All right ladies and gentlemen and others.
What are others? I don't know.
Just to make sure...
This one is exquisite. I'm halfway
through it, and it was published in 2007.
Bernard Wasserstein - Barbarism and
Civilization.
He knows the names of people and places I've  never heard of.
I mean he...this this is so detailed and well put together.
Now you got to have a reading stand
for it because it's too heavy.
Okay?  Alright, so it uh...
But as narrative and analytical
history, it's absolutely wonderful.
Niall Ferguson, The War of the World.
Um, also remarkable. And, umm...
What he adds to Wasserstein is his is
more global. ...Hi! How are you?
Good... good. -- His is more global. Uhh, so he does more in Asia and things like that.
Equally well written. Uh, he makes a
lot of moral judgments.
Um, he tells you things that make it
hard to sleep at night.
Um,   because he shares the blame very
very, very widely...
...uh, in terms of things that happened
before and during World War II.
Uh, and umm, ...it's very, very powerful stuff.
[inaudible]
Uh like water... W-A-S-S-E-R.  Vasser...Oh, 
German water.
...and stien
S-T-I-E-N
...and Ferguson. Now this guy is a turkey.
He, he would, he would be
someone like um...
oh, Ted Koppel let's say or...
uh, or any of the real important...
Diane Sawyer. Takes a year off...
goes all over Europe and writes the book that does two things at the same time.
On the one hand it is a history of the twentieth-century.
And on the other hand, it's a history of the present.
So in each each place he
goes to
he meets the children or the
grandchildren
of historical actors from the earlier
time period.
Whether they're [inaudible] officers or
whatever ...and interviews them
and he intertwines the present and the
past in an exquisite way. Okay?
It's very, very
well written and very well translated.
He apparently is one of the great Dutch journalists of this generation.
And this book it's Hert -  G-E-E-R-T
Mak.  M-A-K
...and it's now in paperback also.
Here's the book I kept on referring to yesterday but had at home...
Modris Eksteins's "The Rights of Spring"
...this is difficult. A lot of
psycho-cultural history.
He makes some claims that are
undoubtedly over the top
but in getting deep below the surface
he brings up issues and questions that
are truly, truly extraordinary.
So it's very, very much worth
looking at.
If you really serious about it - it's a
challenge.
Um, and one of the most wonderful things
about Lafayette students
Um... I use this about
eight, nine years ago for the first time
and had to discontinue using it because
it was too difficult.
And now I began using it about four
years ago...
five years ago... and students frequently
say it's the best book in the class.
So, the quality of our students
has changed so much over the last 10
years that
[inaudible]
okay all you're gonna get over it...
I'm roasting you guys tonight! You'll get... I'll...no, no, no, no, no.
I'm giving up giving you the evaluation
tonight.
So, uh, it's...E-K-S-T-I-E-N-S
and again, he's written one powerful book after another.
Now, I know the some of these youngsters lecturing
have dazzled you with technology
and stuff like that and I can't do that.
Alright?
I go into every class and I let the
students know
that I am a dinosaur.  I wanted to look up
something...
I can't even look at things on the
computer... I need a secretary...I need a wife!
Okay.
I have a wife! It's been forty-six years!
She can do this stuff ...I do some of it.  I
do email - I mean I'm on email - I get email
from all over the world...
but I'm really, really a technophobe. But
I do know how to use - even in the summer -
the photocopy machine upstairs.
You should see what happens when Don Miller comes late before class and he has to photocopy something.
He runs in my office..."How do you use it?" -- I'm glad he's around because he's the only one --
well he's gone beyond me on many many up other technical levels
but not the photocopy machine. I'm really...
I thought you were doing so well that
you deserve some handouts. Okay?
Oh, I hope there are enough here.  And this
is gonna be the second part of a,
of our discussion today.
Alright. Here we go. I'm sorry,
I was gonna say send them across.
Okay. I didn't give directions. I didn't
give directions. I was going across.
How many people are here? We're not over
50? Alright, then there are enough.
Then there are enough. Because I made
over 50.
Alright. I'm gonna... Just because your sitting alone...
[Laughing][inaudible]
Uh... They're gonna come. Send all the
extras this way please.
All the extras, going this way. All the
way back to ah...Professor Kelliher
back there.
