a well it’s
chapter 1 there’s a forest it’s
chapter 2 there’s a rock it’s
chapter 3 Cicero memorized 
pleadings by heart and he was spatializing
them in a temple in his head same 
first pillar first argument second pillar
second argument we think it’s from 
there that in French the expression
en premier lieux comes because 
at the Sorbonne actually students 
couldn’t take notes because 
it would have discriminated poor
students paper was very 
expensive they couldn’t use paper 
to take notes and 
paper was really for a proper book that
would be sold it was way too 
expensive to be used for something
else 
so students were standing and 
listening to the teacher and he was 
saying in the first place we’ll see that 
it meant in your memory palace 
in the first place you’ll put this and
Giordano Bruno after Middle Age at the
beginning of the Renaissance did a 
treaty on that called de umbris

Chinese: 
这种记忆方法叫做“记忆宫殿”。
这种记忆术自古希腊古罗马时代就存在的，
古代的人能熟记整部《奥德赛》或《伊利亚特》，
就是因为把内容空间化了。
想像一条你常走的路线，
比如从你家到海滩的路线，
在这条路上有一口井，这就是第一章，
有一片树林，这就是第二章，
有一块大石头，这就是第三章。
西塞罗正是这样记住一段辩护词的，
他先想着一座寺庙，
第一根柱子就是第一个论点，
第二根柱子就是第二个论点……以此类推。
我们猜想法语里的表达式“首先……其次”
（en premier lieu, en deuxième lieu)，
大概来源于此。 
以前，索邦神学院的学生们是不允许做笔记的，
以免造成贫富学生的不平等，
因为当时纸张很贵，用来做笔记太过奢侈，
通常只在印刷书籍时使用。
于是，学生们站在那里，
听他们的老师讲述“首先，我们会看到……"
学生们把这个内容化为实在的物件，放置在想像的处所中。
乔纳森·德莫特·斯彭斯的书《记忆宫殿》，
是根据1595年意大利传教士利玛窦的《西国记法》重新摹写的。
利玛窦在书中就中文字的特点，

English: 
idearum or on the shadow of ideas and 
it deals on how to build memory 
palaces
so it’s known that it works well 
and today every athletes everyone 
that memorizes 30 wi fi codes 
by heart well those are people who
are capable of spatializing 
knowledge 
so if we go back to this first I 
though I’m going to spatialize 
the series of tabs that is 
I’ll use an axis 
that has to be abstract you know 
the letter a for example was a 
bullhead in writing’s history the 
letter a was a bullhead 
because at the beginning 
writing was accounting it was 
how many bulls are in how many 
are out how many bushels of wheat
so they noted wheat and bullheads
and that’s it there wasn’t even 
a pronunciation no sound
it was just a note 
to expend human memory they couldn’t 
memorize everything and then 
by exchanging clay 
tablets 
the letter turned around and 
the Phoenicians created  
the first alphabet known by 
humanity 
so after the Sumerians where it wasn’t 

Chinese: 
设计出多种把中文字转为图像的方法，
可见这个方法是一直被使用的。
今天，那些参加记忆力比赛的“脑力运动员”，
都能够把记忆内容空间化。
现在，我们回到这里，
我要将一系列的标签页空间化。
我会使用一个轴，
这里需要一定的抽象思维，
以字母A为例，起初它是一个表示“牛头”的图画。
在书写史里，写字是为了计数，
计数有多少头牛，有多少斗小麦。
当时只有图形，没有发音，
只是为了帮助记忆，
毕竟人脑无法记住所有的信息。
随后，首先广泛使用字母的腓尼基人，
把交易记录写在粘土板上，
能过贸易，腓尼基字母很快在地中海地区传播，
粘土板的内容有时也会被反方向读写，

English: 
an alphabet so we ended up with 
a bullhead as the letter a the 
oldest letter still in existence 
today 
so the letter at the beginning they 
drew a bull and then they just 
wrote an abstract ideogram I 
though I would do the same and 
called the hyper writing it 
can be defined as a 
writing in space so obviously 
you need an interface that’s not
only paper you need something where
you can zoom in and zoom out good 
thing the informatics allows it and
my letter a is the river because the
river is the best space landmark 
in a city we orient ourselves 
according to the river 
civilisation was born between 2
rivers Mesopotamia precisely 
means the place between 2 rivers 
the Indus civilisation Egypt the 
river is the landmark in human
history so I’ve made a lake 
out of it 
because I live in Neuchatel and so 
you see we put all the tabs 
around it tabs that could be relevant 
for a given research 

Chinese: 
逐渐演变为现在的字母A。
也就是说，字母A一开始是牛头的图画，
然后被抽象化，成为书写符号。
我想做的也是这样，我把它称做“超书写”。
意思是一种写在空间里的文字。 
显然，这需要一个非纸质界面，
你可以把它拉近或推远。
我的字母A是一条河流，
因为河流非常适合空间定位。
城市通常以河流来定位，
人类文明就诞生于两河流域。
美索不达米亚文明的发源地，
恰恰是两条河流之间的地方，
“美索不达米亚”希腊语的意思是两河之间的土地。
古印度与古埃及文明也是如此，
河流是标志性地标。
于是我画了一片湖，因为我住在纳沙泰尔
（瑞士的湖畔），
然后我把所有的切题标签放在湖的两边，
最后“一键分享”给你的朋友们。

Chinese: 
就像图片所显示的，这是一系列切题的标签，
你可以直接选用符合你需要的系列标签，
而本来完成这样的标签需要花费15分钟到15个小时，
如果你选用了一个你朋友分享的切题标签系列，
你就不需要自己花很多时间寻找了。
只要直接输入关键字，
你就有了经过挑选的结果。
它看上去很像航拍的照片吧，
对我来说，这就是一个知识三明治。
面包是那条河，用来装食物，
因为吃饭是愉快的，
利用它把你的记忆空间化，
有助你消化知识。
当记忆内容被空间化时，
我们更容易记住它。
所以面包是河，

