
English: 
When you say the word 'chemicals', most people think 'chemicals bad' or 'chemicals dangerous',
those people say things like 'I don't give my kids food with chemicals in it'
or 'that factory puts chemicals in the water'.
Sometimes these people are thinking of liquid chemicals that are,
for example, sprayed on crops or gaseous chemicals that come out of
smokestacks or exhaust pipes, but those people probably
don't think of chemicals as solids.
To them, solids like this table here or my computer or aardvarks, that's just stuff.
But it's vital to recognize that, as I've said before, almost everything you interact with
on a daily basis is chemicals, except for like, light.  And with the exception of air,
the vast majority of the matter that you interact with is in the form of solids,
like I'm interacting with my clothes right now, which is good,
otherwise this would be, this would be an inappropriate episode.
But solids are a lot more diverse than what we might think of as just
hard or strong or stuffy.  Stuff-like.  Stuffish.  Stuffable.

English: 
When you say the word "chemicals", most people
think "chemicals bad" or "chemicals dangerous,"
those people say things like, "I don't give
my kids food with chemicals in it" or
"that factory puts chemicals in the water."
Sometimes these people are thinking of liquid
chemicals that are, for example,
sprayed on crops, or gaseous chemicals that
come out of smokestacks, or exhaust pipes.
But those people probably don't think of chemicals
as solids.
To them, solids like thr table, here, or my
computer, or aardvarks -- that's just stuff.
But it's vital to recognize that, as I've
said before,
almost everything you interact with on a daily
basis is chemicals, except for like, light.
And with the exception of air, the vast majority of the matter that you interact with is in the form of solids.
Like I'm interacting with my clothes right
now,
which is good, otherwise this would be...this
would be an inappropriate episode.
But solids are a lot more diverse than what
we might think of as just hard or strong or stuffy.
Stuff-like. Stuffish. Stuffable.
Stuff the Magic Dragon.

Arabic: 
عندما نقول كلمة "مادة كيميائية"،
يعتقد معظم الناس أنها شيء سيء أو خطير،
يقول هؤلاء الناس أشياء مثل: "لا أطعم
أطفالي أي شيء يحتوي على مواد كيميائية!"
أو "يضخ ذلك المصنع كيماويات في المياه."
في بعض الأحيان،
يفكر هؤلاء الناس في الكيماويات السائلة
التي تُرش على المحاصيل على سبيل المثال،
أو الكيماويات الغازية التي تخرج من المداخن
أو عوادم السيارات. لكن على الأغلب لا يفكر
هؤلاء الناس في الكيماويات على أنها صلبة،
فبالنسبة لهم إن المواد الصلبة مثل هذه الطاولة
أو الحاسوب أو خنزير الأرض هي مجرد أشياء.
لكن من الضروري أن تدركوا، كما قلت من قبل،
أن كل شيء تقريبًا تتفاعلون معه يوميًا
يُعدّ من الكيماويات، ما عدا الضوء.
وباستثناء الهواء،
فإن الغالبية العظمى من المواد
التي تتفاعلون معها تكون على شكل مواد صلبة،
فمثلاً إنني أتفاعل مع ملابسي الآن،
وهذا أمر جيد،
وإلا لكانت هذه... لكانت حلقة غير لائقة.
لكن المواد الصلبة متنوعة أكثر بكثير من تصورنا
المحصور لها على أنها الأشياء الجامدة
أو القوية أو الصلبة أو الشبيهة بالأشياء.