Ahh...Bill Kelliher...
...such a sweetheart. How did you ever get
to be a judge? I mean...
I am, I am, really happy...
...playing cards... you're good poker player.
 
For Dick Sharpless to come in on a day
off to see
a former student... which he did to see you... is really, really, wonderful.
Do you have any questions from yesterday
before we begin?
Who won the war?  Okay...uh,
I answered that yesterday...
I said If you had to have a winner it was America
...but, I always say there were no
victors.
They were equally maimed... and European
Civilization was the loser.
And world civilization was the loser.
Umm, and then I will always put in that
caveat...
that European self-destruction made it
easier
for places in which Europe was dominant
to achieve their independence.
So maybe someone sitting in Africa or
Asia was a winner. Okay... it depends how
you play at all out.
Umm, and as an acceleration of history...
umm, it certainly got women out of the
home more quickly
even though a lot of their gains that
they made were taken away
after the war up by fascist like
and other dictatorial regimes that
wanted to go back
to a more hierarchical view of society.
A more traditional view of society.
Uhh, but I believe really everyone was a
victim and civilization was a victim
and one of the great tragedies is
that
uh, Europeans that...
never before had so many people lived
well.
At that time period... never before had so
many people lived well...
in Europe. Europe was really, really
progressing.
but at the same time as progressing
there was a level of sneakiness
when it came to the
acceptance of violence and war and
manhood
and all of those kinds of things.
Irrationality... the growth of
irrationality
as part of the modernist cultural moment
uh, that was at odds with all this
material prosperity
that had developed over time and was
beginning to seep
toward Eastern Europe as well, but far too
slowly.
But again that's just Europe. So this
Western Europe, Central Europe
umm, minority part of the world
was doing much better as we were in the
United States.
So no one won in Europe, and the
United States emerged at the center of
the world...
umm, economically not yet culturally but
economically and financially...
we were the greatest debtor nation going
into the war.
We left the war as the greatest creditor
nation. The European powers were
creditor nations. They all left as debtor
nations...
and that was one of the issues about the
Treaty of Versailles.
They had imposed these reparation
payments on Germany
mostly, but some of the other a German
allies
but are all the European countries
owed up billions of dollars to the United
States...
and uh, as one president said "Well they loaned it didn't they?"
Umm, we weren't willing to cancel our
debts.
We weren't ready for a Marshall Plan.
We needed a Marshall Plan. We got a
Marshall Plan after World War II
partly because we didn't get a Marshall
Plan after World War I.
And what happened after World War II is
that States people caught up
with this historical time warp and
realized
that giving money away to get other
people back on their feet
was cheap compared to dealing
with the savagery that might develop
they didn't get back on their feet.
So this was a major step forward in our
in our State's
statesmanship. Other questions, at all?
No need to be... I'm just...just wanna see... if anythings hanging over there.
Pardon?
[inaudible]
Um, nothing works everywhere, every time. Everything is knowing the moment.
And someone else asked the question
yesterday which it ties into this
which is... "What do you learn from all that?" Well, you learn
that there are some generalities and
then there's the real world
and you have to always be case-specific.
So umm, we can fix all the worlds
problems
and those states... statesmanship is
knowing what we can fiction what we can fix...
...and then we take our licks and we decide
well, do we really trust these people who
we've elected or do we not trust these
people who
we've elected? Whose full-time job is to
make those decisions
and then if we are out of accord with them we call them on the carpet.  But...
umm, it doesn't always work and sometimes it does work.
Other questions?  Yes, please!
Tangential question.. [inaudible]
No! I'm not qualified to do it!  I can.
[inaudible]
Ummm...is Andy Fix and he fixes everything.
[inaudible] That was Geez and I was the
diplomacy guy
and and Gee was the intellectual
history...
and, and this is interesting because um,
I love intellectual history but if
you're not really, really trained in it
it's extremely difficult
you have to go all the way back to the
classics. It's a different...
...it's intellectual history, cultural history.
Umm, even, even the other "isms" that you
deal with... the other...
departments you deal with are different
like...ecology or stuff like that
...so I, I do, I do play with that but I
will admit
when I'm teaching something that I'm...  You know...I'm learning it with you and
that's the way we go together.
