Welcome students to the online NPTEL course
contemporary architecture and design. In the
previous ah class, we started discussing about
the modern art movement. So, we will conclude
with the modern art movement which were ah
left and yet to be discussed.
So, ah one of the art movement of modernist
era was cubism and among the few of the famous
cubist painter ah Pablo Picasso ah was one
of them. And in the cubist movement, this
ah ah as ah quite similar to ah the previous
ah art movements where, we have seen impressionism
ah, expressionism and pointillism. They started
deviating from the figurative approach of
depicting a painting ah.
So, they started going ah towards the abstraction
again and ah. Because, the of the invention
of the camera which can depict ah, which can
capture a figurative and the realistic ah
environment in the much better way ah and
much because it it is just a machine.
And which that is why, the artist and painters
ah wanted to deviate from that and they ah
invented a different style of ah depicting
ah ah their expression.
So ah in cubism, what is the style? Is ah
it almost break ah broken into different geometric
form which is mostly ah cubist or the rectilinear
ah form? And the the paintings were broken
into ah broken ah like that.
So, ah in Picasso's painting we ah we can
see that the human figures and the animal
figures were broken in different lines. And
mostly rectilinear lines and one of the thought
is cubist is sometimes it is like ah has a
4th dimension into the painting. So, it is
not just ah 2 different dimensions so, it
is captures the movement . So, one of the
painting ah by Pablo Picasso is Las Meninas
which was painted ah during the baroque period
by Velazquez.
So, this is the same painting ah of Velazquez
was reinterpreted into ah ah into Pablo Picasso
style. And there the princes was ah ah shown
like ah ah the different faces were there
and then ah the human bodies were ah in different
direction.
So here, in the ah one of the Picassos paint
we can see the faces were turned and twisted
and then series of ah they are different eyes,
they can and ah they were in a different ah
angle. So, which was there in the futurism
movement of Russia as well ah ?
So, this is another ah painting ah by ah Braque
in which this is the violin and candlestick
was painted and all the different surfaces
of violins were ah shown from different angles.
So that, it has a experience of a time dimension.
It is not just one angle of the painting,
it is different angles were juxtaposed and
this this becomes like a broken façade of
all the surfaces ah which is like a experience
over the time.
So, this is the Russian futurism so, this
is the cyclist ah painting ah by ah Natalia
Goncharova, which ah will also we discuss.
Because , ah later in the postmodern architecture
many of the postmodern architects took inspiration
from this cubist and ah Russian futurist as
well as the a ah suprematist ah movement.
So, this here you can see in the cycle ah
there are not just one ring of the cycle,
there series of lines of ah cycles series
of legs. So, this is the one human ah figure,
but there is 2, 3 legs we can see. So, this
depicts the motion which is the 4th dimension,
which is ah time, which is captured in the
2D painting. So, this is another way of depicting
ah ah different dimensions in 2D which camera
cannot do .
In general way, if you change the shutters
ah play with the shutter speed or change the
exposure and you superimposed over 2, 3 ah
click that, in ah then it might happen, but
generally it cannot be done in the ah um camera.
But the way also, they will ah changing the
ah expression which cannot be done in the
in the camera, that is why it is not a this
is going away from the ah figurative depiction.
So, we have also seen in ah in architecture,
they were going away from the figurative depiction
and architecture also become abstract. And
this abstraction from ah figurative to abstraction
is a journey in the modernism. So, gradually
they started going towards the abstract ah
in architecture as well this happened .
So, another ah movement is a suprematism ah.
So, this is ah quite similar to if you just
look at it. It might look like a Bauhaus or
ah De style or De Stijl movement ah, but in
De style movement it was ah the concept was
different ah this is a that was a superimposition
of ah 3 ah ah the rectilinear lines and pure
shapes. And 3 different colors were used which
colors with black and white was the primary.
And the overall composition of De style or
De Stijl movement and Bauhaus was ah very
functional and very rectilinear ah in nature.
If you look at the Piet Mondrians painting
ah So, this was quite different and suprematism.
Ah The pioneer of ah suprematism was Kazimir
Malevich. So, here it is in a different angle
sometimes you will see there is no correlation
between the angles which was not there in
the ah Bauhaus and De style or De Stijl movement
.
So, this was ah twisted in a different ah
direction and ah and different colors were
used and if you look at there, there is no
particular angle between these 2 . And which
was there in the few of the Kandinsky work
which Kandinsky was an explore with the different
ah style, but the ah the Kazimir Malevich
thought process came from a different ah perspective
ah. So, you can read more about the suprematism
.
