
English: 
This video is sponsored by the great courses
plus.
Imagine taking a notebook, a plastic bottle,
a toaster, and a glass container and burning
them in a fire. If the fire was hot enough,
all the materials in these 4 things would
break down into a gaseous mixture of molecules
and atoms.
If you make this fire hotter, all the atoms
would break down into their component electrons
and neutrons.
If you go hotter still, these particles would
break down into the fundamental particles
of the standard model, things like quarks
and leptons.
And if you go even hotter, we are talking
astronomical temperatures around 10^31 degrees
or about a million, trillion, trillion degrees
Celsius, all the quarks and leptons and the
4 fundamental forces of nature, would break
down into one entity – a kind soup where
all the fundamental particles and the underlying
forces responsible for their behavior would
meld into one.
This is what is believed to have existed at
the moment of creation, at the moment of the
big bang.

Chinese: 
该视频由精彩课程赞助
加。
想象一下拿一个笔记本，一个塑料瓶，
一个烤面包机，一个玻璃容器，燃烧
他们着火了。如果火够热的话
这四件事中的所有材料
分解成分子的气体混合物
和原子。
如果让火变热，所有原子
会分解成其组成电子
和中子。
如果再变热，这些颗粒会
分解为基本粒子
标准模型，例如夸克
和轻子。
如果你变得更热，我们正在谈论
天文温度约为10 ^ 31度
或大约一百万，万亿，万亿度
摄氏，所有夸克和轻子以及
自然的4种基本力量会破裂
归结为一个实体–一种汤
所有基本粒子和底层
负责其行为的部队将
融为一体。
据信这是存在的
在创造的时刻，在
大爆炸。

English: 
All the particles and forces of our reality
came from this primordial soup. But this is
the story of the 4 fundamental forces of the
universe that, as far as is known, control
everything in the universe – every movement,
every phenomenon, and every process you can
possibly think of.
What is the nature of these forces? How do
they work? And where did they come from?...that’s
coming up right now.
According to modern particle theory represented
by the standard model of particle physics,
all matter is composed of 6 quarks and 6 leptons
and their 12 antiparticle pairs.
But that’s not all, matter is subject to
4 fundamental forces that cause this matter
to behave in certain ways, and result in essentially
every action that you see all around you and
everywhere in the universe.
These 4 forces are the strong force which
binds the nuclei of atoms by holding protons

Chinese: 
我们现实的所有粒子和力量
来自这种原始汤。但这是
的四个基本力量的故事
据了解，控制的宇宙
宇宙中的一切–每一个运动，
每个现象，每个过程都可以
可能会想到。
这些力量的本质是什么？怎么做
他们工作？它们是从哪里来的？
现在就来。
根据现代粒子理论表示
根据粒子物理学的标准模型，
所有物质由6个夸克和6个轻子组成
和他们的12对反粒子。
但这还不是全部，问题取决于
导致此问题的4种基本力量
以某些方式表现，并导致本质上
您在周围看到的每一个动作，以及
宇宙中的任何地方。
这四个力量是
通过保持质子束缚原子核

English: 
and neutrons together in their center, the
weak force which is responsible for some kinds
of radioactivity, electromagnetism responsible
for electricity and light, and is also the
root cause of chemistry, and finally gravity
which binds us to the earth and keeps the
planets in their orbits around the sun.
Yet, the most interesting aspect of this picture
is that at a fundamental level, scientists
believe that all the forces come from one
underlying force or principle.
And astonishingly, not only that but according
to current understanding, all 24 of the different
fundamental particles and the 4 forces are
one and the same at some deep level. This
is the ultimate symmetry of the universe.
Perhaps the best way to understand this and
how these forces emerged is to visualize what
happened at the very beginning of time, at
the big bang, when everything was one.
Time began not at zero, but at the smallest
measurement of time that can be represented

Chinese: 
和中子一起在他们的中心
弱势是某种原因
放射性，电磁负责
用于电和光，也是
化学的根本原因，最后是重力
这使我们与地球相连并保持
绕太阳公转的行星。
然而，这张图片最有趣的方面
是从根本上讲，科学家
相信所有力量都来自一个
基本力量或原则。
令人惊讶的是，不仅如此
根据目前的理解，所有24种不同
基本粒子和四个力是
在某种程度上是相同的。这个
是宇宙的终极对称性。
也许是理解这一点的最佳方法，并且
这些力量如何出现是为了可视化
发生在时间的开始
大爆炸，当时一切都只有一个。
时间不是从零开始，而是从最小开始
可以表示的时间量度