Is  that course is still around?
That course is still around.   That's Andy Fix.  It's a two-semester course
- umm,  intellectual history from Platto
to NATO or something like that.
[laugh]
[inaudible]
All the way down hill... that's a
mixed metaphor.
[inaudible]
That's mine...
Albert Gendebien gave me that course
good for
1850 to the present. That's, that's what
he gave to me and then my specialty is
um, modern French history, um, modern Jewish history...
um, Holocaust origins of World War I
World War II.
Um, again, I've taught middle east, I
taught the nuclear arms race when it
looked real real ugly in the nineteen
eighties
are and I do use a lot of literature in
my courses that's another thing
we use a lot of literature in courses. So
on
in a 19th century course they will read [inaudible]
and "The Heart of Darkness" by Conrad and
um, the other thing that we do now is um...
I use sometimes three full volumes
of documents...
in one course. So they may get a set of
documents that thick
and so a lot of the intellectual history is
in those documents... So, I'm kidding of course I teach it.
But, it's not, not, not as a specialty
and, and, uh,
you'll find out how little [inaudible] I know
by the third question.
You know. ...Other questions?
Okay. Well, today's comments are going to
be divided into two parts...
the first is more analytical and the
second...I have to borrow this...
without that I can't do anything.  No... I'm kidding.  I have my own copy.
I do...You scared me when I saw
that I have my own copy. Alright...
...and I did that by heart. Also... you can
see how messy it is. It's recent. I did it by heart.
Um, the first set of comments are going to
be more analytical
and then we'll do a time line which is
what you have in front of you and talk
about how the developments in the
nineteen thirties
actually preceded. And the first part
will be more analytical...
um, some of it a recapping. Some other
things we talked about
last class. Um, what are the
basic structural, uh,
issues all the nineteen thirties in
diplomacy?
Diplomacy in the nineteen thirties... how
did Adolf Hitler
take a downtrodden Germany
in 1933, um...
all the way to a dominant - the
dominant European power by 1939 -
without shedding that much blood?
At least his blood.  The blood of his
opponent's, yes.
But, actually... um,
it is one of the most radical diplomatic
and military revolutions in world history.
Especially considering, um, the fact
that Germany with still
fairly well demilitarized and its
enemies were more militarized and could
have
stopped him at any number of moments.
So we want to look at a number a general
themes first
and then look at that timeline and, and
see where it takes us.
Now the first of these "Stiens" is that domestic and international
issues were intertwined continually.
You can't study
the foreign policy without studying
the domestic politics everywhere
and in each particular place
and in terms of the domestic politics
laying over from yesterday, um... the
single most important
issues were the continued, long-term,
impact of World War I
and then the more immediate impact of
the Great Depression...
Which struck all the European nations
between 1929 and 1933
and without which Adolf Hitler would
never have been able
to come into power. And we'll talk more
about that when we talk about Adolf Hitler.
No depression, no Adolf Hitler.
He had a political party. It had
representatives in the Reichstag.
But it only had twelve representatives
in a body of over 600
seats. And then it went from 12 to 107 to
 230 in succeeding elections...
boom, boom, boom, and on the left the
communists did the same thing
and all of a sudden the middle trial can
all you have is the extremes really left
um, because up the depression and the
hopelessness of people during that time.
Real hopelessness. Um, your a class in
Germany
of graduating seniors at the University
...and remember it's the elites who to went to the universities at that time...
um, you know, sixty-percent are gonna be
unemployed.
Forty-percent of all Germans are
unemployed by 1933. That's that's a lot
of people...
...and the unions and the government had
very, very finite benefits.
So the benefits ran out..
I bet many have you know people
whose unemployment benefits now have
right now and who've had to take
early Social Security to pay the bills
and it's not funny. It's really, really, sad.
And this is nothing compared to what
it was like during the Great Depression.
So, whenever you ask yourself, "Why did
Britain do this?" or
"Why did France do that?"
...ask yourself...What was happening in
Britain or France
during that time period? What was most
important to them?
And, the answer in many cases is going to
be local politics and economics.
Um, they just cant get beyond that. They
can't see
the forest from the trees or the trees
from the forest.
They just can't focus well because they have so many other things
that they're dealing with.
