
Serbian: 
Datum je 17ti Maj 2013, otprilike sol 3000, ili Marsovskih dana od kako je Oportjuniti
sleteo na Mars i upravo je otkrio najvažnije otkriće
tokom cele svoje misije.
Nakon kilometara puta, stigao je do ivice najvećeg kratera u toku misije
i duž te ivice, pronašao je venu u zemlji koju su naučnici nazvali "Esperance".
Ova vena je potvrdila da je velika količina vode bila- u jednom momentu u dalekoj prošlosti-
na površini Marsa.
Esperance je bila hidrirana stena ili glina, koja jedino može da se formira ukoliko se nalazi
ispod vode duži vremenski period.
Oportjuniti je otkrio dokaze da je voda postojala na Marsu u prošlosti
ali do ovog momenta  jedino je pronašao dokaze o poplavama.

English: 
The date was the 17th May 2013, roughly 3000
Sols, or Martian days since the Opportunity
rover had landed on Mars, and it had just
made the most important discovery of its entire
mission.
After kilometers of travelling, it had come
to the edge of the biggest crater of the mission,
and along this rim, it found a vein in the
ground which scientists named ‘Esperance’.
This vein confirmed that a large body of water
was - at one point in the distance past - present
on the Martian surface.
Esperance was a hydrated rock, or a clay,
which can only be formed while under a body
of water for a significant period of time.
Opportunity had discovered clues that water
existed on Mars in the past, but until this
point it had only found evidence of flooding
events.

English: 
However, Esperance was likely to be proof
of a past ocean.
I’m Alex McColgan, and you’re watching
Astrum, and in this sixth video in the Opportunity
series, we will follow this rover’s tracks
beyond Esperance, and find out what it saw
and discovered around its winter lodgings
at Solander Point.
Even though this huge discovery had been made,
Opportunity still had a lot ahead of it.
Mission controllers wanted more evidence of
water, and they had their sights set on Solander
Point, about 1.5km further south from Esperance.
Martian winter was starting to come around
again, which brings with it a reduction in
sunlight, from the length of the day, to the
angle of the Sun in the sky.
To maximise the generation of power for the
little rover, Solander point was chosen as
it’s a north facing slope, meaning as Opportunity
explores the area, its solar panels would
be angled towards the Sun too.

Serbian: 
Ipak, Esperance je najverovatnije bio dokaz postojanja okeana u prošlosti.
Ja sam Aleks Mekolgan i vi gledate Astrum, ovo je šesti video u Oportjuniti serijalu
pratićemo tragove ovog rovera dalje od Esperance-a i otkrićemo šta je
video i otkrio oko svog zimskog staništa na tački Solander.
Iako se desilo ovo ogromno otkriće, Oportjuniti je i dalje imao dosta da istražuje.
Kontrolori misije su želeli više dokaza o postojanju vode, i ostremili su se na
Tačku Solander, udaljenu 1.5 km južno od Esperance.
Marsovska zima je počela da se vraća što sa sobom nosi smanjenje
priliva sunčeve svetlosti, od smanjenja dužine dana do ugla Sunca na nebu.
Kako bi se maksimizirala proizvodnja energije za maleni rover, tačka Solander je izabrana
zbog svog severnog nagiba terena, što je značilo da će Oportjuniti tokom istraživanja terena
moći da puni svoje solarne ćelije koje će takođe biti nagnute ka Suncu.

Serbian: 
Takođe se verovalo da ta oblast sadrži više dokaza o hidriranim mineralima i
izložene slojeve u stenama, koje je uočio MRO orbiter.
1.5 km ne deluje daleko ali je Oportjuniti bio spor rover, sa maksimalnom brzinom od samo 2 cm u sekundi
a najčešće je putovao duplo manjom brzinom od te iz bezbednosnih razloga.
Naučnici nisu želeli da se sudari sa kamenjem ili da se zaglavi u peščanim dinama
zato se Oportjuniti pomerao malo unapred zatom bi skenirao predeo na prepreke i ponavljao bi taj proces.
Tokom puta, podloga ispod Oportjunitija je izgledala veoma interesantno.
To su uglavnom bili veliki komadi stena, uglačani na površini sa peskom i prašinom
koja je ispunjavala prostor između, skoro kao nasumični mozaik.
Ravna kamenita površina je idealan teren za Oportjuniti i zato je uspeo da napravi veliki napredak
na svom putu ka tački Solander.