English: 
by our models of quantum mechanics and that
is Planck time. This is not zero but pretty
close from our perspective, 10^-43 seconds.
This is not to say that nothing existed prior
to this, but it is just the limit of our knowledge.
We are ignorant of anything that might have
occurred prior to this 1st epoch of existence.
So this is aptly called the Planck Epoch.
All the forces and particles were one and
the same in a point smaller than the size
of a proton. Gravity is thought to have separated
from everything else, shortly after this time
period. So it was the first force to separate
out from the other 3 forces.
The temperatures at this stage of the universe were as you would expect, astronomical , 10^31
degrees Celsius, and the energies were in
the range of 10^19 billion or giga electron
volts. If we ever develop a theory of everything,
then it would explain everything that occurred
up to this time. The strings of string theory
and the loops of loop quantum gravity, if

Chinese: 
根据我们的量子力学模型，
是普朗克时间。这不是零，而是漂亮
从我们的角度来看，关闭时间为10 ^ -43秒。
这并不是说事先没有任何东西
为此，但这只是我们知识的极限。
我们不知道任何可能发生的事情
发生在这个存在的第一个时代之前。
因此，这被恰当地称为“普朗克时代”。
所有的力和粒子都是一个
在小于尺寸的同一点
质子重力被认为已经分开
在这段时间之后不久
期。所以这是分离的第一股力量
从其他三支部队中撤出。
宇宙在这一阶段的温度是您所期望的天文数字，10 ^ 31
摄氏度，能量在
10 ^ 190亿或千兆电子的范围
伏特如果我们发展了一切理论
然后它将解释发生的一切
到这个时候。弦论理论
和环量子引力的环，如果

Chinese: 
这些理论是正确的，应运而生
在这里申请
下一个时代称为大统一时代
从第一个普朗克第二秒持续10 ^ -43
秒，最多约10 ^ -35秒。取决于
在此期间，剩下的三种力量
强弱力与电磁
全部统一。但是不久之后
从10 ^ -34秒到大约10 ^ -32秒，
力与其他两个力分开-电磁
和弱势力量合而为一
所谓的电弱力。温度范围
现在大约在10 ^ 26摄氏度。和
能量减少到10 ^ 15 Giga电子
伏特
如果我们发现宏伟的统一理论
或GUT，它将强大的力量与
电弱力，我们需要建模
在这些能级和温度下会发生什么。
不知何故，这种分离的强大力量
被认为是导致或供电的

English: 
those theories are correct, come into existence
and apply here.
The next era, called the Grand Unified Epoch,
lasts from the first Planck second 10^-43
seconds up to about 10^-35 seconds. Up to
this period, the remaining three forces, the
Strong and weak force and electromagnetism
were all unified. But shortly after this period
from 10^-34 to about 10^-32 seconds, the strong
force separated from the other two - electromagnetism
and the weak force, which were united as one
force called the electroweak force. Temperatures
were now around 10^26 degrees Celsius. And
the energy was reduced to 10^15 Giga electron
volts.
If we ever discover the grand unified theory
or GUT, which unites the strong force with
the electroweak force, we would need to model
what happens at these energy levels and temperatures.
Somehow this separation of the strong force
is thought to have resulted in or powered

Chinese: 
所谓的宇宙通货膨胀。这是
宇宙的瞬间膨胀
从比大小小的东西
一个像葡萄柚大小的质子。这个
尺寸大幅增加。类似
像网球一样小
太阳系的大小
小瞬间。
在10 ^ -12秒（称为夸克纪元）
弱电分为弱电
力和电磁。现在这两个
成为独立的力量。所以在这一点上，
所有这四种力量变得截然不同。温度
宇宙的温度降到10 ^ 15摄氏度，
能量约为100 GeV。我们知道一个
关于这个时代的宇宙很多，因为
这样的能量水平可以很容易地建模为
粒子加速器，例如大型强子
对撞机。所以我们对电弱的理解
力量相当强大。希格斯字段存在
在这个阶段-以及。我们怎么知道？
因为创建大约需要100 GeV