English: 
then right click we send it to 
a friend actually 
you’re totally making a research so 
you can directly search for a series 
of tabs that is that is as
I told you doing this take between
15 minutes and 15 hours 
no one can do it for you 
if you take your friends’ barycentre 
or the community one that is 
you anonymize the datas but you make
the mean without taking someone else’s
data but you calculate the mean well 
here you can directly at once 
open a tab I typed earphones with 
noise reduction it’s not what I’ve
typed here I’ve typed something else 
and you directly have a series of
relevant contents 
here what it looks like from the above 
to me that’s a knowledge sandwich 
the bread is the river it 
holds the content together and it’s also
more pleasant to eat because 
it’s here for your spirit to eat 
equals to spatialize it’s more pleasant 
to memorize knowledge when it’s
spatialized it facilitates your digestion 
because it’s spatialized people 
memorize better when the content 
is spatialized so the bread is the river  

English: 
the proteins 
are the links you see here 
the URL the tabs and the salad 
isn’t shown here but it’s the 
pink spaces where actually I would 
put forests to decorate but quickly we 
could see this forest was offered 
by BMW 
and here you have the economic model 
but because I hate ads that rob
the attention not only I hate them 
it doesn’t work 
an add that pops out you know 
for example there’s a website that 
perfectly understood it it’s on Forbes
when they want to display an add 
they’re clever they first display a 
quote that is always very 
interesting I don’t know where they 
find them and you’re like 
I want to see this quote but then 
discretely at the bottom there’s a small add
that appears and that’s tomorrow’s 
trade because you can’t catch someone’s 
attention without having given him 
something before in the past we could 
at least we displayed a 
gorgeous blonde 
like we’ve seen earlier  
but if you want to catch someone’s
attention it’s still much 
better to give him something 

Chinese: 
蛋白质是你看到的一个个链接，
色拉菜是这些粉红的色块，
如果我们加入一个“宝马汽车森林”，
那就是一个经济模型版本了。
我非常讨厌一个广告，
它意图强行牵制你的注意力，
我讨厌它是因为它根本无法施行。
你是否看到过这样的广告， 
在给一个产品做广告前，
先播一段语录，
这些语录总是很有趣或是很有意义的，
然后在屏幕下方很不引人注目地打上一条广告。
这正是未来的商业模式，
过去只要有金发女郎的形象就可以，
现在如果不先使用一些诱惑手段，
就很难获取别人的注意力的。 
先给对方的大脑一些有趣的事物，
将更容易获得他的注意力，
这样做的效果是很显著的。

English: 
first it’s human relations 
101 the golden rule don’t do to others  
what you wouldn’t want them to do 
to you so the knowledge 
sandwich was this thesis’
reflexion actually why because 
if we fail to invent that damn 
sandwich it will go through 
intravenous I mean sorry through 
intranervous but the subject will be the 
same that is  whether we find 
better ways to exchange knowledge 
through natural paths to properly lay
the table have a good meal 
but also efficient easy to digest 
easy to preparer easy to share 
easy to transport or there’re will be
people who will say let’s stop 
everything stop eating knowledge through 
natural paths let’s directly inject 
ourselves silicon in the brain 
that’s the subject or my 
researches and we need to 
implement it so people from Parthenay

Chinese: 
其实这是人际关系的基础——“推己及人”
也是黄金定律所说的“己所不欲，勿施于人”。
“知识三明治”正是我的中心思想，
因为如果我们不发明知识三明治，
我们将被迫以静脉注射的方式吸收知识。
始终是同一个主题——
要么我们找到最好的方法，
通过自然的方式进食知识美食，
既容易烹饪，又易于消化，还便于运输和分享；
要么像一些人提倡的那样，
我们不再以自然的方式学习，
使用脑机接口，直接在大脑里放入芯片或其它。
——这就是我的研究内容。
我的工作是从2007年开始的，

English: 
know that I’ve started working 
on in Parthenay 
actually I’ve started working on it 
at Standford in 2007 I had just 
made a conference on it for fun 
like let’s imagine a world where and
in Pathenay I had the honour 
of mentoring students with the idea of
creating designs on it to find some
ideas and it took me and they 
also know it 
it took 5 years for that I thought 
it would take me 6 months it took 
me 5 years it has been a series of 
incredible failure one day I’ll write 
a book about it honestly it’s 
already planned with my editor because 
really when I’m talking about airbnb 
of guys who lived failure after failure 
of Steve Jobs when he says if you don’t 
like your project you won’t finish it 
I can assure you that if it wasn’t my
baby 
I would have dropped it a long time ago 
at the moment I’ve got a campaign 
of crowd funding for that
by the way on the address 
written here which was open some
days ago and it’s truly the project 
4667
02:33:48,620 --> 02:33:53,181
of my life because this stake here 
making the knowledge move faster 
through natural paths 

Chinese: 
2007年当我在斯坦福大学做讲座时萌生了这方面的点子，
随后我很荣幸地得到法国帕尔特奈的一所中学的支持，
使我能够设计并实施我的想法。
这前后共花了五年时间，
本来我以为六个月就能做成，
实际上却花了五年的时间。
这中间的曲折起伏一言难尽，
也许以后我会就此写一本书。
你们还记得我之前说的“Airbnb 爱彼迎”的例子吧，
还有乔布斯在访谈中说的话：
“如果你不喜欢你的计划，你是无法坚持到底的。”
我向你们保证，如果我不把我的计划视做我的孩子，
我也早就放弃了。
目前，我刚刚开始为我的这一项目进行众筹，
(https://campaign.chreage.com)
它是我终身的事业——通过自然的方式学习，更快地传播知识。
这是一场真正的比赛，

English: 
there’s really a race that is 
is there I mean there isn’t as 
far as I know I wrote a thesis about 
it so I must have written a
bibliography as far as I know at the 
time I was among the only ones 
who covered it for the internet 
part 
but the subject is there are 
many more people who cover this
part here who cover the DNI part 
 it’s really fashion now direct 
neural interface is fashion you’re 
seeing it everywhere in scientific 
literature but the NNI natural 
neuro interface there’re not so many
because there’re people who consider 
that isn’t neuro it’s a subject but I 
don’t consider it isn’t the case but in 
any case it’s more neuro when you 
inject silicon in the brain than 
when you interest yourself to  
the way the human eye look at
contents I can understand it I can 
understand that people see things 
this way but what I know is that
there’s an armament race 
between this path and the other
one so to conclude I told you 