English: 
It was also believed to contain more evidence
of hydrated minerals and exposed layering
in the rocks, as spotted by the Mars Reconnaissance
Orbiter.
1.5 km doesn’t seem so far away, but Opportunity
was a slow rover, with a top speed of only
2cm/s, and it often travelled half that to
be safe.
Scientists didn’t want it to crash into
rocks, or get stuck in sand dunes, so Opportunity
would move forward a bit, look around for
hazards, and repeat the process.
Along the way, the floor underneath Opportunity
looked very peculiar.
It was primarily large chunks of rocks, smoothed
off at the top, with sand and dust filling
the gaps, almost like a random mosaic.
Flat rocky ground is the ideal terrain for
Opportunity, so it made good progress on the
way to Solander Point.

Serbian: 
Kao i u ostatku misije, "borovnice" su uočene ponovo, zaobljene stene
prečnika centimetar ili dva.
Na Sol 3390, Oportjuniti je stigao do svoje zimske tačke i počeo je da ispituje brdo.
Čak i ovde, proizvodnja energije je bila veoma niska, dostigavši samo 270 vat- časova
tokom dana.
Sve ispod te tačke je značilo da će rover upasti u hibernaciju.
Ovo je prouzrokovano Marsovskom zimom ali i prašinom koja se taložila
na roverovim solarnim panelima, a u skorije vreme nije bilo vetra da ih očisti.
Ovaj režim niske električne potrošnje je značio da će istraživanje oko tačke Solander biti sporo
i tek na Sol 3530 događaj čišćenja se desio i podigao električnu proizvodnju  na
370 vat-časova u toku dana.
Ovi čistački događaji se dešavaju kada vetar oduva jako finu prašinu sa solarnih panela.
Pošto je Mars veoma suv, prašina se ne lepi za materijale
pa iako je Marsova atmosfera veoma tanka, ove čestice prašine se lako oduvaju.

English: 
Much like the rest of the mission blueberries
were spotted again, rounded rocks a cm or
two across.
By Sol 3390, Opportunity made it to its winter
lodgings, and began work on the slope.
Even while working here, energy production
was very low, hitting only 270 watt-hours
per day.
Any lower than that, and the rover would have
gone into a type of hibernation mode.
This was due to the Martian winter, but also
because dust had been settling on the rover’s
solar panels, and there hadn’t been a cleaning
event for a while.
This low power mode meant that work around
Solander Point was slow, and it wasn’t until
Sol 3530 that a cleaning event finally pushed
energy production up to 370 watt-hours per
day.
Cleaning events occur when wind blows extremely
fine dust off the panels.
Because Mars is so arid, there’s nothing
adhesive about the dust, so even though Mars’
atmosphere is so thin, these dust particles
can easily be blown off.

English: 
A bit like blowing dust off the cover of a
book.
Dust settles on the rover over time, especially
during the massive dust storms that are so
big, they can be seen from space.
Around Sol 3519, Opportunity spent the day
examining a surface target.
However, embarrassingly, the mesh they use
to calculate the distances of objects to the
rover was wrong, meaning the instruments on
the arm were off by about 5cm, so the images
taken were blurry and the Alpha Particle X-ray
Spectrometer couldn’t properly detect what
it was looking at.
This was quickly rectified, and the usual
crisp images started coming back to mission
control again.
A bizarre discovery that was noticed just
a few Sols later was something known as Pinnacle
Island.
Opportunity often took days to examine certain
patches of ground, but scientists noticed
some variation between one photo, and another
taken a few days later.
This rock seems to have appeared out of nowhere.