Arabic: 
فعلى سبيل المثال، العديد من المعادن قابلة
للتشكيل بشكل لا نهائي في ظل الظروف المناسبة.
بينما لا يمكن تشكيل الصخور على الإطلاق،
فيتسبب انعدام مرونتها
بتحطمها أو تفتتها إثر تعرضها لقوة كافية.
ثم هناك مواد صلبة نتصورها على أنها
أكثر ليونة مثل المطاط والصلصال والبوليستيرين،
كل منها لين لسبب مختلف، وتتصرف
بطرق مختلفة تمامًا. لا شيء من هذا عشوائي
فمثل كل المواد، تحصل المواد الصلبة
على خصائصها من ترتيب إلكتروناتها
وروابطها الكيميائية وقواتها بين الجزيئية.
هناك فئتان رئيسيتان من المواد الصلبة:
المتبلورة وغير المتبلورة.
الذرات والجزيئات في المواد المتبلورة
مُرتبة بطريقة منتظمة ومتوقعة.
مصطلح غير المتبلورة بالإنجليزية
وهو "Amorphous" يعني من دون شكل،
ولا تمتلك المواد الصلبة
غير المتبلورة شكلاً محددًا
لأن ذراتها وجزيئاتها مُرتبة بشكل عشوائي.
وفقط ضمن هاتين الفئتين، يمكن للمواد الصلبة
أن تبدي تنوعًا مذهلاً من الخصائص والتصرفات.
لذا قد تفاجئون أنفسكم
من خلال تعلم شيئاً جديدًا عن مواد
اعتقدتم أنكم تعرفون كل شيء عنها. وأفضل
من ذلك، حينها يمكنكم أن تشرحوا لبعض أولئك

English: 
Many metals, for example, are almost infinitely
moldable under the right conditions.
Meanwhile, rocks aren't moldable at all,
their lack of flexibility causes them to shatter
or crumble under sufficient force.
Then there are solids that we think of as
being softer, like rubber and clay and Styrofoam,
all of which are soft for different reasons,
and behave in very different ways.
None of this is random.
Like all matter, solids get their characteristics
from the arrangement of their electrons,
their chemical bonds,
and their intermolecular forces.
There are 2 main classes of solids, crystalline
and amorphous.
The atoms in molecules in crystalline solids
are arranged in an orderly, predictable way.
Amorphous literally means "without shape,"
and amorphous solids, unsurprisingly,
don't have a definite shape because their
atoms and molecules are arranged randomly.
And just within these 2 classes, solids can exhibit a pretty amazing variety of characteristics and behaviors.
So you may just surprise yourself by learning something new about materials that you thought you knew inside and out.

English: 
Stuff the Magic Dragon.  Many metals, for example, are almost infinitely moldable under the
right conditions. Meanwhile, rocks aren't moldable at all,
their lack of flexibility causes them to shatter or crumble under sufficient force.
Then there are solids that we think of as being softer, like rubber and clay and Styrofoam,
all of which are soft for different reasons, and behave in very different ways.  None of this is random.
Like all matter, solids get their characteristics from the arrangement of their electrons,
their chemical bonds, and their intermolecular forces.
There are two main classes of solids, crystalline and amorphous.
The atoms in molecules in crystalline solids are arranged in an orderly, predictable way.
Amorphous literally means 'without shape', and amorphous solids, unsurprisingly, don't have a definite shape because
their atoms and molecules are arranged randomly.
And just within these two classes, solids can exhibit a pretty amazing variety of characteristics and behaviors.
So you may just surprise yourself by learning something new about materials that you thought
you knew inside and out, and even better than that, you can explain it to some of those people

Arabic: 
الذين لا يعرفون
ما هي الكيماويات في الحقيقة حتى.
تشمل فئة المواد الصلبة غير المتبلورة أشياءً
متوقعة، مثل المواد الرغوية والهلامية والغروية
مثل المايونيز والمطاط والشمع
وبعض الأنسجة العضوية مثل الدهون.
ولكنها أيضًا تشمل بعض الأشياء
التي قد لا تتوقعونها مثل الفحم،
والأشياء التي تستخدمها ألواح السليكون
في أشباه الموصلات، وحتى الزجاج.
هذا صحيح! بغض النظر عما سمعتموه،
إن الزجاج ليس سائلاً،
لا أعلم من اختلق ذلك.
في الكيمياء، لا يعني مصطلح
"غير متبلور" لينًا أو مرنًا حتى،
مع أن الكثير من المواد الصلبة
غير المتبلورة تملك هاتين الصفتين،
لكن يتعلق التصنيف
بحقيقة أن بنيتها الذرية فوضوية أو عشوائية.
لكن تمتلك المواد الصلبة غير المتبلورة
بضعة خصائص جسيمية مشتركة.
أولاً، من المهم أن تفهموا أنه بسبب الترتيب
العشوائي لجسيمات المواد الصلبة غير المتبلورة
فإن قوة الروابط التي تبقيها معًا عشوائية أيضًا.
هذا ما يسبب الانصهار التدريجي للمواد الصلبة
غير المتبلورة، مثل الأنبوب الزجاجي هذا.

