 
CONVERSATIONAL LANGUAGE

QUICK AND EASY

The Most Innovative Technique to

Master Any Foreign Language

YATIR NITZANY

Dedication

To all those who ever struggled with learning a foreign language and to Wolfgang Karfunkel

Copyright © 2012

Yatir Nitzany

All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Foreword

About Myself

For many years I struggled to learn Spanish, and I still knew no more than about twenty words. Consequently, I was extremely frustrated. One day I stumbled upon this method as I was playing around with word combinations. Suddenly, I came to the realization that every language has a certain core group of words that are most commonly used and, simply by learning them, one could gain an ability to engage in quick and easy conversations in a foreign language.

I discovered which words those were, and I narrowed them down to three hundred and fifty that, once memorized, one could connect and create one's own sentences. The variations were and are infinite! By using this incredibly simple technique, I could converse at a proficient level and speak Spanish. Within a week, I astonished my Spanish-speaking friends with my newfound ability. The next semester I registered at my university for a Spanish language course, and I applied the same principles I had learned in that class (grammar, additional vocabulary, future and past tense, etc.) to those three hundred and fifty words I already had memorized, and immediately I felt as if I had grown wings and learned how to fly.

At the end of the semester, we took a class trip to San José, Costa Rica. I was like a fish in water, while the rest of my classmates were floundering and still struggling to converse. Throughout the following months, I again applied the same principle to other languages—French, Portuguese, Italian, and Arabic, all of which I now speak proficiently, thanks to this very simple technique.

This method is by far the fastest way to master quick and easy conversational language skills. There is no other technique that compares to my concept. It is effective, it worked for me, and it will work for you. Be consistent with my program, and you too will succeed the way I and many, many others have.
Table of Contents

Introduction

Directions

European Languages

- Latin Languages

a. French

b. Italian

c. Brazilian-Portuguese

d. Spanish

- Germanic Languages

a. Dutch

b. German

c. Norwegian

- Turkish Languages

a. Turkish

- Slavic Languages

a. Polish

b. Russian

Middle Eastern Languages (Afro-Asiatic Languages)

- Semitic Languages - Hebrew

a. Hebrew

- Semitic Languages - Arabic

a. Classical Arabic

b. Lebanese Dialect

c. Syrian Dialect

d. Palestinian Dialect

e. Egyptian Dialect

f. Moroccan Dialect

g. Iraqi Dialect

h. Saudi (Hijazi) Dialect

Indo-Iranian Languages

a. Farsi

b. Pashto

Asian Languages

- Sino-Tibetan family - Chinese

a. Cantonese

b. Mandarin

- Japonic

a. Japanese

Indo Aryan Languages

a. Hindi

b. Urdu

Malay Polynesian Languages

a. Indonesian

Note to the Reader

Conclusion

Personal Note from the Author

In order to converse in a foreign language one must memorize the three hundred fifty most essential words. However, this book only features 175 of these words. In order to receive the complete set of the entire 350, simply download your next free e-book that will also automatically sign you up to the author's New Releases mailing.

Click here to get started www.conversational-languages.com/free-ebook/

# .

# Introduction

People often dream about learning a foreign language, but usually they never do it. Some feel that they just won't be able to do it while others believe that they don't have the time. Whatever your reason is, it's time to set that aside. With my new method, you will have enough time, and you will not fail. You will actually learn how to speak the fundamentals of the language—conversationally, easily, and quickly in as little as a few days. Of course, you won't speak the language perfect at first, but you will certainly gain significant proficiency. For example, if you travel to a foreign country, you will almost effortlessly be able engage in basic conversational communication with the locals in the present tense, and you will no longer be intimidated by culture shock. It's time to relax. Learning a language is a valuable skill that connects people of multiple cultures around the world—and you now have the tools to join them.

How does my method work? I have taken twenty-seven of the most commonly used languages in the world and distilled from them the three hundred and fifty most frequently used words in any language. This process took three years of observation and research, and during that time, I determined which words I felt were most important for this method of basic conversational communication. In that time, I chose these words in such a way that they were structurally interrelated and that, when combined, form sentences. Thus, once you succeed in memorizing these words, you will be able to combine these words and form your own sentences. The words are spread over twenty pages. In fact, there are just nine basic words that will effectively build bridges, enabling you to speak in an understandable manner (please see Building Bridges). The words will also combine easily in sentences, for example, enabling you to ask simple questions, make basic statements, and obtain a rudimentary understanding of others' communications.

My book is mainly intended for basic present tense vocal communication, meaning anyone can easily use it to "get by" linguistically while visiting a foreign country without learning the entire language. With practice, you will be 100 percent understandable to native speakers, which is your aim. One disclaimer: this is not a grammar book, though it does address minute and essential grammar rules. Therefore, understanding complex sentences with obscure words in a foreign language is beyond the scope of this book.

People who have tried this method have been successful, and by the time you finish this book, you will understand and be understood in basic conversations in the language of your desire. Grouped by continental region, these twenty-seven languages are translated into Latin letters, so it is not a requirement to know the written form of the foreign language beforehand. This is the best basis to learn any language. This is an entirely revolutionary, no-fail concept, and your ability to combine the pieces of the "language puzzle" together will come with great ease, especially if you use this program prior to beginning a foreign language class.

This is the best program that was ever designed to teach the reader how to become conversational. Other conversational programs will only teach you phrases. But this is the only program that will teach you how to create your own sentences for the purpose of becoming conversational.

This manuscript only features the essential words required for basic conversational fluency in each language. In case you desire to learn how to structurally combine these words into sentences, and focus solely on one language at a time, you may purchase each of these books below individually.

# ALSO BY YATIR NITZANY

Conversational Spanish Quick and Easy

......................................................

Conversational French Quick and Easy

......................................................

Conversational Italian Quick and Easy

......................................................

Conversational Portuguese Quick and Easy

......................................................

Conversational German Quick and Easy

......................................................

Conversational Russian Quick and Easy

......................................................

Conversational Polish Quick and Easy

......................................................

Conversational Hebrew Quick and Easy

......................................................

Conversational Yiddish Quick and Easy

......................................................

Conversational Arabic Quick and Easy

Classical Arabic

......................................................

Conversational Arabic Quick and Easy

Palestinian Dialect

......................................................

Conversational Arabic Quick and Easy

Lebanese Dialect

......................................................

Conversational Arabic Quick and Easy

Egyptian Dialect

......................................................

Conversational Arabic Quick and Easy

Emirati Dialect

......................................................

Conversational Arabic Quick and Easy

Jordanian Dialect

......................................................

Conversational Arabic Quick and Easy

The Spoken Arabic of the State of Israel

# Directions

The following template is a comprehensive list of the three hundred and fifty most used words in every language. You will encounter these five charts for each of the twenty-seven languages in this book. The first page consists of the pronouns. The second and third pages consist of the adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections, and nouns. The fourth page has the most commonly used verbs. The fifth page, Building Bridges, will teach you how to link the verbs in the conjugated and infinitive forms, as well as two or three sample sentences and some additional, minute grammar rules; again this is not a grammar book!

.

Pronunciation of the ch

*For Middle Eastern languages, including Hebrew, Arabic, Farsi, Pashto, Urdu, Hindi, etc., and also German, to properly pronounce the kh or ch is essential, for example, Chanukah (a Jewish holiday) or Khaled (a Muslim name) or Nacht ("night" in German). The best way to describe kh or ch is to say "ka" or "ha" while at the same time putting your tongue at the back of your throat and blowing air. It's pronounced similarly to the sound that you make while clearing your throat of phlegm.

Part 1: The Pronouns

I

Me

My

Mine

His

Him

Her

Hers

He

She

Us

Our

With you

With You (Plural)

With her

With him

With Them

Without me

Without

Without you

Without you (Plural)

Them, They

Their

You

You (Plural)

I am

I was

I will

Are you

We

Without her

Without Them

Without Him

With me

For you

To be

Yours

We are

With us

Without us

Who

Part 2: Adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections

What Something

If Sometimes

Similar Somewhere

Where Yes

Were No

When Less

Only Instead

Was Including

Other While

Since Someone

Same Again

With Away

Already But

Together Don't

Then Both

Than Because

More Still, Yet

Very Time (how many times)

Much, a lot Time (era)

From Time (hour)

And Also, too, as well

Before Around

After Never

Afterwards Of Course

To Here

The This

That (demonstrativepronoun) OK

That (conjunction) Just

Is Although

Which Through

For It is

Of Everywhere

Against Ready

Always Soon

Until Except

Everything Between

Every Now

Even If Later

Things Toward

There How Much & How Many

Into Neither

Or None

On Nobody

About Maybe

How Way

In Why

Nothing Side

At Everybody

Almost A Few

In this program there are certain words which sound the same, spelled the same, and are pronounced the same however they have different meanings. Such as time and that. So keep your eyes peeled.

Part 3: Additional adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections, nouns, and a few of the most common phrases.

Small Name

Big Last name

Hot What is your name?

Cold How old are you

Up Welcome

Down Years

Person Sky

People Night

Fast Light

Slow Darkness

Day Morning

Tomorrow House

Today Car

Yesterday Left

Good Right

Bad Place

Hello Straight

Goodbye Parents

How are you Book

Nice to meet you Problem

Good Night Behind

Good Afternoon Front

Good Morning Near

Friend Far

Mom Sun

Dad Better

Brother Worse

Sister Beautiful

Cousin Real

Grandfather Easy

Grandmother Hard

Please Next

Thank you One

Sorry Two

New Three

Inside Four

Outside Five

Different Six

First Seven

Last Eight

Child Nine

Man Ten

Women Number

Week Month

Part 4: The verbs

To Talk To Drive

To Walk To Pay

To Run To Buy

To Sleep To Practice

To Begin To Prepare

To Finish To Meet

To Drink To Fly

To Smoke To Visit

To Prefer To Swim

To Loose To Show

To Forget To Know

To Hold To Think

To Follow To Believe

To Continue To Love

To Want To Like

To Stay To Use

To Keep To Try

To Play To Understand

To Get To Have

To Help To Happen

To Go To Recognize

To Give To Hear

To Receive To Listen

To Bring To Press

To Work To Promise

To Hope To Choose

To Live To Arrive

To Find To Leave (to leave a place)

To Look To Leave (to leave an object)

To Search To Do

To See To Order

To Read To Pretend

To Write To Change

To Learn I Can

To Teach To Return

To Take To Borrow

To Turn on To Sit

To Turn off To Need

To Close To Say

To Put To Remove

To Allow To Travel

To Lift To Eat

To Open To Exchange

To Wish To Mix

To Enter To Belong

To Come To Feel

To Move To Stop

To Rent To Ask

To Remember To Answer

To Check To Decide

To Call To Sell

To Resemble To Wait

Here we have the verb to leave, which has two different meaning, so keep your eyes peeled when encountering it in the program.

# Part 5: Building Bridges and other Grammatical Exercises

In Building Bridges, we take six conjugated verbs that have been selected after studies I have conducted for several months in order to determine which verbs are most commonly conjugated, and which are then automatically followed by an infinitive verb. For example, once you know how to say, "I need," "I want," "I can," and "I like," you will be able to connect words and say almost anything you want more correctly and understandably. The following three pages contain these six conjugated verbs in first, second, third, fourth, and fifth person, as well as some sample sentences.

I Can

I Do

I Go

I Like

I Need

I Say

I See

I Talk

I Want

I go to the house without you

I like to live in Miami now

I need to find the place to visit

I want to see you at my house tomorrow

Tip to the Reader:

Once the memorization of the three hundred fifty words of the language of your desire has been attained, there is no doubt that you will be able to combine words and speak fluently. But if it's done prior to or while attending a class in that language, it will be extremely beneficial because then you can add everything you learned in that class (grammar, sentence structure, past and future tense, etc.) on top of those three hundred fifty words that you have just mastered, and you will be amazed!

Language learning classes aren't as effective at providing you with the ability to engage in fluent communications as much as this program is. Foreign language classes teach you everything besides how to become conversational. You would be required to take at least four or five semesters of that language in order for you to come anywhere close to what you can achieve with my program. But if you combine the two, the class with this program, you will grow wings and learn to fly as I did!

#  Chapter 1: European Languages

# Section I: Latin Languages  
-French  
-Italian  
-Portuguese  
-Spanish

# The French Language

The French language originated in France. It is a Romance language as are Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian since they all descend from what originally was the spoken Latin language. In the sixteenth century, King Francis I declared French to be his nation's official language. Little did he know it was soon to become the fifteenth most-common language in the world and the official language of almost thirty countries.

The French language was once used in diplomatic circles and was also a symbol of prestige, meaning only the nobility and higher classes of educated people spoke it. Russia's Catherine the Great and all her court communicated in French, as well as Prussia's Frederick II. Today, because of France's colonial expansion between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries, there are now twenty-nine countries where French is the official language. Despite its many dialects French is still spoken in all its former colonies. However, the language has declined in popularity since its peak in the sixteen and seventeenth centuries. But French is again rising in popularity. It has sixteen million students and 220 million native speakers.

Spoken in: France, including French Overseas Departments, Communities and Territories; Canada especially in Quebec and New Brunswick; Belgium; Switzerland; Luxembourg; Monaco; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; many Western and Central African nations such as Ivory Coast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Niger and Senegal; Haiti; Mauritius;

I - Je

Me - Je

My - Mon

Mine

His - Sien

Him - Il

Her - Elle

Hers - Sien

He - Il

She - Elle

Us - Nous

Our - Notre

Ours - Notres

With you - Avec Vous

With You (Plural) - Avec Vous

With her - Avec Elle

With him - Avec Lui

With Them - Avec Eux

Without me - Sans moi

Without - Sans

Without you - Sans Vous

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What - Ce Qui | Something - Quelque chose

If - Si | Sometimes - Parfois

Like (as) - Comme | Somewhere - Quelque part

Where - Ou | Yes - Oui

Were - Étaient | No - Non

When - Quand | Less - Moins

Only - Seulement | Instead - À la place

Was - Etait | Including - Incluant

Other - Autre | While - Pendant que

Since - Depuis | Someone - Quelqu'un

Same - Meme | Again - Encore

With - Avec | Away - Loin

Already - Déjà | But - Mais

Together - Ensemble | Don't - Pas

Then - Alors | Both - Tous les deux

Than - Que | Because - Puisque

More - Plus | Still, Yet - Toujours

Very - Très | Time - Fois

Much, a lot – Beacoup | Time - Temps

From - De | Time - Heure

And - Et | Also, Too - Aussi

Before - Avant | Around - Autour

After - Ensuite | Never - Jamais

Afterwards - Après | Of course - Bien sûr

Small - Petit | Name - Nom

Big - Grand | Last name - Nom de famille

Hot - Chaud | What is you name - Quel âge vous êtes

Cold - Froid | How old are you - Quelle age aver vous

Up - Haut | Welcome - Bienvenue

Down - Bas | Years - Année

Person - Personne | Sky - Ciel

People - Gens | Night - Nuit

Fast - Rapide | Light - Lumière

Slow - Lent | Darkness - Obscurité

Day - Jour | Morning - Matin

Tomorrow - Demain | House - Maison

Today - Aujourd'hui | Car - Voiture

Yesterday - Hier | Left - Gauche

Good - Bon | Right - Droite

Bad - Mauvais | Place - Endroit

Hello - Bonjour | Straight - Droit

Goodbye - Au revoir | Parents - Parents

How are you - Comment allez | Book - Livre

Nice to meet you - C'est un Plaisir de vous rencontre | Problem - Problème

Good Night - Bonne nuit | Behind - Derrière

Good Afternoon - Bon après-midi | Front - Devant

To Talk - Parler | To Drive - Conduire

To Walk - Marcher | To Pay - Payer

To Run - Courir | To Buy - Acheter

To Sleep - Dormir | To Practice - Pratiquer

To Begin - Commencer | To Prepare - Préparer

To Finish - Finir | To Meet - Se réunir

To Drink - Boire | To Fly - Voler

To Smoke - À la Fumée | To Visit - Visiter

To Prefer - Préférer | To Swim - Nager

To Loose - Pedre | To Show - Montrer

To Forget - Oubiler | To Know - Savoir

To Hold - Se tenir | To Think - Penser

To Follow - Suivre | To Believe - Croire

To Continue - Couninuer | To Love - Aimer

To Want - Vouloir | To Like - Aimer

To Stay - Rester | To Use - Employer

To Keep - Garder | To Try - Essayer

To Play - Au jeu | To Understand - Comprendre

To Get - Obtenir | To Have - Avoir

To Help - Aider | To Happen - Produirer

To Go - Aller | To Recognize - Reconnaître

To Give - Donner | To Hear - Entendre

To Receive - Receive | To Listen - Écouter

To Bring - Apporter | To Press - Pression

To Work - Travailler | To Promise - Promettre

To Hope - Espérer | To Choose - Choisir

Building Bridges

I Can - Je Peux

I Do - Je Fais

I Go - Je Vais

I Need - J'Ai besoin de

I Want - Je Veux

I See - Je Vois

I Like - J'Aime

I Say - Je Dis

I Talk - Je Parle

Phrases:

I don't understand you - Je ne comprends vous

How do you say that in English? - Comment dit-on cela en Anglais?

Rules

If it's a question, then the pronouns ("you," "he," "I," etc.) come after the verb. First comes the verb and then the pronoun.

For example, in English, "Do you speak French" is Parlez ("speak") vous ("you") français ("French") in French.

First comes the noun and then comes the adjective. For example, in English, the word is "sunglasses," while in French it is verres ("glasses") du ("of") soleil ("sun").

For the French language; grammar, pronunciation, accent, conjugation, reading, and sentence structure are recommended but not required for non-Shakespearean speakers.

French Pronunciation

Ch – sh

C – s (sit)

G – gzh

Gn – ni (g silent)

H – silent

Qu – k

W – Usually like v sound

É – Ay

È – Eh j- zh

O, ait, aî, ei – eh

ô – oa

Eu, eû – ur ail,

Aille – ie

Oeu – euile,

Euille – vhy

Ui – wee

Ou, oû – oo

Am, an – ahng em, en

Ien – yang im, in, aim, ain, eim,

Ein – awng om, on, om,

Un – ang

If a consonant is at end of the word, the last letter of the word will not be pronounced. For example, "to go" / allez is pronounced allay, and "I can" / "je peux" is pronounced je puu.

#  The Italian Language

Italian is the official language of Italy. It has evolved over time, primarily because of the poet Dante Alighieri, who modernized the language by blending the Italian dialects, Sicilian and Tuscan. While the language's Tuscan roots are more prevalent, the now-extinct language, Dalmatian, also inspired Dante. With the combination of these three Romance dialects, the Italian language evolved into its modern state. Spoken by approximately seventy million people, Italian shares the title with Latin as co-official language of the Vatican City, as Italian has Latin roots. Though the language is most widely spoken in Italy, Italian is also spoken in some areas of Switzerland, Croatia, France, Slovenia, and Albania.