Chinese: 
从我查看过的文献情况来看，
我的研究一直属于少数派，
而多数派是“DNA”（脑机接口 Direct Neural Interface），
这是现在最流行的，在科学期刊里随处可见，
但NNA（neural neuro interface）却不多见。
因为有些人不认为它不是神经科学，
尽管我不这样认为，
有很多人认为给大脑种植芯片是神经科学， 
而以正常的方法读写不是神经科学。
对此，我可以理解，
但我知道在这两者之间有一场比赛。
做为结束，还记得我前面介绍过的西門·奈克吗？

Chinese: 
是他在演讲里以怀特兄弟为例，分析了成功的原因。 
他的话可以把我们带到
“是否要在繁荣经济和个人幸福之间做选择”这个主题，
他明确地说：“为一件你不在乎的事辛苦工作时，你只感受到压力，
为一件你喜欢的事情辛苦工作时，你充满激情。”
现在，我向你介绍一位我的朋友：缎蓝园丁鸟
雄鸟的羽毛是深蓝色，有丝绸的光泽。
雄性鸟类为了追到伴侣，炫耀自己美丽的羽毛以显示男性的魅力，
为了加强效果，还用收集各种明亮的蓝色物体装饰在求偶亭的四周，
我们人类也做同样的事。 
比如鳄鱼男装的设计，它一直那样，

English: 
about Simon Sinek I told you that he 
wrote on the Wright Brothers 
why the wright brothers succeeded 
where others failed it’s him who 
did this analysis and he clearly 
says to come back on the main 
subject that is producing or flourishing 
we have to choose 
so he clearly says working hard 
for something we don’t care about is 
called stress and working
hard for something 
we love is called passion let me 
introduce you my little satin 
catbird the satin catbird 
is called this way because it has
a blue feather on the shoulder which 
is very manly and sexy for the female 
so to amplify this bird
masculinity well it 
decorates its nest with blue everywhere 
notice that this idea of amplifying the  
masculinity also exists for men 
you might ask yourself how I’ll be 
able to follow up with such a 
joke but it’s really not what you 
think you naughty people actually 
it’s the story of the vest and the tux 

English: 
the tux’s vest is a piece of clothing that 
didn’t evolve much from Professor 
Calculus to today 
because the tux’s vest actually 
amplifies the build into a V shape which
is in many cultures an element 
of masculine attractiveness and because  
globalization happens it’s almost
in every cultures now 
it increases the V shape build 
that gives an allure because it 
has shoulder pads but it’s 
only plastic it’s like a wonderbra 
for men actually only women 
4741
02:36:25,190 --> 02:36:28,700
laugh at this joke you can know 
the number of women here only
with this joke so it’s the same 
for this bird it’s going to 
show off we can agree on the fact that 
it wants to bring someone home so the 
sign of the time passing is that it used to 
put blue flowers but now that they’re 
gone it puts tooth brush 
pens caps and 
and bottles caps and once its nest is
done it goes dancing in front of it 
I’m a good bird imitator 

Chinese: 
加宽了肩膀，使体身型呈倒三角形，
加强了男性魅力，这其实在各种文化中都有类似的体现。
为了达到效果，鳄鱼男装使用了垫肩，
从而使肩部浑厚，提高或延长肩线线条，
简直就是男人的“Wonderbra”（内衣品牌，上托式胸罩）。
这只鸟的策略也是这样，
只是，以前这种鸟用亮蓝色的羽毛和花朵来装饰求偶亭，
现在则用蓝色的牙刷，笔帽，衣夹和瓶盖。

Chinese: 
求偶亭建好后，它就会在前面跳舞，
在树上观看的雌鸟若被这些炫耀姿态感动，
就会飞入求偶亭与雄鸟交配成亲。 
求偶期的雄鸟有特别的能力，
以精准度为例，它能拧开塑料瓶盖。
通常一个18个月大的孩子还不会拧开瓶盖，
虽然因人而异，
但一般情况下，一个11个月大的孩子是做不到的。
并且，我指的不是那种装药的安全瓶盖，
只是普通的塑料瓶盖。
这种鸟——其大脑神经元数量比11个月大的孩子稍微少一些——在求偶期能做到。
然后是不屈不挠的精神，
如果这只雌鸟不中意它，
它会继续努力吸引其它的雌鸟，

English: 
this trick is done by 
professionals don’t try this at home 
so if 
the female ever wants it  
they’ll have eggs together 
well this bird illustrates the three 
P of love Precision because when  
it is in love it can unscrew 
a bottle cap it’s 
really hard you know that a 18 months 
child can’t do it well it 
depends but around 11 months  
we’re almost sure a 11 months child 
can’t unscrew a cap bottle well you 
can teach him well and it can be tried 
for fun but it’s really not 
an age where a child will be able 
to unscrew a cap bottle I’m not even talking 
of a secured cap for 
meds just a simple bottle and 
this bird can do it and it has 
less neurons than a 11 months 
child 
Precision so it is more precise when 
it is in love well and Perseverance 
Perseverance if the female doesn’t want 
it it will try with another one 
I’ve learned a lot from this bird 

English: 
and finally Risk Taking risk taking 
because the nest is on the 
floor 
for this bird there’s a 
nest for seduction and another one
to raise children I didn’t
say anything 
Precision Perseverance and Risk Taking 
when this bird is in love here is what it 
can do precision perseverance and risk
taking and we can see it makes it 
more competitive I mean I don’t see 
how it can be a burden to be more 
precise more perseverant and to 
take more risks and here it 
loves even more what it is doing 
in a way and it often happens 
in the nature this kind of 
situation you have for example 
those well known alien circles in the 
oceans you might have seen this on
social medias 