English: 
who don't even know what chemicals really are.
(CrashCourse Intro plays)
The category of amorphous solids includes things that you might expect, like foams and gels and colloids,
like mayonnaise, rubber, waxes, and some biological tissues such as fat.
They also include some things that you might not expect, like coal,
the things silicon panels use in semiconductors, and even glass.
That's right, despite what you may have heard, glass is not a liquid,
I don't know who made that up. In chemistry,
amorphous doesn't mean soft or even flexible, although
many amorphous solids are both of those things.  Instead,
the classification is all about the fact that their atomic structure is
disordered, or random.
Amorphous solids do however have a couple of macroscopic properties in common.
First, it is important to understand that because the particles in an amorphous solid are arranged
randomly, the strength of the bonds holding them together are also random.
That's what causes amorphous solids to melt gradually, like this glass tube.

English: 
And even better than that, you can explain it to some of those people who don't even know what chemicals really are.
[Theme Music]
The category of amorphous solids includes
things that you might expect,
like foams and gels and colloids, like mayonnaise, rubber, waxes, and some biological tissuessuch as fat.
They also include some things that you might
not expect,
like coal, the things silicon panels use in
semiconductors, and even glass.
That's right, despite what you may have heard, glass is not a liquid, I don't know who made that up.
In chemistry, amorphous doesn't mean soft
or even flexible,
although many amorphous solids are both of
those things.
Instead, the classification is all about the fact that their atomic structure is disordered, or random.
Amorphous solids do however have a couple
of macroscopic properties in common.
First, it is important to understand that because the particles in an amorphous solid are arranged randomly,
the strength of the bonds holding them together
are also random.
That's what causes amorphous solids to melt
gradually, like this glass tube.

Arabic: 
بينما يتم تسخين المادة،
تنكسر الروابط بين الجزيئية الضعيفة أولاً
ثم تنكسر الروابط الأقوى
حين تُكسر عتبة الطاقة من قبل الحرارة.
لذا لا تمتلك المواد الصلبة غير المتبلورة
نقطة انصهار محددة ومنفصلة مثل الثلج،
والذي يذوب عند درجة حرارة صفر تمامًا،
بل تذوب في نطاق من درجات الحرارة
مع تزايد طاقة التسخين.
تستجيب المواد الصلبة غير المتبلورة للضغط
بشكل مختلف جدًا عن المواد الصلبة المتبلورة.
فبسبب الترتيب المنتظم جدًا
للمواد الصلبة المتبلورة
تكون سهلة الكسر جدًا على طول المستوى الواقع
بين الجزيئات المتجاورة،
وحين تنكسر، فإنها تنكسر على طول خطوط مستقيمة
مثلما ينتج قطع الألماس أوجهًا ملساء تمامًا.
لكن مع العديد من المواد الصلبة غير المتبلورة
من الصعب إيجاد مستوى مثل ذلك،
فبغض النظر عن طريقة كسرها،
ستصطدمون بجزيئات واقعة
في منتصف ذلك المستوى في العادة،
تأبى أن تُكسر.
وحتى المواد الصلبة غير المتبلورة القاسية
التي تُكسر تحت تأثير الضغط،
قلما تُكسر على طول خطوط مستقيمة،
ولهذا ينكسر الزجاج بأشكال عشوائية غريبة
ويبدو الفحم كأي حجر عادي
وليس كبلورة منتظمة.
لدينا اسم لهذا، إن المواد الصلبة
غير المتبلورة هي موحدة الخواص،