The world is divided between the haves
and the have-nots nations.
And, especially Europe is divided
between the have and the have-not nations.
And the haves
favor the status quo
they favor stability.
Your two most predominant haves are
Britain and France.
The whole diplomatic system rests on
Britain and France.
They basically would like
things to stay
pretty much the same although they have
different opinions
with respect to Germany and I'll speak
more about that in a minute or two.
But then, you're facing
on different levels a whole series of
irredentist nations. Of nations
who think they have been wronged.
Of nations who think they deserve more
and they want to change the status quo
and they you want to do that either by
negotiation
or by force if necessary
Now clearly, no Germany
considering its centrality its
industrial capacity
its population was going to accept
the long-term, in the long term
the Treaty of Versailles provisions.
So I always say it's not whether - it's when. The Treaty of Versailles was going to be changed.
They would have had to have renegotiated
Germany could not be kept down. When it
was brought back
into the family of nations
it was bound to regain some of the
losses
it had from World War I.
It was so it was simply too powerful to be kept down.
And even the German states people who
favored
doing it peacefully favored doing it.
So Germany is dissatisfied with its
plight.
Understandably so.
Italy under Mussolini is revisionist.
And when we get into that timeline, Italy is gonna cause a problem.
It had  already caused problems in 1920's but they were taken care of
rather easily. But in the 1930's is gonna
cause a real problem
because Italy
could have been an allie.
against Germany.
The Italians were not pro German. They had fought the Germans.
The Italians did not like the Germans.
The Germans did not like
the Italians. Okay?
But, Mussolini's irredentist,
over-inflated, ego
in which he wanted more, more colonies,
forced him later into the arms of Hitler
Japan wanted more as well.
And could not be depended on
deeply
to reserved the status quo.
And some other things Japan wanted
should turn all of us red with shame.
Because Japan wanted a racial equality
clause
inserted in the League of Nations
comment.
And even Wilson wouldn't accept that.
Okay?
Because we were to racist for that.
Now the Japanese were racists too
within the Asians sphere...
looking down other Asians.
And later they began to look down on
whites also, and everybody else but themselves
So by the 1930's the people in power in
Japan -  most of the military -
in some way we're a mirror image - not
quite as radical - but
somewhat of a mirror image or what was
going on in Germany at that time.
And they were revisionists. And the
Russians were revisionists.
We talk about the map the other day look.
Look how nice and fat it is here...
it's trimmed down over here a little bit.
A lot, actually.
They weren't as irredentist as others.
But, you couldn't count on the Russians
really as yet for the status quo.
However that's just the beginning a bit.
All these little folks
had minorities belonging to their
neighbors in their territory.
And all these little folks wanted more
So when it came time to pull apart, pull
apart
Poland, Hungry wanna piece of Poll'.
Okay? When it came time to pull apart any
these other states other or
small countries wanted part of those
states where their ethnic kin folk
resided or even if they didn't they
wanted it.
Okay? So you know what a [inaudible] is?
What's a [inaudible]? Pig. The world was
full of [inaudible].
That's the plural of [inaudible]. The
world was full with piggish States
All of whom wanted more. It was very,
very ugly.
The powers were divided
ideologically an internally.
And this is very important.