And The later phases of Kazimir Malevich ah
his work was he was exploring with black and
white, which also goes with a ah visually
it might look similar to ah Bauhaus or De
style movement, but it is ah ah ah from the
conceptual level, it is quite different and
many of the cases he ah started painting white
on white. So, ah this we are seeing ah black
on white background sometimes he has many
ah geometric ah ah geometric objects on ah
top of the same color.
So, this will be a white of a different ah
value level and this will be another ah white
patch of square or circle ah in in different
value level. So, he was exploring the different
value ah ah ah in different value change,
why, how people psychologically perceive the
shape .
And here in suprematism, it is more ah mostly
like juxtaposition of different shapes and
there are different ah ah curvilinear and
organic shapes as well in the suprematism.
So here, ah this is a ah this is mostly a
2D expression in suprematism instead of it
is painting it is ah it did not go into other
sculpture, but one of the ah ah architect
and painter Lazar Khidekel ah changed the
ah suprematism ah transfer the suprematism
into 3D and architecture.
These are all conceptual ah. So, this was
not built, but ah the ah he explores suprematism
in 3D. So, this is the 3D expression of suprematism
where different rectilinear cuboids were juxtaposed
and created a beautiful composition out of
it .
Ah so a later, there are also Russian futureism
futurism and Russian ah constructivism in
architecture. So, which will be discussed
while we discuss ah the postmodern, one of
the postmodern movement which is deconstructivism
and we will see what is the difference between
constructivism and deconstructivism.
Constructivism was one of the movement in
modern era which ah was mostly ah conceptual.
And it was not build like Tatlin Tower and
other ah very ah complicated structures. They
have made which was not ah ah during modernist
movement. Their construction techniques was
not known and it was the construction technique
was not as advanced as the the conceptual
design was. And so, this kind of structures
which ah they made was not ah was just ah
ah ah was on a conceptual levels so, this
was constructivism.
Later in the ah deconstructive ah ah in the
postmodern ah the later phases of postmodern
deconstructivism was one of the movement which
took inspiration from constructivism as well
as suprematism and ah Russian futurism as
well as the cubism. So, how they have taken
inspiration? In details we have we are discuss,
when we discuss the ah ah deconstructive architecture
, but here we can ah see the what are the
what are the different ah different art movements
were there.
Constructivism was not an art movement it
is an architectural movement ah, which happened
in ah modernist ah era, but this was not ah
it cannot be called as a complete movement.
It is just was a was in a conceptual level.
And it did not flourish ah much So, we are
not discussing that. We just discuss ah part
of ah Russian constructivism ah in ah ah when
we discuss deconstructive era, ah phase ah
which is part of the post modernism .
So, ah we can see lot of modernist art and
conceptual architectural ah designs got translated
into the postmodern era. So, gradually ah
ah mostly when we discuss post modernism,
few of the modernist movement ah, architecture
movement got translated like metabolism and
brutalism, we ah we saw that that that got
translated into the postmodern ah era as well.
And the later phases like tensile and shell
was translated into ah different postmodern
era like metabolist this um ah modularity
was extensively used todays ah ah ah todays
era as well.
And then the ah ah the sculptural quality
tensile and shell structures were also used
in today's ah ah in the postmodern era. And
it got translated and there is there is also
new modern architecture which was a revival
and re ah ah reinterpretation of modern architecture
ah ah mostly which is industrial ah internationalism,
but there are lot of art movement ah from
there.
Postmodern artist ah postmodern architect
took inspiration from So, this is one of the
ah painting by ah M C Escher ah. So, he ah
talked about the duality and this is the painting
is called infinity. So here, if you look ah
look at the painting carefully. So, this plan
and elevation and the different facades of
different dimensions X Y and Z dimensions
are getting twisted. So, it is getting an
ah. So, the name of the painting is unity.
So, there is a unity and cohesion and continuum
between the X Y and Z axis.
So, this staircase is ah can be seen from
this side and also can be seen from this side
and then there is a ah ah lot of dilemma is
used and ah in this etching ah by Michel Escher
So, here we can see. So, this kind of duality
and the question of dimensions was created
.
And now the one of the ah postmodern architect
Peter Eisenman used this ah concept in his
one of the house this is wall house 6. So,
he have designed many ah houses and he numbered
it from one 2 ah. Gradually, he ah started
numbering. So, this is ah this is the house
number 6 which we will discussed in ah the
postmodern style.