English: 
As the material is heated, the weaker intermolecular bonds break first,
then the stronger ones break as the energy threshold is broken by heat.
So amorphous solids don't have the sharp discrete melting points of things like ice,
which melts exactly at 0, instead, they melt over a range of temperatures,
as the heat energy increases.
Amorphous solids also respond to stress very differently than crystalline solids.
Because the arrangement of crystalline solids is so orderly,
they're often very easy to break along a plane that falls between adjacent molecules,
and when they break, they tend to do it along straight lines,
the way cutting a diamond creates perfectly smooth facets.  But with many amorphous solids,
it's hard to find a plane like that, no matter how you attack it,
you'll usually run into molecules that are sitting right in the middle of that plane,
resisting the break.  And even hard amorphous solids
that do break under pressure rarely do it along straight lines, that's why broken glass
ends up in crazy random shapes. And why coal looks like a random rock,
not like a nice orderly crystal.
We have a name for this, amorphous solids are isotropic. Meaning that

English: 
As the material is heated, the weaker intermolecular
bonds break first,
then the stronger ones break as the energy
threshold is broken by heat.
So amorphous solids don't have the sharp discrete melting points of things like ice, which melts exactly at 0,
instead, they melt over a range of temperatures,
as the heat energy increases.
Amorphous solids also respond to stress very
differently than crystalline solids.
Because the arrangement of crystalline solids
is so orderly,
they're often very easy to break along a plane
that falls between adjacent molecules,
and when they break, they tend to do it along
straight lines,
the way cutting a diamond creates perfectly
smooth facets.
But with many amorphous solids, it's hard
to find a plane like that.
No matter how you attack it, you'll usually
run into molecules that are sitting right
in the middle of that plane, resisting the
break.
And even hard amorphous solids that do break under pressure rarely do it along straight lines,
that's why broken glass ends up in crazy random
shapes.
And why coal looks like a random rock, not
like a nice orderly crystal.
We have a name for this, amorphous solids
are isotropic.

English: 
they respond to stress in the same way in every direction. No matter which direction you poke
a piece of clay, or hit a piece of glass, it's resistance to breakage will always be similar.
But crystalline solids are anisotropic, they break differently depending on which plane you hit.
Speaking of diamonds, you probably think of 'crystalline' as things that look sorta like that.
But there are actually three different types of crystalline solids, and they cover a huge array of ,
materials, some of them pretty surprising. Those types are based on composition.
They can be molecular, ionic, or atomic.
Molecular solids are made up of covalent compounds that form an orderly crystalline structure
as they solidify, while their molecules remain unchanged.
Examples include things like water ice, dry ice - which is just frozen CO2, and sugar.
Because the molecules are held together by weak Van de Waals forces, they break down pretty easily.
For that reason, these solids generally tend to be soft with fairly low melting points.
Ionic solids are basically the solid forms of things we think of as ionic compounds like sodium chloride

Arabic: 
فهي تستجيب للضغط بالطريقة نفسها في كل اتجاه.
فبغض النظر من أية جهة تلكزون قطعة طين
أو تضربون قطعة زجاج،
ستكون مقاومتها للكسر متماثلة دائمًا.
لكن المواد الصلبة المتبلورة متباينة الخواص،
فتُكسر بشكل مختلف بحسب المستوى الذي تضربونه.
وبالحديث عن الألماس، لعلكم تظنون أن المواد
المتبلورة هي المواد التي تبدو مثل الألماس.
لكن هناك ثلاثة أنواع مختلفة للمواد الصلبة
المتبلورة، وتشمل مجموعة ضخمة من المواد،
ومنها مواد مفاجئة جدًا.
وهذه الأنواع مبنية على التركيب،
فيمكن أن تكون جزيئية أو أيونية أو ذرية.
المواد الصلبة الجزيئية مصنوعة من مركبات
تساهمية تشكّل بنية متبلورة منتظمة حين تتصلب،
بينما تبقى جزيئاتها بلا تغيير.
من الأمثلة عليها ثلج الماء والثلج الجاف،
وهو ثاني أكسيد كربون مُجمد فقط، والسكر.
لأن الجزيئات مثبتة مع بعضها البعض بواسطة
قوى فان در فالس ضعيفة، فهي تنكسر بسهولة.
ولهذا السبب تكون المواد الصلبة هذه لينة
بشكل عام ونقاط انصهارها منخفضة نسبيًا.
المواد الصلبة الأيونية هي الحالة الصلبة
للأشياء التي نعتبرها مركبات أيونية
مثل كلوريد الصوديوم، وهو ملح الطعام،