Chinese: 
我从这点里学到不少。
再有是它敢于承担风险，
因为你看到了，它的巢是建在地面上的，
这种鸟会建两个巢，
一个用来求偶，
一个用来抚养后代。
做事精确，坚持不懈，敢于承担风险， 
是这只小鸟在求偶期做的。
这些优点使它更具有竞争力， 
至少我不认为这些会给它带去不利因素。
在自然界中不乏这种情况，
比如这著名的鲀鱼，
你也许已经在网络上看到过这个视频，

Chinese: 
实际上它是一条很小的鱼，约10厘米长，
每到繁殖季节来临，雄性鲀鱼就会在水底建造一个“宫殿”，
相对于鱼的大小，它建的“宫殿”相当于六个足球场的大小。
如果它不这样做，就不会有雌鱼来产卵，
你们看，它的长相是这样的，
的确有点勉强。
这个心型的作品与小鱼的建筑相同，
噢，不对，如果按比例计算，这个心型太小了，
人类偷懒了。 

English: 
it’s actually a small fish a really 
small one it’s not even this one 
it’s another one even 
smaller that when it wants a
progeny it does this big 
space that equals half a dozen 
football fields that is if it 
really don’t do this thing the 
female won’t want to bear his eggs 
it’s a bit like the fish version of Louboutins 
so sorry here is how it looks like 
you might say with a face like that
it’s normal
it has to make an effort 
morality ladies go towards the ugly ones 
so that’s the fish equivalent well no 
for the equivalent the heart should have 
been as big as 6 football fields but what
can we do we’re lazy 

English: 
that’s how it is the Japanese has a 
concept named ikigai which 
means reason to be in 
Japanese and they define the reason
to be as do what you do what you’re
good at I’ll do it in the order do what 
you like do what the world needs 
do something you can be paid for 
because there’s no shame in that and
do something you’re good at and 
if you have found the four 
you have found the ikigai and the 
Japanese say that you mustn’t 
born with it absolutely not because if so
you’re spoiled it’s like a child who was born 
in wealth could never enjoy 
wealth well in this case 
it’s the same 
a human or psychological 
wealth 
the ideal to enjoy it is to have 
known poverty so to have known 
a time in your life when you did 
only what you liked without being
paid for when you only did what 
the world needed without liking it 
when you only did what you could 
be paid for but actually it was 
useless on a social scale and when 
4852
02:40:51,261 --> 02:40:55,101
you only did what you were good at 
without being paid for it and 
when you have found the four at 

Chinese: 
在日本文化中，人们普遍认为每个人都有一个“Ikigai” ，
意思是“存在的理由”。
为了找到你的Ikigai，人们应该自问：
你擅长的事？你喜欢做的事？
世界需要你做的事？別人会付钱请你做的事？
如果你找到了这四个答案，你就有了你的Ikigai。
日本人认为“与生俱来"并不好，
我们会因为拥有与生俱来的物质财富而感觉什么都不需要做。
同理，像Ikigai这样的心理财富，
需要你认识你做的事，
你喜欢的事，但没有人会付你钱；
世界需要的事，但你并不喜欢；
別人会付你钱，但对世界无用的事；
你擅长的事，但没人会付你钱；
当四者重叠时，
你就有了你的Ikigai。

Chinese: 
事实上，这个概念起源于日本的冲绳岛，
据说这里是世界上最大的百岁老人的家园。
老人们为喜爱和擅长的事忙碌。
在日本，国家每年认定数位“人间国宝”，
他们拥有“艺之精华”，如陶艺，鍛金或染织等传统工艺，
其中的一些“人间国宝”是在他们退休后才学得这种技艺的。
我们通常认为那些人是从小就开始学习这种技艺的，
的确，大多数的情况是这样的，
但像这种到很晚才开始学成的情况也的确存在，
而且他们常常是改革者，
他们会从重审传统技艺，进行技术改革。
不管你信不信， 我是以我的理论——
“知识经济必然使爱恋者的购买力最大化。
它是一种热爱的经济。”进入斯坦福大学的， 
这类理论，在法国中央理工学院很少说到。
我想既然在法国，
那我就来做一个“Love/Can Do”笛卡尔坐标吧，
我们先设x轴，我把它称为“Can Do”，
它代表你擅长的职业，

English: 
once you have found the ikigai and 
that’s the Graal and the Japanese 
really say that you have to find it 
at the end of your life to enjoy it 
there’re potters in Japan you know
there’s the concept of national living treasure 
so it’s potters or blacksmiths
or kimono
makers and sometimes they have
learned their job once they retired it 
still happens today we often believe
they’re people who grew up 
in it it’s true for most of them but 
sometimes it really isn’t the case 
and often those people are 
reformers often those people are
going to question or challenge 
some technical traditions 
in the job so
obviously believe me or not straight from
Stanford with my theory yay 
the economy of knowledge maximise 
the lovers purchasing power believe me 
or not they didn’t relate that much
to that at the Ecole Centrale 
so I  thought we’re in France I’ll do 
a Cartesian diagram it may talk to
them Cartesian diagram homeland
of Descartes 
so we’ll put the x-axis I 
called it love can do on the x-axis you’ll
put do you know how to do the 

English: 
job can do do you know how to do 
it and on the axis of on another axis 
4889
02:42:01,250 --> 02:42:05,780
that is independent even if a brilliant 
young man told me that according to him
it wasn’t necessarily independent 
and I want to salute him for that
but let’s consider that it’s
independent well it’s the 
axis of do I like it love 
and you put it on the y-axis 
because in English y is pronounced why
and so why so how do I work 
and why do I work 
and here you have 4 types of players 
the one who does I might start even more 
simply I’m convinced that everything 
that surrounds us everything the 
human being makes 
if we could make it talk you know 
if we could have a sort of Last Judgement 
of all the human creations 
for example plastic bags that 
are in the ocean right now if we 
asked to most of human products 
why are you here little product 
what are you doing here plastic 
bag well 95% of the time the product 
would tell you I’m here because 