Spoken in: Italy, Malta

I - Io

Me - Me

My - Mio

Mine - La/ Il Mio/a

His - Suo

Him - Lui

Her - Lei

Hers - Il suo

He - Lui

She - Lei

Us - Noi

Our - Nostro

With you - Con te

With You (Plural) - Con voi

With her - Con lei

With him - Con lui

With Them - Con Loro

Without me - Senza me

Without - Senza

Without you - Senza te

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What - Che | Something - Qualcosa

If - Se | Sometimes - A volte

Similar - Simile | Somewhere - In qualche luogo

Where - Dove | Yes - Sì

Were - Erano | No – No

When - Quando | Less - Meno

Only - Soltanto | Instead - Invece

Was - Era | Including - Includere

Other - L'altro | While - Mentre

Since - Poiché | Someone - Qualcuno

Same - Come | Again - Ancora

With - Con | Away - Lontano

Already - Già | But - Ma

Together - Insieme | Don't - Non fare

Then - Poi | Both - Entrambi

Than - Di | Because - Perché

More - Più | Still, Yet - Tuttavia

Very - Molto | Time - Volta

Much, a lot - Molto | Time - Tempo

From - Da | Time - Ora

And - E | Also, Too - Anche

Before - Prima | Around - Intorno

After - Dopo | Never - Non mai

Small - Piccolo | Name - Nome

Big - Grande | Last name - Cognome

Hot - Caldo | What is your name - Come ti chiami

Cold - Il freddo | How old are you - Quanit anni hai

Up - Su | Welcome – Benvenuto

Down - Giù | Years - Gli anni

Person - Persona | Sky - Cielo

People - Persone | Night - Notte

Fast - Veloce | Light - Luce

Slow - Rallentare | Darkness - L'oscurità

Day - Giorno | Morning - Mattina

Tomorrow - Domani | House - Casa

Today - Oggi | Car - L'automobile

Yesterday - Ieri | Left - La sinistra

Good - Buono, bene | Right - Destra

Bad - Cattivo | Place - Luogo

Hello - Ciao | Straight - Diritto

Goodbye - Arrivederci | Parents - Genitori

How are you - Come stai | Book - Libro

Nice to meet you - Piacere | Problem - Problema

Good Night - La Notte buona | Behind - Dietro

Good Afternoon - Buon Pomeriggio | Front - Davanti

To Talk - Parlare | To Drive - Guidare

To Walk - Camminare | To Pay - Pagare

To Run - Correre | To Buy - Comprare

To Sleep - Dormire | To Practice - Praticare

To Begin - Iniziare | To Prepare - Preparare

To Finish - Finire | To Meet - Incontrare

To Drink - Bere | To Fly - Volare

To Smoke - Fumare | To Visit - Visitare

To Prefer - Preferire | To Swim - Nuotare

To Loose - Allentare | To Show - Mostrare

To Forget - Dimenticare | To Know - Sapere

To Hold - Tenere | To Think - Pensare

To Follow - Seguire | To Believe - Credere

To Continue - Continuare | To Love - Amare

To Want - Volere | To Like - Amare

To Stay - Stare | To Use - Usare

To Keep - Tenere | To Try - Tentare

To Play - Giocare | To Understand - Capire

To Get - Prendere | To Have - Avere

To Help - Aiutare | To Happen - Succedere

To Go - Andare | To Recognize - Riconoscere

To Give - Dare | To Hear - Sentire

To Receive - Ricevere | To Listen - Ascoltare

To Bring - Portare | To Press - Premere

To Work - Lavorare | To Promise - Promettere

To Hope - Sperare | To Choose - Scegliere

Building Bridges

I Can - Posso

I Do - Faccio

I Go - Vado

I Need - Ho bisogno

I Want - Voglio

I See - Vedo

I Like - Amo

I Say - Dico

I Talk - Parlo

Phrases

I live in Miami Io vivo a Miami

Io (I) vivo (live) a (in) Miami

Can you speak faster Può parlare più veloce

Può (Can you) parlare (speak) più (more) veloce (faster)

I'm sorry, I don't speak English very well Mi dispiace, ma non parlo bene inglesi

Mi (I am) dispiace (Sorry), ma (I) non (no) parlo (speak) bene

(good) inglesi (English)

Italian Pronunciation

C – ch

Ch – k

G – j

Gh – g

Gl – ly

Gn – ny

H – (silent)

Sc – sh

Z, zz – ts, dz

U – oo

For the Italian language; grammar, pronunciation, accent, conjugation, reading, and sentence structure are recommended but not required for non-Shakespearean speakers.

#  The Brazilian Portuguese Language

Portuguese has over 200 million native speakers, and it is the sixth most common language in the world. The language originated from Latin roots and became popular after a Roman invasion of the western region of the Iberian Peninsula (the area known today as Portugal) during the third century BC. The incoming Romans blended their language with that of the natives, so Portuguese began to change. Traders of the time began to use the language, so it spread rapidly, making its way into Africa and Asia and eventually Brazil. In fact, before the language was officially modernized, it was quite unique. Today, there are more traces of Greek and Latin and fewer words from the original Portuguese language.

Spoken in: Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, and several other CPLP countries

I - Eu

Me - Eu

My - Meu

Mine - Mina

His - Dele

Him - Ele

Her - Ela

Hers - Dela

He - Ele

She - Ela

Us - Nós

Our - Nosso

With you - Com você

With You (Plural) - Com Vocês

With her - Com ela

With him - Com ele

With Them - Com eles

Without me - Sem mim

Without - Sem

Without you - Sem você

Without you

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What - Que | Something - Algo

If - Se | Sometimes - Às vezes

Similar - Similar | Somewhere - Em algum lugar

Where - Onde | Yes - Sim

Were - Eram | No - Não

When - Quando | Less - Menos

Only - Somente | Instead - Invés

Was - Era | Including - Incluir

Other - Outro | While - Quando

Since - Desde | Someone - Alguém

Same - Mesmos que | Again - Outra vez

With - Com | Away - Afastado

Already - Já | But - Mas

Together - Junto | Don't - Não

Then - Então | Both - Ambos

Than - Do que | Because - Porque

More - Mais | Still, Yet - Ainda

Very - Muito | Time - Tempos

Much, a lot - Muito | Time - Tempo

From - De | Time - Hora

And - E | Also, Too - Também

Before - Antes | Around - Ao redor

After - Após | Never - Nunca

Afterwards - De mais tarde | Of course - Claro

Small - Pequeno | Name - Nome

Big - Grande | Last name - Sobre Nome

Hot - Quente | What is you name - Qual seu nome

Cold - Frio | How old are you - Cuan o anos você tem

Up - Acima | Welcome - Boa vinda

Down - Baixo | Years - Anos

Person - Pessoa | Sky - Céu

People - Pessoas | Night - Noite

Fast - Rápido | Light - Luz

Slow - Lento | Darkness - Escuridão

Day - Dia | Morning - Manhã

Tomorrow - Amanhã | House - Casa

Today - Hoje | Car - Carro

Yesterday - Ontem | Left - Esquerdo

Good - Bom | Right - Direita

Bad - Mal | Place - Lugar

Hello - Oi | Straight - Reto

Goodbye - Adeus | Parents - Pais

How are you - Como você estar | Book - Livro

Nice to meet you - Prazer conocer | Problem - Problema

Good Night - Boa Noite | Behind - Atrás

Good evening - Boa tarde | In-Front - Em- Dianteiro

To Talk - Falar | To Drive - Conducir

To Walk - Andar | To Pay - Pagar

To Run - Correr | To Buy - Comprar

To Sleep - Dormir | To Practice - Praticar

To Begin - Começar | To Prepare - Preparar

To Finish - Terminar | To Meet - Encontrar

To Drink - Beber | To Fly - Voar

To Smoke - Fumar | To Visit - Visitar

To Prefer - Preferir | To Swim - Nadar

To Loose - Afrouxar | To Show - Mostrar

To Forget - Esquecer | To Know - Saber

To Hold - Prender | To Think - Pensar

To Follow - Seguir | To Believe - Acreditar

To Continue - Continuar | To Love - Amar

To Want - Querer | To Like - Gostar

To Stay - Permanecer | To Use - Usar

To Keep - Manter | To Try - Tentar

To Play - Jogar | To Understand - Entender

To Get - Começar | To Have - Ter

To Help - Ajudar | To Happen - Acontecer

To Go - Ir | To Recognize - Reconhecer

To Give - Dar | To Hear - Ouvir

To Receive - Receber | To Listen - Escutar

To Bring - Trazer | To Press - Pressionar

To Work - Trabalhar | To Promise - Prometer

To Hope - Esperar | To Choose - Escolher

Building Bridges

I Can - Posso

I Do - Faço

I Go - Vou

I Need - Necessito

I Want - Quero

I See - Vejo

I Like - Gosto

I Say - Digo

I Talk - Falo

Pode (please) falar (speak) mais (more) Rápido (faster)? Please speak faster.

Onde (where) gostarian (will they like) de (for) ir (to go)? Where will they like to go?

Reading:

Ã is pronounced "aa." For example, não ("no") sounds like "n-aa-o."  
Ç is pronounced as "se."

For the Portuguese language; grammar, pronunciation, accent, conjugation, reading, and sentence structure are recommended but not required for non-Shakespearean speakers. Portuguese and Spanish are extremely similar therefore Spanish speakers can pick up on the language faster than others, and vice versa.

#  The Spanish Language

Spanish originated in Spain, and it closely resembles Portuguese, as both are Latin in their derivation and, therefore, Romance languages. The Spanish language was spread during the 1500s by Spanish colonialists coming from Spain to South America. Since then, the language has grown and is now the fourth most-spoken language in the world. Spanish is still rising in popularity, as it has 98 million non-native speakers and 402 million native speakers. Don't you want to be a member of the ever-growing population of Spanish speakers? Now you can be, if you follow the simple instructions of this program.

Spoken in: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, European Union, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, N ew Mexico (USA), Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Spain, Uruguay, and Venezuela.

I - Yo

Me - Yo

My - Mí

Mine - Mio

His - De el, su

Him - El

Her - De ella, su

Hers - De ella

He - El

She - Ella

Us – Nosotros

Our - De Nosotros/nuestro

With you - Contigo

With You (Plural) - Con ustedes

With her - Con ella

With him - Con él

With Them - Con ellos

Without me - Sin mí

Without - Sin

Without you - Sin ti

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What - Qué | Something - Algo

If - Si | Sometimes - Algunas veces

Similar - Como | Somewhere - Alguna lugar

Where - Donde | Yes - Sí

Were - Fueron | No - No

When - Cuando | Less - Menos

Only - Sólamente | Instead - Enves

Was - Era | Including - Inclullendo

Other - Otro | While - Mientras

Since - Desde | Someone - Alguien

Same - Mismo | Again - Vuelve, Otra ves

With - Con | Away - Lejos

Already - Ya | But - Pero

Together - Juntos | Don't - No

Then - Entonces | Both - Ambos

Than - Que | Because - Porque

More - Más | Still, Yet - Todavía, aun

Very - Muy | Time - Veces

Much, a lot - Mucho | Time - Tiempo

From - Del | Time - Hora

And - Y | Also, Too - También

Before - Antes | Around - Alrededor

After - Después | Never - Nunca

Afterwards - Luego | Of course - Por supuesto

Small - Pequeño | Name - Nombre

Big - Grande, gran | Last name - Apellido

Hot - Caliente | What is your name - Cual es tu nombre

Cold - Frío | How old are you - Cuántos años tiene

Up - Arriba | Welcome – Bienvenido

Down - Abajo | Years - Años

Person - Persona | Sky - Cielo

People - Gente | Night - Noche

Fast - Rápido | Light - Luz

Slow - Despacio, lento | Darkness - Obscuridad

Day - Día | Morning - Mañana

Tomorrow - Mañana | House - Casa

Today - Ahoy | Car - Carro

Yesterday - Ayer | Left - Izquierda

Good - Bueno | Right - Derecha

Bad - Malo | Place - Lugar

Hello - Hola | Straight - Derecho

Goodbye - Chao | Parents - Padres

How are you - Como estas | Book - Libro

Nice to meet you - Mucho gusto | Problem - Problema

Good Night - Buenas noche | Behind - Atrás

Good Afternoon - Buenas tardes | In-Front - Enfrente

To Talk - Hablar | To Drive - Manejar

To Walk - Caminar | To Pay - Pagar

To Run - Correr | To Buy - Comprar

To Sleep - Dormir | To Practice - Practicar

To Begin - Comenzar | To Prepare - Preparar

To Finish - Acabar | To Meet - Conocer

To Drink - Beber | To Fly - Volar

To Smoke - Fumar | To Visit - Visitar

To Prefer - Preferir | To Swim - Nadar

To Loose - Perder | To Show - Mostrar

To Forget - Olvidar | To Know - Saber

To Hold - Sostener | To Think - Penzar

To Follow - Seguir | To Believe - Creer

To Continue - Continuar | To Love - Amar

To Want - Querer | To Like - Gustar

To Stay - Quedar | To Use - Usar

To Keep - Guardar | To Try - Tratar

To Play - Jugar | To Win - Ganar

To Get - Consigar | To Have - Tener

To Help - Ayudar | To Happen - Occurir

To Go - Ir | To Recognize - Reconocer

To Give - Dar | To Hear - Oir

To Receive - Recibir | To Listen - Escuchar

To Bring - Traer | To Press - Oprimir

To Work - Trabajar | To Promise - Prometer

To Hope - Esperar | To Choose - Escoger

Building Bridges

I Can - Puedo

I Do - Hago

I Go - Voy

I Need - Necesito

I Want - Quiero

I See - Veo

I Like - Gusto

I Say - Digo

I Talk – Hablo

Phrases:

I need to talk to you Necesito Hablar contigo

Necesito (I need) Hablar (to talk) contigo (with you)

I want to go home Yo quiero ir a casa

Yo (I) quiero ([I] want) ir (to go) a (to) casa (house)

Can you please check what I did

Por favor, tu puedes revizar que hice

Por favor (please), tu (you) puedes ([you] can) revisar

(to check) que (what) hice (I did)

#### Reading and Pronunciation in Spanish

C is pronounced "th."  
G followed by "e, i" is pronounced as "h" like the English word "horn."  
H is silent.  
J is pronounced as "kh," like the British "loch."  
Ñ is pronounced as "ny." For example, mañana ("morning") sounds like "ma-ny-ana."  
LL is pronounced as "je." For example, llegar ("to arrive") sounds like "je-gar."  
Y is pronounced as "ie." For example, y ("and") sounds like "ie."  
V is pronounced as "b."  
Z is pronounced as "th."

For the Spanish language; grammar, pronunciation, accent, conjugation, reading, and sentence structure are recommended but not required for non-Shakespearean speakers. Spanish and Portuguese are extremely similar therefore Portuguese speakers can pick up on the language faster than others, and vice versa.

#  European Languages

# Section II: Germanic Languages  
\- Dutch  
\- German  
\- Norwegian

#  The Dutch Language

Spoken by approximately twenty-two million people worldwide, Dutch is the official language of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Suriname. The language originated from Old Dutch, which was spoken by the Franks hundreds of years ago. The German language is similar to Dutch as well. The term "Dutch" is actually derived from a German word, which was later translated to the Latin word theodisk, which means, "of the people." Dutch is also a part of the Western Germanic language branch. Because of their similarity, some people can effortlessly speak both languages, as well as read in corresponding texts.

Spoken in: Netherlands, Belgium, Suriname, Aruba, Netherlands, and Antilles, South Africa.

I \- Ik

Me \- Mij

My \- Mijn

Mine \- Mijn

His \- Van Hem

Him \- Hem

Her \- Haar

Hers \- Van haar

He \- Hij

She \- Zij

Us \- Wy

Our \- Ons

With you \- Met u

With You (Plural) - Met de jullie

With her \- Met haar

With him \- Met hem

With Them \- Met hun

Without \- Zonder

Without me \- Zonder mij

Without you \- Zonder u

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What \- Wat | Something \- Iets

If \- Als | Sometimes \- Soms

Similar \- Gelijkaardig | Somewhere \- Ergens

Where \- Waar | Yes \- Ja

Were \- Waren | No \- Nee

When \- Toen | Less \- Minder

Only \- Allen maar | Instead \- In plaats daarvan

Was \- Was | Including \- Het omvatten

Other \- Andere | While \- Terwijl

Since \- Sinds | Someone \- Iemand

Same \- Zelfde zoals | Again \- Opnieuw

With \- Met | Away \- Weg

Already \- Al | But \- Maar

Together \- Samen | Don't \- Niet

Then \- Toen | Both \- Allebei

Than \- Dan | Because \- Omdat

More \- Meer | Still, Yet \- Nog

Very \- Zeer | Time \- Keer

Much, a lot \- Veel | Time \- Tijd

From \- Van | Time \- Uur

And \- En | Also, Too \- Ook

Before \- Vóór | Around \- Rond

After \- Na | Never \- Nooit

Afterwards \- Daarna | Of course \- Natuurlyk

Small \- Klein | Name \- Naam

Big \- Groot | Last name \- Laatste naam

Hot \- Heet | What is you name \- Wat is ie naam

Cold \- Koud | How old are you \- Hoe oud ben je

Up \- Op | Welcome \- Welkom

Down – Onder | Years \- Jaaren

Person \- Persoon | Sky \- De hemel

People \- Mensen | Night \- Nacht

Fast \- Snel | Light \- Licht

Slow \- Langzaam | Darkness – Juiste Duisternis

Day \- Dag | Morning \- Morgen

Tomorrow \- Morgen | House \- Huis

Today \- Vandaag | Car \- Auto

Yesterday \- Gisteren | Left \- Links

Good \- Goed | Right \- Recht

Bad \- Slecht | Place \- Plaats

Hello \- Hello | Straight \- Rechtstreeks

Goodbye \- Vaarwel | Parents \- Ouders

Book \- Het | How are you \- Hoe gaat

Problem \- Probleem | Nice to meet you \- Leuk je te ontmoeten

Behind \- Achter | Good Night \- Goede Nacht

Front \- Voorzijde | Good Afternoon \- Goede Middag

To Talk \- Praten | To Drive \- Ryden

To Walk \- Te lopen | To Pay \- Om te betalen

To Run \- Te lopen | To Buy \- Kopen

To Sleep \- Slapen | To Practice \- Praktijk

To Begin \- Beginnen | To Prepare \- Voorbereidingen

To Finish \- Eindigen | To Meet \- Animoeten

To Drink \- Drinken | To Fly \- Vliegen

To Smoke \- Te roken | To Visit \- Te bezoeken

To Prefer \- Verkiezen | To Swim \- Zwemmen

To Loose \- Maken | To Show \- Te laten zien

To Forget \- Vergeten | To Know \- Te laten weten

To Hold \- Houden | To Think \- Om te denken

To Follow \- Volgen | To Believe \- Geloven

To Continue \- Verder te gaan | To Love \- Om te houden

To Want \- om te willen | To Like \- Houden van

To Keep \- Houden | To Try \- Om te proberen

To Play \- Te spelen | To Understand \- Begrijpen

To Get \- Krijgen | To Have \- Hebben

To Help \- Om te helpen | To Happen \- Om te gebeuren

To Go \- Te gaan | To Recognize \- Se herken

To Give \- Geven | To Hear \- Te horen

To Receive \- te ontvangen | To Listen \- Te luisteren

To Bring \- Brengen | To Press \- Om te drukken

To Work \- Om te werken | To Promise \- Om te beloven

To Hope \- Hopen | To Choose \- Om te kiezen

Building Bridges

I Can \- Ik Kan

I Do \- Ik Doe

I Go \- Ik Ga

I Need \- Ik Gebruik

I Want \- Ik Wil

I See \- Ik Zie

I Like \- Ik Hou van

I Say \- Ik Zeg

I Talk \- Ik Prat

Wat (what) zei (say) u (you)?

What did you say?

Ik (I) begrijp (understand) u (you) als (if) u (you) langzaam (slowly) praat (speak).

I understand you if you speak slowly.

Begrijpt (understand) u (you)?

Do you understand?

Prat (speak) u (you) Engels (English)?

Do you prat English?

Prat (speak) er Iedereen (everyone) Engels (English) hier (here)?

Does everyone here speak English?

For the Dutch language; grammar, pronunciation, accent, conjugation, reading, and sentence structure are recommended but not required for non-Shakespearean speakers.

#  The German Language

The German language was first used during the Habsburg Empire in eastern Europe. Spoken by the common people of the time, the language was used more for economic trading and business. Though the Empire fell well over a hundred years ago, German remains one of ten most-common languages, as it is spoken by over one hundred and twenty million people. It is the official language of Germany, as well as one of twenty of the European Union. However, it is also spoken in various other countries, like Poland, Italy, Denmark, Belgium, Switzerland, and Austria. The language is spoken more frequently by European natives than French is, as 13.3% of Europe's population uses the language daily.