English: 
Meaning that they respond to stress in the
same way in every direction.
No matter which direction you poke a piece of clay, or hit a piece of glass, it's resistance to breakage will always be similar.
But crystalline solids are anisotropic, they break differently depending on which plane you hit.
Speaking of diamonds, you probably think of 'crystalline' as things that look sorta like that.
But there are actually 3 different types of
crystalline solids,
and they cover a huge array of materials,
some of them pretty surprising.
Those types are based on composition.
They can be molecular, ionic, or atomic.
Molecular solids are made up of covalent compounds that form an orderly crystalline structure as they solidify,
while their molecules remain unchanged.
Examples include things like water ice, dry
ice - which is just frozen CO2, and sugar.
Because the molecules are held together by weak Van de Waals forces, they break down pretty easily.
For that reason, these solids generally tend
to be soft with fairly low melting points.
Ionic solids are basically the solid forms of things we think of as ionic compounds like sodium chloride - or table salt,

Arabic: 
وكربونات الكالسيوم، وهو الطبشور
وحجر الكلس، وكبريتات المغنيسيوم،
والمعروفة باسم ملح إبسوم.
ولأنها مُشكلة من الأيونات
فعادة تكون قابلة للذوبان في الماء والمذيبات
القطبية الأخرى، لكن نقاط انصهارها مرتفعة جدًا.
سيختفي ملح الطعام في لحظات إن وضعته في ماء،
لكن إن سلطت عليه حرارة مباشرة
لن ينصهر حتى تصل درجة الحرارة
إلى 801 درجة مئوية.
تتشكل المواد الصلبة الذرية من ذرات فردية
وليس جزيئات على الإطلاق، كما يوحي اسمها.
يبدو هذا أمرًا بسيطًا، لكن في الحقيقة هناك
ثلاثة أنواع من المواد الصلبة الذرية أيضًا:
المواد الصلبة الشبكية
ومواد مجموعة 18 الصلبة والمعادن.
المواد الصلبة الشبكية مهمة ومثيرة للاهتمام
جدًا لدرجة أننا سنشرحها في درس مستقل.
لن أتطرق إليها الآن إلا لأقول إن الذرات
تشكّل بنية بلورية جامدة ببساطة.
فعلى سبيل المثال، الماسة
ليست سوى بلورة كبيرة مصنوعة من ذرات كربون.
لذا يمكنكم تخيل الألماس والمواد الصلبة
الشبكية الأخرى على أنها جزيئات عملاقة.
لكن مواد مجموعة 18 الصلبة
هي الحالة الصلبة للغازات النبيلة.
وهي مجموعة 18 في الجدول الدوري.
بما أن الغازات النبيلة لا تهتم بالتفاعل،
حتى فيما بينها، فمن الصعب تبريدها
وضغطها بشكل كاف لجعلها تشكل سائلاً،

English: 
calcium carbonate - which is chalk and limestone, and magnesium sulfate - otherwise known as Epsom salt.
Because they are made of ions, they are often
soluble in water and other polar solvents,
but they have very high melting points.
So table salt would be gone in no time if
I put it in water,
but if I applied heat directly to it, it wouldn't melt until the temperature reached 801 degree Celsius.
Atomic solids, as the name suggests, are made
up of individual atoms, not molecules at all.
Sounds simple, well there are actually 3 types of atomic solids too: network solids, group 18 solids, and metals.
Network solids are so interesting and important that we're going to cover them in a separate lesson.
I won't get in to it now except to say that
the atoms basically form a rigid crystal structure.
A diamond, for example, is just a big crystal
made of carbon atoms.
So you can think of diamonds, and other network
solids, as really giant molecules.
Group 18 solids meanwhile are the solid phase materials of the noble gases - Group 18 on the periodic table.
Since noble gases have little interest interacting,
even among themselves, it's very hard to cool