They're divided ideologically that means
within each country
or rather I'll take the internally first
they're divided internally
based on ideology each country had
domestic
problems based on ideological
arm radicalization polarization
especially during the 1930s during the
depression
nobody fully accept the Keynesian
economics as yet even though he was
writing his major series in giving
advice
all the way even into the nineteen
thirties in fact
the head of the British Fashion Fascist
Party mostly
and it was a very small party accepted
Keynesian economics and bolted and
became a fascist
because the government wouldn't accept
Keynesian economics among
a number of other reasons
so there were those on the left
generally whose response to
depression basically was we gotta do
something more like what
our government just did somebody's got
to get a bailout
and the right-wing basically said now
you just gotta lay off people have
balanced budgets
you can't mess with the economy you
gotta have balance budgets
so they laid off people all over the
place state balance their budgets
they raise protective tariffs and the
mail or worse
so the depression got deep now
in the case of France the depression
came to France Lee
because it had a well-balanced economic
structure we're used to thinking of
France's
cripple but it wasn't a cripple was
powerful
powerful economically but it got worse
and worse and worse it was like a whole
series of 26 during the whole
nineteen-thirties it toward the country
apart
and the people of France were close to a
civil war during the whole half
over second half in the 1930s when they
were
should've been in the process %uh
radically building up to face Germany
they were about to tear each other apart
because have different ideological
drives and understandings the old class
struggle
are came to the fore again
internationally the country's were
divided ideologically as well
now how did of France survive
in world war 1 what what's the first
thing you want to do
you wanna talk about foreign policy or
wanna talk about the origins a war
the fighting a war what's the first
thing you gonna do in my body should
tell you
no I'm not leaving eat thank you all
I up
this over short is meant to hide it
up look at a map
look at a map okay how did Fran survived
World War one
yeah here
Lori giving up are
word
okay that's part of it but that's too
intelligent
out I okay look at this guy overview
the alarms I'll group
their lives of children but even more
importantly they align themselves
rod democratic France
the most democratic state your
and Czarist Russia the most conservative
state
in Europe and they have an alliance
against
Germany because they're terrified of
German
how that's cold real polling
T but your sis 19
1891 1894 all the way through World War
one
all always who or what that's how they
survive in world war 1
by democratic prancing conservative
Russia and and taking off their hats in
saluting each other's flags and
listening to each other's national
anthems
and all the rest to that stuff these
were people who were detested each other
politically
because this is the most conservative
regime in this is the most liberal
regime
but the necessity is the mother of
invention here
to contain Germany it didn't change
after world war 1
the map is still the same accepted
Poulin stopped in the middle
the only way somehow
contain Germany that really
intends to go to war is to have an
alliance with Russia
the problem is the ideology
the nineteen twenties and thirties all
communism was so radical
that the French and even more the
British
feared Russia more than they fear
Germany
even though russia was fairly
conservative in the nineteen thirties
diplomatically and very defensive and
Germany
is very aggressive an increasingly
saw so look at the map how did you
survive World War one
you should go back to doing that and
that's where you've read The Gathering
Storm the Churchill starts talking about
that by 1935 by 1936
he's no lover Russia he despises
communism
he wants England to survive he looks at
the map
and the map should tell you at least you
got to have a serious
agreement with Russia now
the French actually had an agreement
they signed the Alliance
with Russia in 1935
they ratified it in early 36 the British
were furious at them for doing it
furious and then they didn't implement
so it was an alliance that wasn't
implement
they understood they needed it what
this is basically is a 300-year
step backward into
the Warriors of reformation Europe
in the sixties and early 17 century
in which Catholic four protestant
promised them for Catholic
a game each other no quarter what so
ever
because they each had a utopian view of
what
life and the future was all about and
religion was the ideology up the age
and self interest and rationality was
so oppressed this is
the return all the Reformation style
ideology in which secular ideologies
have now replaced religion as the
focused
a people sport process she's destroying
reasonable discourse
and destroying the Cape capacity to make
secular decisions based on geography
and it was horrendous in some cases
the documents will tell you when you
read them they even feared the Socialist
government of France which was very very
moderate
about the same as FDR in america
with the same kinda program as FDR in
america mild changes
