Feeling under the weather?
Just tweak a chromosome and you'll be all
better.
Gene therapy.
Now I'm not talking about support groups for
people who can't fit into the same pants they
wore in high school.
I'm talking about the alteration of genes
within the body to treat disease.
Cancer is the second leading cause of death
in the United States, and the two main ways
we treat it are with radiation and chemotherapy.
Both of which have severe side effects.
Chemotherapy in particular can be devastating
to healthy cells.
So gene therapy has the promise of perhaps
complimenting or maybe even replacing these
other therapies.
Currently there are a few different ways to
use gene therapy to battle cancer.
One way is just to remove the mutated genetic
material and replace it with healthy material.
Kind of like replacing a flat tire.
Another way is to insert special genes into
white blood cells.
Now this gives those white blood cells the
chance to detect and battle tumors.
It's like giving a cancer cop a strong pot
of coffee and a detailed sketch of what the
bad cells look like.
But the third, and this is my own personal
favorite, is that cells happen to have a little
self-destruct button inside them.
Now this button gets pressed if there's too
much mutation within that cell.
But in cancer cells the button is deactivated.
So with gene therapy you go in and reactivate
that button.
Press the button, no more cancer cell.
But this raises a question.
How do we actually get that genetic material
into cells in the first place?
Well, do you like spy movies?
Because that's what we're talking about here
- double agents!
In this case, the double agent is a virus.
Now normally a virus might be out there to
kill you.
But what scientists are doing is they're scooping
the DNA out of viruses and putting a treatment
gene into it, and then putting that into a
patient's body.
So, like a double agent, the virus works for
our team now.
In our spy movie, the viruses smuggle in the
good genes, so when the cell replicates the
good gene is copied instead of the mutated
one.
Take for example a cancer cell.
Once inside the spy virus can deliver the
gene that will halt its rampant replication.
One such gene is called oligonucleotide.
A single stranded piece of DNA that inserts
itself directly in the slots of the mutated
cell's double helix DNA, essentially jamming
up the cell's replicating gears.
The mutated segment of DNA can not be transcribed
or copied once you've jammed up those gears.
And in fact, scientists may one day be able
to reverse this process, turning cancer cells
back into healthy cells through cellular espionage.
So far gene therapy has been used to treat
very simple diseases and conditions where
a gene is essentially flipped on or off and
that effects everything else.
Think of it like one of those strands of lights
where one light is wrong and therefore the
whole thing won't work.
You know, kind of like these that I had back
in college.
Really you just have to find the one bulb
that's wrong and fix it and it all comes on
again!
But some conditions are a little more complicated,
and they actually involve lots of different
combinations of genes that maybe switched
on or off and so we have to determine what
that combination is in order to use gene therapy
to solve it.
We're talking about over 20,000 proteins.
This is a big problem.
But as genetic information becomes easier
for us to obtain, this raises some new questions.
For example, should parents be able to determine
what their child's eye color should be?
Or height?
Or sexual orientation?
And if we're able to use gene therapy to cure
or combat diseases and conditions, does that
drastically alter our lifespan and in turn
does that drastically alter world population?
But we've got some time before these possibilities
become realities and in the mean time I have
a question for you!
If you were a gene hacker, what crazy genetic
mutation would you give yourself?
Leave us a comment and tell use what it would
be, and if you enjoyed this video like it,
and make sure you subscribe to our channel,
we have some amazing videos coming to you
in the near future.