Serbian: 
Kao kada biste oduvali prašinu sa korica knjige.
Prašina se vremenom taloži na roveru, naročito tokom jakih peščanih oluja
koje su toliko velike da se vide iz svemira.
Oko Sola 3519, Oportjuniti je potrošio dan istraživajući površinsku metu.
Ali, pomalo sramotno, mreža koju su koristili da kalibrišu udaljenost objekata
do rovera je bila pogrešna, što je značilo da je ruka imala grešku od 5 cm
i to je prouzrokovalo da slike budu mutne a Spektrometar Alfa čestica nije mogao pravilno
da odredi šta skenira.
To je ubrzo ispravljeno i uobičajne čiste slike su se vratile u
kontrolu misije.
Bizarno otrkiće koje je nakon samo nekoliko dana primećeno je kasnije postalo
poznatije kao "Pinnacle island."
Oportjuniti je nekoliko dana istraživao određene delove tla ali naučnici su sada otkrili
promene između jedne fotografije i druge uslikane nekoliko dana kasnije.
Ova stena se naizgled pojavila niotkuda.

Serbian: 
Kontrolori misije ipak nisu bili oduševljeni, već su pretpostavili da je to meteorski udar u blizini
ili je to stena koju je rover odgurnuo svojim točkovima.
MRO orbiter nije uočio nikakav sveži udar
tako da je ta teorija otpisana.
Kontrolori misije su poslali Oportjuniti u dalja istraživanja
bez obaziranja na ovaj kamen.
To je izazvalo bes na internetu, mnogi ljudi su posumnjali da su vanzemaljci ostavili kamen tu kao način komunikacije
za nama na Zemlji, ili da je to nekakva vrsta gljive koja je izrasla za 12 dana
koliki je bio razmak između fotografija.
Neki su čak i išli dotle da tuže NASA zbog njihovog ne istraživanja
kamena "Pinnacle Island" dalje pomoću mikroskopske kamere
na ruci rovera.
Pre nego što se to i dogodilo, kada se Oportjuniti okrenuo ka "Pinnacle island" kamenu
misterija je rešena.
Oportjuniti je zaista prepolovio stenu na pola što se može videti na osnovu tragova u pesku.

English: 
Mission controllers weren’t so impressed
though, putting it down to a nearby meteorite
impact, or even Opportunity bumping the rock
into place with one of its wheels.
A flyby of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
revealed no fresh impact, so that discounted
that theory.
But mission controllers sent Opportunity on
its merry way without investigating the rock
further.
This caused outrage online, with people suspecting
aliens left the rock there as a means of communicating
with us on Earth, or that is was a type of
fungus that had grown over the 12 days between
photos.
Some people even went to the lengths of suing
NASA over their reluctance to investigate
Pinnacle Island further by imaging it with
the microscopic camera onboard Opportunity’s
arm.
However, before that really got going, as
Opportunity looked back on Pinnacle Island,
the mystery was solved.
Opportunity had indeed cracked a rock in half,
as can be seen by the tracks left in the sand.

Serbian: 
Koliko je poznato, to je prvi put da se nešto ovako dogodilo
tokom cele misije.
Ali šanse da se ovako nešto dogodi su se povećale usled toga što robotska ruka
usled trošenja nije bila pokretljiva kao pre.
Ovo je značilo da je rover morao da se okreće kako bi ruka mogla da dođe do
specifičnih objekata, dok je pre to ruka mogla sama.
Još jedan problem koji je bio sve istrajniji za Oportjuniti  je bio
stalno nasumično resetovanje kompjutera.
Iako je Oportjuniti stalno uspevao da se vrati u normalni režim, svako resetovanje je
trošilo dane koji su mogli biti utrošeni za naučne aktivnosti.
Do Sola 3749 ova resetovanja su prouzrokovala da se izgubi pola meseca.
Kontrolori misije su uspeli da pronađu problem na fleš memoriji.
Fleš memorija može da postane ukočena nakon stalne upotrebe, što je povećavalo rizik
da se nove fotografije izgube pre nego što se pošalju nazad na Zemlju. Doneta je odluka
da se reformatira ceo drajv.

English: 
As far as we are aware, this was the first
time something like this has happened on its
whole mission.
But the chances of it occurring were likely
increased as Opportunity’s arm was getting
less and less mobile through wear and tear.
This means that the rover itself now had to
turn in order for the arm to reach specific
objects, instead of the arm simply reaching
across.
Another problem that was becoming more and
more persistent for Opportunity was the onboard
computer randomly resetting.
Although Opportunity was always able to turn
back on, each reset wasted about a day’s
worth of science activities.
By Sol 3749, these resets caused about half
the month to be missed.
Mission controllers narrowed the problem down
to the onboard flash memory.
Flash memory can get temperamental after repeated
use, heightening the risk of losing new photos
before they can be sent back to Earth, and
so the decision was made to reformat the entire
drive.