Chinese: 
然后是与之垂直的Y轴，我把它称为“Love”，
它代表你喜欢的职业。
Y轴，英文字母“Y”读音是“Why”，指“为什么”。
也就是我怎么工作和我为什么做这个工作。
该坐标系使我们可以把职业人区分为四种类型。
说到人类制造的产品，各人有各人的评判，
比如塑料袋，
它们现在正在海洋深处飘浮，
如果我们对这些人造制品提问，
为什么要生产这些产品？
回答是：95%的产品是因为市场需求，

English: 
there’s a market you dumbass it’s the case for 
95% of human creations and that’s 
why they don’t inspire people because 
I’m here because there’s a market 
isn’t something inspiring but it’s a 
necessity ok well not even a necessity 
but it’s another subject but yes 95% of 
products made by humans would 
answer this to you if you asked them
why are you here little products 
lame products but really lame 
products 
I’m talking Russian motorcycles
here I’m travelling to Senegal 
I meet a marabout so obviously  
on the hut he displayed a list 
of miracles he did so love glory beauty 
return of loved one healing of 
ingrown toenail and his finishing 
argument is I even start Russian motorcycles
so there’re multiplying bread 
changing water to wine resurrecting 
the dead walking on water and for the
real ones there’s starting Russian 
motorcycle so it tells you a lot about 

Chinese: 
正因如此，它不能鼓舞人心。
如果我的工作只是为了市场需求，我感受不到激励。
因为那是一种必需，
甚至还谈不上是一种必需，不过这是另一个话题。 
总之，人类制造的95%的产品是为了响应市场需求。
糟糕的产品，注意，我说的是那些真的很糟糕的产品，
比如俄罗斯的摩托，
有一次我在塞内加尔，
遇到了一位伊斯兰教的法师，
在他门外的牌匾上写着他能实现的奇迹，
爱情，荣耀，美貌，重新被喜欢，嵌甲……
而他的王牌是：启动俄罗斯摩托。
可见“启动俄罗斯摩托”已挤身于倍增面包，变水为酒，复活死人，水上行走等神迹。

English: 
Russian motorcycle 
and when you ask a dude who made the 
Russian motorcycle let’s say in the 
50’s why are you making 
motorcycle comrade because comrade 
Stalin asked it to me I wanted to be 
a vet at first but he told me you make 
motorcycle now so I’m making 
motorcycle now it bothered me 
making it so it will bother you
driving it everything is fine we’re 
laughing now 
but actually there’s too many 
classes too many classes in this 
situation actually too many classes
that are in the situation of 
it bothers me teaching this class so it
will bother you following it that’s how 
it is in France teaching for a 
research professor is called the  
charge the problem is a teacher 
who is suffering isn’t a nice 
teacher and here is all the paradox 
when you believe when you’re 
convinced that if you suffer you’ll
do a better job 
well you can’t imagine one second 
that when the class is better 
you can enjoy it 
if giving those conference was 

Chinese: 
如果问为什么要生产这些摩托车？
在50年代生产摩托的同志们回答你， 
呃，是斯大林同志要求生产的。
我本来想成为一名兽医，却被要求来生产摩托，
这个工作使我很烦恼，所以生产的货物也背负着这种烦恼。
我们对此一笑了之，但实际上有很多课程是在这样的情况下产生的。
“不得不做自己的工作”——这就是在如今的学校里的绝大多数学生和教师的情况，
老师们和学生们都痛苦。
在法国，带研究生的老师被称为“la charge”，意为“重负”。
问题在于，一个受苦的老师不是一位令人愉快的老师。
这就是悖论，
我们以为，当我们为工作受苦时，
我们的工作成绩更好。
哪怕仅一刻，我们也无法想象，
如果我们在学习时很快乐，那会学得更好。
对我来说，如果我讨厌做讲座，
我早就停止了。

English: 
bothering me I would have stopped 
a long time ago when you like what 
you’re doing you normally  
pay more attention to the details and 
as Leonard said it’s the attention to details 
that makes the excellence and the 
excellence isn’t a detail to pay attention
to the details you need to like it 
for example in an hotel a good room
is a room where attention was 
paid everywhere on the floor 
I don’t know the lamps attention
on each square meter 
it will give you the quality of 
an hotel room very often the attention 
to square meter to pay attention
to square meter but it also
works for a field in the agricultural 
world a culture has a very high added 
value 
for example the vine and 
let’s say not anywhere in 
Champagne it’s attention on square 
meter that has nothing to do 
with vines in the American Midwest 
so once you’ve got this 
diagram the truly amazing 
products to me are those that 
say I’m here because mom and 
dad loved each other take for example birds

Chinese: 
当我们做自己喜欢的事时，
我们会更注重细节。
就像达芬奇说的那样：“是细节成就卓越。” 
以酒店客房为例，
一间漂亮的客房是我们对每一平方米都精心布置的结果。 
地毯，灯具等等，不放过任何一个细节。 
我们称它为“注意平方米” 。
这种“注意平方米”也适用于其它领域，
如农业，如葡萄种植，
尤其在香槟产区，这种“注意平方米”更是体现无余，
与美国中西部的规模化完全不同。
现在，面对这张图，
对我来说，真正卓越的产品，
是制造者像父母爱子女般地爱自己的产品，

Chinese: 
比如教堂就不是为了市场而建造的。
当然，也存在市场，你看，
伊斯坦布尔的圣索菲亚大教堂的现存建筑在当时仅用了五年就建成了，
这与我们想像的相反，
可见我们知道该怎样在五年内就建成，
这一被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产的建筑物。
但是主教座堂（大教堂）的建造历时120年， 
因为我们想要这样，
看看那些哥特式大教堂，
仅从它的建筑外观就可以深刻感受到“注意平方米”，
每块石头都经过精细切割。
意大利热那亚的一座罗马天主教教堂，
据说有一位工匠的狗在建造期间死了，
这位工匠就在一个门墙上雕刻了它的狗的形象，
这种“注意平方米”的比率之高无以伦比。
为了一件可以不必付出如此多的“At”的事，
而付出如此多的“At”，必须有爱，
没有太多其他的办法。

