[ INTENSE MUSIC ]
-We have lock, and are good to send that command.
We have thirty-one minutes and thirty-two
seconds for our support.
Go for status buffer dump.
-Since the retirement of the space shuttle,
the engineering team is
-Since the retirement of the space shuttle,
the engineering team is
absolutely critical for Hubble.
It always has been.
-Without the shuttle going up to replace any
equipment failures that we have, we have to
make do with what we have. What we really
are concentrating on is just keeping the telescope
working and to keep the science going.
-And everything looks excellent. And we have
no reason not to expect that Hubble will last
until the late 2020s and beyond.
Hubble Eye In The Sky
Episode 1: Driving The Telescope
Episode 1: Driving The Telescope
-My name is Mike Wenz, and I'm the lead
systems engineer for what's known as the
optical telescope assembly of the Hubble Space Telescope.
I'm in charge of what's known as the fine guidance sensors.
These are the instruments that actually help 
Hubble do the exquisite and
precise pointing that it does.
Right now, we're getting ready to perform
an observation. The telescope is going to
be trying to go to acquire some guide stars
in just a few minutes here.
The STOCC is the Space Telescope Operations
Control Center, where we send commands to
the spacecraft. On a daily basis, we have
to send up what's known as command loads.
-Accepted. The TMR is good. Step 3 is complete.
-Because the computers on Hubble are very old
and they have very little memory — in fact,
most of your memory sticks today are 20, 30,
100 times bigger than Hubble — we have
to send up essentially a load of all the commands
Hubble is going to be doing for the next 24 hours.
-On a routine basis we always keep 24 hours of
instructions on board. So it's routinely
updating from the new sequence 
24 hours in advance.
-We’ll start with doing our ephemeris uplink.
-Hubble is always working, it's always doing
something, it's always doing some sort of
observation or calibration or getting ready
for the next task.
-We’ll be locked on our board at 14, 33, 17.
-Hubble is truly a 24/7, 365-day-a-year instrument.
So Hubble can keep on going. It never stops.
-And we are configured. It's been verified.
-Now we do have to, because of this low Earth
orbit we're in, the actual observations when we're taking
a picture of something or doing a science observation,
we actually have to wait because sometimes the Earth
gets in the way. So we have to pause, wait
until the Earth gets out of the way as we go
back around, and start the observation back up.
-You have constraints. You don't want the optics
pointing at the Sun, and you don't want the
instruments to have their shutters open
when you're looking at the Earth,
because the Earth is bright for them.
And then we have the South Atlantic Anomaly,
the SAA, which is a portion of the Earth
where we get proton hits that 
will affect the electronics in Hubble,
and can also affect the instruments
in Hubble. And so we have to plan out
very carefully our targets and observations.
We have a timeline that's laid out to maximize
the efficiency of it.
Hubble can actually take observations
during day and night passes.
Every 95 minutes we go around the Earth.
The batteries will charge from the solar arrays
during the day pass, and then at night batteries
power the observatory so we can continue observing.
The scheduling with Hubble, we're trying to
put it together as efficiently as possible,
minimize our gaps.
The goal is to constantly keep it busy.
-We're constrained to a certain extent, but
whenever we have visibility, we are observing.
-The demand for use of the Hubble Space Telescope
from scientists around the world is very high.
-Hubble is at its most productive. It's
got some of the best instruments that have
ever been on board it. There’s a very high
demand. Hubble’s performing exceptionally well.
-Two, one, and liftoff of Space Shuttle Atlantis,
the final visit to enhance the vision of Hubble
into the deepest grandeur of our universe.
-Since the final space shuttle servicing mission,
we're using Hubble to get the best kind of
science return we can from the suite of instruments
that we have. So, our focus now is on making
sure we get the best science while it's still
operating so well.
-Luckily at the end of the last servicing mission,
we were actually left with a telescope in
great condition. But Hubble is getting older
and older. It's a very old telescope.
-Now, 10 years after the last servicing mission,
we can't rely upon servicing missions to fix
things, so we have to rely upon our own ingenuity
to be able to figure out if something does
fail what are the alternative 
paths that we have.
-For the telescope to keep giving us this peak
science, we need lots of things to be working
together very well on the telescope. We need
a pointing accuracy system that is outstanding
and keeping that whole system healthy and
functioning so that we can point Hubble very
accurately, even while it's whizzing around
Earth in its orbit.
-For the telescope to be able to do the science
it needs to do, we have to hold it very, very steady.
There is actually a little bit of motion. I
mean, it's hard. We're zooming around the
Earth at 17,000 miles an hour, so it's hard
to hold the telescope perfectly like that.