English: 
This would not only clear the storage, but
also identify any bad cells within the drive
itself, so those cells can then be avoided
in the future.
By Sol 3773, the reformatting was completed
successfully.
Soon thereafter, Opportunity reached Wdowiak
Ridge, south of Solander Point.
As this was going on, a visitor from the outer
edges of the solar system was hurtling towards
Mars.
Its trajectory would take it just 130,000km
above the planet’s surface, before it continued
on towards the Sun.
This visitor was again not an alien, but Comet
Siding Spring, a visitor from the Oort Cloud.
The Oort Cloud is found well beyond Pluto
and the Kuiper Belt, millions of icy rocks
in orbits that take millions of years to complete.
Because it had such a long time to accelerate
towards the Sun from the furthest point in
its orbit, the trip from Mars to the closest
approach to the Sun only took 6 days.

Serbian: 
To ne bi samo očistilo fleš memoriju već bi i detektovalo da li postoje pokvarenje ćelije
unutar samog drajva, čime bi ti drajvovi mogli u budućnosti da se izbegavaju.
Na Sol 3773, reformatiranje je uspešno završeno.
Ubrzo zatim, Oportjuniti je stigao do tačke Wdowiak Ridge, jušno od tačke Solander.
Dok se to odvijalo, posetilac iz udaljenih delova Sunčevog sistema
se približavao Marsu.
Putanja ga je vodila na samo 130000 km iznad površine planete
nakon čega bi nastavio put ka Suncu.
Ovaj posetilac nije bio vanzemaljskog porekla već je to bila kometa Siding Spring koja je došla iz Ortovog oblaka.
Ortov oblak se nalazi daleko iza Plutona i Kajperovog pojasa gde milioni
ledenih stena kruže u orbitama koje traju milionima godina.
Pošto je kometa imala dugo vremena da ubrza ka Suncu od najdalje tačke svoje orbite
put od Marsa do Sunca je trajao samo 6 dana.

English: 
That’s 56km per second.
However, because of the close flyby of Mars,
it meant that the spacecraft on and around
Mars where actually in a better spot to witness
Comet Siding Spring than we were on Earth.
Mission controllers of the various missions
were also a bit nervous about the dust particles
that are ejected from the comet travelling
that speed, potentially impacting and damaging
spacecraft in orbit around Mars.
As such, Hubble, as well as spacecraft around
Mars, all began observations of this visitor.
Fortunately, mission controllers had already
had some practice at this with Comet ISON,
another comet that passed by Mars only the
year previously.
Comet ISON, however, was 80 times further
away than Siding Spring would be, too far
and too dim for Opportunity to spot.

Serbian: 
To je 56 kilometara u sekundi.
Zbog bliskog prolaska pored Marsa, letelice oko i na Marsu
su bile u najboljoj poziciji da snime kometu.
Kontrolori misije iz raznih drugih misija su bili i pomalo zabrinuti zbog prašine
koju kometa ostavlja za sobom pri toj brzini, što je moglo da ošteti
letelice u orbiti oko Marsa.
Habl teleskom kao i letelice oko Marsa su otpočele posmatranje ovog posetioca.
Na svu sreću, kontrolori misije su već imali iskustva sa ovakvim događajem ranije kod komete ISON
to je još jedna kometa koja je samo godinu dana ranije prošla blizu Marsa.
Kometa ISON je bila 80 puta dalje nego što je kometa Siding Spring
a to je bilo predaleko i previše bledo da bi je uočio Oportjuniti.

English: 
Unfortunately, it was day just as Siding Spring
made its closest approach to Mars, but Opportunity
was able to snap a couple of photos of it
just before dawn.
Can you spot it?
Here’s the annotated version of the same
image.
As it passed by, none of the spacecraft were
damaged by ejected dust particles, but what
they did observe from this flyby was completely
unexpected.
As it passed by, it plunged Mars’ weak magnetic
field into chaos, albeit temporarily.
Unlike Earth, Mars doesn’t have a magnetic
field generated from within its core.
Its magnetic field comes from plasma high
up in its atmosphere, which generates a very
weak charge.
This is enough to deflect solar wind coming
from the Sun, but solar storms from CMEs and
solar flares push past this induced magnetic
field, stripping away atoms from the atmosphere.
Comet Siding Spring had a very similar effect
on Mars.