Spoken in: Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands

I - Ich

Me - Mir, mich

My - Mein

Mine - Mein

His - Seine

Him - Ihm

Her - Ihre

Hers - Ihrs

He - Er

She - Sie

Us - Uns

Our - Unser

With you - Mit dir

With You (Plural) - Mit Ihnen

With her - Mit ihr

With him - Mit ihm

With Them - Mit ihnen

Without me - Ohne mich

Without - Ohne

Without you - Ohne Sie

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What - Was | Something - Etwas

If - Wenn | Sometimes - Manchmal

Similar - Ähnlich | Somewhere - Irgendwo

Where - Wo | Yes - Ja

Were - Waren | No - Nein

When - Wenn | Less - Weniger

Only - Nur | Instead - Anstatt

Was - War | Including - Einschließend

Other - Anderes | While - Während

Since - Seit dem | Someone - Jemand

Same - Selbe | Again - Wieder

With - Mit | Away - Weg

Already - Bereits | But - Aber

Together - Zusammen | Don't - Tue nicht

Then - Dann | Both - Beide

Than - Als | Because - Weil

More - Mehr | Still, Yet - Noch

Very - Sehr | Time - Mal

Much, a lot - Viel | Time - Zeit

From - Von | Time - Stunde

And - Und | Also, Too - Auch

Before - Vorher | Around - Um

After - Nachher | Never - Nie

Afterwards - Danach | Of course - Selbstverständlich

Small - Klein | Name - Name

Big - Groß | Last name - Familien name

Hot - Heiß | What is you name - Wie heißen Sie?

Cold - Kalt | How old are you - Wie alt sind Sie?

Up - Herauf | Welcome - Willkommen

Down - Herunter | Year - Jahr

Person - Person | Sky - Himmel

People - Leute | Night - Nacht

Fast - Schnell | Light - Licht

Slow - Langsam | Darkness - Dunkelheit

Day - Tag | Morning - Morgen

Tomorrow - Morgen | House - Haus

Today - Heute | Car - Auto

Yesterday - Gestern | Left - Links

Good - Gut | Right - Recht

Bad - Schlecht | Place - Platz

Hello - Hallo | Straight - Gerade

Goodbye - Auf Wiedersehen | Parents - Eltern

How are you - Wie geht's | Book - Buch

Nice to meet you - Nett sie kennen zu lernen | Problem - Problem

Good Night - Gute Nacht | Behind - Hinter

Good Afternoon - Guter Nachmittag | Front - Vorne

To Talk - Sprechen | To Drive - Fahren

To Walk - Gehen | To Pay - Zahlen

To Run - Rennen | To Buy - Kaufen

To Sleep - Schlafen | To Practice - Zu üben

To Begin - Beginnen | To Prepare - Sich Vorbereiten

To Finish - Beenden | To Meet - Treffen

To Drink - Trinken | To Fly - Fliegen

To Smoke - Rauchen | To Visit - Besuchen

To Prefer - Bevorzugen | To Swim - Schwimmen

To Loose - Verlieren | To Show - Zeigen

To Forget - Vergessen | To Know - Wissen

To Hold - Halten | To Think - Denken

To Follow - Folgen | To Believe - Glauben

To Continue - Fortfahren | To Love - Lieben

To Want - Wünschen | To Like - Mag gerne

To Stay - Bleiben | To Use - Gebrauchen

To Keep - Halten | To Try - Versuchen

To Play - Spielen | To Watch - Aufpassen

To Get - Bekommen | To Have - Zu haben

To Help - Helfen | To Happen - Geschehen

To Go - Gehen | To Recognize - Erkennen

To Give - Geben | To Hear - Hören

To Receive - Empfangen | To Listen - Zuhören

To Bring - Bringen | To Press - Pressen

To Work - Arbeiten | To Promise - Versprechen

To Hope - Hoffen | To Choose - Wählen

Rules:

1—Adjectives come before the noun. All nouns begin with capital letters. The same word may be a verb or a noun. Phrases begin with a small letter and nouns with a capital letter. Verbs are often divided into two parts, and the last part is always at the end of a sentence, no matter how long.

There are three genders in German: masculine, feminine, and neuter. The adjective, which stands before the noun, must be in the same gender as the following noun. The articles before a noun are: der, die, das, dessen, dem, den. Whether the article is singular or plural depends on the noun it precedes; just as the case of the article depends on case of the noun. There are four cases: nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative.

Building Bridges

I Can - Ich Kann

I Do - Ich Mache

I Go - Ich Gehe

I Need - Ich Brauche

I Want - Ich möchte

I See - Ich Sehe

I Like - Ich Mag

I Say - Ich Sage

I Talk - Ich Rede

Sprichst (speak) du (you) Deutsch (German)

Do you speak German?

Können (can) Sie (you) mir (me) helfen (help), bitte (please) Can you help me, please

For the German language; grammar, pronunciation, accent, conjugation, reading, and sentence structure are recommended but not required for non-Shakespearean speakers. For the German language it's also recommended to learn how to pronounce the "ch" (refer back to the directions section).

German Reading & Pronunciation

Ai, ay – ie

Au – ow

Ää - ay

Äu, eu – oy

B – p

C – ts (before e,i,ä,ö,ts)

Ch – kh

Ch – k (before s)

D – t (end of word or between vowel and constant)

G – g

G – at end k (weg, vek)

J – y

Ö – vr

Öö –ooh

S – z

Sch – sh

ß -ess (like double "S")

Tsch – ch

Tz – ts

Üü – uyuh

V – f

W – v

Y – ew

Z – ts

#  The Norwegian Language

One of the Scandinavian languages, Norwegian is the official language of Norway. Modern Norwegian is derived from the Old Norse language, which at one point was actually the most spoken language throughout Europe. Old Norse was spoken by Vikings who settled in the Scandinavian peninsula. As a result, the Old Norse language is evident in not only Norwegian, but also Swedish and Danish. Since then, the language has evolved drastically. For example, western and eastern versions of Old Norse have emerged. The eastern version is found mostly in Denmark, and the western version is predominantly found in Norway, Greenland, and Iceland. Over time, the two versions of Old Norse took separate paths, as the Western version evolved into Modern Norwegian.

Spoken in: Norway

I \- Jeg

Me \- Meg

My \- Min

Mine \- Mine

His \- Hans

Him \- Ham

Her \- Henne

Hers \- Hennes

He \- Han

She \- Hun

Us \- Oss

Our \- Vår

With you \- Med deg

With You (Plural) - Med dere

With her \- Med henne

With him \- Med ham

With Them \- Med Dem

Without me \- Uten meg

Without \- Uten

Without you \- Uten Deg

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What \- Hva | Something \- Noe

If - Om, hvis |  Sometimes - Av og til

Similar - Liknende | Somewhere - Ett eller annet sted

Where - Hvor | Yes - Ja

Were \- Var | No – Nei

When \- Når | Less \- Mindre

Only \- Bare | Instead \- Istedenfor

Was \- Var | Including \- Inkludert

Other \- Andre | While \- Mens

Since \- Siden | Someone \- Noen

Same as \- Samme som | Again \- Igjen

With \- Med | Away \- Borte

Already \- Allerede | But \- Men

Together \- Sammen | Don't \- Ikke

Then \- Da | Both \- Begge

Than \- Enn | Because \- Fordi

More \- Mer | Still, Yet \- Fortsatt

Very \- Veldig | Time \- Ganger

Much, a lot \- Mye, masse | Time \- Tiden

From \- Fra | Time \- Tid

And \- Og | Also, Too \- Også

Before \- Før | Around \- Rundt

After \- Etter | Never \- Aldri

Afterwards \- Etterpå | Of Course \- Selvfølgelig

Small \- Liten | Name \- Navn

Big - Stor | Last name - Etternavn

Hot - Varm | What is your name - Hva heter du

Cold - Kald | How old are you - Hvor gammel er du

Up - Opp | Welcome - Velkommen

Down \- Ned | Years \- År

Person \- Person | Sky \- Himmel

People \- Folk | Night \- Natt

Fast \- Fort | Light \- Lys

Slow \- Langsom | Darkness \- Mørke

Day \- Dag | Morning \- Morgen

Tomorrow \- I morgen | House \- Hus

Today \- I dag | Car \- Bil

Yesterday \- Igår | Left \- Venstre

Good \- God | Right \- Høyre

Bad \- Dårlig | Place \- Sted

Hello \- Hei | Straight \- Rett

Goodbye \- Ha det | Parents \- Foreldre

How are you \- Hvordan har du det | Book \- Bok

Nice to meet you \- Hyggelig å treffe deg | Problem \- Problem

Good Night \- God Natt | Behind \- Bak

Good Afternoon \- God ettermiddag | In-Front \- Foran

To Talk \- Å Snakke | To Drive \- Å Kjøre

To Walk \- Å Gå | To Pay \- Å Betale

To Run \- Å Løpe | To Buy \- Å Kjøpe

To Sleep \- Å Sove | To Practice \- Å Å øve

To Begin \- Å Begynne | To Prepare \- Å Forberede

To Finish \- Å Avslutte | To Meet \- Å Møtes

To Drink \- Å Drikke | To Fly \- Å fly

To Smoke \- Å Røyke | To Visit \- Å Besøke

To Prefer \- Å Foretrekke | To Swim \- Å Svømme

To Loose \- Å Miste | To Show \- Å Vise

To Forget \- Å Glemme | To Know \- Å Vite

To Hold \- Å Holde | To Think \- Å Tro, å anta

To Follow \- Å Følge | To Believe \- Å Tro

To Continue \- Å Fortsette | To Love \- Å Elske

To Want \- Å Ville ha | To Like \- Å like

To Stay \- Å Bli | To Use \- Å Bruke

To Keep \- Å Beholde | To Try \- Å Prøve

To Play \- Å Leke | To Understand \- Å Forstå

To Get \- Å Få | To Have \- Å Ha

To Help \- Å Hjelpe | To Happen \- Å hende

To Go \- Å Dra | To Recognize \- Å Anerkjenne

To Give \- Å Gi | To Hear \- Å Høre

To Receive \- Å Motta | To Listen \- Å Lytte

To Bring \- Å Bringe | To Press \- Å Trykke

To Work \- Å Arbeide | To Promise \- Å Love

To Hope \- Å Håpe | To Choose \- Å Velge

Building Bridges

I Can \- Jeg kan

I Do \- Jeg Gjør

I Go \- Jeg Drar

I Need \- Jeg Trenger

I Want \- Jeg Vil ha

I See \- Jeg Ser

I Like \- Jeg Liker

I Say \- Jeg Sier

I Talk \- Jeg Snakker

Rules:

The infinitive mark "to" is å in Norwegian. All of the infinitives above need å before them.

Phrases:

Snakker ("speak") du ("you") norsk ("Norwegian")? / "Do you speak Norwegian?"

Jeg ("I") snakker ("speak") ikke ("don't") engelsk ("English"). / "I don't speak English."

Hva ("what") sa ("say") du ("you")? / "What did you say?"

Reading

Æ or æ are a ligature between the two vowels "a" and "e." For example, "archæology" is pronounced "archeology."

Ø or ø is pronounced as "ir" or "ur" (like "sir").

Å or å is an "A" with a ring above it, difficult to pronounce in English (like "talk" or "walk" in British English).

#

# European Languages

##  Section III: Turkish Languages  
- Turkish

#  The Turkish Language

The Turkish language originated in the Ottoman Empire. To this day, Turkish is primarily spoken in the countries that were once under Ottoman rule, like Romania, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria, although there are a number of Turkish speakers in Germany. Turkish is spoken in over thirty-five countries. Turkish is also the official language of Turkey, as the vast majority of its citizens speak the language as a native tongue. Unique about Turkish is that is has no specific gender connotations, as the same form of a word is used for both male and female.

Spoken in: Turkey, Cyprus

I - Ben

Me - Ben

My - Benim

Mine - Benim

His - Onun

Him - Ona

Her - Onun

Hers - Onun

He - O

She - O

Us - Biz

Our - Bizim

With you - Seninle

With You (Plural) - Seninle

With her - Onunla

With him - Onunla

With Them - Onlarla

Without - Siz, siz

Without you - Sensiz

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What - Ne | Something - Birşey

If - Eger | Sometimes - Bazen

Similar - Ayni | Somewhere - Baziyerde

Where - Nerede | Yes - Evet

Were - Onlar burdaydilar | No - Hayir

When - Ne zaman | Less - Daha azı.

Only - Sadece | Instead - Onun yerinde

Was - Burdaydim | Including - Dail

Other - Diğeri | While - Bu arada

Since - Den beri | Someone - Biri

Same - Ayni | Again - Tekrar

With - Ile | Away - Uzakda

Already - Cokdan | But - Fakat

Together - Birlikde | Don't - Yapma

Then - Sonra | Both - Ikiside

Than - Den, dan | Because - Cunku

More - Daha | Still, Yet - Hala

Very - Çok | Time - Kac kere

Much, a lot - Çok | Time - Zaman

From - Den | Time - Saat

And - Ve | Also, Too - De, da

Before - Önce | Around - Etrafinda

After - Sonra | Never - Hic bir zaman

Afterwards - Sonra | Of course - Elbetde

Small - Küçük | Name - Isim, ad

Big - Büyük | Last name - Soyat

Hot - Sicak | What is your name - Adin ne?, ismin ne?

Cold - Soğuk | How old are you - Kac yasindasin?

Up - Yukari | Welcome - Hosgeldin

Down - Aşağı | Years - Yil

Person - Kişi | Sky - Gök

People - Insanlar | Night - Gece

Fast - Hizli | Light - Isik

Slow - Yavaşla | Darkness - Karanlik

Day - Gün | Morning - Sabah

Tomorrow - Yarin | House - Ev

Today - Bugün | Car - Araba

Yesterday - Dün | Left - Sol

Good - Iyi | Right - Sag

Bad - Kötü | Place - Yer

Hello - Merhaba | Straight - Duz

Goodbye - Gulegule | Parents - Aile

How are you - Nasilsin? | Book - Kitap

Nice to meet you - Seninle tanistigima sevindim

Problem - Problem

Good Night - Iyi geceler | Behind - Arka

Good Afternoon - Iyi öğleden | In-Front - On

To Talk - Konuşmak | To Drive - Sürmek.

To Walk - Yürümek | To Pay - Ödemek.

To Run - Koşmak | To Buy - Almak

To Sleep - Uyumak | To Practice - Pratik etmek

To Begin - Başlamak | To Prepare - Hazirlanmak

To Finish - Bitirmek | To Meet - Karsilamak

To Drink - Içmek | To Fly - Uçmak.

To Smoke - Içmek | To Visit - Ziyaret etmek

To Prefer - Terci etmek | To Swim - Yüzmek

To Loose - Kaybetmek | To Show - Göstermek

To Forget - Unutmak | To Know - Bilmek

To Hold - Tutmak | To Think - Düşünmek

To Follow - Takip etmek | To Believe - Inanmak

To Continue - Devam etmek | To Love - Sevmek

To Want - Istemek | To Like - Sevmek

To Stay - Kalmak | To Use - Kullanmak

To Keep - Tutmak | To Try - Denemek

To Play - Oynamak | To Understand - Anlamak

To Have - Saip olmak | To Bring - Getirmek

To Help - Yardim etmek | To Happen - Olmak

To Go - Gitmek | To Recognize - Tanimak

To Give - Vermek | To Hear – Duymak

To Receive - Almak | To Listen – Dinlemek

To Work - Çalışmak | To Promise - Söz vermek

To Hope - Umut etmek | To Choose - Seçmek

Building Bridges

I Can - Ben Khans

I Do - Ben Yapma

I Go - Ben Gitme

I Need - Ben Ihtiyaçlar

I Want - Ben Isteme

I See - Ben Görürüm

I Like - Ben Sevme

I Say - Ben Söyleme

I Talk - Ben Konuşurum

In a sentence with verbs, the second verb goes first, and then the conjugated verb.

Example: "I want to go" / ben ("I") gitmek ("to go") istiyorum ("I want"—conjugated)

Adjectives come after the noun.

Example: "good people" / iyi ("people") insanlar ("good")

Verbs also go before the noun in the sentence. Examples:

* "I want" / Istiyorum

* Example: elma ("apple") istiyorum ("I want") / "I want an apple"

* I need / ihtiyacim var

* Example: tuvalete ("toilet") ihtiyacim var ("I need") / "I need the toilet"

* I say / soyluyorum

* Example: sana ("to you") soyluyorum ("I say") / "I say to you"

* I like / hoslaniyorum

* Example: senden ("you") hoslaniyorum ("I like") / "I like you"

* Example: bundan ("this") hoslaniyorum ("I like") / "I like this"

* I go / gidiyorum

* Example: eve ("home") gidiyorum ("I go") / "I am going home"

A \- a; For example: Under C - ce; For example: Jenny

Ç – çe; For example: Chance

Ğ – ğe

İ \- i; For example: Inside

Ö \- ö; For example: Turn

Ş - şe; For example: Shall

U \- u; For example: Mood

Ü - ü: For example: Mundial

For the Turkish language; grammar, pronunciation, accent, conjugation, reading, and sentence structure are recommended but not required for non-Shakespearean speakers.

# European Languages

#  Section IV: Slavic Languages  
-Polish  
-Russian

#    
The Polish Language

The official language of Poland is Polish. About 97 percent of Poland's citizens declare Polish as their native tongue, which is a very high amount of Poles that speak the language. At one point, Polish was more widespread than it is now, as Russian has overtaken the language in popularity in surrounding areas like Lithuania and Ukraine. However, Polish wasn't totally wiped out. That is, many people still know the language but don't speak it as frequently. German has greatly influenced the vocabulary of Polish, as Germany borders Poland. However, Germany isn't the only influential language. Belarus, Russia, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia all have had their fair share of influence on Polish as well.

Spoken in: Poland

I - Ja

Me - Mnie

My - Mój

Mine - Mój

His - Jego

Him - Jego

Her - Jej

Hers - Jej

He - On

She - Ona

Us - Nam

Our - Nasz

With you - Z tobą

With You (Plural) - Z nami

With her - Z nią

With him - Z nim

With Them - Z nimi

Without me - Beze mnie

Without - Bez

Without you - Bez ciebie

These are the 350 most common words in this language. Words in each section, of these pages, weren't set in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either, therefore you will notice the words were purposely NOT placed in an alphabetical order, the purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What – Co | Something - Coś

If – Jeżeli | Sometimes - Czasami

Similar - Podobny | Somewhere - Gdzieś

Where - Gdzie | Yes - Tak | No - Nie

Were - Był (you, he) Była (she) Było (it)

When - Kiedy | Less - Mniej

Only – Tylko | Instead - Zamiast

Was - (m)Byłem/(f)Byłam | Including - Zawierać

Other - Inny | While - Kiedy (part.), Chwila(n

Since - Od | Someone - Ktoś

Same - Trochę | Again - Znów

With - Z | Away - Daleko

Already - Już | But - Ale

Together \- Razem | Don't - Nie

Then - Potem | Both - Obydwa

Than - Niż | Because - Ponieważ

More - Więcej | Still, Yet - Nadal, Jednak (part.) OR Jeszcze (adv.)