The gyros are working really good.
-The gyroscopes can sense motion in each direction.
And so, because of the gyroscopes that we
have onboard and how sensitive they are in
terms of sensing motion that we can keep our
cameras steady.
have onboard and how sensitive they are in
terms of sensing motion that we can keep our
cameras steady.
-Gyros are very good at measuring these very
small rates. The fine guidance sensors are
actually sort of used, I always like to describe
it, as backseat drivers, and they constantly
tap on the gyros' shoulders. It's about once
a second. They keep saying, turn left, a little
bit right, little bit left, little bit right.
It must be driving the gyros nuts. The fine
guidance sensors allow you that really fine
control, but actually it’s the gyroscopes
driving the telescope.
They're doing a perfectly good job here. Everything
looks good. Our star is the right brightness.
The reason that is, we need to make sure we
have the correct guide stars. One of the things
we look at is the brightnesses, and that's
what we're measuring here. Those are about
right for what the stars were. But also, we
wanted to make sure they were exactly as far
apart as we thought they were going to be.
And it did. It did a check and passed a very,
very tight tolerance check to make sure that
those were the right stars. So, we know we're
locked up on the stars. We've got 
a good lock here.
The gyroscopes are very critical because to be able to
move from one position to another position,
the gyroscopes are the only thing that can
tell us how we can do that.
We have six gyroscopes onboard Hubble. Currently
three of them are still working, and three
is sort of what people used to think of as
the minimum number, but we have developed
a science mode where we only need one gyro.
-A big part of our job is to make sure that we
can extend the life of Hubble and continue
doing the high-performance science that we're
doing for many more years.
-And what we've done is we've gone through
all the critical components of Hubble, and
said, you know, how can we potentially make
them last longer? As you might do with your
own car as it’s getting more miles on it.
The gyroscopes have been our most problematic
piece of hardware. So I helped lead an effort
to develop a two-gyro science mode, and we
were able to use that mode on orbit and be
able to perform science. And then learning
from that, we actually developed a one-gyro
science mode that we've been able to test
on orbit, but we haven't been called on to
use. But in the end, possibly 5 to 10 to 15
years from now when we're down to potentially
our last gyroscope, that is the 
mode we'll be in.
Before we do anything on orbit for the first
time, we have to test it out on the ground.
And we're very lucky to have what we call
the VEST, the Vehicle Electrical System Test
facility. And the key with the Vehicle Electrical
System Test facility is it's an exact copy
of the main part of the telescope where all
the electronics are.
And it has the mechanical bays. It has the
computers, the electronic boxes installed
in there. And it has the cables and harnesses
in there. And in fact, when we were building
the VEST, we had the quality engineers came
to us and said you're not doing
these cables exactly the way you should be
doing them, you know, we've got better standards
now. And our thing was we're trying to build
a copy of what we have on orbit.
And so what you have in the VEST is an exact
electrical copy of the Hubble Space Telescope.
Every orbit, as we come around the Earth,
to be able to get our attitude correct, to
get ourselves steady and locked on, the fine
guidance sensors and the gyroscopes are key
to that. And that's why those are two of the
subsystems that are on the top of our list
as far as having contingency plans for and
monitoring the health and safety of those
and making sure we have them in peak performance.
When something fails on Hubble, when we have
an anomaly, something we don't understand,
one of my jobs is to bring together the experts,
which may be a thermal engineer, a mechanical
engineer, an electrical engineer, a software
engineer, all these different people. And
we'll say, you know, how do we deal with this
issue and how can we work around it and return
back to peak science?
What you do is you come up with a list of
what is available to you on the telescope
in terms of potential. I could close this
relay or open that relay or turn on this box.
And, I am continually amazed, when you have
a telescope on orbit that you can't even see,
and all you're doing is looking at the data
coming down to you, from the ground, these
experts are able to use their ingenuity and
come up with ways to continue to operate Hubble.
And everything looks excellent. And we have
no reason not to expect that Hubble will last
until the late 2020s and beyond.
-I personally am extremely grateful to the
Hubble operations team. These people who work
day and night to keep Hubble operating, providing
exquisite science return, giving us the information
that we need to know how Hubble is doing.
Is it doing the kind of accurate pointing
that we need? Is it getting the sensitivity
in the various wavelengths of light, in the
various instruments that we need to have to
do the science? Are we able to calibrate those
observations in an accurate way? We couldn't
do any of those scientific analyses if we
didn't have this team of operations experts
behind the scenes making sure that the details
of Hubble's technical operations are being
monitored, being handled, being managed, being
planned in a near-perfect way.
Hubble Eye In The Sky
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