the British preferred the Italian style
government or even the German style
government
to lay on bloom in 1936 when he was
leading a socialist popular front
together with the communists and the
French democratic forces
the French communist who are a pain in
the ass
the socialists who were moderate and the
varieties of other democratic forces
came together in France in 1935
to prevent fascism from taking control
in France so things were so severe and
France
ideologically and with the class
struggle
that they feared what happen in Italy or
what happened in germany
would you happen in France because there
were so many militarized
fascists style leagues
like many national socialists or Italian
fascist parties
are in the nineteen twenties so this
ideological stuff is very very powerful
the powers are divided constitutionally
you've got lotsa dictatorships
and arm you've got
are a few
democracies who does better in these
times of crisis
dictatorships are democracies in solving
problems
okay you know by 1929 mussolini had
relief or control in Italy took a long
time
he didn't get it so quickly and he
didn't have to worry much
after then especially once he signs the
Concord up with the papacy
okay which is the most important lasting
saying the reconciliation between the
church and the state
from the time of the breakup of that
from 1870 1866 actually
or more 1871 word when when the the
Italian state
captured wrong and took wrong to be part
of the Italian state
and the pope was just left with the
vatican
okay are Hitler had to do that too when
he reached the concord with the papacy
also in 1933 one of the first things he
did
is reach an agreement with the church
how is that possible
the church also feared communism
far more then it's feared Italian
fascism
or national socialism far far more
so the dictatorships could get along
with
arm dealing with loss up the internal
problems
much more easily then the democracies
were opinions were divided and divided
and divided
they were fifteen different governments
in France between
a 1928 1939 I don't know the numbers
fifty maybe it's thirty maybe taking
I mean they the rose in the fall so
quickly
sometimes when major historical changes
were occurring
as with the Anschluss the annexation of
Austria
in 1938 France technically was in the
middle of the ministerial crisis
and technically did not have a new valid
government
it had a government people were making
decisions but they were in transition
between to different governments
okay so about this problem
of the arm dealing with all these
domestic issues
was really very very extreme during this
time period
all had severe domestic problems
bought the dictatorships were able to
deal with those problems
of much more readily then though
democracies
are by doing all kinds of other things
in the case if hitler
even know much at all about economics
the old economists continue to serve him
loyally
well he just started putting people back
to work started building
roads in building bridges all over the
place
very very openly very evidently arm
he started rebuilding the army he just
put people back to work
if the ballot the budget was gonna be
unbalanced he would take care but later
so be it he didn't think in the long
long run
people needed to be employed he put them
back to work
there were lots of people in fact most
people
for whom he was a god and on Idol
until the war began and even until 1943
he was adored he was by far the most
beloved person in Germany
even on the apartment number people who
were liberals and Democrats
because he put food
back on the plates it's not the people
were doing well
or or great but they were doing so much
better than before they had so much
security
more security than they had before so
much more hopeful wishing they had
before
that's so what are they gave up to civil
rights so what other neighbors
disappeared
it just didn't up
okay hitler became more and more popular
every single year
in which he ruled until the Battle of
Stalingrad
1942 1943
because he was able to deal with those
domestic problems and lied to the people
that he
was a peacemaker law I to the people
that all he wanted was peace and peace
and peace
but peace with justice and dignity for
Germany
the world
are you don't wanna know I
0 you are so I was personally alright I
gotta run for 10 my quotes
thank you hope let's not even worry
about the dahmer
no I didn't say that the Americans are
let's think about the sophisticated
British
David Lloyd George the British war
leader
in 19 I'll 30
6 when their concentration camps not
murder centers but concentration camps
all over Germany by that time
all legal activity all civil
rights everything has been usurped Lloyd
George
goes to visit Hitler and he says the
following:
whatever one may think his methods and
they are certainly not
those a parliamentary country there can
be no doubt
that he has achieved a marvelous
transformation
in the spirit of the people in there at
it or
attitude toward each other and in their
social and economic
outlook but this is this is the greatest
English statesman
in the last part of the 19th and early
20th century
we thought mussolini was really cool
because he kept those communists and
socialists in check
okay roosevelt certainly understood and
didn't like Hitler
okay at all but how can you do this