English: 
something called cosmic inflation. This is
a momentary expansion of the universe which
went from something tinier than the size of
a proton to the size of a grapefruit. This
is huge increase in size. It is analogous
to something as small as a tennis ball becoming
the size of the solar system in a very
small instant.
At 10^-12 seconds, called the Quark Epoch,
the electroweak force split into the weak
force and electromagnetism. These two now
became separate forces. So at this point,
all the 4 forces became distinct. The temperature
of the universe cooled to 10^15 degrees Celcius,
and energies are about 100 GeV. We know a
lot about the universe up to this era because
such energy levels can be easily modeled in
particle accelerators such as the Large Hadron
Collider. So our understanding of the electroweak
force is fairly robust. The Higgs field exists
at this stage – as well. How do we know?
because about 100 GeV was needed to create

Chinese: 
希格斯玻色子。这可以在
大型强子对撞机。
现在，快进到今天，
138亿年后，平均
宇宙的温度是-270度
C，能量约为0.25 eV
让我们仔细看一下这4种力，
从我们最熟悉的两个开始
-重力和电磁力。
它们在数学上相似
公式看起来几乎相同。牛顿定律
可以表示万有引力
如下，G是
牛顿的重力常数。库仑氏
带电体之间的电力定律
可以表示如下，其中k是
库仑常数。
第一个公式告诉我们万有引力
两个物体之间的力成比例
与其质量成反比
与它们之间的距离成正比
平方。请注意，力无限延伸
远。这意味着地球具有万有引力

English: 
the Higgs boson. And this can be done in the
LHC.
Now, fast forward to today,
13.8 billion years later, where the average
temperature of the universe is -270 degrees
C, and energy is on the order of 0.25 eV
Let’s look closer at the 4 forces, and lets
start with the two we are most familiar with
- gravity and electromagnetism.
They are similar in that their mathematical
formulas look nearly identical. Newtons law
of universal gravitation can be expressed
as the following, were G is
Newton’s gravitational constant. Coulomb’s
law of electric force between charged bodies
can be expressed as the following, where k is
Coulomb’s constant.
The first formula tell us that the gravitational
force between any two bodies is proportional
to the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the distance between them
squared. Notice that force extends infinitely
far. This means that the earth has a gravitational

Chinese: 
不仅影响月球和其他行星，
但也会对其他所有物体产生影响
宇宙中的物体。请注意，这是
效果很小，因为等式中的r
对于距离很远的事物来说将会很大。因此，力将非常弱，但不为零。由于重力会影响
任何具有质量的东西，在宇宙规模上，这种影响是最有影响力的。
但是我刚才所说的几乎所有内容都适用
电磁。静电力
电荷之间的距离也无限远
远。这意味着带电粒子在
地球对带电粒子有非零影响
我们最近的邻居Proxima Centauri附近
恒星和其他任何地方的带电粒子
在宇宙中。这种力量非常大
大于重力。事实上
电磁强度为10 ^ 36
倍于重力的大小。

English: 
effect not just on the moon and other planets,
but also some effect on every other massive
object in the universe. Mind you, this is
a very small effect because the r in the equation
would be very large for things very far away. So the force would be very weak, but it is non zero. And since gravity affects
anything with masses, this effect is the most influential force on a cosmic scale.
But almost everything I just said, also applies
to electromagnetism. The electrostatic force
between charges extends also infinitely far
away. This means that a charged particle on
earth has a non zero effect on a charged particle
near Proxima Centauri, our nearest neighboring
star, and charged particles everywhere else
in the universe. And this force is much much
greater than the force of gravity. In fact
the magnitude of electromagnetism is 10^36
times greater than the magnitude of gravity.