English: 
or cathedrals 
the cathedrals
they can’t say I’m here because there’s
 a market dumbass there was a 
market of course but you see the 
Saint Sophie basilica in Istanbul was 
built in 5 years so contrary to  
what we believe they knew how to 
build huge buildings that are 
still part today of the 
UNESCO
they knew how to do this in 5 years 
5012
02:46:19,659 --> 02:46:24,540
but cathedrals 
took 120 years because we wanted it 
and what can you observe on 
the gothic cathedral 
a quantity of attention to square meter 
on the front that is huge
each stone is cut each stone is  
precisely cut there’s a 
cathedral in Geneva where there’s
an artisan his dog died during the 
construction so he represented his dog 
next to a door the level of TA to square 
meter is very high and to spend 
as much TA on a thing that could have 
take less well you have to 
like it 
there’re not too many other solutions 

English: 
and here you have something 
that will inspire you for centuries 
this is what I call products above
the fray above the fray it’s
you and the rest of the world 
so if we want to go back on a 
pragmatic area to a low economic 
world well yes we can 
cite apple without any problem 
because apple from a cultural point 
of view is messy 
that is Chris Martin the leader
of the group Coldplay so the 
rock star and Gwyneth Paltrow the  
Hollywood actress had a daughter 
how did they named her apple 
the question is who’s going to call 
his daughter Samsung it’s not normal 
apple has the world record of the 
number of nights spent in front of 
a shop 27 who is going to spend 27 nights 
in front of Darty it’s not normal in 
business school they tell you that 
it’s not possible because there’s a 

Chinese: 
于是，有一些事物能一直地，乃至几个世纪地激励人们，
这就是我所说的脱颖而出的产品。
脱颖而出者，其卓越程度在业内无可匹敌。
如果想要实用一些的例子，
可以引用苹果的事例，没有任何问题，
因为从文化角度来看苹果， 
那简直就是“nawak”（荒唐）。
比如，克里斯马丁（酷玩乐队的主唱），
和格温妮丝帕特洛（好莱坞著名女演员）结婚后生有一个女儿，
你们能猜到这个女孩叫什么名字吗？
“Appel” （苹果）!
试问有人会给女儿起名叫“Samsung”（三星）吗？
苹果还拥有世界纪录：在苹果的销售店前度过的夜晚数，
27个晚上。
有谁会在Darty（法国著名家电销售商店）前度过27个晚上？ 
这种非常态事例，在商科院的教科书里是找不到的，

Chinese: 
就神经人体工程学心理方面来说，这是不可能的。
然后是追随者，
他们与“脱颖而出者”一样有本事，
但追随者们被教导了竞争就是在比赛中胜出，
而卓越不是为了在比赛中胜出，
正如大教堂不是为比赛而建造的，
不如说它是合作的产物。
已有不少著作提到合作竞争理论，
讲述怎样使人们既合作又竞争。
例如NASA的一位飞行员，
他上初中时一直成绩很好，
有一天，他的母亲对他说，
从现在起，我不需要知道你的成绩，
我想知道的是你在学习上帮助了多少同学，
而这就是你的新成绩。
这就是合作竞争。 
总之，追随者们不理解，他们只有一个维度，
他们就好像那些在柏拉图寓言里讲到的，
在洞穴里生活的人，

English: 
psychological aspect neuro ergonomic if 
I want to use the exact terms 
above the fray then the follower has
the same expertise the same as the 
one above by the way he doesn’t 
understand because the follower was
taught that competition was
in a single dimension and that the
excellence I really don’t like the word
competition because a cathedral 
wasn’t built by competition 
or whether in the competition 
of cooperating there’re people 
who wrote books on that how to put 
people into the competition of 
cooperating for example Cheick Modibo
Diarra who was an interplanetary 
navigator at NASA when he was 
coming from school in Mali one day he
told his mother he had a good grade and
she said from now on I don’t want to 
know what is your grade I want to 
know how many pupils you have helped 
that’s your new grade and that’s the
competition of cooperating well in any
case the follower doesn’t understand 
because to him 
the excellence can be only put on one axis 
so he is in a shaded world 
like in the cavern myth of 
Plato he is in a world governed 
by shadows so he sees the shadow

English: 
of the other on his own wall and his
own wall is do I know how to do
the job and he sees that the 
shadow is at the same level of his 
he doesn’t understand because the other 
one lives in a world where there’s 
an additional dimension that is do I like
it then you have the forced incoming 
it’s the guy who doesn’t know 
how to do the job and who doesn’t 
want to do it but has to we’re 
here in the waste area the fact
that we can’t solve waste today
is because we’re here it’s 
because we have to do it because
it’s dangerous there’s a plastic  
continent in the pacific but I don’t 
know how to do it I don’t want to 
but I have to 
that’s why we’re not efficient 
the best in waste treatment 
I’m sending you back to the excellent 
work of Gauter Pauli the best in 
waste are here those are 
people who are doing it because 
they almost think it’s funny to 
try and retreat waste and then you 
have the Silicon Valley’s 
garages
who take the job because 
they like it not because they know 
how to do it who might say the google 
boys were PHD students in Stanford 
maybe but one they never finished 
their thesis and two next to them
there was AOL and those guys had 

Chinese: 
他们只能看见在墙上的光影，
光影就是他们擅长的这个职业，
但是看不见光源。
其他人生活的世界里，还有其它维度，
这就是我是否喜欢。
接下来的一种类型是强制进入者，
这类人不得不做自己的工作，
这再糟糕不过了。
我们至今未能解决的垃圾的处理工作，就是这个类型， 
我们在这里，是因为我们必须做，
因为塑料袋在大洋里漂浮，
但是我不知道该怎么做，我也不想做， 
但又必须去做，
这正是我们效率不高的原因。
在这方面做得好的人很多，比如冈特鲍利， 
这些人做得最好，是因为他们认为废物处理很有趣，
他们几乎视此工作为一种游戏。
最后一种是硅谷车库，
他们投身于某一职业，是因为他们喜欢，
并不是因为他们会做。
如谷歌的创始人，
他们曾经在斯坦福准备他们的博士论文，
但他们并没有完成他们的博士论文。 
而他们面对的AOL（美国在线）团队，