Very - Bardzo | Time - Raz

Much, a lot - Dużo | Time - Czas

From - Od | Time - Godzina

And - I | Also, Too - Również

Before - Przed | Around - Wokół

After - Po | Never - Nigdy

Afterwards - Potem | Of Course - Oczywiście

Small - Mały | Name - Imię

Big - Duży | Last name - Nazwisko

Hot - Gorący | What is your name - Jak masz na imię

Cold - Zimny | How old are you - Ile masz lat

Up - W górę | Welcome - Witamy

Down - W dół | Years - Lata

Person - Osoba | Sky - Niebo

People - Ludzie | Night - Noc

Fast - Szybko | Light - Światło

Slow - Wolno | Darkness - Ciemność

Day - Dzień | Morning - Ranek

Tomorrow - Jutr | House - Dom

Today - Dzisiaj | Car - Samochód

Yesterday - Wczoraj | Left - Lewy (-a) (f)

Good - Dobry | Right - Prawy (-a) (f)

Bad - Zły | Place - Miejsce

Hello - Cześć, halo | Straight - Prosto

Goodbye - Do widzenia | Parents - Rodzice

How are you - Jak się masz | Book - Książka

Nice to meet you - Miło mi poznać | Problem - Problem

Good Night - Dobranoc | Behind - Z tyłu

Good Afternoon - Dzień dobry | Front - Z przodu

To Talk – Rozmawiać | To Drive - Jechać

To Walk - Spacerować | To Pay - Płacić

To Run - Biegać | To Buy - Kupować

To Sleep - Spać | To Practice - Ćwiczyć

To Begin - Rozpocząć | To Prepare - Przygotować

To Finish - Skończyć | To Meet - Spotkać

To Drink - Pić | To Fly - Lecieć

To Smoke - Palić | To Visit - Odwiedzać

To Prefer - Woleć | To Swim - Pływać

To Lose - Zgubić | To Show - Pokazywać

To Forget - Zapomnieć | To Know - Wiedzieć

To Hold - Trzymać | To Think - Myśleć

To Follow - Stosować | To Believe - Wierzyć

To Continue - Kontynuować | To Love - Kochać

To Want - Chcieć | To Like - Lubić

To Stay - Przebywać | To Use - Używać

To Keep - Trzymać | To Try - Próbować

To Play - Grać | To Understand - Rozumieć

To Get - Dostać | To Have - Mieć

To Help - Pomóc | To Happen - Zdarzyć

To Go - Iść | To Recognize - Rozpoznać

To Give - Dać | To Hear - Słyszeć

To Receive - Otrzymać | To Listen - Słuchać

To Bring - Przynieść | To Press - Przyciskać

To Work - Pracować | To Promise - Obiecać

To Hope - Mieć nadzieję | To Choose - Wybrać

Building Bridges

I Can - (Ja) mogę

I Do - Ja robię

I Go - Ja idę

I Need - Ja potrzebuję

I Want - Ja chcę

I See - Ja widzę

I Like - Ja lubię

I Say - Ja mówię

I Talk - Ja rozmawiam

Translator's Note: In the last table, "Ja" is usually omitted"

I go there

Ja idę tam

Ja (I) idę (go) tam (there)

I can't live with her

Nie mogę z nią

Nie (No) mogę (I can) z (with) nią (her)

I don't want to talk with them now

Nie chcę z nimi rozmawiać Teraz

Nie (no) chcę (I want) z (with) nimi (them) rozmawiać (to talk) teraz (now)

Ą – on

Ć – ch

Ę – en

Ł - ehw

Ń \- ni

Ó \- oo

Ś \- sh

Ź - s

Ź - s

For the Polish language; grammar, pronunciation, accent, conjugation, reading, and sentence structure are recommended but not required for non-Shakespearean speakers.

#    
The Russian Language

#

As many Russian words have Bulgarian roots, Russian is the most common language in Europe and Russia. Perhaps a reason for its popularity is that it also derives vocabulary and connotations from the French, English, German, Latin, and Greek languages. It is also one of the official languages of United Nations. After the Soviet Union fell apart, Russian was only the official language of present-day Russia, and other countries that were part of the Union were encouraged to speak their native tongues. Prior to that, all countries that were part of the Soviet Union were required to speak only Russian, though it still remains the official language of Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Belarus. However, Russian is not limited to Europe, as it is the tenth most-spoken language in the United States and spoken by approximately 750,000 people in Israel.

Spoken in: Russia, former Soviet republics

I \- Ya

Me \- Meene

My \- Moi

Mine \- Moi

His \- Yivo

Him \- Oun

Her \- Anna

Hers \- Yeo

He \- Oun

She \- Ona

Us \- Oni

Our \- Nashe

With you \- S Toboi

With You (Plural) - S Vami

With her \- S Nei

With him \- S Nim

With Them \- S Nimi

Without me \- Bez mena

Without \- Bez

Without you \- Bez tebya

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What \- Chto | Something \- Chto to

If \- Esli | Sometimes \- Inogda

Similar \- Pohozhiy | Somewhere \- Gde to

Where \- Gde | Yes \- Da

Were \- Bili | No \- Net

When \- Kogda | Less \- Menche

Only \- Tolka | Instead \- Vmesto

Was \- Bil | Including \- Vkluchit'

Other \- Drugoe | While \- Poka

Since \- S teh por | Someone \- Kto to

Same as \- Takie zhe kak | Again \- Opyat'

With \- S | Away \- Ot

Already \- Uzhe | But \- No

Together \- Vmeste | Don't \- Ne

Then \- Posle tavo | Both \- Oba

Than \- Chem | Because \- Potomu chto

More \- Bol'she | Still, Yet \- Do sih por

Very \- Ochen' | Time \- Ras

Much, a lot \- Mnogo | Time \- Vremya

From \- Ot | Time \- Vremya

And \- E | Also, Too \- Takzhe

Before \- Ranshe | Around \- Vokrug

After \- Posle | Never \- Nikogda

Afterwards \- Potom | Of Course \- Konechno

Small \- Malenkii | Name \- Imya

Big \- Bol'shoi | Last name \- Familiya

Hot \- Goryachii | What is your name \- Kak tebya zovut?

Cold \- Holodnii | How old are you \- Skol'ko tebe let?

Up \- Vverh | Welcome \- Dobro Pozhalovat'

Down \- Vniz | Years \- Goda

Person \- Chelovek | Sky \- Neba

People \- Ludi | Night \- Noch

Fast \- Bistrii | Light \- Svet

Slow \- Medlenii | Darkness \- Temnota

Day \- Den' | Morning \- Utro

Tomorrow \- Zavtra | House \- Dom

Today \- Segodnya | Car \- Mashina

Yesterday \- Vchera | Left \- Levo

Good \- Horosho | Right \- Pravo

Bad \- Ploho | Place \- Mesto

Hello \- Zdravstvuiite | Straight \- Pryamo

Goodbye \- Dosvidaniya | Parents \- Roditeli

How are you \- Kak vi | Book \- Kniga

Nice to meet you \- Rad Poznakomitsy a Or Ochin Preatna

Problem \- Problema

Good Night \- Dobroii Nochi | Behind \- Szadi

Good Afternoon \- Dobrii Den' | Front \- Pered

To Talk \- Gavaritzz | To Drive \- Yezditz

To Walk \- Haditzz | To Pay \- Platitz

To Run \- Begitzz | To Buy \- Pacoopatz

To Sleep \- Spaitzz | To Practice \- Practicavatza

To Begin \- Nachinatz | To Prepare \- Pregatavlatsa

To Finish \- Conchatz | To Meet \- Vstrechatsa

To Drink \- Peetz | To Fly \- Leetatz

To Smoke \- Cooritz

To Prefer \- Pretpachitatz | To Swim \- Plavitz

To Loose \- Tiratz | To Show \- Pakazatz

To Forget \- Zabivatz | To Know \- Znatz

To Hold \- Deerjatz | To Think \- Doomitz

To Follow \- Sledavitz | To Believe \- Veritz

To Continue \- Pradaljatz | To Love \- Lubitz

To Want \- Hatetz | To Like \- Nravitzsa

To Stay \- Astatsa | To Use \- Espolzivits

To Keep \- Derjatz | To Try \- Probavitz

To Play \- Eagratz | To Understand \- Panematz

To Get \- Dostatz | To Have \- Eemetz

To Help \- Pamagatz | To Happen \- Sloochitsa

To Go \- Eetsee | To Recognize \- Ooznavats

To Give \- Otdavatz | To Hear \- Slishits

To Receive \- Palochatz | To Listen \- Slooshits

To Bring \- Prenasitz | To Press \- Pressavatz

To Work \- Rabotitz | To Promise \- Abeshatz

To Hope \- Nadaeitsa | To Choose \- Vebiratz

Building Bridges:

I Can \- Ya magoo

I Do \- Ya deliu

I Go \- Ya pashol

I Need \- Mene nada

I Want \- Ya Hachoo

I See \- Ya veejoo

I Like \- Mene nravitsa

I Say \- Ya gavaroo

I Talk \- Ya gavaroo

Phrases:

Thank you, what did you say Spasibo, chto vy skaz Ali?

Spasibo (Thank you), chto (what) vy (you) skaz Ali (say)?

What are you doing tomorrow? Ti Zavtra chto dalizz?

Ti (you) Zavtra (tomorrow) chto (what) dalizz (doing)?

Do you understand me Vi menya Panematz?

Vi (you) menya (me) Panematz (understand)?

For the Russian language; grammar, pronunciation, accent, conjugation, and sentence structure are recommended but not required for non-Shakespearean speakers.

#

#  Chapter 2: Afro Asiatic Languages

#  Section I:   
Semitic Languages–Hebrew

#

#  The Hebrew Language

Hebrew is an ancient language with a rich cultural history. Commonly associated with Judaism, the language has strong ties to both the religion and the Jewish way of life. In fact, Jews are often referred to as "Hebrews," though this term is much more common when referring to ancient Jews as opposed to modern ones. Much of the language's rich history can be found in the many ancient Jewish texts in which Hebrew is used, such as the Torah, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and many other historic texts. The word Hebrew (Ivrit) stems from the word meaning "to cross over" (la-ha-vor), which originated from the Semitic people crossing the Euphrates River.

Spoken in: Israel

I - Ani

Me - Ani

My - Sheli

Mine - Sheli

His - Shelo

Him - Whoo

Her - Hee

Hers - Shela

He - Whoo

She - Hee

Us - Anakhnu

Our - Shelanu

With you - Itkha

With You (Plural) - Itkhem

With her - Itah

With him - Ito

With Them - Itam

Without me - Biladi

Without - Bli

Without you - Biladekha

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What - Maa | Something - Mashaeho

If - Iim | Sometimes - Lefamim

Similar - Cmo | Somewhere - Aifo shaeho

Where - Aifo | Yes - Ken

Were - Aiiho | No - Lo

When - Mataai | Less - Pakhot

Only - Raak | Instead - Bimkom

Was - Hayaa | Including - Kolel

Other - Akher | While - Bentaim

Since - Maehaz | Someone - Mishaehoo

Same - Cmo | Again - Hod paam, shoov

With - Iim | Away - Rakhok

Already - Kvar | But - Aval

Together - Behyaahad | Don't - Al

Then - Az | Both - Shnaihem

Than - Mi | Because - Biglal

More - Yoter | Still, Yet - Hod

Very - Mehod | Time - Pahamim

Much, a lot - Arbeh | Time - Zmaan

From - Mi | Time - Shaha

And - Ve | Also, Too - Gaam

Before - Lifnei | Around - Misaviv

After - Akharai | Never - Meholam, af paham

Afterwards - Akharkaakh | Of course - Betakh

Small - Kataan | Name - Shem

Big - Gadol | Last name - Shem mishpakha

Hot - Kham | What is you name - Ma shimca

Cold - Kaar | How old are you - Ben kaama atta

Up - Lemalah | Welcome - Brokhim habahim

Down - Lematah | Years - Shannim

Person - Bin hadaam | Sky - Shamaiim

People - Anashim | Night - Laila

Fast - Maaher | Light - Hor

Slow - Lehaat | Darkness - Khoshekh

Day - Yom | Morning - Boker

Tomorrow - Makhar | House - Baaiit

Today - Hayoom | Car - Aoto, mikhonit

Yesterday - Etmol | Left - Smola

Good - Tov | Right - Yamina

Bad - Raah | Place - Makom

Hello - Shalom | Straight - Yashar

Goodbye - Lehitrahahot | Parents - Horim

How are you - Mashlomkha | Book - Sefer

Nice to meet you - Nahaim mehod | Problem - Bahaya

Good Night - Lila tov | Behind - Mae-hakhorai

Good Afternoon - Tzoorahim tovim | Front - Lifnei
To Talk - Ledaber | To Drive - Linhog

To Walk - Lalikhit | To Pay - Leshalem

To Run - Larootz | To Buy - Liknot

To Sleep - Lishon | To Practice - Laehitamen

To Begin - Lahatkhil | To Prepare - Laehitkonen

To Finish - Ligmor | To Meet - Lifgosh

To Drink - Lishtot | To Fly - Laahoof

To Smoke - Laehashan | To Visit - Levaker

To Prefer - Lahadif | To Swim - Lizkhot

To Loose - Leh-ah-bed | To Show - Laharot

To Forget - Lishkoaakh | To Know - Ladahat

To Hold - Lahakhzik | To Think - Lakhshov

To Follow - Lahakov | To Believe - Lahamin

To Continue - Lehamshikh | To Love - Lehaehov

To Want - Lirtzot | To Like - Lehaehov

To Stay - Laeishaer | To Use - Lehishtamesh

To Keep - Lishmor | To Try - Lenasot

To Play - Lesakhek | To Understand - Laehavin

To Get - Lekabel | To Have - Yesh

To Help - Lahazor | To Happen - Likrot

To Go - Lalikhit | To Recognize - La-hakir

To Give - Lattet | To Hear - Lishmoha

To Receive - Lekabel | To Listen - Lahakshiv

To Bring - Lahahavii | To Press - Lilkhotz

To Work - Lahahvod | To Promise - Laehavtiakh

To Hope - Lekavot | To Choose - Livkhor

Building Bridges

I Can - Ani Yakhol

I Do - Ani Hosae

I Go - Ani Holekh

I Need - Ani Tzarikh

I Want - Ani Rotzae

I See - Ani Rohae

I Like - Ani Hohaev

I Say - Ani Homer

I Talk - Ani Medaber

Rules:

In Hebrew, the adjective goes after the noun, for example, "sunglasses" / mishkafaei ("glasses") shemesh ("sun").

Et is a Hebrew particle used to mark the definite direct object of a transitive verb, used when referring to a noun. For example, "you take the book" is atta ("you") tikakh ("take") et ha ("the") sefer ("book"). Et can be also used when describing a person while giving an order. For example, "bring Michael" is tavi ("bring") et Michael.

"Your," "my," "his," etc., will always be after the noun. For example, "your office" is hamisrad ("office") shelkha ("your").

Phrases:

I want to go home

Ani rotze lalaikhit abayta

Ani (I) rotze ([I]want) lalaikhit (to go) abayta (to the house)

Where are you from?

Mi aifo atta

Mi (from) aifo (where) atta (you are)

I need to read your book

Ani Tzarikh Likro et hasefer shelka

Ani (I) Tzarikh (Need) Likro (to read) et hasefer (book) shelkha (your)

For the Hebrew language; grammar, pronunciation, accent, conjugation, and sentence structure are recommended but not required for non-Shakespearean speakers. For the Hebrew language it's also recommended to learn how to pronounce the "kh" (refer back to the directions section).

#

#  Afro Asiatic Languages

#  Section II: Semitic Languages  
-Classical Arabic  
-Lebanese Arabic  
-Syrian Arabic  
-Palestinian  
-Egyptian Arabic  
-Moroccan Arabic  
-Iraqi Arabic  
-Saudi Arabic

#  Modern Standard Arabic (Classical Arabic)

Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is a modern form of Classical Arabic written in the Qur'an. The language isn't spoken in a small, social environment; rather, it is the official means of communication for, for instance, Arabic television personalities and the media. It is a more official Arabic language; any other version of MSA is considered a dialect (referred to as "colloquial Arabic"). Most people in the Middle East and some parts of Africa speak some version of the language, though under most circumstances are able to use MSA to communicate with each other, despite their varying dialects. Still, MSA is the official language of all Middle Eastern countries. MSA is closely related to the religion of Islam, though many Muslims don't speak the language.

The Major Groups Are:

Egyptian Arabic (Egypt)

Maghreb Arabic (Algerian Arabic, Moroccan Arabic, Tunisian Arabic, Maltese and western Libyan)

Levantine Arabic (Western Syrian, Lebanese, Israel, Palestinian, western Jordanian, and Cypriot Maronite Arabic)

Iraqi Arabic (and Khuzestani Arabic) - with significant differences between the more Arabian-like gilit-dialects of the south and the more conservative qeltu-dialects of the northern cities

Gulf Arabic (Eastern Syrian, Kuwaiti, Saudi Arabian, Persian Gulf coast from Iraq to Oman including much of Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province, and minorities on the other side)

Other Varieties Include:

Massaniya (in Mauritania and Western Sahara)

Andalusi Arabic (extinct, but important role in literary history) Sudanese Arabic (with a dialectcontinuum into Chad)

Baharna Arabic (Bahrain, Saudi Eastern Province, and Oman)

Hijazi Arabic (West Coast of Saudi Arabia, Northern Saudi Arabia, eastern Jordan, Western Iraq)

Najdi Arabic (Najd region of central Saudi Arabia) Yemeni Arabic (Yemen to southern Saudi Arabia)

Spoken in:

Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Palestine (West Bank and Gaza), Western Sahara (SADR), Yemen by a majority, and in many other countries, such as Israel and Iran, as a minority language; it is also the liturgical language of Islam.

I - Ana

Me - Ana

My - Ee

Mine - Lee

His - Hu

Him - Howa

Her - Haa

Hers - Hya

He - Hu

She - Hiya

Us - Nahno

Our - Linaa

With you - Maak

With You (Plural) - Maantum

With her - Maahya

With him - Haahu

With Them - Mahuum

Without me - Bidoonee

Without - Bidoon

Without you - Bidoonaak

Without you (Plural) - Bidoantum

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What - Maa | Something - Shay maa

If - Aza | Sometimes - Ahyaanan

Similar - Misl | Somewhere - Ayy makaan

Where - Ayn | Yes - Naam

Were - Cam | No - La

When - Matta | Less - Aqal

Only - Fokat | Instead - Wadala Min

Was - Kont | Including - Tashmal

Other - Okhra | While - Fatra

Since - Meta | Someone - Ahad maa

Same - Nafas | Again - Min jedid

With - Maah | Away - Bayda

Already - Qabl al an | But - Lekan

Together - Maa | Don't - Leaa

Then - Baad althalk, th-hem | Both - Alkala

Than - Min | Because - Laeno

More - Akhtar | Still - Lissa

Very - Jidadan | Time - Mara

Much, a lot - Akhtar | Time - Zemaan

From - Min | Time - Saa

And - Wa | Also, Too - Aydan

Before - Qabl | Around - Hawl

After - Baad | Never - Abadan

Afterwards - Baad dhalik | Of course - Akeed

Small - Sughair | Name - Ism

Big - Kabhir | Last name - Esm el alla

Hot - Haar | What is your name - Maa Ismaak

Cold - Baarid | How old are you - Kam omrac

Up - Raphah | Welcome - Marhaban

Down - Adni | Years - Saanin

Person - Alshakhs | Sky - Samaaha

People - Naas | Night - Laila

Fast - Saryah | Light - Noor

Slow - Tmaal | Darkness - Muzlim

Day - Alyom | Morning - Sabah

Tomorrow - Gada | House - Baiet

Today - Alyom | Car - Sayaara

Yesterday - Ams | Left - Yassar

Good - Jid | Right - Yameen

Bad - Syaah | Place - Mekan

Hello - Marhabah | Straight - Ala Tool

Goodbye - Wadaaha | Parents - Waaladaya

How are you - Kif halaak | Book - Kitaab

Nice to meet you - Tasharafna | Problem - Mashekla

Good Night - Tisbah Alkhir | Behind - Wara

Good Afternoon - Masa Alkhir | Front - Al Amaam

To Talk - Yatakelam | To Drive - Yasooq

To Walk - Yamshee | To Pay - Yadfah

To Run - Yarkad | To Buy - Yashtaree

To Sleep - Yanaam | To Practice - Yatadrab

To Begin - Yabdaa | To Prepare - Istadaa

To Finish - Yantahee | To Meet - Yaltaqee

To Drink - Yashrab | To Fly - Yatr

To Smoke - Yadakhin | To Visit - Yazoor

To Prefer - Yafdal | To Swim - Yasbah

To Loose - Mahlul taliq | To Show - Yahrad

To Forget - Yanss | To Know - Yaraf

To Hold - Yasmad | To Think - Yifakar

To Follow - Yitbah | To Believe - Amana

To Continue - Yastmarar | To Love - Yuhib

To Want - Yurid | To Like - Yuhib

To Stay - Iqaama | To Use - Yastamil

To Keep - Yafith | To Try - Yajarib

To Play - Yalahb | To Understand - Yafhaam

To Get - Yasel | I Have - Anndi

To Help - Yasaad | To Happen - Yahadath

To Go - Yazab | To Recognize - Arafa

To Give - Yahat | To Hear - Yasmah

To Receive - Yastalm | To Listen - Yasmah

To Bring - Jalaba | To Press - Yaqwee

To Work - Yahmil | To Promise - Yahad

To Hope - Yahamal | To Choose - Ikhtar

Building Bridges

I Can - Mumkin

I Do - Amal

I Go - Az-ab

I Need - Akhtaj

I Want - Arid

I See - Ara

I Like - Aheb

I Say - Aqool

I Talk - Atakalam

Phrases:

I don't speak Arabic Ana la atakelam Arabya

Ana (I) la (no/don't) atakelam (speak) Arabya (Arabic)

Where can I find the office Eyyin mumkin yejid al maktab

Eyyin (where) mumkin (can I/ I can) yeijid (to find) al (the) maktab (office)

What do you want to say to me Maa anta turid yaqool ni

Maa (what) anta (you) turid ([you] want) yaqool (to tell) ni (me)

I want to read the book Ana urid yakra al kitaab

Ana (I) urid ([I]want) yakra (to read) al (the) kitaab (book)

Pronouns as suffixes with nouns, for example: Book -Kitaab

The book – Al kitaab

Her book – Kitaabuha

His book – Kitaabuhu

Their book – Kitaabuhum

Your book – Kitaabak

Your book (plural) - Kitaabukum

My book – Kaatabi

Our book - Kitaabuma

For Modern Standard Arabic; grammar, pronunciation, accent, conjugation, and sentence structure are recommended but not required for non-Shakespearean speakers. Also the "kh" is essential (refer back to the directions section).