English: 
- or table salt, calcium carbonate - which is chalk and limestone, and magnesium sulfate -
otherwise known as Epsom salt. Because they are made of ions,
they are often soluble in water and other polar solvents, but they have very high melting points.
So table salt would be gone in no time if I put it in water, but if I applied heat directly to it,
it wouldn't melt until the temperature reached 800 and 1 degree Celsius.
Atomic solids, as the name suggests, are made up of individual atoms, not molecules at all.
Sounds simple, well there are actually three types of atomic solids too: network solids, group 18 solids, and
metals.
Network solids are so interesting and important that we're going to cover them in a separate lesson.
I won't get in to it now except to say that the atoms basically form a rigid crystal structure.
A diamond, for example, is just a big crystal made of carbon atoms.
So you can think of diamonds, and other network solids, as really giant molecules.
Group 18 solids meanwhile are the solid phase materials of the noble gases
Group 18 on the periodic table. Since noble gases have little interest interacting, even among
themselves, it's very hard to cool and pressurize them enough to make them form a liquid

English: 
and pressurize them enough to make them form
a liquid and even more so to make them solidify.
So when they do crystallize, the atoms are
held together by weak little Van de Waals
forces, not stable at all to say the least,
so they don't tend to stick around for long.
Because of this, they're really rare, and
not something that you'll, like, ever encounter,
unless you go on to study them specifically.
But metals, you know metals they're everywhere.
You're probably looking at me on a device
made of metal.
You probably have metal in your pocket.
You might have metal in your teeth.
And yeah, you probably don't think of metals
as crystals,
but remember the key is that their atoms are
arranged in an orderly way.
The atoms, in fact, form several different
arrangements
in order to best take advantage of the space
and the structure.
These structures are called closest packing
arrangements.
To picture how it works, think of metal atoms
as spheres
and consider how they can pack together in
the most efficient ways possible.
Like imagine if you have to fill the box with
as many ping pong as you can,
the atoms stack just like the ping pong balls
would.
In spite of their orderly arrangement though,
most metals are quite malleable.
Meaning that they can be pounded in to various
shapes,
and ductile, meaning that they can be stretched
out in to wires.

English: 
and even more so to make them solidify. So when they do crystallize,
the atoms are held together by weak little Van de Waals forces, not stable at all to say
the least, so they don't tend to stick around for long. Because of this,
they're really rare, and not something that you'll, like, ever encounter unless you go on to study them
specifically.
 
But metals, you know metals they're everywhere. You're probably looking at me on a device
made of metal. You probably have metal in your pocket.
You might have metal in your teeth. And yeah, you probably don't think of metals as crystals,
but remember the key is that their atoms are arranged in an orderly way.
The atoms, in fact, form several different arrangements in order to best take advantage of
the space and the structure.
These structures are called closest packing arrangements. To picture how it works,
think of metal atoms as spheres and consider how they can pack together in the most efficient ways
possible.
Like imagine if you have to fill the box with as many ping pong as you can,
the atoms stack just like the ping pong balls would.
In spite of their orderly arrangement though, most metals are quite malleable.
Meaning that they can be pounded in to various shapes, and ductile, meaning that they can be

Arabic: 
والأصعب من ذلك هو جعلها تتصلب.
لذا عندما تتبلور،
تُثبت الذرات معًا من خلال قوى فان در فالس ضعيفة
ولا تكون مستقرة على الإطلاق على أقل تقدير،
لذا لا تبقى لوقت طويل. وبسبب هذا
فهي نادرة جدًا، ولن تصادفونها أبدًا
إلا إن سعيتم لدراستها تحديدًا.
لكن المعادن موجودة في كل مكان كما تعلمون.
فأنت على الأغلب تشاهدونني الآن
بواسطة جهاز مصنوع من المعدن،
وعلى الأغلب تحملون معادنًا في جيوبكم،
وقد يكون هناك معادن في أسنانكم. وأنتم
في الغالب لا تتخيلون أن المعادن هي بلورات
لكن تذكروا أن الشيء الأساسي
هو أن ذراتها مُرتبة بشكل منتظم.
في الحقيقة، تشكّل الذرات عدة ترتيبات مختلفة
لاستغلال المساحة والبنية أفضل استغلال.
تُدعى هذه البنيات ترتيبات التعبئة
الأكثر تراصًا. ولتتخيلوا كيفية عملها،
تخيلوا أن ذرات المعدن هي كرات وفكروا
كيف يمكن أن تُرص بأكثر طريقة فعالة ممكنة.
أي تخيلوا إن كان عليكم أن تملؤوا
صندوقًا بأكبر عدد ممكن من الكرات الصغيرة،
تتكدس الذرات كما تتكدس الكرات الصغيرة.
ولكن بالرغم من ترتيبها المنتظم،
إلا أن معظم المعادن مطواعة إلى حد كبير،
ما يعني أنه يمكن طرقها لتكوين أشكال مختلفة،
كما أنها مطيلية أيضًا،