and then he adds the Germans will resist
to the
dat every invader have their own country
but they have no longer the desire
themselves
to invade any other country
1936 now will come back to the quote
because by that time and that's a
wonderful question
by that time hitler had already broken
three different parts of the purse I
treaty
and the look or new treaty which Germany
entered into freely in 1924
okay so by that time to make that kind
of statement
is very very bizarre well Hitler laid it
on for David Lloyd George
meets some of us want to thank him is it
just a plane
mono dimensional madman
there was the finest tea the cookies
were better than at Lafayette College
people serving everything we're they
laid it all on for those visitors
are autographed picture of Hitler
directly there for David Lloyd George
could you take pictures of him
but of course and the thing same thing
when Chamberlain goes to visit were
later
Hitler runs down the steps to reach a
member on any shares
home so sorry I should have come to is
it it England to visit you
because you're older than I am I'm so I
mean this guy
really knew how to play the game okay
so he he is sick he is a borderline
personality
okay he is demonic but he is not out of
touch with reality
he plays the game jeannie's politically
and in terms with dealing with people
until he loses that capacity because he
decides later
fortunately he decides later to give up
all of those things and just to be
himself
an Alan blocking his wonderful biography
Hitler
talks about the man without his clothes
he undresses during the war
and he says the world will hold its
breath I'm tired of playing games with
you people
you're gonna see everything I got on the
table are putting all my cards out
and you can go shot
and that's when he defeats himself
overextending
as long as he's playing the game he
still controlling the deck
and and that's one other major points
here
yes home did moves
well yeah
yes I he became physically and mentally
more disabled after the July 1944
plot and at by that time when Germany's
losing the war he is being put to bed in
the wake and increasingly on drugs
so he does become a he does become
very very very drug dependent at the
very end
he does lose touch with reality at the
very end
he does maneuver divisions which have
already surrendered have been destroyed
at the end and what you want to do is a
tiny little book by you
Trevor Roper called the last days if
hitler
and it's an exquisite little book
I and it tells you how Hitler lived
basically day by day by day
and the film I'll is a very very good
film The
that that film on the last year the last
months or so hitler
is historically pretty valid are so the
earlier there are a lot of cinematic
materials on on this also
up other questions are I'm still wanna
stay as much as I can
in the a in the guidelines were ongoing
our book but other questions to take a
little break is good if you have any
anything up mentioned so far
what was the role state okay a wonderful
good okay
what was the role than eyes and
undergraduate
as an undergraduate I did a paper a
on the Rhineland that was gonna be my
PhD thesis
I think it's the single most important
turning point in the nineteen thirties
March 1936 will go over again Hitler
email it arises the Rhineland breaks the
Treaty of Versailles
breaks the three Diablos look or no and
for a moment there's a question of will
the French goin'
and stop this and their army is more
powerful than the German army at that
time
even alone okay and
a numbered Hitler's generals at that
time were still thinking about trying to
get rid of them
he'd already accomplished what they
wanted he he was really arming
Germany had broken the tree never saw
everything was in other words maybe it's
time to take trouble take it back from
him
we gave them the power to fix things up
we gave the power to break the
communists we aim the power to break the
socials
we gave the proud to break the
democrats' we gave the power to break
the unions
he's done all those things maybe it's
kinda get rid of them
so I read current history
right current history Allan Nevins
great professor at Columbia University
who wrote an ass a in current history in
1936
and the last line if it was after all
the rhineland is
only germany's own back your
so our view was its German territory let
them do what they want with it
and don't get us involved again in any
troubles in Europe
and the a Senate and house were still
investigating war profiteering
from World War one okay so we wanted
we we wondered we wanted out roosevelt
is trying slowly by that time still
to to reeducate the country
arm and the predominant
arm problem is the depression again
dog depression and we did not want to be
involved with that
we were much more concerned that early
still with what japanese with the
japanese were doing in Asia
I and with the manchurian crisis 1930
re and a year later it would get worse
because Japan with attack
China in 1937 then we were really
concerned
Asia so we were still very very much in
isolation
that okay including our scholarly yep
building are well not not as yet it was
there because
China and and what would happen later
because the japanese navy which was
growing and growing
yes okay point yet the the German the
german generals there
yes it was iPhone the
little hard to believe that a.m.