English: 
So why isn’t electromagnetism the most dominant
force in the universe? The reason is because
on large scales electric charges of large objects
tend to cancel each other out. Large objects
tend to be neutral.
So since a charged particle can only affect
other charged particles, this force is mostly
non-existent at large scales. If large things
were not electrically neutral, this force
would completely dominate the universe.
But Electromagnetism still has a big influence
in our world. It is responsible for the nature
of light. And it is the main force responsible
for all the biochemistry taking place in our
bodies and the rest of the earth. It is the
basis of all chemistry.
So now you have ask, if electro magnetism
is so strong, then what keeps multiple protons,
each of which are positively charged, bound
in the nucleus of atoms? According to Coulomb’s
law, if you do the calculations, the two protons in a Helium atom experience a force equal to about 20 lbs.
For something as small as atoms, this is a
huge force. They should repel each other and

Chinese: 
那么为什么电磁不是最主要的
宇宙中的力量？原因是因为
大型物体的大电荷
倾向于互相抵消。大物件
倾向于中立。
因此，由于带电粒子只会影响
其他带电粒子，这个力主要是
大规模不存在。如果大东西
不是电中性的，这个力
将完全统治宇宙。
但是电磁仍然有很大的影响
在我们的世界中。它对自然负责
光。这是负责的主力军
对于我们发生的所有生物化学
身体和地球的其余部分。它是
所有化学的基础。
所以现在你要问，电磁是否
如此强大，然后保留了多个质子，
每个都带正电荷的束缚
在原子核中？根据库仑的
规律，如果您进行计算，氦原子中的两个质子会受到大约20磅的力。
对于小到原子的东西，这是一个
巨大的力量。他们应该互相排斥，

English: 
fly apart instantly. The reason that protons
don't fly apart is because they
are kept glued together with a force that
is even stronger than electromagnetism – one
hundred times stronger. And this force is
creatively called the Strong nuclear force.
It is the strongest force in the universe.
However, it extends only as far as the width
of a proton. Remarkably, it is very small
or non existent beyond this length. This force has
been described as Velcro. When two protons
are really close, this force keeps them strongly
bound together, but when they are further
apart than the width of a proton, it is about
non existent.
--------
This force is not simply the opposite of electromagnetism though
because it is responsible for holding electrically
neutral neutrons in the center of atoms as well.
Even though this is a force we can’t directly
experience, the world has experienced its
effect. How?...because you see, the release
of this force is the energy behind nuclear

Chinese: 
立即飞开。质子的原因
不分开是因为他们
保持粘在一起的力量
比电磁力还要强-一个
强一百倍。这股力量是
创造性地称为“强大核力量”。
它是宇宙中最强大的力量。
但是，它只能延伸到宽度
质子值得注意的是，它很小
或超出此长度不存在。这支部队有
被描述为魔术贴。当两个质子
真的很近，这种力量使他们保持坚强
绑定在一起，但是当它们更远时
除了质子的宽度以外，大约是
不存在的。
--------
但是，该力不仅与电磁力相反
因为它负责保持电气
原子中心也有中性中子。
即使这是一种力量，我们也无法直接
经验，世界经历了
影响。怎么样？...因为您看到了发布
这种力量是核能背后的能量

English: 
bombs. The fission and fusion of atoms releases
huge amounts of binding energy from the nucleus
of atoms, which results from the strong force.
The binding energy of this force, is in fact
responsible for most of the mass of any object,
not the Higgs Field as you might have thought.
And when this binding energy is released,
the mass of the atom is converted to energy
in nuclear reactions
Then we get to the weak force. This is responsible
for a type of radiation called beta radiation,
which is the emission of electrons, or its
antimatter equivalent, positrons. One of
the most important processes in nature is
the beta decay of a neutron. This happens
for example when a neutron decays into a proton,
an electron and an antineutrino. If this kind
of decay did not occur, then the universe
would have been awash in a sea of neutrons,
and no atoms would have ever formed. And we
would not have had life.

Chinese: 
炸弹。原子的裂变和融合释放
来自细胞核的大量结合能
原子，这是由于强大的力量造成的。
实际上，这种力量的约束力是
负责任何物体的大部分质量，
不是您可能想到的希格斯场。
当结合力释放时
原子的质量转化为能量
在核反应中
然后我们得到了弱小的力量。这是负责任的
对于一种称为β辐射的辐射，
这是电子的发射或其
反物质等效，正电子。之一
自然界中最重要的过程是
中子的β衰变。有时候是这样的
例如，当中子衰减成质子时，
电子和反中微子。如果这种
没有发生衰变，那么宇宙
在中子海中本来就充斥着
而且不会有原子形成。和我们
不会有生命。

