There are now over 300,000 Americans on dialysis.
Every year, about 60,000 die.
Kidney transplants are hard to get, but hundreds
of millions of Americans have a kidney to
spare.
The numbers are heavily in our favor.
The tragedy goes on year after year.
Almost nobody wants to do surgery to help
a total stranger for free.
And selling your kidney is illegal.
Voters, and the politicians they elect, have
banned the trading of cash for kidneys.
Why?
Because they underrate the social benefits
of markets.
They suffer from what I call anti-market bias.
People who have never studied economics often
equate greedy intentions with bad results.
Economists share a standard objection to this
bias.
Thanks to competition, the surest way to get
rich is to make your customers happy.
As the eighteenth-century economist Adam Smith
put it, It is not from the benevolence of
the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that
we expect our dinner, but from their regard
for their own self-interest.
Think about reviews on websites like Yelp.
If you give your customers good value, they'll
come back and tell others to do the same.
If you rip your customers off, they go elsewhere
next time and tell others to do the same.
When customers are free to choose, firms can't
put profits before people.
If they do, they lose their people and their
profits.
Economists= appreciation for markets leads
us to unconventional solutions to all sorts
of problems.
Take the kidney shortage.
Most people would shrug that there are no
more kidneys available.
But that's false.
If just one person in a thousand donated a
kidney, everyone on dialysis could get one.
There's just one problem.
Asking someone to give you a kidney is a huge
favor, the kind of favor that only people
who know and love you will agree to do.
Love already saves a lot of lives, but it's
clearly not enough.
So why not legalize a market for human kidneys,
where people who desperately need kidneys
could buy one from a willing donor?
Regardless of their politics, almost no one
who isn't an economist sees merit to this
idea, and almost everyone who is an economist
does.
Some worry that low-income people would be
first in line to sell.
But what's wrong with making poor people rich,
and sick people well?
This doesn't mean that economists always favor
unregulated markets.
Unlike a typical voter, though, economists
rarely complain because business is making
money by solving a problem.
Economists complain when business isn't making
money by solving a problem.
When a market visibly isn't working, economists
try to figure out ways to jump start markets.
In many cases, slightly different government
policies would do the trick.
Take air pollution.
Many economists turn to government because
they can't figure out how a person could make
money by cleaning the air.
But that doesn't mean you can't have market.
Liberal economist Alan Blinder promotes tradable
pollution permits to cut the cost of reducing
pollution.
Instead of telling firms how to cut emissions,
government could cap their total emissions,
then let firms with spare pollution permits
sell them to other firms that are over their
quota.
Blinder says this would reduce the cost of
cleanup by at least 50 percent.
When firms can sell their spare permits, they
have a strong incentive to find cheaper ways
to clean the air.
If markets can slash the cost of cleanup,
why do voters resist the idea?
Blinder blames anti-market bias.
The public seems to recoil in horror at the
idea of selling the right to pollute, as if
even a small emission of a pollutant were
immoral.
There's always going to be some pollution.
As Blinder says, to think otherwise, is not
to think.
When you can't imagine a way for business
to make money solving a problem, it's tempting
to conclude that no one will ever think of
a way for business to make money solving a
problem.
Even economists, who pride themselves in their
appreciation of markets, make this mistake.
If you went back in time to 1985 and described
the Internet, most economists would have rolled
their eyes millions of free websites providing
everything from directions to histories of
Germany.
It'll never happen.
Most economists would have been wrong, not
because they had too much faith in markets,
but because they had too little faith in human
imagination.