#  Lebanese Arabic

Lebanese Arabic is a Levantine dialect. The term "Levantine" derives from "Levant," which is the geographical region of the eastern Mediterranean that encompasses Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, and the Hatay Province of southern Turkey. Several languages are spoken in the Levant, one of which is Lebanese Arabic. Lebanese Arabic descends from the traditional Arabic language, though there are many variables that affected the development of the language. Most Lebanese people speak the language, and Arabic remains its written form, despite past attempts by some to make an alphabet system using Latin letters. Some people view Lebanese as merely a dialect of Arabic, while others accept the language as unique. Either way, the word connotations vary in both languages, as do their syntax and vocabularies. Lebanese Arabic uses a bit of Turkish and Aramaic vocabulary and a little French. In general keep in mind that Lebanese Arabic is not an official language but, rather, a colloquial dialect.

Spoken in: Lebanon and Syria

I - Ana

Me - Ana

My - Tabaae

Mine - La ile

His - Tabauo, la'elo

Him - Howa

Her - Hia

Hers - Tabia

He - Howa

She - Hia

Us - Tabaana

Our - La ilna

With you - Maak

With You (Plural) - Maakoon

With her - Maakeh

With him - Maakouh

With Them - Maaoun

Without me - Balaeh

Without - Balehoum

Without you - Balekeh

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What - Shoo | Something - A'aweet

If - Etha | Sometimes - Shagle

Similar - Kama | Somewhere - Bmahal

Where - Ain | Yes - Aeh

Were - Ween | No - Lae

When - Meta | Less - Aaed

Only - Fokat | Instead - Badel

Was - Kent | Including - Maa

Other - Akhar | While \- Fatra

Since - Manzu | Someone - Hadan

Same - Nafas | Again - Kaman

With - Maa | Away - Baid

Already - Jahez | But - Bas

Together - Sawa | Don't - Mat

Then - Baad theika | Both - Tneinetoun

Than - Aan | Because - Laeno

More - Akhtar | Still, Yet - Baaed

Very - Keteer | Time - Mara

Much, a lot - Keteer | Time - Waeet

From - Min | Time - Saaha

And - Wa | Also, Too - Kameen

Before - Qabl | Around - Hawalee

After - Baad | Never - Abadan

Afterwards - Baaden | Of course - Beltabez

Small - Sgheir | Name - Ism

Big - Kabir | Last name - Akher ism

Hot - Sikhun | What is your name - Shoo ismaak

Cold - Bared | How old are you – Adeesh aoumrak

Up - Fook | Welcome - Itadal

Down - Tahat | Years - Sneen

Person - Shakes | Sky - Sama

People - Nas | Night - Beleel

Fast - Sareeaa | Light - Daw

Slow - Batee | Darkness - Atmeh

Day - Yoom | Morning - Sabah

Tomorrow - Bokra | House - Beet

Today - El yom | Car - Sayara

Yesterday - Embareh | Left - Shimal

Good - Mneeh | Right - Yameen

Bad - Mamneeh | Place - Maahal

Hello - Keefak | Straight - Jales

Goodbye - Alla maak | Parents - Ahel

How are you - Keefak | Book - Kteeb

Nice to meet you - Tasharafna | Problem - Mashkleh

Good Night - Tisbah ala kheer | Behind - Wara

Good Afternoon - Masa el khir | Front - Edam

To Talk - Tahke | To Drive - Souk

To Walk - Tamshe | To Pay - Itfah

To Run - Turkoud | To Buy - Ishtreh

To Sleep - T'neen | To Practice - Laetmaran

To Begin - Baleesh | To Prepare - Hadir

To Finish - Khalees | To Meet - Itaaraf

To Drink - Tashrab | To Fly - Tir

To Smoke - Dakhen | To Visit - Azour

To Prefer - Tfadid | To Swim - Isbah

To Loose - Dayenh | To Show - Farjeh

To Forget - T'insah | To Know - Aahref

To Hold - Tamsouk | To Think - Fakeer

To Follow - T'elhah | To Believe - Azoun

To Continue - T'kafee | To Love - Heb

To Want - Bidu | To Like - Byejebneh

To Stay - T'ibaa | To Use - Istaahmel

To Keep - T'ekoul | To Try - Jareeb

To Play - T'illaab | To Understand - Laifham

To Get - T'jeeb | To Have - Indeeh

To Help - T'saed | To Happen - Latseer

To Go - Roohh | To Recognize - Laifham

To Give - T'aahte | To Hear - Smaaet

To Receive - T'jeeb | To Listen - Istamaah

To Bring - Djeeb | To Press - Laikbous

To Work - T'ishtughe | To Promise - Bou aadak

To Hope - T'amal | To Choose - Lanaeeh

Building Bridges

I Can - Ana Baa-dir

I Do - Ana Bamal

I Go - Ana Roohh

I Need - Ana Aiid

I Want - Ana Badi

I See - Ana Shoof

I Like - Ana Hub

I Say - Ana Bhool

I Talk - Ana Bahke

Refer back to Modern Standard Arabic (Classical Arabic) for more information.

#    
Syrian Arabic

#

Levantine Arabic is a widely known dialect of Modern Standard Arabic that is spoken in Syria. Though Levantine Arabic is not the official language of the country, it is spoken very commonly. The dialect is spoken and does not have a set written form. Levantine Arabic is considered a blend of over one hundred Arabic dialects.

Spoken in: Syria, Lebanon, and some parts of Jordan and Israel

I - Ana

Me - Ana

My - Tabaee

Mine - Tabaee

His - Tabaou

Him - Huwe

Her - Heyee

Hers - Tabaeha

He - Huwe

She - Heyyee

Us - Nehne

Our - Tabeana

With you - Maek

With You (Plural) - Maekm

With her - Ma'a

With him - Ma'u

With Them - Mahum

Without me - Mumaei

Without - Muma'a

Without you - Mumaek

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What - Shu | Something - Sheey

If - Iza | Sometimes - Ahyanan

Similar - Mithil | Somewhere - Biay makan

Where - Wain | Yes - Ey

Were - Kenna | No - La

When - Eimta | Less - Aeel

Only - Bas | Instead - Bidal

Was - Kan | Including - Shamel

Other - Tani | While - Lamma

Since - Min | Someone - Hada

Same - Mithil | Again - Marra Tani

With - Maa | Away - Rooh baeed

Already - Khales | But - Bas

Together - Sawa | Don't - Lla taemally

Then - Badein | Both - Elitnain

Than - Min | Because - Mishan

More - Akthar | Still - Baed

Very - Ektheer | Time - Mara

Much, a lot - Ektheer | Time - Zemaan

From - Min | Time - Saa'ha

And - Wa | Also, Too - Kaman

Before - Abel | Around - Howl

After - Baed | Never - Abadan

Afterwards - Baed | Of course - Akeed

Small - Izgeer | Name - Ism

Big - Ikbeer | Last name - Ism Akheer

Hot - Showb | What is you name - Shu Ismak

Cold - Berd | How old are you – Addeish omrak

Up - Foo'a | Welcome - Ahlan

Down - Teht | Years - Saneen

Person - Hada | Sky - Yowm

People - Nas | Night - Lail

Fast - Saree'a | Light - Do'a

Slow - Batee'a | Darkness - Muthlim

Day - Yowm | Morning - Subh

Tomorrow - Bukra | House - Bait

Today - Elyowm | Car - Sayarra

Yesterday - Imbarah | Left - Shimal

Good - Meneeh | Right - Yameen

Bad - Mamineeh | Place - Makan

Hello - Marhaba | Straight - Mustaeem

Goodbye - Ma'a salameh | Parents - Ahel

How are you - Keefek | Book - Kitab

Nice to meet you - Tasharrafna | Problem - Mushkila

Good Night - Tisbah ala khair | Behind - Wara

Good Afternoon - Nahar saeed | Front - Iddam

To Talk - Ahky | To Drive - Asoo'a

To Walk - Amshy | To Pay - Adf'a

To Run - Arkad | To Buy - Ashtari

To Sleep - Anam | To Practice - Atmaran

To Begin - Abd'a | To Prepare - Asta'ed

To Finish - Akhalis | To Meet - Atarraf

To Drink - Ashrab | To Fly - Ateer

To Smoke - Adakhin | To Visit - Azoor

To Prefer - Afadel | To Swim - Asbah

To Loose - Khasert | To Show - Abayen

To Forget - Ansa | To Know - A'aref

To Hold - Amsik | To Think - Afakar

To Follow - Atab'a | To Believe - Asade'a

To Continue - Akammel | To Love - Bahib

To Want - Biddy | To Like - Bahib

To Stay - Akhali | To Use - Astamel

To Keep - Amsik | To Try - Bajarreb

To Play - Elab | To Understand - Afham

To Get - Akhuth | To Have - Aindy

To Help - Asaed | To Bring - Bajeeb

To Go - Barooh | To Recognize - Befteker

To Give - Ba'athy | To Hear - Basma'a

To Receive - Akhuth | To Listen - Basm'a

To Work - A'amel | To Promise - Aw'ed

To Hope - Atmanna | To Choose - Akhtar

Building Bridges

I Can - Bi'adar

I Do - A'amel

I Go - Arooh

I Need - Ahtaj

I Want - Biddy

I See - Batul

I Like - Bahib

I Say - A'ool

I Talk - Bahky

Refer back to Modern Standard Arabic (Classical Arabic) for more information.

#

#  Palestinian Arabic

#

Palestinian Arabic, like many other Middle Eastern languages, is a dialect of the more official Modern Standard Arabic language. However, though various countries have their own dialects, Palestinian Arabic is most similar to Syrian and Lebanese Arabic and is considered a Levantine dialect, named after the Levant region that encompasses Jordan, Syria, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Cyprus, and Turkey's Hatay province. This dialect is spoken throughout the Palestinian territories (West Bank and Gaza) as well as among the Arab citizens of Israel. The Palestinian dialect varies slightly throughout each area and city of the Palestinian territories and Israel's Arab sector. With this language, the urban versions are surprisingly not as popular as its rural versions, though urban versions are slowly growing.

Spoken in: The Palestinian controlled territories such as the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, also in Israel, as well as some areas of Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and parts of Egypt

I - Ana

Me - Ana

My - E-lee

Mine - Tabae

His - Whoa

Him - Whoa

Her - Hiya

Hers - Tabaha

He - Hoo

She - Hiya

Us - Nakhnu

Our - Nakhnu

With you - Maak

With You (Plural) - Ma'akom

With her - Maiya

With him - Mahoo

With Them - Mahoom

Without me - Bi-do-ni

Without - Bi-doon

Without you - Bi-doo-nak

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What - Shoo | Something - E-shee

If - Iza | Sometimes - Ahh-yan-nan

Similar - Sha-beeh | Somewhere - Makan

Where - Wen | Yes - Na'aam

Were - kan | No - La'

When - Metta | Less - a-aal

Only - Bus | Instead - Ba-dal

Was - Baca | Including - Yesh-mal

Other - Guer | While - Bey-na-ma

Since - Men | Someone - Ha-da

Same - Na-fes | Again - Kaman mara

With - Maga | Away - Ba'aeed

Already | But - Wa la kin

Together - Mabaad | Don't - Ma ta'amal

Then - Yaani | Both - Et-ti-nien

Than - Min | Because - Le a'n-no

More - Asuad | Still, Yet - Liss-sa

Very - Ke-teer | Time - Mara

Much, a lot - Ke-teer | Time - Wa'it

From - Min | Time - Sahah

And - Wa | Also, Too - Kaman, ay-dan

Before - A'-bil | Around - Hawali

After - Ba'ed | Never - Wala mara

Afterwards - Ba'ad-een | Of course - Tab'aan

Small - Sa-gh-er | Name - E-sem

Big - Ka-beer | Last name - Esmak el akheer

Hot - Shooob | What is you name - Eish eismak

Cold - Berd | How old are you - Ad-deish om-rak

Up - Fooo' | Welcome - Ta fad dal

Down - Ta-hit | Years - Sineen

Person - Sha-khis | Sky - Sama

People - Nas | Night - Leil

Fast - Sareea' | Light - Daow

Slow - Ba-tee' | Darkness - A'tmeh

Day - Yoom | Morning - Soboo7

Tomorrow - Bok-ra | House - Beit

Today - El-yoom | Car - Sey-ya-ra

Yesterday - Em-ba-reh | Left - She-mal

Good - Tayeb | Right - Ya-meen

Bad - Sey-ye' | Place - Makan

Hello - Marhaba | Straight - Dogh-ri

Goodbye - Ma'a esslameh | Parents - Ah-hil

How are you - Keefek? | Book - Ki-tab

Nice to meet you - It-shar-raf-na | Problem - Mosh-ki-la

Good Night - Sa'eedeh | Behind - Wara

Good Afternoon | Front - Aod-dam

To Talk - Nihhki | To Drive - Soke

To Walk - Mashayae | To Pay - Etfah

To Run - yerkod | To Buy - Eshtre

To Sleep - Noom | To Practice - Ye-ta-der-reb

To Begin - Nabdah | To Prepare - Sawae

To Finish - Enkhalis | To Meet - Ye-'abel

To Drink - Nishrab | To Fly - Tayer

To Smoke - Ndakhin | To Visit - Finas

To Prefer - Yee-fed-dil | To Swim - Isbakh

To Loose - Nekhsar | To Show - Shoof

To Forget - Nsid | To Know - Enshoof

To Hold - Yem-sek | To Think - Faker

To Follow - Nshoof | To Believe - Ensadek

To Continue - Yee-kem-mel | To Love - Hob

To Want - Bidi | To Like - Bidi

To Stay - Ndal | To Use - Yes-ta'a-mel

To Keep - Ndal | To Try - Sawi

To Play - Nelab | To Understand - Afaam

To Get - Nsawi | To Have - Khode

To Help - Nsaada | To Happen - Essir

To Go - Rohh | To Recognize - Ye-ta-'aaraf

To Give - Atti | To Hear - Nisma

To Receive - Bedoum atom | To Listen - Nisam

To Bring - Natte | To Press - Hotae

To Work - Namel | To Promise - Halfae

To Hope - Namel | To Choose - Hodae

Building Bridges

I Can - As-ta-teea'aa

I Do - Amaal

I Go - A-rooh

I Need - Ah-taj

I Want - Bidi

I See - Bashoof

I Like - Bahib

I Say - Ba'oool

I Talk - Beh ki

Refer back to Modern Standard Arabic (Classical Arabic) for more information.

#    
Egyptian Arabic

Although the official language of Egypt is Modern Standard Arabic, its people speak Egyptian Arabic. Written in the Arabic alphabet, the language is spoken by over 77 million people throughout the world, though mostly concentrated in Egypt. Unlike Modern Standard Arabic, most people speak Egyptian Arabic at social occasions, though it is also used in some common examples like newspapers and street signs. Egyptian Arabic originated in the areas around Alexandria and Cairo, which have always led the country economically. Historically, the ancient Muslim expeditions to Egypt resulted in an increase in the Arabic language, but shifted back to Egyptian when Muslim troops, speaking an Egyptian dialect, inhabited the area.

Spoken in: Primarily in Egypt as well as other Arabic speaking countries

I - Ana

Me - Melky

My - Tehai

Mine - Tehai

His - Woa

Him - Woa

Her - Hiyaa

He - Woaa

She - Hiyaa

Us - Nakhnu

Our - Tabana

With you - Maak

With You (Plural) - Maakoom

With her - Maah

With him - Maae

With Them - Mahoom

Without me - Mingeri

Without - Mingero

Without you - Mingerak

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What - Maa | Something - Ashei

If - Laou | Sometimes - Badlowwat

Similar (like) - Misl | Somewhere - Meken me

Where - Fein | Yes - Laa

Were - Malgood | No - Naam

When - Meta | Less - Aqal

Only - Fokat | Instead - Bedir

Was - Kont | Including - Yashmal

Other - Okhra | While - Fatra

Since - Min | Someone - Khad ma

Same as - Misl Zaee | Again - Maratania

With - Maa | Away - Baeed

Already | But - Lekat

Together - Maa | Don't - La

Then - Taala Mayae | Both - Intiin

Than - Akhsan | Because - Lekan

More - Akhtap | Still - Mezel

Very - Keteer | Time - Mara

Much, a lot - Keteer | Time - Ayem Zemen

From - Min | Time - Saaha

And - Wa | Also, Too - Kaamin

Before - Baeabel | Around - Awaleen

After - Baat | Never - Abedan

Small - Sugair | Name - Ism

Big - Kabeer | Last name - Akharis

Hot - Sukhan | What is your name - Ismakahae

Cold - Bareed | How old are you - Inta kadae

Up - Fo | Welcome - Aalan

Down - Takht | Years - Saanin

Person - Wahad | Sky - Saama

People - Naas | Night - Laila

Fast - Saraa | Light - Noor

Slow - Betilga | Darkness - Zalam

Day - Yom | Morning - Sabaah

Tomorrow - Bokra | House - Bit

Today - Al Yom | Car - Arabya

Yesterday - Ams | Left - Shmaal

Good - Kois | Right - Yamin

Bad - Waish | Place - Mekan

Hello - Marhaba | Straight - Dogri

Goodbye - Ma al salamah | Parents - Ahel

How are you - Kif Halak | Book - Katab

Nice to meet you - Tasharafna | Problem - Mashekel

Good Night - Tisbah al khir | Behind - Wara

Good Afternoon - Masa al khir | In-Front - Bidaam

To Talk - Yikhki | To Drive - Yisuu

To Walk - Imshi | To Pay - Yitfah

To Run - Yigri | To Buy - Yishtaree

To Sleep - Yinahem | To Practice - Yitamree

To Begin - Yabda | To Prepare - Yahadahar

To Finish - Yakhalas | To Meet - Yabel

To Drink - Yashreb | To Fly - Yiteer

To Smoke - Yidakhad | To Visit - Yazoor

To Prefer - Yemais | To Swim - Yasbah

To Loose - Yikhsaar | To Show - Yifarog

To Forget - Yinsaa | To Know - Yalaam

To Hold - Yimseek | To Think - Yafakar

To Follow - Ytba | To Believe - Yisadaak

To Continue - Yikama | To Love - Yaheb

To Want - Bidu | To Like - Yaheb

To Stay - Yohadd | To Use - Yistamel

To Keep - Yekhali | To Try - Yigarab

To Play - Yetlab | To Understand - Yafham

To Get - Yibhaa | To Have - Andak

To Help - Mossadda | To Happen - Yakhlas

To Go - Roohh | To Recognize - Yardak

To Give - Yatee | To Hear - Yesmaa

To Receive - Yekhud | To Listen - Yesmaa

To Bring - Yigib | To Press - Yitbah

To Work - Yishtagal | To Promise - Aw'ed

To Hope - Itamana | To Choose - Yakhtar

Building Bridges

I Can - Akdar

I Do - Amal

I Go - Roohh

I Need - Akhtaj

I Want - Bidi

I See - Shoof

I Like - Uheb

I Say - Aqool

I Talk - Bahhke

Refer back to Modern Standard Arabic (Classical Arabic) for more information.