English: 
Both of these characteristics result from the nature of their atoms and the bonds between them.
The atoms in metals are large.
So large, that the valence electrons aren't
held very strongly by the nucleus.
This gives them much more freedom to move
around than the electrons on most elements.
So instead of belonging to a single atom, they form a kind of sea of electrons, wandering from 1 nucleus to another.
These freely moving electrons are in fact the main reason that metals can conduct heat and electricity so easily.
It's actually more accurate to say that the
electrons form large,
somewhat unstable, orbitals around collections
of atoms.
The nuclei are tightly bonded together by
the electrons that are all around them,
making the metal structure extremely strong.
But the bonds are uniquely flexible, allowing the kinds of deformations that we're accustomed to from metals.
Despite the crazy array of solids that classify as crystalline, they do all have certain things in common.
And as usual, most of their common characteristics
are related to their bonds.
Since all the bonds in a crystal are the same
length, their all equally strong.
Which means they can be broken by the same
amount of energy,

English: 
stretched out in to wires. Both of these characteristics result from the nature of their atoms
and the bonds between them.
The atoms in metals are large.
So large, that the valence electrons aren't held very strongly by the nucleus.
This gives them much more freedom to move around than the electrons on most elements.
So instead of belonging to a single atom, they form a kind of sea of electrons,
wandering from one nucleus to another.
These freely moving electrons are in fact the main reason that metals can conduct heat and electricity so easily.
It's actually more accurate to say that the electrons form large, somewhat unstable,
orbitals around collections of atoms.
The nuclei are tightly bonded together by the electrons that are all around them,
making the metal structure extremely strong. But the bonds are uniquely flexible,
allowing the kinds of deformations that we're accustomed to from metals.
Despite the crazy array of solids that classify as crystalline, they do all have certain things in common.
And as usual, most of their common characteristics are related to their bonds.
Since all the bonds in a crystal are the same length, their all equally strong.
Which means they can be broken by the same amount of energy, and their melting points are

Arabic: 
أي أنه يمكن مدها لتكوين أسلاك.
تنشأ هاتان الخاصيتان من طبيعة ذراتها
وطبيعة الروابط بينها.
إن ذرات المعادن كبيرة،
كبيرة لدرجة أن النواة
لا تمسك إلكترونات التكافؤ بشكل محكم.
هذا يعطيهم حرية للحركة
أكثر من إلكترونات معظم العناصر الأخرى.
لذا بدلاً من أن تنتمي إلى ذرة واحدة،
تشكّل شيئاً يشبه بحرًا من الإلكترونات،
تنتقل من نواة إلى أخرى.
هذه الإلكترونات حرة الحركة
هي في الحقيقة السبب الرئيسي
وراء قدرة المعادن
على توصيل الحرارة والكهرباء بسهولة كبيرة.
في الحقيقة، من الأدق أن نقول إن الإلكترونات
تشكّل مدارات كبيرة وغير مستقرة بعض الشيء
حول مجموعات من الذرات.
النوى مرتبطة ببعضها بإحكام
من خلال الإلكترونات الموجودة حولها
ما يجعل بنية المعدن قوية جدًا.
لكن الروابط مرنة بشكل استثنائي
ما يسمح بحدوث
أنواع تبدلات أشكال المعادن التي اعتدنا عليها.
رغم مجموعة المواد الصلبة الكثيرة التي
تُصنف كمتبلورة، تمتلك جميعها قواسم مشتركة،
وكالعادة، معظم خصائصها المشتركة
مرتبطة بروابطها.
بما أن جميع روابط البلورة لها الطول نفسه،
فإنها كلها قوية بنفس القدر،
ما يعني أنه يمكن كسرها باستخدام
نفس القدر من الطاقة، وتكون نقاط انصهارها