So this is the postmodern building , where
this is not a minimalist ah style and where
aesthetics ah is becoming quite heavy and
important. So, here he used his Eschers stair
in a real life. So, this is the real stair
which is which is green and here also you
can see lot of ah lines are coming, which
is like cardboard and ah. So, this is this
is inspired from a cardboard architecture
and these all these lines are coming together.
So, this is the column line and beam lines
are not matching and then ah ah this wall
line is ah in some in some other ah places
and ah there is hanging ah ah there is a sleat
on between the floors.
So, we will discuss about this house and,
but the main thing is he got inspiration from
Eschers this painting. So, this is the real
staircase and if you look look at this staircase
this is just a ah inverted staircase which
is just a visual depiction of Eschers which
is got inspired from Escher painting. So,
this red staircase is is not usable, this
is just a ah illusion of staircase which,
you if you turn on the other side upside down
then you can use it.
Ah So, there is a human being like this. So,
he can climb from this staircase which is
not possible. So, it is ah ah this is this
is just a visual depiction which is the criteria
of postmodern ah architecture ah. So, visual
emphasis and sculpture qualities are becoming
ah ah ah in few of the postmodern movement
become quite important. So, here this is ah
ah the peter Eisenmen and he is taking inspiration
from Escher.
So, Peter Eisenmen ah many of the architecture
styles are coming on the deconstructive architecture
style and here ah he change ah, he ah ah creates
floors from outside which which ah looks like
it is tilted. And also he ah have ah played
with the construction ah techniques under
duality. So, ah few of the columns sometimes
hang like that which looks like column, but
which is not because it does not touch the
floor. So, we will discuss that when we discuss
Peter Eisenmens work.
And another ah famous deconstructive architect
is Zaha Hadid and ah she gave few talks where,
she talked about ah her architecture style
got inspired from ah Kazimir Malevich . Malevich
suprematism and suprematism is also closely
linked with cubist movement and ah ah other
movements which was there.
So, there are lot of ah few ah ah cubist painting
by ah Le Corbusier ah ah where there is a
violin and many other ah ah ah painting ah
different paintings of Le Corbusier; And so,
those paintings and ah ah the Russian futurism
and the constructivism ah lead to a movement
which is deconstructivism in later phases.
So, ah Zaha Hadid took inspiration from ah
suprematism ah and she has lot of talks. So,
you can go through those ah online talks in
YouTube and other ah medias. So, this is the
Kazimir Malevichs work. This is the ah interpretation
in the architecture which ah has been done
ah ah and then this is the sketch the conceptual
sketch by ah Zaha Hadid.
If you look at in this ah slide of suprematism
this is Kazimir Malevichs work, this is lazar
ah Khidekels work; which is ah the translation
of 2D to 3D which has been done during the
suprematism era as well by Khidekel. And then
ah she is translating this in the postmodern
ah style which is ah which is deconstrctivism.
And ah this is Zaha Hadids conceptual sketch
of a ah ah of a urban design or planning level
sketch this is a ah series of building. So,
this is not just a one building thing. So,
this is the abstract depiction of lines .
And here we can see this is this was more
ah ah of a ah like one kind of visual ah style
was there. Which is ah cuboid, but there cuboids
were positioned in different directions. So,
this mix this mix away the composition very
ah heavy in visual ah. So, lot of elements
are there So, this is not a minimalist composition,
but from here ah she is making it more ah
exaggerated with the curvilinear lines. Which
ah ah is the key characteristics of Zaha Hadids
architecture style.
So, she uses lot of curvilinear flow lines,
which also comes from the mathematical parametric
architecture ah, but here it is ah she got
inspired from the suprematism and so, with
the curvilinear lines and the rectilinear
patches and the juxtaposition of all this
elements. She is creating this ah paintings
which later and paintings or 3 ah digital
models which later got translated into the
ah defended can be ah in urban scale ah urban
design scale. It can be in the planning level
scale or it can also be in a very product
design scale. And later it ah she translate
ah let us this kind of a lines into the design.
And in the next class onwards we will start
discussing about the postmodern movements.
So, ah the ah ah we will talk about the the
holistically, what is the criteria? What is
the features ah of post modernism? And after
that we will start and what is the difference
between modernist movement and the postmodern
movement and in architecture as well as in
the design? And then, we will start ah discussing
about the postmodern architecture and few
postmodern ah design and art movement will
also be discussed.
Thank you .