#  Moroccan Arabic

Moroccan Arabic is a dialect of Modern Standard Arabic that is spoken in countries like Algeria, Libya, Tunisia, and, of course, Morocco. Since Moroccan Arabic is a dialect, it is more of a spoken language, as Modern Standard Arabic is used for writing and official documents. One aspect of the language that makes it differ from MSA is the use of an n-, which is used for the verb tense of a first person. Moroccan Arabic is a frequently changing language, as there is no set grammar or vocabulary. This makes it possible for the language to incorporate other languages into its own, without breaking any rules.

Spoken in: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya

I - Ana

Me - Ana

My - Ntaai

Mine - Dialie

His - Dialo

Him - Dialo

Her - Dialha

Hers - Dialhom

He - Howa

She - Hiya

Us - Diiana

Our - Diiana

With you - Maak

With You (Plural) - Maakom

With her - Maahaa

With him - Maaha

With Them - Mahoom

Without me - Bla bya

Without - Bla

Without you - Bla bik

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What - Shno | Something - Shihaja

If - Ila | Sometimes - Baddemarat

Similar - Bhal | Somewhere - Shiblassa

Where - Fine | Yes - Ihh

Were \- Kanu | No - Laa

When - Foukash | Less - Kll

Only - Khii | Instead - Blast

Was - Kan | Including - Dakhla

Other - Wahdakhrin | While - Foukash

Since - Mnin | Someone - Shiwahd

Same - Bhale | Again - Awtani

With - Maae | Away – Baaid

But – Walakin | Although - Htta

Together - Bjouj (2 ppl) Bina (3+ ppl)

Then - Ou | Both - Bjouj

Than - Mn | Because - Lahkash

More - Zid | Still - Mazall

Very - Bzaf | Time - Mrat

Much, a lot - Bzaf | Time - Wokt

From - Mn | Time - Saae

And - Ou | Also, Too - Ii

Before - Qabel | Around - Doura

After - Baad | Never - Maamrie

Afterwards - Mnbaad | Of course - Oushno

Small - Skhir | Name - Smiaa

Big - Kbir | Last name – Kniya

Hot - Skoun | What is you name - Smitak

Cold - Bard | How old are you - Shall fee omrik

Up - Fouk | Welcome - Marhaba

Down - That | Years - Awam

Person - Ibnadm | Sky - Smaae

People - Bnadm | Night - Lile

Fast - Bzarba | Light - Doue

Slow - Bchouya | Darkness - Douloumat

Day - Nhar | Morning - Sabah

Tomorrow - Gada | House - Dar

Today - Luoum | Car - Tounoubil

Yesterday - Lbarah | Left - Lisr

Good - Mzyan | Right - Limn

Bad - Khayb | Place - Blaca

Hello - Ahallan | Straight - Nichan

Goodbye - Bslama | Parents - Walidin

How are you - Fink | Book - Kitab

Nice to meet you - Mtchrfin | Problem - Mouchkhil

Good Night - Tisb al khir | Behind - Mour

Good Afternoon - Msalkhir | Front - Koudam

To Talk - Tanhdar | To Drive - Tansouk

To Walk - Tanmchi | To Pay - Tannakhalass

To Run - Tangri | To Buy - Tanbiee

To Sleep - Tanasse | To Practice - Tantdrb

To Begin - Tanbda | To Prepare - Tanoujad

To Finish - Tankmal | To Meet - Tantlaka

To Drink - Tanchrb | To Fly - Tantir

To Smoke - Tanmkie | To Visit - Tanzour

To Prefer - Tanbrhi | To Swim - Tanoum

To Loose - Tannakhsr | To Show - Tanouri

To Forget - Tansa | To Know - Tanaraf

To Hold - Tankbat | To Think - Tanfkr

To Follow - Tantbare | To Believe - Tantik

To Continue - Tankmal | To Love - Tanbrie

To Want - Tanbgie | To Like - Tanbire

To Stay - Tanglass | To Use - Tanndir

To Keep - Tannakhbt | To Try - Tanjrab

To Play - Tanlaab | To Understand - Tannfham

To Get - Tanchd | To Have - Dialie

To Help - Tanaoun | To Happen - Tanwakaae

To Go - Tannmchi | To Recognize - Tantraff

To Give - Tanatti | To Hear - Tansmae

To Receive - Tankbt | To Listen - Tantsnt

To Bring - Tanoib | To Press - Tanbrk

To Work - Tannakdm | To Promise - Tantshlaf

To Hope - Tannilab | To Choose - Tanazal

Building Bridges

I Can - Ana Tankad

I Do - Ana Tandire

I Go - Ana Tannmchi

I Need - Ana Tannbkhi

I Want - Ana Tanbgie

I See - Ana Tankhouf

I Like - Ana Tanbire

I Say - Ana Tanngoul

I Talk - Ana Tanhdar

Refer back to Modern Standard Arabic (Classical Arabic) for more information. Conjugation may be slightly different in Moroccan Arabic.

#

#  Iraqi Arabic

Iraqi Arabic is the dialect of Arabic that is used in Iraq. Iraqi Arabic is quite similar in spelling and pronunciation to its neighboring country's form of Arabic, called Kuwaiti Arabic. This is one of the most difficult and complex varieties of Arabic, at a similar level to other hard Arabic dialects such as Hijazi and Yemeni. Among all the current varieties of the Arabic language, some people claim that Iraqi Arabic has the strongest correlation to the Arabic spoken by Muhammad.

Spoken in: Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and other Gulf States

I - Ana

Me - Ana

My - Maly

Mine - Maly

His - Malu

Him - Hoowee

Her - Heyee

Hers - Mala

He - Hoowee

She - Heyee

Us - Nehna

Our - Malna

With you - Wayak

With You (Plural) - Wayakem

With her - Wayaha

With him - Wayanu

With Them - Wayahem

Without me - Belaana

Without - Bela

Without you - Belainta

Without you (Plural) - Belaintim

Them, They - Himie

Their - Malem

You - Inta

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What - Eshkun | Something - Fekheni

If - Ida | Sometimes - Nubat

Similar - Tishba | Somewhere - Fedimkan

Where - Ween | Yes - Ee

Were - Kina | No - La

When - Emta | Less - Akal

Only - Bes | Instead - Bimkan

Was - Kanet | Including - Weeya

Other - Reer | While - Zman

Since - Min | Someone - Wehed

Same - Methil | Again - Nobalakh

With - Wiya | Away - Rahet

But - Ila

Together - Sewa | Don't - Letsowee

Then - Baden | Both - Kila

Than - Min | Because - Kef

More - Esyed | Still, Yet - Bes

Very - Kilish | Time - Kemara

Much, a lot - Katir | Time - Hawa

From - Min | Time - Kemsaah

And - Weya | Also, Too - Hemi

Before - Kabel | Around - Bessayeh

After - Ekib | Never - Welah

Afterwards - Baden | Of course - Helbet

Small - Zkheyer | Name - Isim

Big - Kabir | Last name - Ism Ekheer

Hot - Har | What is your name - Esh-isimak

Cold - Bared | How old are you - Eshkadimrak

Up - Fock | Welcome - Ahlan

Down - Jawa | Years - Sneene

Person - Admi | Sky - Shamiyim

People - Awadem | Night - Lel

Fast - Bilajel | Light - Thawah

Slow - Yawash | Darkness - Lel

Day - Nehar | Morning - Sabah

Tomorrow - Rada | House - Beit

Today - Yom | Car - Seyara

Yesterday - Bohi | Left - Yisrah

Good - Malih | Right - Yimnah

Bad - Mamlih | Place - Mikan

Hello - Hallow | Straight - Adel

Goodbye - Maalsalama | Parents - Imiaboya

How are you - Eshlonak | Book - Katab

Nice to meet you - Atsharaf | Problem - Eskal

Good Night - Tisbah elkhir | Behind - Khalf

Good Afternoon - Sbahelnoor | Front - Kedam

To Talk - Yahki | To Drive - Yesuk

To Walk - Yamshi | To Pay - Yitfah

To Run - Yarkath | To Buy - Yishtari

To Sleep - Yenam | To Practice - Yatmarran

To Begin - Yestebdi | To Prepare - Yehadir

To Finish - Yekhales | To Meet - Yelaky

To Drink - Yeshrab | To Fly - Yetir

To Smoke - Yedakhin | To Visit - Yazoor

To Prefer - Yafadel | To Swim - Yesbah

To Loose - Yekhsar | To Show - Yerwi

To Forget - Yensah | To Know - Yeref

To Hold - Yilzem | To Think - Yeftekir

To Follow - Yatab'a | To Believe - Yesadek

To Continue - Yakhalis | To Love - Yeheb

To Want - Yirid | To Like - Yeajib

To Stay - Yethel | To Use - Yestaemil

To Keep - Yekhaly | To Try - Yijashed

To Play - Yilab | To Understand - Yiftehem

To Get - Yakhed | To Have - Yekunindi

To Help - Yiawen | To Happen - Yesir

To Give - Yetee | To Hear - Yismah

To Receive - Yakhed | To Listen - Yismah

To Bring - Yejib | To Press - Yedus

To Work - Yishtahrel | To Promise - Kawel

To Hope - Yatmanna | To Choose - Yintekheb

Building Bridges

I Can \- Akdar

I Do \- Asowee

I Go \- Awooh

I Need \- Mihtaj

I Want \- Arid

I See \- Aiyin

I Like \- Aheb

I Say \- Akool

I Talk – Ahki

Refer back to Modern Standard Arabic (Classical Arabic) for more information.

#  Saudi (Hijazi) Arabic

Like every other Middle Eastern nation, the official language of Saudi Arabia is Modern Standard Arabic. Each country has its own dialects, though MSA unifies them all and makes them able to communicate with each other almost flawlessly. Saudi Arabia houses three dialects, the main one being Najdi. Najdi is spoken in central Saudi Arabia, and is considered an upper class dialect—the royal family speaks the language. Another dialect in Saudi Arabia is Gulf Arabic, also called Shargi. Shargi is found mostly in the eastern areas of the country. The third dialect is Hijazi Arabic, which is spoken in the western area of Saudi Arabia. Hijazi Arabic is the most common and popular dialect in the Saudi Peninsula, and it is also used as the main means of communication. For example, much of the Saudi Arabian lifestyle is conveyed with this dialect in regards to trade and government.

Spoken in: Saudi Arabia and other Gulf States

I \- Ana

Me \- Ana

My \- Haggi

Mine \- Haggi

His \- Haggu

Him \- Huwa

Her \- Heya

Hers \- Haggaha

He \- Huwa

She \- Heyya

Us, We \- Ahna

Our \- Haggana

With you \- Maek

With You (Plural) - Maakum

With her \- Maeha

With him - Ma'ah

With Them \- Mahum

Without me \- Mindooni

Without \- Mindoon

Without you \- Mindoonak

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What \- Aish | Something \- Shai

If \- Etha | Sometimes \- Ahyanan

Similar \- Zay | Somewhere \- Biay mahel

Where \- Fain | Yes \- Eiwa

Were \- Kun | No - La'a

When \- Mita | Less \- Agal

Only \- Bas | Instead \- Badel

Was \- Kan | Including \- Mitadamen

Other - thani | While \- Lamma

Since \- Min | Someone \- Ahad

Same \- Zay | Again - Marra Thani

With - Ma'a | Away \- Rooh Baeed

Already \- Khalas | But \- Bas

Together - Ma'a baed | Don't - La tisaawy

Then \- Baed | Both \- elithnain

Than \- Min | Because \- Ashan

More \- Kaman | Still \- Lissa

Very - Marra | Time \- Mara

Much, a lot - Marra | Time \- Zemaan

From \- Min | Time - Saa'ha

And \- Wa | Also, Too \- Kaman

Before \- Gabel | Around \- Howl

After \- Baed | Never \- Abadan

Afterwards \- Baed | Of course - Taba'an

Small \- Sageey | Name \- Ism

Big \- Kabeer | Last name \- Ism Akheer

Hot - Har | What is you name \- Aish Ismak

Cold \- Bared | How old are you \- Kum omrak

Up \- Fooq | Welcome \- Hala

Down - Tahat | Years \- Saneen

Person \- Ahad | Sky \- Yowm

People \- Nas | Night \- Lail

Fast - Saree'a | Light - Noor

Slow \- Bateeg | Darkness - Muthlim

Day \- Yowm | Morning \- Sabah

Tomorrow \- Bukra | House \- Bait

Today \- Elyowm | Car \- Sayyarah

Yesterday \- Amis | Left \- Shimal

Good \- Kuwais | Right \- Yameen

Bad \- Mukawais | Place \- Makan

Hello \- Ya hala | Straight \- Mustageem

Goodbye - Ma'a salamah | Parents \- Ahel

How are you \- Kaifak | Book \- Kitab

Nice to meet you \- Tasharafna | Problem \- Mushkila

Good Night \- Tisbah ala khair | Behind - Wara

Good Afternoon \- Nahar saeed | Front - Guddam

To Talk \- Atkalam | To Drive \- Asoog

To Walk \- Amshy | To Pay - Adf'a

To Run \- Arkaad | To Buy \- Ashtari

To Sleep \- Anam | To Practice \- Atmarran

To Begin - Abd'a | To Prepare - Asta'ed

To Finish \- Akhalis | To Meet \- Atarraf

To Drink \- Ashrab | To Fly \- Ateer

To Smoke \- Adakhin | To Visit \- Azoor

To Prefer \- Afadel | To Swim \- Asbah

To Loose \- Khasert | To Show \- Abayen

To Forget \- Ansa | To Know - A'aref

To Hold \- Amsik | To Think \- Afaker

To Follow - Atab'a | To Believe \- Asadeg

To Continue \- Akhalis | To Love \- Uhib

To Want \- Abga | To Like \- Uhib

To Stay \- Akhali | To Use - Asta'amel

To Keep \- Amsik | To Try \- Ajarreb

To Play \- Alab | To Understand \- Afham

To Get \- Bajeeb | To Have \- Aindy

To Help \- Asaed | To Happen

To Go \- Barooh | To Recognize - A'aref

To Give - A'athy | To Hear - Basma'a

To Receive \- Akhuth | To Listen - Basm'a

To Bring \- Bajeeb | To Press

To Work \- Ashtagil | To Promise - Aw'ed

To Hope \- Atmanna | To Choose \- Akhtar

Building Bridges

I Can \- Agdar

I Do \- Assawy

I Go \- Arooh

I Need \- Ahtaj

I Want \- Abga

I See \- Bashoof

I Like \- Ahub

I Say \- Agool

I Talk \- Atakallam

Refer back to Modern Standard Arabic (Classical Arabic) for more information.

# Chapter 3

#  Indo-Iranian Languages  
\- Farsi  
\- Pashto

#    
The Persian Language

Buying magic carpets isn't what Persia is known for, as Persian is a widely used language throughout the Middle East. The country where Persian, also known as Farsi, is most spoken is in Iran. However, it is also spoken in countries such as Iraq, Bahrain, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Afghanistan, southern Russia, Tajikistan, Iran, and neighboring countries. Throughout history, many cultures have incorporated the Persian language into their culture. For instance, for some time, it was widely used as a second language in the Indian subcontinent. Conversely, over time, Persian also incorporated many words from closely related languages such as Greek and Arabic. And like any other language, Persian has also developed in other ways, such as incorporating new words and idioms from modern technological developments.

Spoken: Iran (Persia), Afghanistan, Tajikistan

I - Man

Me - Man

My - Moyn

Mine - Malaman

His - Hoo

Him - Hoo

Her - Hoo

Hers - Hoo

He - Hoo

She - Hoo

Us - Maa

Our - Maa

With you - Ba shoma

With You (Plural)- Ba shoma

With her - Baao

With him -

With Them - Baanha

Without me - Bidon man

Without - Bidona

Without you - Bidoneshama

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What - Che | Something - Baazi chizha

If - Aghar | Sometimes - Baazi vaghtah

Similar - Shabeh | Somewhere - Baazi jaha

Where - Koja | Yes - Baleh

Were - Bodan | No - Na

When - Chemogheh | Less - Kaam

Only - Faghat | Instead - Brjayeh

Was - Bood | Including - Hamrav

Other - Digar | While - Tazamanikeh

Since - As vaghati | Someone - Shakhsi

Same - Shabeh | Again - Dobareh

With - Ba | Away - Duor

Already - Hamaknoon | But - Amaa

Together - Baham | Don't - Na

Then - Chemoghe | Both - Hardo

Than - Targeh | Because - Baray in keh

More - Ziyad | Still, Yet - Hanooz

Very - Ziyad | Time - Vaghat

Much, a lot - Ziyad | Time - Zaman

From - Az | Time - Saaha

And - Va | Also, Too - Hamchanin

Before - Ghable | Around - Dorvar

After - Baadan | Never - Hargez

Afterwards - Baadan | Of course - Albeteh

Small - Kojek | Name - Esm

Big - Bozork | Last name - Esm famil

Hot - Biarm | What is your name - Namae shema khae

Cold - Sard | How old are you - Shema chand saletanae

Up - Balla | Welcome - Khosamadid

Down - Paine | Years - Salhaa

Person - Shachs | Sky - Osaman

People - Mardoon | Night - Shab

Fast - Tond | Light - Rashon

Slow - Yavosh | Darkness - Tariq

Day - Ruz | Morning - Sob

Tomorrow - Fardoh | House - Hanae

Today - Emroz | Car - Machin

Yesterday - Diroz | Left - Chap

Good - Khob | Right - Rast

Bad - Yoad | Place - Makann

Hello - Saalam | Straight - Mostaghim

Goodbye - Khudafis | Parents - Famil

How are you - Chetori halle shema | Book - Katab

Nice to meet you – Khoshalem azdidan shema

Problem - Mashkilat

Good Night - Shabkhir | Behind - Aghab

To Talk - Sohbat | To Drive - Ranande

To Walk - Raftan | To Pay - Pardakhtan

To Run - Davidan | To Buy - Kharidan

To Sleep - Khabidon | To Practice - Tamerin

To Begin - Shrou | To Prepare - Amadeh

To Finish - Tamam | To Meet - Molaghat

To Drink - Nushidan | To Fly - Parvaz

To Smoke - Dud | To Visit - Molaghat

To Prefer - Tarji dadan To Swim - Shenah

To Loose - Azdast dadan | To Show - Neshan dadan

To Forget - Faramosh | To Know - Denestan

To Hold - Negya doshtan | To Think - Fekr kardan

To Follow - Dombal | To Believe - Baver

To Continue - Edome dadan | To Love - Ashegh

To Want - Khostan | To Like - Dost

To Stay - Mandan | To Use - Estfade

To Keep - Negah dashtan | To Try - Koshesh

To Play - Bozi | To Understand - Fahmedan

To Get - Griftan | To Have - Dashtan

To Help - Komak | To Happen - Etefagh

To Go - Raftan | To Recognize - Targeh dadan

To Give - Dudan | To Hear - Shonofian

To Receive - Daryaft | To Listen - Goosh dadan

To Bring - Awardan | To Press - Feshar

To Work - Kar | To Promise - Ghole

To Hope - Arzou | To Choose - Entekhab

Building Bridges

I Can - Man mitzavanam

I Do - Man kardan

I Go - Man raftan

I Need - Man ehtiyagh

I Want - Man khostan

I See - Man didan

I Like - Man dost

I Say - Man goftan

I Talk - Man sohbat

Phrases:

##### I am on the way

Man Daram (I am) Miyam (way)

##### Are you cold outside?

Aya (are) shoma (you) sardetan (cold) sar kharej (outside)

For Farsi; grammar, pronunciation, accent, conjugation, and sentence structure are recommended but not required for non-Shakespearean speakers. Please note that when Farsi is spelled into English transliteration sometimes "ga" is pronounced as "ja".

#  The Pashto Language

Afghanistan has two official languages, one of which is Pashto. The language is spoken by approximately twelve million people in the Middle East, though the vast majority are concentrated in Afghanistan. Despite the lack of any documentation, the language is said to have started in the Helmand and Kandahar provinces of the country. The other language of Afghanistan is Dari, which is actually more commonly used in the government and among the other official organizations in the country. Although the precise number is unknown, about 16–20 percent of Afghanistan speak Pashto, while about 35 percent speak Dari.