Serbian: 
Nažalost , bio je dan kada je kometa prošla blizu Marsa ali je Oportjuniti uspeo
da je uslika nekoliko puta pre zore.
Da li je vidite?
Ovo je obeležena verzija iste slike.
Dok je prolazila, kometa nije oštetila nijednu letelicu
ali ono što je uočeno iz ovog prolaska je bilo totalno neočekivano.
Dok je kometa prolazila, Marsovo slabo magnetno polje je počelo da se haotično ponaša na kratko vreme.
Za razliku od Zemlje Mars nema magnetno polje usled rotacije jezgra.
Njegovo magnetno polje nastaje usled stvaranja plazme u najvišim slojevima atmosfere
čime se stvara slab napon.
To je dovoljne jačine da odbije Sunčev vetar ali neke oluje usled Koronarnog izbacivanja
i Sunčevih baklji uspevaju da probiju magnetno polje i da "ukradu" atome iz atmosfere.
Kometa Siding Spring je imala sličan efekat na Mars.

Serbian: 
Komete su takođe okružene magnetnim poljem usled interakcije sa Sunčevim vetrom
ali ovog puta sa atmosferom komete koja se zove koma.
Koma može da se prostire milionima kilometara od komete
što znači da kada je kometa prošla pored Marsa, Mars je bio obavijen komom nekoliko sati.
Ovaj događaj je spojio magnetna polja između ta dva tela
i Mars je izgubio deo atmosfere
u svemir kao rezultat te interakcije.
Pored slike koju je Oportjuniti uslikao sa površine,
taj događaj nije uticao na sam rover.
Godina 2015 se približavala i Oportjuniti se uputio ka dolini Maratona
nazvanoj tako zato što će tu Oportjuniti dostići kilometražu tipičnog maratona.
A to ćemo sačuvati za sledeći put!
Hvala na pažnji!
Ako ste nam se sada pridružili, pogledajte plejlistu koja sadrži prethodne epizode

English: 
Comets are also surrounded by a magnetic field,
again induced from interactions with the solar
wind, this time with the comet’s atmosphere,
or coma.
A comet’s coma can reach out for a million
kilometres from the comet, meaning that as
Siding Spring passed Mars, Mars was enveloped
in its coma for a good few hours.
This merged both magnetic fields for the duration
of the event, with charged particles from
both objects interacting strongly with each
other, and the atmosphere of Mars lost some
particles to space as a result.
However, apart from the image Opportunity
was able to take from the surface, all this
went largely unnoticed by the rover.
2015 was quickly approaching, and Opportunity
was heading for Marathon Valley, which would
take the odometer reading of Opportunity to
the distance of a typical marathon.
But we will have to save that for next time!
Thanks for watching!
If you are just joining us, be sure to watch
the playlist here for the previous episodes

English: 
in this series.
A big thanks as always to my Patrons and members
that support the channel!
If you would like to support too, find the
links in the description.
Another way to support is by checking out
Transferwise using my affiliate link below.
Transferwise is a great and cheap means of
sending money abroad, or having a bank account
in multiple currencies!
It’s a lot cheaper than using traditional
banks, so I use Transferwise all the time.
And with that, all the best and see you next
time!

Serbian: 
iz ovog serijala.
Zahvaljujem se kao i uvek mojim podržavaocima na Patreon-u i članovima koji podržavaju kanal!
Ako i vi želite da me podržite, link se nalazi u opisu video snimka.
Još jedan način da pomognete je da odete na Transferwise pomoću linka ispod i pogledate taj sajt.
Transferwise je sjajan i jeftin način za slanje novca u inostranstvo
ili način da imate novčani račun u više valuta!
Mnogo je jeftiniji od tradicionalnih banaka i ja koristim Transferwise uvek.
I sa tim rečima, želim vam sve najbolje i vidimo se sledeći put!