Chinese: 
有着诺贝尔级的水平的成员。
他们的本领完全不同。
苹果也是如此，他们的初创团队里有人取得了计算机本科学位，
如史蒂夫沃兹尼亚克，
而他们面对的是IBM，
IBM也拥有诺贝尔级的成员。
也就是说，硅谷车库类型的公司的“Can Do”
根本不能与IBM或AOL这样的大公司相比。 
他们是出于喜欢而进入这个行业，
他们的全部知识是通过做事精确，坚持不懈，敢于承担风险获取的， 
是因为他们的“love”很高。 
当我们热爱时，就会做事精确，坚持不懈，敢于承担风险。
下面的红色箭头，
就好像是在每天早上喝的奶昔里加入百忧解（抗抑郁的药物），
糟糕的不仅是你从事着自己不擅长的工作，
并且你还为此痛苦。
上面的红色箭头，
我把它叫做“El Comino Real”（王者之道），

English: 
Nobel prices at the executive board 
it wasn’t the same expertise at all same
for apple there was a guy 
who was finishing his degree 
he was named Steve Wozniak and was
finishing an informatics degree ok but
next to him there was IBM and there were
also Nobel prices at the executive 
board we can’t say that the can do 
was comparable to those big 
players like IBM or AOL but you 
take the job because you like it 
and you’ll learn your expertise 
thanks to precision 
perseverance and risk taking because 
you have a high love and when the 
love is high precision perseverance 
and risk taking 
the bottom arrow is the arrow 
of Prozac milkshakes every mornings 
it’s the arrow of mental  
breakdowns the worst is not only 
you won’t be the best but in addition 
you’ll suffer you’ll be the best in
the suffering field that’s for sure 
the top arrow I called it in 
my work el camino real 
which means the royal path 
because it’s the name of the avenue 

Chinese: 
在硅谷有一条路就叫这个名字， 
因为做事精确，坚持不懈，敢于承担风险，
你才能走在这条路上，
而所有这些，带给你极大的享受。
总结：人是一颗果实，
它有两种方式产值，
是一颗可以压榨或种植的果实，
如果选择压榨，得到的是一杯橙汁，
如果选择种植，得到的是橙树，
选择吧，同志们。 
对我来说，“love can do”的最佳事例是他——Wallace Chan（陈世英），
国际上最具影响力的珠宝设计雕刻大师之一，
这不是我说的，是美国《罗博报告》及各大珠宝品牌公司评定的。
陈世英谢绝了Bernard Arnault，François Pinault（法国富豪）的购买意向。
他本来准备成为佛门弟子，
佛门之内，不会有时间让你把弄宝石，
有一天，算是顿悟吧，

English: 
on silicon valley it’s the royal path
because you learn what you’re doing 
with precision perseverance and risk 
taking and it gives you so much 
joy to sum it up the human is 
a fruit 
there’s two ways of making 
benefit or GDP or whatever you want 
with it you can either squeeze it
or plant it 
5160
02:51:18,470 --> 02:51:21,510
if you squeeze it you’ll have a glass of
orange juice 
if you plant it you’ll have an orange tree
choose your side man 
and to me the best example of love 
can is this dude here named Wallace  
Chan is the best jeweller 
on earth I didn’t say it it’s all the 
big brands and this guy 
here refuses to sell to 
Bernard Arnault and Francois Pinault 
this guy was prepared to be a Buddhist 
monk so it’s not a job where you 
have to play with 
gemstones every morning 
until one day 
he has a sort of connection 

Chinese: 
他立志成为一名珠宝设计师。
他的父母让他放弃这个念头，
他的兄弟姐妹，他的朋友们……所有的人，
都劝他忘记这个想法，
大家都是真心为他着想。
他也努力尝试不再去想，但他做不到。
现在，我要请你想象一下，
请你想像一条项链，
它是用最美丽的宝石镶成，
两只灵动的蝎子镶以红宝石和绿宝石，
在它们之间的是一颗硕大的猫眼。
这是他从事珠宝设计20年后制作的， 
如果你输入“Wallace Chan”，
就可以在网上看到他的作品。
佳得士和苏富比，世界上最大的拍卖商，

English: 
he can’t
stop thinking of jewellery 
he can’t stop it his parents 
try to make him forget because 
he has to be a monk he has to 
forget it his sister tells him to forget it
his brother too his best friend too 
everyone tells him to forget it for 
his own good they only want 
the best for him and he would like 
to forget it but he can’t he doesn’t 
have a choice so I’ll ask you to 
imagine a necklace 
with the prettiest gemstones 
ever gathered by a jeweller with 
two scorpions set with ruby all over 
their body and a huge
opal in the middle and that’s what 
he did 20 years later that is 
this Wallace Chan 20 years later 
creates I invite you to watch his 
work on internet 
Wallace chan c h a n he creates 
a necklace completely crazy there’s 
only one 
Christie’s and Sotheby’s so the best 

Chinese: 
已经证实：他拒绝售出一条项链，
（请你们坐稳了）—— 一条价值2.1亿美元的项链。
他说“我要留着它。”
他不是为了市场而存在的，
你们不要为他担心，
他生活得很好，
他不卖，因为这个作品就像是他的孩子，
所以要留在身边。
你们知道的，达·芬奇的名作《救世主》（意大利语：Salvator Mundi）
于2017年在佳士得纽约拍卖出4.5亿美元，
买家是沙特王子巴德尔。
对陈世英来说，他的存在，他的作品，不是为了市场需要。
就像他的其它作品，
比如，他做了一条漂亮的鱼，
此作品以一颗稀有的紫黄晶为主题，
紫黄晶因其同时呈现至少紫、黄两种颜色而得名，

English: 
auction sellers in the world 
confirmed that this guy has refused 
a are you sited 210 millions dollars 
sell 
no I’m keeping it 
so here the guy can’t say I’m here 
because there’s a market so 
don’t worry for him he lives well 
everything is fine but here no 
this time he said this one is my baby 
I’m keeping it you know that there 
was an auction for this last 
Leonardo da Vinci the last 
one sold to Salvator Mundi 560 by the 
prince of Saudi Arabia this one I don’t 
know much it costs 
a luxurious apartment in New York 
because this guy has refused 100 actually 
so he can’t say I’m here because 
5222
02:53:47,979 --> 02:53:50,159
there’s a market 
it’s not possible 
like other realisations he has done 
he created a gorgeous fish I’m 
also asking you to imagine  do you see an
ametrine it is a 