Spoken in: Afghanistan and Pakistan

I - Ze

Me - Ze

My - Zmaa

Mine - Zmaa

His - De hagha

Him - Hegha

Her - De dee

Hers - De Heghi

He - De

She - Hegha

Us - Mung

Our - Zemung

With you - Staa sera

With You (Plural) - Staasu sera (dzhma'a)

With her - De Heghi sera

With him - De Heghe sera

With Them - De Heghuy sera

Without me - Ze me ne beghir

Without - Bee / beghir

Without you - Staa ne beghir

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What - Tse | Something - Tse shay

If - Ke tsheeri | Sometimes - Kéla

Similar - Yawshaan | Somewhere - Biaa tsheerta

Where - Tshéeri | Yes - Bálee / ho

Were - Woo | No - Ne

When - Kela | Less - Kam

Only - Tenha | Instead - Pe bedel

Was - Woo | Including - Shamil

Other - Nor | While - Ter tsu tshi

Since - De / raasi | Someone - Yawtsok

Same - Yawshay | Again - Biaa

With - Sera | Away - Leri

Already - Pekhwa | But - Láakin

Together - Sera | Don't - Me kewa

Then - No | Both - Dwara

Than - Ter | Because - Dzéka tshi

More - Ddeer | Still, Yet - Laa

Very - Beekhi | Time - Dzal

Much, a lot - Ziyat | Time - Wakht

From - Ne | Time - Wakht / sa'st

And - Aw | Also, Too - Hum

Before - De mekha | Around - Nidzhi

After - Wrusta le | Never - Hítskela

Afterwards - Wrusta | Of course - Wáli ne

Small - Werrúkey | Name - Num

Big - Loyína | Last name - Aakhiri num

Hot - Tod | What is your name - Sta num tse de

Cold - Yakh | How old are you - Sta umer tse de

Up - Porta | Welcome - Her kelay

Down - Ksséte | Years - Kaalone

Person - Seray | Sky - Aasman

People - Khalq, khaleg | Night - Shpa

Fast - Zher | Light - Ranna

Slow - Aa(h)ista | Darkness - Tiyare

Day - Wradz | Morning - Saqhaar

Tomorrow - Sabaa | House - Kor

Today - Nen | Car - Motter

Yesterday - Parun | Left - Kinnláas

Good - Khe | Right - Khailáas

Bad - Badláarey | Place - Dzaay

Hello - Her kelay | Straight - Naigh

Goodbye - Pe mekhe kha | Parents - Mor pelar

How are you - Tsenga yee | Book - Kitaab

Problem - Keshela/ mesela

Nice to meet you - Sta tse pe melawaidu khoshqháala shum

Good Night - Shpa de pe khair | Behind - Pasee

Good Afternoon - De gharmay salam | Front - Mekh

To Talk - Khaberi kawel | To Drive - Tshelawel

To Walk - Gerdzedel | To Pay - Aada kewel

To Run - Dzghéledel | To Buy - Aghistel

To Sleep - Wede kidel | To Practice - Masheq kewel

To Begin - Shoru kewel | To Prepare - Aamaada kewel

To Finish - Khalaasawel | To Meet - Molaqaat kewel

To Drink - Tskhel | To Fly - Alwetel

To Smoke - Tskawem | To Visit - Molaqaat kewel

To Prefer - Terjih werkewel | To Swim - Awbaazi kewel

To Loose - Eele kewel | To Show - Sseyel

To Forget - Heerawel | To Know - Péezhenedaidel

To Hold - Saatel | To Think - Sotsh kewel

To Follow - Manel | To Believe - Yaqeen kewel

To Continue - Dzhaari saatel | To Love - Mayenidel

To Want - Ghokhtel | To Like - Khwakhwel

To Stay - Paatikaidel | To Use - Isti'maalewel

To Keep - Saatel | To Try - Koshesh kewel

To Play - Lobi kewel | To Understand - Pohéedel

To Get - Haasilewel | To Have - Larel

To Help - Meded kewel | To Happen - Paikhidel

To Go - Telel | To Recognize - Peezhend

To Give - Prekhewdel | To Hear - Awreedel

To Receive - Niwel | To Listen - Awreedel

To Bring - Raawelel | To Press - Drebwel

To Work - Káara kewel | To Promise - Wa'ade kewel

To Hope - Umayd kewel | To Choose - Khwa khewel

Building Bridges

I Can - Ze sham

I Do - Ze kewem

I Go - Ze zzam

I Need - Ze daroret lerem

I Want - Ze ghwáarrem

I See - Ze poheshom

I Like – Zmaa khwekha de

I Say - Ze wáayem

I Talk - Ze khaberi kawem

I want to go home

Zuh ghwaarum che Kor ze zza. I want that to home go

Go home!

Kor ze zza! Home to go

Pronunciation, accents, grammar, and proper sentence structure are required for Pashto. For the Pashto language it's also recommended to learn how to pronounce the "kh" (refer back to the directions section).

#  Chapter 4: Asian Languages

#  Section I: Sino-Tibetan Family (Chinese)  
-Cantonese  
-Mandarin

#  The Cantonese Language

Spoken by the Chinese, however Cantonese is not the predominant language in the country. Although the official language of China is Mandarin, a certain percentage of the population speaks Cantonese, most notably in the country's southern areas. The language is also spoken off the mainland, specifically in Hong Kong. Cantonese is not a dialect of Mandarin. Rather, it differs by having its own unique written characters, vocabulary, and grammar. The written form of Cantonese isn't used frequently, as it is considered to be very casual and informal. Cantonese is also spoken throughout Europe and in some parts of North America, New Zealand, and Malaysia.

Spoken in: Southern China, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Singapore.

I - O

Me - O

My - Ote

Mine - Ote

His - Ta te

Him - Ta

Her - Ta

Hers - Tate

He - Ta

She - Ta

Us - Otai

Our - Otai

With you - Laei

With You (Plural) - Wolae, tan laei

With her - Wolae, tan laei

With him - Wota

With Them - Wota

Without me - Wotamon

Without - Motyao

Without you - Motyao laei

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What - Ma yae | Something - Yati yae

If - Yugo | Sometimes - Yau si

Similar - Sontzi | Somewhere - Yau to

Where - Pindo | Yes - Hai

Were - Hay | No - m-hai

When - Gaisi | Less - Yatii

Only - Gi yaou | Instead

Was - Hay | Including - Pao kut

Other - Da-i-ti | While - Yatan

Since - Gi-chan | Someone - Yao koi yan

Same - Surnton | Again - Toi ti

With - Ton | Away - Lai hoi

Already - Igen | But - Tan hai

Together - Yazai | Don't - m-ho

Then - Yitin | Both - Aun ko

Than - Co | Because - Yang wy

More - Toti | Still, Yet - Yang yin

Very - Mton | Time - Tzi

Much, a lot - Toti | Time - Hai ko s

From - Yaou | Time - Jon

And - Who, ton | Also, Too - Do hai

Before - Ichin | Around - Pa wy

After - Gee hou | Never - Wing yang

Afterwards - Gee-hou | Of course - Tong ying

Small - Sai | Name - Maen, singman

Big - Tai | Last name - Sing

Hot - Yit | What is your name - Lai ko maen

Cold - Ton | How old are you - Lai kai soy

Up - Sam | Welcome - Fon yen

Down - Ha | Years - Lin

Person - Yan | Sky - Tinn

People - Yan | Night - Yeman

Fast - Fai | Light - Tang

Slow - Man | Darkness - Yeman

Day - Koi day | Morning - Jo sahue

Tomorrow - Tinya | House - Ohh

Today - Kam yap | Car - Che

Yesterday - Kam ya | Left - Jo

Good - Ho | Right - Yao

Bad - Mo | Place - Day fon

Hello - Wy | Straight - Tze

Goodbye - Bai bai | Parents - Fumo

How are you - Ne ho ma | Book - Su

Nice to meet you - Han woi | Problem - Quanan

Good Night - Jo tao | Behind - Hao min

Good Afternoon - M on | Front - Tinmin

To Talk - Kon | To Drive - Tza

To Walk - Han | To Pay - Paii

To Run - Tzao | To Buy - Maii

To Sleep - Fan kao | To Practice - Ho tza

To Begin - Hoi tzi | To Prepare - Jon pui

To Finish - Yin | To Meet - Kin min

To Drink - Yam | To Fly - Fai

To Smoke - Sae yin | To Visit - Tam

To Prefer | To Swim - Yao soi

To Loose - Siu | To Show - Taii

To Forget - Monkai | To Know - Tido

To Hold - Jaji | To Think - San

To Follow - Kan ji | To Believe - San sun

To Continue - Kai jo | To Love - Hoy

To Want - Son | To Like - Tom ghi

To Stay - Lao ji | To Use - Yon

To Keep - Ja ji | To Try - Si

To Play - Wan | To Understand - Min pa

To Get - Lo | To Have - Yauu

To Help - Pon | To Happen - Pasan

To Go - Hoi | To Recognize - Lang ba

To Give - Fai | To Hear - Taen

To Receive - Sao | To Listen - Taen

To Bring - Tai | To Press - Kam

To Work - Kunzo | To Promise - Ta yang

To Hope - Hai mo | To Choose - Kaan

Building Bridges

I Can - O lan gao

I Go - Oi

I Need - O soy yiu

I Want - O son

I See - O toi do

I Like - O ton yi

I Say - O kon

I Talk - O kon

I want to go to your house O son hoy laei tai ohh

O (I) son (want) hoi (go) laei – tai (your) ohh (house)

I want to leave you there O son lau tai laei go tow

O (I) son (want) laou- tai (to leave) laei (your) go tow (there)

For Cantonese; grammar, sentence structure, pronunciation, and accent are required for Shakespearean and non-Shakespearean speakers.

#  The Mandarin Language

Mandarin is the most commonly spoken language in the world. It is the official language of China (the most populous country in the world) and Taiwan. However, most people call the language "Chinese." Still, because of the greater division of Old Chinese and Middle Chinese, there are many dialects of the language that spread throughout China and to its neighboring nations. In Hong Kong, Mandarin is becoming more popular, although Cantonese is still the more dominant language there. In China, children are taught Mandarin throughout their education.

Spoken in: China (the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China), Singapore.

I - Wo

Me - Wo

My - Wo de

Mine - Wo de

His - Ta de

Him - Ta

Her - Ta

Hers - Ta de

He - Ta

She - Ta

Us - Wo men

Our - Wo men de

With you - Tong ni

With You (Plural) - Tong ni men

With her - Tong ta

With him - Tong ta

With Them - Tong ta men

Without me - Bu yao wo

Without - Bu yao

Without you - Bu yao ni

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What - Shen me | Something - Yi xie dong xi

If - Ru guo | Sometimes - You shi

Similar - Xiang yi de | Somewhere - Mou chu

Where - Na li | Yes - Shi, dui

Were - Shi | No - Bu

When - Shen me shi hou | Less - Gen shao

Only - Zhi | Instead - Dai ti

Was - Shi | Including - Bao kou

Other - Bu tong de | While - de shi hou

Since - Zi cong---yi hou | Someone - You ren

Same - Tong yang | Again - Zai lai

With - Tong | Away - Bu zai

Already - Yi jing | But - Dan shi

Together - Zai yi qi | Don't - Bu yao

Then - Jie guo | Both - Liang ge

Than - Bi jiao | Because - Ying wei

More - Geng | Still, Yet - Dao xian zai

Very - Hen, tai | Time - Shi

Much, a lot - Hen duo | Time - Shi jian

From - Cong | Time - Zhong tou

And - Tong ji | Also, Too - Ye

Before - Zhi qian | Around

After - Yi hou | Never - Cong lai bu

Small - Xiao | Name - Ming zi

Big - Da | Last name - Xin

Hot - Re | What is you name - Ni xin shen me

Cold - Neng | How old are you - Ni you ji sui

Up - Shang | Welcome - Huan ying

Down - Xia | Years - (what year?)

Person - Ren | Sky - Tian

People - Ren (men) | Night - Ye wan

Fast - Kuai | Light - Guang

Slow - Man | Darkness - He an

Day - Ri, tian | Morning - Zao chen

Tomorrow - Ming tian | House - Fang zi

Today - Jin tian | Car - Che zi

Yesterday - Zuo tian | Left - Zuo bian

Good - Hao | Right - You bian

Bad - Bu hao | Place - Di fang

Hello - Ni hao | Straight - Yi zhi

Goodbye - Zai jian | Parents - Fu mu

How are you - Ni hao bu hao | Book - Shu

Nice to meet you - (not used) | Problem - Wen ti

Good Night - Wan an | Behind - Hou bian

Good Afternoon - (not used) | Front - Qian bian

To Talk - Jiang hua | To Drive - Kai (che)

To Walk - Zuo lu | To Pay - Fu qian

To Run - Pao | To Buy - Mai

To Sleep - Shui jiao | To Practice - Lian xi

To Begin - Kai shi | To Prepare - Zhun bei

To Finish - Wan cheng | To Meet - Hui jian

To Drink - He | To Fly - Fei

To Smoke - Chou yan | To Visit - Bai fang

To Prefer - Ning yuan | To Swim - You yun

To Loose - Diu shi | To Show - Biao shi

To Forget - Wang ji | To Know - Zhi dao

To Hold - Na | To Think - Xiang

To Follow - Gen zhe | To Believe - Xiang xin

To Continue - Ji xu | To Love - Ai

To Want - Xiang yao | To Like - Xi huan

To Stay - Liu xia | To Use - Yong

To Keep - Bao cun | To Try - Shi yi shi

To Play - Wan | To Understand - Dong, ming bai

To Get - De | To Have - You

To Help - Bang mang | To Happen - Fa sheng

To Go - Zou | To Recognize - Ren shi

To Give - Gei | To Hear - Ting

To Receive - Shou | To Listen - Ting dao

To Bring - Dai lai | To Press - Ya

To Work - Zuo gong | To Promise - Da ying

To Hope - Xi wang | To Choose - Xuan ze

Building Bridges

I Can - wo ko-yi

I Do - wo zuo

I Go - wo qu

I Need - wo xu-yao

I Want - wo yao

I See - wo kan

I Like - wo xi-huan

I Say - wo shuo

I Talk - wo jiang

The spoken Chinese language is rather easy to learn, because there is almost no grammar to study, no conjugation nor declination, not even female or male words. But there are other difficulties since the pronunciation of so many words with different meanings is, in most cases, almost the same. Therefore, they cannot use an alphabet—each word has its own character. Most meanings are expressed by two or more words or, in the written language, by characters or symbols, if you like. Another difficult aspect for foreigners is the fact that there are no subordinate clauses like in European languages. The word order of a sentence has to be changed entirely, mostly beginning from the end.

For example:

The house, which I like, is too small.

I like (of) house, too small (Without is)

Wo xi-huan de fang-zi tai xiao

My brother, who is in England, speaks Chinese

My in England (of) brother speak Chinese

Wo-de zai ying-guo de xiong-di jiang zhong-wen

For Mandarin; grammar, sentence structure, pronunciation, and accent are required for Shakespearean and non-Shakespearean speakers.

#

#  Asian Languages

#  Section II: Japonic  
-Japanese

#  Japanese

Japanese is a complex language, marked with accents and pitch signals. It was developed from various influences, including kanji—alphabet characters derived from China—as well as hiragana and katakana, which are syllabic characters. Japanese takes its main inspirations from the Chinese language and English, as traditional Arabic numbers are used. Though this is frequent, the Japanese do not completely abandon their native numerical characters, as they are common as well. Over 127 million people worldwide speak Japanese, and the vast majority of them live in Japan. However, when Japan invaded countries in the Western Hemisphere, like the Pacific Islands, Korea and Taiwan, Japanese soldiers forced the natives to convert to their language. To this day, many people in those areas still speak Japanese.

Spoken in: Japan

I - Watashi wa

Me - Watashi ni

My - Watashi no

Mine - Watashi no

His - Kare no

Him - Kare ni

Her - Kanojo no

Hers - Kanojo no

He - Kare wa

She - Kanojo wa

Us - Watashi tachi ni

Our - Watashi tachi no

With you - Anata to

With You (Plural) - Anata ni

With her - Kanojo to

With him - Kare to

With Them - Karera to

Without me - Watashi nashi de

Without - Nash de

Without you - Anata nashi de

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What - Nani | Something - Nanika

If - Moshimo | Sometimes - Tokidoki

Similar - Ni | Somewhere - Dokoka de

Where - Doko | Yes - Hai

Were | No - Iie

When - Itsu | Less - Sukunai

Only - Dake | Instead - Kawari ni

Was - Naze | Including - Komi

Other - Hoka no | While - Aida

Since - Irai | Someone - Dareha

Same - To | Away - Hou hou

Already - Sudeni | But - Shihaski

Together - Issho ni | Don't - Suruna

Then - Skono kara | Both - Ryoho

Than - Yori | Because - Kara, No tame

More - Motto | Still, Yet - Mada

Very - Totemo | Time - Kai

Much, a lot - Taksan | Time - Toki

From - Kara | Time - Jikan

And - To | Also, Too - Mata, sugiru

Before - Mae | Around - Mawatte, mawaru

After - No ato | Never - Keshite

Afterwards - To iu koto wa | Of course - Mochiron

Small - Chiisai | Name - Namae

Big - Ookii | Last name - See

Hot - Atsui | What is your name - O namae wa

Cold - Tsumetai | How old are you - Nan sai

Up - Ue | Welcome - Yokoso

Down - Shita | Years - Nen

Person - Hito | Sky - Sora

People - Hito | Night - Yoru

Fast - Susumu | Light - Usui

Slow - Osoi | Darkness - Kurai

Day - Nichi | Morning - Asa

Tomorrow - Ashta | House - Ie

Today - Kyoo | Car - Kuruma

Yesterday - Kinoo | Left - Hidari

Good - Oishii | Right - Migi

Bad - Warui | Place - Basho

Hello - Ko nichi wa | Straight - Massugu

Goodbye - Sayonara | Parents - Rooshin

How are you - O genki desu ka | Book - Hon

Nice to meet you | Problem - Hondai

Good Night - Oyasumi nasai | Behind - Ushiro

Good Afternoon - Kon nichi wa | Front - No mae

To Talk - Hanasu | To Drive - Unten suru

To Walk - Aruku | To Pay - Harau

To Run - Hashiru | To Buy - Kau

To Sleep - Nemuru | To Practice - Renshu

To Begin - Hajimeru | To Prepare - Yoi

To Finish - Owaru | To Meet - Machiawaseru

To Drink - Nomu | To Fly - Tobu

To Smoke - Tabako o suu | To Visit - Mimau

To Prefer - No haca yo | To Swim - Oyogu

To Loose - Yurui | To Show - Miseru

To Forget - Wasureru | To Know - Shiru

To Hold - Matsu | To Think - Kangaeru

To Follow - Shitagau | To Believe - Shinzuru

To Continue - Tuzukeru | To Love - Aisuku

To Want - Hoshii | To Like - Suki

To Stay - Tomaru | To Use - Tsukau

To Keep - Hojisuru | To Try - Tamesu

To Play - Suru | To Understand - Wakaru

To Get - Noru | To Have - Aru

To Help - Tetsudau | To Happen - Okoru

To Go - Iku | To Recognize - Wakaru

To Give - Ageru | To Hear - Kiku

To Receive - Uketoru | To Listen - Kiku

To Bring - Hakobu | To Press - Airon o kakeru

To Work - Tsukau | To Promise - Yahusoku

To Hope - Nozomn | To Choose - Erabu

Building Bridges

I Can \- Watashiwa dekiru

I Do \- Watashiwa suru

I Go \- Watashiwa iku

I Need \- Watashiwa hitsuyo

I Want \- Watashiwa hoshii

I See \- Watashiwa miru

I Like \- Watachiwa suki

I Say \- Watachiwa iu

I Talk \- Watachiwa hamasu

For the Japanese language; grammar, sentence structure, pronunciation, and accent are required for Shakespearean and non-Shakespearean speakers

#  Asian Languages

#  Section III: Indo Aryan Languages  
-Hindi  
-Urdu

#  The Hindi Language

Hindi was the first official language of India, though it is predominantly spoken in the country's central and northern regions. Over time, India resolved to not have an official language, but rather to have various regions with official languages. Another Indian official language is Urdu, which is often mistaken for Hindi, and vice versa, because of their similarities. With its Arabic roots, Hindi was influenced by ancient Muslim armies that inhabited the area under the Mughal Empire. Hindi is not spoken in many countries. So it is only the fifth most-common language in the world, because of India's large population.