English: 
This process is also important in making larger
atoms stable, because a similar decay, called
Beta plus decay a Proton is converted into
a Neutron, a positron, and an electron neutrino.
It results in positron emissions. This process
allows for nuclear stability.
Like the strong force this force is also only
effective at really small scales, but the
range is even shorter than the strong force.
It’s effective length is only about one
thousandth the diameter of a proton.
Now, I’ve tried to give you an overall perspective on the 4 fundamental forces. But if you’re
like me, you probably have a few questions.
First, you might ask, how exactly does a force
between particles work? What is the underlying
mechanism? What causes an attraction or repulsion?
And, why does electromagnetism and gravity
have infinite range, but the strong and weak
force have such a small range.
The answer to these questions are closely
related, and they get into some of the most

Chinese: 
这个过程对于扩大规模也很重要
原子稳定，因为有类似的衰变，称为
Beta加质子转换成的衰变
中子，正电子和电子中微子。
它导致正电子发射。这个流程
使核稳定。
像强大的力量一样，这种力量也只是
在很小的规模上有效，但是
射程甚至比强力短。
有效长度只有一个
质子直径的千分之一
现在，我尝试向您全面介绍这4种基本力量。但是如果你是
像我一样，您可能有几个问题。
首先，您可能会问，力到底有多大？
之间的粒子工作？底层是什么
机制？是什么引起吸引或排斥？
而且，为什么电磁和重力
有无限的范围，但是强者和弱者
力有这么小的范围。
这些问题的答案非常接近
相关，他们进入了一些最

English: 
cutting edge and complex science involving
quantum mechanics and particle physics. And
this will be the subject of my next video,
so stay tuned. You won’t want to miss it.
In the meantime, I’d like the thank the
sponsor of today’s video The Great Courses
Plus.
In my opinion, it is the best on-demand video
learning service where you can enjoy college-level,
in depth lectures from some of top professors
in the world.
I just finished several lectures by one of
my favorite educators, Dr. Don Lincoln of
Fermilab. His course was called “The theory
of everything – the quest to explain all
of reality.” It consists of 24, thirty minute
lectures that will take you deep into many
the topics I often talk about on this channel.
If you love physics like I do, then you are going
to love Dr. Lincoln’s course. Some of the
other fascinating topics in his course related
to our video today are Supersymmetry, quantum
gravity, and an introduction to quantum chromodynamics, or QCD.

Chinese: 
尖端和复杂的科学涉及
量子力学和粒子物理学。和
这将是我下一个视频的主题
敬请期待。您不会想错过的。
同时，我要感谢
今天的视频《 The Great Courses》的赞助商
加。
我认为这是最好的点播视频
可以享受大学水平的学习服务，
一些顶级教授的深入演讲
在世界上。
我刚刚完成了其中一位的几场演讲
我最喜欢的教育家，唐·林肯博士
费米实验室。他的课程称为“理论
的一切–解释一切的追求
现实。”包括24分钟，30分钟
讲座将带您深入了解
我经常在这个频道上谈论的话题。
如果你像我一样喜欢物理学，那你就要走了
爱林肯博士的课程。某些
他课程中其他有趣的话题
今天我们的视频是超对称，量子
引力，以及量子色动力学或QCD简介。

Chinese: 
我只是喜欢很棒的课程，而且我会
成为会员，无论他们是否赞助
我与否。
注册非常容易，因为他们
立即为Arvin提供特价
灰烬观众。如果您使用说明中的链接
– thegreatcoursesplus正斜杠Arvin
–现在您将获得免费
试用。但是请确保使用此特殊链接。
如果您喜欢这样的主题，那么
观看其他一些视频。如果你
有一个问题，请张贴在下面，因为我
尝试回答所有这些问题。回头见
在下一个视频中，我的朋友。

English: 
I just love great courses plus, and I would
be a member regardless of whether they sponsored
me or not.
It’s so easy to sign up because they are
offering a special deal right now for Arvin
Ash viewers. If you use the link in the description
– thegreatcoursesplus forward slash Arvin
– right now you’re going to get a free
trial. But be sure to use this special link.
And if you enjoy subjects like this, then
check out some of our other videos. If you
have a question, post it below, because I
try to answer all of them. I will see you
in the next video my friend.