English: 
citrist and an amethyst in the same stone
you have one purple part 
it’s the amethyst part and you have
a yellow part it’s the citrine part 
and he used this fade to create 
a sunset and to 
represent a cathedral on it 
it’s crazy 
it’s a technic called tenons and mortises
in fact there isn’t you know 
usually jewellery books say
that when you have found a ruby 
Coeur de pigeon like that you 
absolutely have to crimp it why 
because it mustn’t fall 
with a price like that it can’t 
fall from the ring but when 
you’re Wallace Chang and that to you 
the ring is alive as the Sufis 
say it’s beauty’s nature that 
to desire the manifestation so 
I won’t put beauty into a cage so I 
won’t crimp it with 
claws 
because it would alter it’s beauty 
so when Wallace Chance works on a ruby 
like that his goal in life is to 
try to put the less claws 
possible on it 
so it’s the small stones that 
hold the big one that is the frame 
5259
02:54:53,890 --> 02:54:57,129
is in titanium there’s a 
frame between the two can you see it 

Chinese: 
所以鱼身上即有紫色，也有黄色，
他利用这些颜色在鱼身上刻了一座映在日落里的立体皇宫。
再看这枚叹为观止的戒指，
它使用的是陈世英研创的嵌接技术。
通常，爪镶工艺是宝石类首饰镶嵌的主要手法，
如果你有一颗这样的鸽血红宝石，
我们必须把它镶牢，
绝对不能让它脱落，
那可是天价啊。
但是，你看看陈世英的作品，
他做的戒指是有生命的，
为了呈现自然美，
不出现人为的痕迹，
在他的珠宝作品中,很难发现“镶爪”。
他撇除传统金属爪脚的应用，
给进行镶嵌的物料作特殊的切割，
形成榫与榫眼一样的凿枘，
令不同的物料无需爪脚亦能互相紧扣。
再有，传统的珠宝设计多以黄金或白金作为骨干，
而陈世英则另辟蹊径选择了钛金属。
你们看，中间就是钛金属架。

Chinese: 
为什么要选钛？因为钛很轻。
但是很难加工，
被焊接时很脆，会断裂。
我想告诉你们的是，
这个戒指的大宝石是由小宝石来扣紧的，
真是鬼斧神工！
就像埃及人制造的无钉子的船。
再有，使用钛做的珠宝是非常轻的，
我在Instagram里发布过一个胸针照片，
当时，我在伦敦见到他，
他把一枚价值17万美元的胸针别在我的肩上，
吓得我一动也不敢动，就像是游戏里的“木头人”。
该胸针以马型天然翡翠為主件，衬以各种宝石，以钛金属镶制。
这个胸针极轻，轻得你几乎感觉不到，

English: 
here it’s titanium why because 
titanium is light but it’s difficult 
to work on it titanium is very 
breakable and in fact what I 
wanted to show you 
is that the big stone is maintained by
the smaller ones 
it’s completely crazy it’s like the 
no bolt no screw technique 
invented by the Egyptians when they 
constructed boats he did it for
an entire ring so this titanium  
frame makes those jewels 
very light I posted on my instagram 
account because I had the 
chance to meet him in London and he 
put on my shoulder a 17 millions dollars
pin and from there I couldn’t move 
at that moment you realize 
that you don’t have the insurance 
to cover you in case of an accident 
it was crazy it was Pegasus whose 
head was crimped in a diamond 
champagne coloured with 
winged horses on a titanium 
frame so very light and that’s the 
thing you can’t feel it you could 

English: 
almost forget it I can imagine that 
your banker could never but well 
and finally a technique he patented 
the Wallace cut to cut a portrait 
into an aquamarine well 
that guy 
to conclude everything is the human
equivalent of this 
that is if you inject love 
into a small bird’s brain 
it gives you this it’s impressive 
BBC makes documentaries 
about how impressive it is and people 
are watching it it’s 
impressive it captures TA 
but when you inject love into the 
86 milliards neurons of the human 
brain 
that’s not the same right away
and that’s my subject to produce or 
to flourish you don’t have to choose 
anymore and to conclude 
I couldn’t resist the idea of trying a 
quick experience please 
stand up stand up please 

Chinese: 
会忘记你戴着它，当然保险公司绝不会忘记。
最后，这是用他发明的，以他的名字命名的“Wallace Cut”雕刻法，
在一块海蓝宝上雕刻的希腊神话里的荷莱女神。
总之，这是人类杰作的代表，只有这些自然界的杰作可与之相比拟。
也就是说，如果你在这只小鸟的大脑里注入“爱”，
就能得到那个BBC记录片里令人印象深刻的示爱亭，
因为这个记录片是如此地令人印象深刻，所以捕获了无数的“AT”。
同样，当你向一个拥有860亿个神经元的人类大脑注入“爱”，
结果将是无法想像的。 
这就是我的研究主题 —— 永远不应该在生产率和快乐之间做选择。
最后，我无法抗拒这个想法 —— 让我们一起来做个体验吧，
起立，请你们起立，活动一下腿脚，

Chinese: 
我很自责，因为我讲的时间太长了，
所以让我们一起做个体验，
虽然我超时了，但是我有好好地照料你们吧？
在长时间坐立不动后活动一下身体，感觉很舒适吧。
嗯，你们所有人都起立，整整齐齐地排列着，
你们知道这叫做什么吗？
这叫“最不为豪的起立致敬”。
谢谢！
【鼓掌】
【音乐】 

English: 
it will warm you up I know I 
talked too much so a quick 
experience for you first I talked too 
much it will warm you up I take good 
care of you it’s nice 
to stretch a bit well 
all of you here all of you here 
standing up like that in a row you 
know what it is it’s the most disgusting 
way to receive a standing ovation 
thank you 
[applause]
[Music]
[Music]
[applause]