Arabic: 
درجات حرارة محددة جدًا، وليست نطاقات واسعة.
بشكل عام، إن المواد الصلبة المتبلورة
أكثر هشاشة من المواد الصلبة غير المتبلورة،
وتستجيب للقوى بشكل مختلف
وفي اتجاهات مختلفة كما ذكرت سابقًا.
إنه أمر جنوني بعض الشيء
أن نفكر في أن جميع الأشياء المختلفة
التي نعتبرها موادًا صلبة
تختلف كثيرًا عن بعضها بعضًا في الحقيقة.
السيارات وأكياس التسوق القابلة
لإعادة الاستعمال وخوذ الدراجات للأطفال،
جميعها تنتمي لمجموعة متنوعة
من المواد الكيميائية تُدعى المواد الصلبة.
شكرًا لكم على مشاهدة هذه الحلقة.
إن كنتم منتبهين،
فقد تعلمتم الفرق
بين المواد الصلبة المتبلورة وغير المتبلورة.
وتعلمتم أنه يمكن أن تتكون المواد الصلبة
المتبلورة من جزيئات أو أيونات أو ذرات،
وأن تلك منها المكونة من ذرات يمكن
أن تكون شبكات أو غازات نبيلة أو معادنًا.
تعلمتم أيضًا
بعض خصائص المواد الصلبة من كل فئة،
وتعلمتم أنه في جميع الحالات
تكون خصائص المادة الصلبة
مرتبطة بالروابط بين الجزيئات
أكثر منها بنوع الجزيئات ذاتها.
كتب إدي غونزاليس هذه الحلقة
وحررها بلايك دي باستينو،
والدكتور هايكو لانغنر هو مستشار الكيمياء.
الحلقة من تصوير ومونتاج وإخراج نك جنكنز،
ومايكل أراندا هو محرر النص،

English: 
and their melting points are very specific
temperatures, not broad ranges.
Crystalline solids are also generally more
brittle than amorphous ones,
and as I mentioned, respond to force differently
in different directions.
It's kind of crazy to think that all of the
different things that we think of as solids
are actually so different from each other.
All of the Volvos, and reusable shopping bags,
and kid's bicycle helmets,
are all from a diverse array of chemicals
called solids.
Thank you for watching this episode of Crash
Course Chemistry.
If you've paid attention, you've learned the difference between amorphous and crystalline solids.
You've learned that crystalline solids can
be made up of molecules, ions, or atoms.
And that the ones made of atoms, can be networks,
noble gases, or metals.
You also learned some of the properties of
solids in each of those categories,
and you learned that in every case the properties
of the solid are
much more related to the bonds between the particles than to the identity of the particles themselves.
This episode was written by Edi González.
It was edited by Blake de Pastino and the
chemistry consultant was Dr. Heiko Langner.
It was filmed, edited, and directed by Nicholas
Jenkins.
And the script supervisor was Michael Aranda,
who is also our sound designer,

English: 
very specific temperatures, not broad ranges.
Crystalline solids are also generally more brittle than amorphous ones,
and as I mentioned, respond to force differently in different directions.
It's kind of crazy to think that all of the different things that we think of as solids are actually
All of the Volvos, and reusable shopping bags, and kid's bicycle helmets,
are all from a diverse array of chemicals called solids.
Thank you for watching this episode of CrashCourse Chemistry. If you've paid attention,
you've learned the difference between amorphous and crystalline solids.
You've learned that crystalline solids can be made up of molecules, ions, or atoms.
And that the ones made of atoms, can be networks, noble gases, or metals.
You also learned some of the properties of solids in each of those categories,
and you learned that in every case the properties of the solid are much more related to
the bonds between the particles than to the identity of the particles themselves.
This episode was written by Edi González. It was edited by Blake de Pastino
and the chemistry consultant was Dr. Heiko Langner. It was filmed, edited, and directed by
Nicholas Jenkins. And the script supervisor was Michael Aranda,

English: 
who is also our sound designer and our graphics team. As always is thought cafe.

English: 
and our graphics team, as always, is Thought
Cafe.

Arabic: 
وهو مصمم الصوت أيضًا.
وفريق الرسومات هو Thought Café كالعادة.