Spoken in: India, Pakistan Nepal, Kashmir, and Bangladesh

I - Main

I am - Main hoon

I was - Main tha

I will - Karunga

Me - Main

Mine - Mera

My - Mera

Our - Tum

She - Larki

Their - Inka

Them, They - Ye'n

To be - Honewala

Us - Humara

We - Hum

We are - Hum Hain

Who - Kaun

With her - Ugke saath

With him - Inke saath

With me - Mere Saath

With Them - Inke saath

With us - Humare Saath

With you - Tumhane saath

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What - Kia | Something - Kuch

If - Agar | Sometimes - Kabhi kabhi

Similar - Milta | Somewhere - Kahin

Where - Kahaan | Yes - Haan

Were - Hum | No - Nahi

When - Kab | Less - Kaam

Only - Sirf | Instead - Bajai

Was - Tha | Including - Sab milake

Other - Aur | While - Us doran

Since - Smce | Someone - Koi

Same - Ek jaisa | Again - Wapis

With - Is | Away - Janaa

Already - Phele se | But - Kiu

Together - Saath | Don't - Nahi

Then - Pher | Both - Dono

Than - Phir | Because - Isle

More - Aur | Still, Yet - Abhi tak

Very - Bohut | Time - Waat

Much, a lot - Bohut | Time - Us waat

From - Jagaa | Time - Waat

And - Aur | Also, Too - Phir bhi

Before - Pehle | Around - Charo tarat

After - Bad | Never - Kabhi nahi

Afterwards - Bad main | Of course - Zahiri baat hai

Small - Chotta | Name - Nam

Big - Bara | Last name - Sir name

Hot - Garam | What is your name - Kia naam hai tumhara

Cold - Tanda | How old are you - Kitne saal kai ho

Up - Upar | Welcome - Namaaste

Down - Neeche | Years - Saal

Person - Insaan | Sky - Asmaan

People - Log | Night - Raath

Fast - Tez | Light - Roshni

Slow - Halka | Darkness - Andhera

Day - Din | Morning - Subha

Tomorrow - Kaal | House - Gihar

Today - Aaj | Car - Gari

Yesterday - Kaal | Left - Ulta

Good - Acha | Right - Seedha

Bad - Bura | Place - Jagaa

Hello - Saalam | Straight - Seedha

Goodbye - Khuda hafiz | Parents - Ma baap

How are you - Kaisse ho | Book - Kitab

Nice to meet you - Milke khushi | Problem - Mushkil

Good Night - Sojao | Behind - Peeche

Good Afternoon - Acha din | Front - Age

To Talk - Bolo na | To Drive - Chalana

To Walk - Chalaa | To Pay - Pagar dena

To Run - Bhago na | To Buy - Karidna

To Sleep - So na | To Practice - Practice kama

To Begin - Shuru karo | To Prepare - Teryari karna

To Finish - Khatam karo | To Meet - Milna

To Drink - Piyo na | To Fly - Urna

To Smoke - Piyo na | To Visit - Milna

To Swim - Terna

To Loose - Dheela rathna | To Show - Dikhana

To Forget - Bhulnana | To Know - Janaa

To Hold - Pakarna | To Think - Sochna

To Follow - Peecha karna | To Believe - Yakeen karna

To Continue - Begam na | To Love - Pyar karna

To Want - Chaye na | To Like - Pasand karna

To Stay - Rukgana | To Use - Istimal karna

To Keep - Pakro na | To Try - Koshish karna

To Play - Khelo | To Understand - Samaj na

To Get - Lena | To Have - Panaa

To Help - Madat karna | To Happen - Hone walaa

To Go - Chale jana | To Recognize - Phchchanaa

To Give - Dedena | To Hear - Suna

To Receive - Mangliena | To Listen - Suna

To Bring - Lana | To Press - Dabanaa

To Work - Kamkarna | To Promise - Wada karna

To Hope - Dua | To Choose - Pasand karna

Building bridges

I Can \- Maji karu hai

I Do \- Maji Karna hai

I Go \- Maji Chale jana

I Need \- Maji Zaroorat

I Want \- Maji Chaye na

I See \- Maji Shekna hai

I Like \- Maji Pasand karna bola

I Say \- Maji Utha na

I Talk \- Maji Bolo na

Phrases:

Where's the book

Kitab (book) ka haan (where) hain

How much does this cost

Yeh (this) kitne ka (how much) hai (cost)

For the Hindi language; grammar, pronunciation, accent, conjugation, and sentence structure are recommended but not required for non-Shakespearean speakers. Hindi and Urdu are almost 100 percent identical, except for their alphabets. Urdu is written in the Persian alphabet, and Hindi is written in Sanskrit. Grammar, accent, pronunciation, and sentence structure are recommended but not required.

#  The Urdu Language

The language of Pakistan is called Urdu, and it is spoken in various other nations around the Middle East. The language is taught in the Pakistani school system and spoken by nearly all of the people of Pakistan, making it the most-learned language of the area. The language is also spoken by many people outside of the Middle East, including areas like the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and Norway. Though the main official language of India is Hindi, Urdu is still regarded as a respectable language there, too, and many people speak both.

Spoken in: Pakistan, India, Nepal, Kashmir, and Bangladesh

I - Main

Me - Main

My - Mera

Mine - Mera

His - Iska

Him - Ye

Her - Wou

Hers - Larki

He - Larka

She - Larki

Us - Humara

Our - Tum

With you - Tumhane saath

With You (Plural) - Ugke saath

With her - Ugke saath

With him - Inke saath

With Them - Inke saath

Without me - Mere Bina

Without - Bina

Without you - Tumare Bina

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What - Kia | Something - Kuch

If - Agar | Sometimes - Kabhi kabhi

Similar - Milta | Somewhere - Kahin

Where - Kahaan | Yes - Haan

Were - Hum | No - Nahi

When - Kab | Less - Kaam

Only - Sirf | Instead - Bajai

Was - Tha | Including - Sab milake

Other - Aur | While - Us doran

Since - Smce | Someone - Koi

Same - Ek jaisa | Again - Wapis

With - Is | Away - Janaa

Already - Phele se | But - Kiu

Together - Saath | Don't - Nahi

Then - Pher | Both - Dono

Than - Phir | Because - Isle

More - Aur | Still, Yet - Abhi tak

Very - Bohut | Time - Waat

Much, a lot - Bohut | Time - Us waat

From - Jagaa | Time - Waat

And - Aur | Also, Too - Phir bhi

Before - Pehle | Around - Charo tarat

After - Bad | Never - Kabhi nahi

Afterwards - Bad main | Of course - Zahiri baat hai

Small - Chotta | Name - Nam

Big - Bara | Last name - Sir name

Hot - Garam | What is your name - Kia naam hai tumhara

Cold - Tanda | How old are you - Kitne saal kai ho

Up - Upar | Welcome - Asalam Alikum

Down - Neeche | Years - Saal

Person - Insaan | Sky - Asmaan

People - Log | Night - Raath

Fast - Tez | Light - Roshni

Slow - Halka | Darkness - Andhera

Day - Din | Morning - Subha

Tomorrow - Kaal | House - Gihar

Today - Aaj | Car - Gari

Yesterday - Kaal | Left - Ulta

Good - Acha | Right - Seedha

Bad - Bura | Place - Jagaa

Hello - Saalam | Straight - Seedha

Goodbye - Khuda hafiz | Parents - Ma baap

How are you - Kaisse ho | Book - Kitab

Nice to meet you - Milke khushi | Problem - Mushkil

Good Night - Sojao | Behind - Peeche

Good Afternoon - Acha din | Front - Age

To Talk - Bolo na | To Drive - Chalana

To Walk - Chalaa | To Pay - Pagar dena

To Run - Bhago na | To Buy - Karidna

To Sleep - So na | To Practice - Practice kama

To Begin - Shuru karo | To Prepare - Teryari karna

To Finish - Khatam karo | To Meet - Milna

To Drink - Piyo na | To Fly - Urna

To Smoke - Piyo na | To Visit - Milna

To Swim – Terna | To Prefer – (no equivalent)

To Loose - Dheela rathna | To Show - Dikhana

To Forget - Bhulnana | To Know - Janaa

To Hold - Pakarna | To Think - Sochna

To Follow - Peecha karna | To Believe - Yakeen karna

To Continue - Begam na | To Love - Pyar karna

To Want - Chaye na | To Like - Pasand karna

To Stay - Rukgana | To Use - Istimal karna

To Keep - Pakro na | To Try - Koshish karna

To Play - Khelo | To Understand - Samaj na

To Get - Lena | To Have - Panaa

To Help - Madat karna | To Happen - Hone walaa

To Go - Chale jana | To Recognize - Phchchanaa

To Give - Dedena | To Hear - Suna

To Receive - Mangliena | To Listen - Suna

To Bring - Lana | To Press - Dabanaa

To Work - Kamkarna | To Promise - Wada karna

To Hope - Dua | To Choose - Pasand karna

Building Bridges:

I Can - Maji karu hai

I Do - Maji Karna hai

I Go - Maji Chale jana

I Need - Maji Zaroorat

I Want - Maji Chaye na

I See - Maji Shekna hai

I Like - Maji Pasand karna bola

I Say - Maji Utha na

I Talk - Maji Bolo na

Phrases:

I do not speak Urdu

May (I) Urdu (Urdu) nahee (no) boltha (speak)

My name is

Mera (my) naam (name).... hay (is)

Where is Bombay?

Mumbai (Bombay) kahaan (where)

Urdu is a good language

Urdu (Urdu) ayk (is) acha (good) zabaan (Language)

# For the Urdu language, grammar, pronunciation, accent, conjugation, and sentence structure are recommended but not required for non-Shakespearean speakers. Urdu and Hindi are almost 100 percent identical, except for their alphabets. Urdu is written in the Persian alphabet, and Hindi is written in Sanskrit. Grammar, accent, pronunciation, and sentence structure are recommended but not required.

# Asian Languages

##  Section IV: Malay Polynesian Languages

- Indonesian

#  Indonesian

Indonesian, the official language of Indonesia, stemmed from the Malay language. The primary difference is that Indonesian has more Dutch influences, though the two languages are similar when spoken. Malay is spoken in the rural parts of Indonesia, while Indonesian is spoken in the more modern and urban areas. Indonesians don't actually call their language Indonesian. Rather, they call it Bahasa Indonesia, which translates to "language of Indonesia."

Spoken in: Indonesia, East Timor

I - Saya

Me - Saya

My - Saya punya

Mine - Saya punya

His - Dia punya

Him - Dia

Her - Dia

Hers - Dia punya

He - Dia

She - Dia

Us - Kita

Our - Kita

With you - Sama kamu

With You (Plural) - Sama kamu

With her - Sama dia

With him - Sama dia

With Them - Sama mareka

Without me - Tampa saya

Without - Tampa

Without you - Tampa kamu

These are the three hundred fifty most common words in this language. The words in each section of these pages aren't placed in any particular order. This isn't a dictionary either. Therefore, you will notice the words were purposely not placed in alphabetical order. The purpose of this program is to memorize the list of words, and you will establish the basis to become fluent in this language. Refer to the Directions to learn more.

What - Apa | Something - Sasuatu

If - Kalau | Sometimes - Kadang kadang

Similar - Apirsama | Somewhere - Sasu tampat

Where - Dimana | Yes - La

Were | No - Tida

When - Kapan | Less - Kurang

Only - Chuma | Instead

Was | Including - Termosuk

Other - Lain dari | While - Sementara

Since - Samanyak | Someone - Seseorang

Same - Sama | Again - Lagi

With - Sama | Away - Jauh

Already - Sudah | But - Tetapi

Together - Sama sama | Don't - Jangan

Then - Lantas | Both - Bedua

Than – (no equivalent) | Because - Karna

More - Labih | Still, Yet - Masih

Very - Sangat | Time - Berapakali

Much, a lot - Banyak | Time - Waktu

From - Dari | Time - Jam

And - Dan | Also, Too - Juga

Before - Sebulumya | Around - Kaliling

After - Sesudanyah | Never - Tidakaparnah

Afterwards - Sesudanyah | Of course - Tantusaja

Small - Kecil | Name - Nama

Big - Besar | Last name - Nama keluarga

Hot - Panas | What is your name - Apa nama mu

Cold - Dingin | How old are you - Umurberapa

Up - Atas | Welcome - Salamak

Down - Bawa | Years - Tahun

Person - Orang | Sky - Langit

People - Orang | Night - Malam

Fast - Cepat | Light - Lampu

Slow - Lambat | Darkness - Malamgalap

Day - Hari | Morning - Pagi

Tomorrow - Basok | House - Rumah

Today - Jari ini | Car - Mobile

Yesterday - Kemarin | Left - Kiri

Good - Bagus | Right - Kanan

Bad - Jahat | Place - Tempat

Hello - Hello | Straight - Taruz

Goodbye - Bye, da | Parents - Orangtua

How are you - Apakabar | Book - Buku

Nice to meet you | Problem - Persoalan

Good Night - Salamat idur | Behind - Belakang

Good Afternoon - Salamat siang | Front - Depan

To Talk - Bechara | To Drive - Setir

To Walk - Jalan | To Pay - Bayar

To Run - Berlari | To Buy - Belile

To Sleep - Tidur | To Practice - Practak

To Begin - Mulai | To Prepare - Setiakan

To Finish - Habisin | To Meet - Ketemu

To Drink - Minum | To Fly - Terbag

To Smoke - Isap | To Visit - Bertemu

To Prefer - Lebihsuka | To Swim - Berenag

To Show - Lihatin

To Forget - Lupa | To Know - Tahu

To Hold - Pagang | To Think - Pikir

To Follow - Berikut | To Believe - Perchaya

To Continue - Turuskan | To Love - Chinta

To Want - Mau | To Like - Suka

To Stay - Tingal | To Use - Pakai

To Keep - Seimpan | To Try - Choba

To Play - Bermain | To Understand - Mengerti

To Get - Ambil | To Have - Kepunyan

To Help - Bantu | To Happen - Terjadi

To Go - Bergi | To Recognize - Inget

To Give - Kasih | To Hear - Dengar

To Receive - Terima | To Listen - Dengar

To Bring - Bawak | To Press - Tekan

To Work - Kerja | To Promise - Janji

To Hope - Harapan | To Choose - Pilih

Building Bridges

I Can - Saya bisa

I Do - Saya Kerji

I Go - Saya Bergi

I Need - Saya Perlu

I Want - Saya Mau

I See - Saya Lihat

I Like - Saya Suka

I Say - Saya Bilng

I Talk - Saya Bechara

Phrases:

My name is Michael

Nama saya Michael

Nama (name) saya (my) Michael

You don't understand

Anda tidak mengerti

Anda (you) tidak (no) mengerti (understand)

I'm sorry I do not speak the Indonesian language

Maaf saya tidak dapat Bechara Bahasa Indonesia

Maaf (sorry), saya (I) tidak (no) dapat Bechara (speak) Bahasa (the language) Indonesia

For the Indonesian language; grammar, pronunciation, accent, conjugation, reading, and sentence structure are recommended but not required for non-Shakespearean speakers.

# Note to the Reader

If you merely absorb the required three hundred and fifty words in this book, you will then have acquired the basis to become conversational in the language of your desire! After memorizing these three hundred and fifty words, this conversational foundational basis that you have just gained will trigger your ability to make improvements in conversational fluency at an amazing speed! However, in order to engage in quick and easy conversational communication you need a special type of basics, and this book will provide you with just that.

Unlike the foreign language learning systems presently used in schools and universities, along with books and programs that are available on the market today, that focus on everything but being conversational, this method's sole focus is on becoming conversational in any other language. Once you have successfully mastered the required words in this book, there are two techniques that if combined with these essential words, can further enhance your skills and will result in you improving your proficiency tenfold. However, these two techniques will only succeed if you have completely and successfully absorbed the three hundred and fifty words. After you establish the basis for quick and easy communications by memorizing these words, you can enhance your conversational abilities even more if you use the following two techniques.

The first step is to attend a language class that will enable you to sharpen your grammar. You will gain additional vocabulary and learn past and present tenses, and if you apply these skills that you learn in the class, together with the three hundred and fifty words that you have previously memorized, you will be improving your conversational skills tenfold. You will notice that, conversationally, you will succeed at a much higher rate than any of your classmates. A simple second technique is to choose foreign-language subtitles while watching a movie. If you have successfully mastered and grasped these three hundred and fifty words, then the combination of the two—those words along with the subtitles—will aid you considerably in putting all the grammar into perspective, and again, conversationally, you will improve tenfold.

Once you have established a basis of quick and easy conversations with those words that you just attained, every additional word or grammar rule you pick up from there on will be gravy. And these additional words or grammar rules can be combined with the three hundred and fifty words, enriching your conversational abilities even more. Basically, after the research and studies I've conducted with my method over the years, I came to the conclusion that in order to become conversational, you first must learn the words and then learn the grammar.

Several languages in this book are compatible with the mirror translation technique. Likewise, with those languages, you can use this mirror translation technique in order to become conversational, enabling you to communicate even more effortlessly. Mirror translation is the method of translating a phrase or sentence, word for word from English to that language, by using these imperative words that you have acquired through this program (such as the sentences I used in this book). Latin languages, Middle Eastern languages, and Slavic languages, along with a few others, are also compatible with the mirror translation technique. Though you won't be speaking perfectly proper and precise, you will still be fully understood and, conversation-wise, be able to get by just fine.

# For example, in Spanish, a language that is compatible with mirror translation, if we say, "The house that I like is very small," that translates as la ("the") casa ("house") que ("that") me ("I") gusta ("like") es ("is") muy ("very") pequeño ("small"). However, the Chinese language is not compatible with mirror translation. "The house that I like is very small" becomes wo ("I") xi-huan ("like") de ("of") fang-zi ("house") tai ("very") xiao ("small") in a Chinese mirror translation. [In Chinese the verb is doesn't exist]. So please do not attempt the mirror translation technique with Chinese.

# Conclusion

Congratulations! You have completed all the tools needed for the basis to master a foreign language, and I hope that this has been a valuable learning experience, and that you have successful communications across the globe in whatever journeys you endeavor. Now you have sufficient communication skills to be confident enough to embark on a visit to a foreign country, impress your friends, and boost your resume, so good luck.

This program is available in other languages as well, and it is my fervent hope that my language learning programs will be used for good, enabling people from all corners of the globe and from all cultures and religions to be able to communicate harmoniously. After memorizing the required three hundred and fifty words, please perform a daily five-minute exercise by creating sentences in your head using these words. This simple exercise will help you grasp conversational communications even more effectively. Also, once you memorize the vocabulary on each page, follow it by using a notecard to cover the words you have just memorized and test yourself and follow that by going back and using this same notecard technique on the pages you studied during the previous days. This repetition technique will assist you in mastering these words in order to provide you with the tools to create your own sentences.

Every day, use this notecard technique on the words that you have just studied.

Everything in life has a catch. The catch here is just consistency. If you just open the book, and after the first few pages of studying the program, you put it down, then you will not gain anything. However, if you consistently dedicate a half hour daily to studying, as well as reviewing what you have learned from previous days, then you will quickly realize why this method is the most effective technique ever created to become conversational in a foreign language. My technique works! For anyone who doubts this technique, all I can say is that it has worked for me and hundreds of others.

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Note from the Author

Thank you for your interest in my work. I encourage you to share your overall experience of this book by posting a review. Your review can make a difference! Please feel free to describe how you benefited from my method or provide creative feedback on how I can improve this program. I am constantly seeking ways to enhance the quality of this product, based on personal testimonials and suggestions from individuals like you.

Thanks and best of luck,

# Yatir Nitzany

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