the I was able to who
a molecular yeah
welcome Louis the issue where there when
who writes about part and the clear
warriors amor power the crazy
essentially
yes that was being namely yes yeah
I the past %uh ego he got that we're
okay so up I'm gonna I'll talk
not right I'll talk about this because
it's okay you're interested in it now
I would have done a little bit later but
it two things
okay first of all general though the
back
chief-of-staff 1933 I have wished for
years for the political revolution
and now my wishes have come true it is
the first real hope since 1918
alright so this guy ends up committing
suicide at the end of world war two
because the
plot to kill Hitler but 1933
that's what he say single most important
thing
that Hitler dawes June 1934 it's on your
sheet with the word knives next to it
that's the night of the Long Knives okay
that's when stalin began to take it more
seriously as a threat
hitler has several generals
and the leading radicals all
the s a his own storm troops
murder that night
and takes credit for politically openly
and he says someone had to be
responsible to set the house in order
so what's the point the generals were
afraid that the essay wanted to take
over the army which it did
and Huntsman wrong wanted to take over
the army
and so hitler clean house the clean
house a bit own
our lieutenants friends
up his supporters have his the last
decade
because they threaten the Army in the
army really then became
more and more loyal to him 1935 Field
Marshal
burner von Blomberg he got fired three
years later
okay 1935 Blomberg said
the fuhrer is cleverer than we are he
will plan and do everything correctly
okay now why the cause he's already
rearming he's gotten away with it
he got so away with it every single
thing he does
that works raises his stock
because he gets away with and all these
people come to
really really respect him more yes in
the General Staff
Hosley militarization who right leg yes
and he said go and they followed me wet
and the french did nothing
he had the guts he had dinner
we were we who live
%uh it was part of Germany but there was
it was a demilitarized
okay in the same way as if there would
ever be a Palestinian state in the West
Bank
and hopefully there will be okay it has
to be divulged rise in certain ways no
heavy heavy stuff no air force
and stuff like that and guess what if
there ever is a state
twenty years later it will have an air
force also because those things don't
hold
okay but the point is that was party to
the treaty oversight was supposed to be
permanently
demilitarized cause that would break
French security
and a year after the
demilitarization is broken facing the
French match in allying
the German security forces called the
secret
yes him
another reason one mom I'm
right
not just are this
boss-like where you are well that
so nicely yes and back pose like that
well bro being a great hero bring
loan mine a yet
is that
leftover a that
done
song on riche people and
from you had pain is awesome
sure with you know I is this house
resolve this house with my own working
a 0 I agree with you and that's why
start out and say that the war
is the first thing you have to remember
but we get into the time line I'm going
to add some other things about the
French
which will make it even worse okay we'll
make it even worse
yes all these who K yes
all was me was didn't know
for his so much on the island law
and everything know this way was new did
he did is that K almost he came to
believe he was creature fate and fate
would save him
you can call that God he wouldn't his
job to make other people already over
this the state himself is my all yet all
yes
oh yes in 1937 when he tells the german
generals that there's going to be a war
with the next five years or so
he tells them directly this is the hot
spot meeting in 1937 November
and he says we must prepare for war in
five years
and here are the number of reasons why
we must do it among the most important
which is that I'm getting older and we
can do as well
with a order documents
other its e-book oh yeah 500
never yeah ha spec memorandum your mmm
I'll
part yes at the meeting with the
generals me says you dr.
solemn no was in public at that point is
pop public later after the war but he
said he said
you guys are doing your jobs right iight
said I want re militarization
I want economic coordination I want us
to be ready for war
and you guys are doing it and I'll tell
you why you have to do it
because within five years or so we're
gonna have a war
and part of the reason is ongoing
because we can have this war without me
who's right whose little
40 not yeah not know but he appeal he
had concerns about
another one of these basic structures
is that the world was a mess it's not
just that Europe was aware amass
it's that the world was a mess are
the decolonization movement the Empire
Britain and France had world empires
which were beginning to become major
problems that was especially true for
Great Britain
and the most important thing to them was
the Empire
and they wanted to maintain the empire
in the empire was beginning the crack
so they had worldwide issues to deal
with
how could their Navy be strong enough to
defeat the growing
German Navy which the Germans began to
really really build 1935
are at the same time be able to cope
with the
Japanese Navy which was getting larger
and larger
so that really really concerned them
empire was a double-edge sword empire
had really really helped
the British and the French in world war
1 the total resources at the empire
or much of those resources were used by
Britain and France to help
survive in World War 1 but now the
Empire's themselves
were beginning to become very very
difficult issues where else does this
take place well again
we call world when the world war one
start when it will work to start
39
anyone want to dispute it well
if your Chinese you'd probably say hell
with you guys
I i speak for $300 million chinese
living in nineteen
if the 37 and Japan attacked us in 1937
so which is the old China or the West
okay
so we think in terms of Europe okay to
the world
war begin in 30 and 39 it be
in in 37 it begin in 31
the world part of the war well
the most important data still 13 but 37
looks awfully bad also and that's when
american policy really begins to change
and we begin the press on the Japanese
so the world is a mess in asia
but what about the Italian attack on
Ethiopia in 1935
okay now prior to this time
Italy and France and Britain
or working against Germany when Germany
begins to
re militarized in 1934 I
Italy decides to attack ethiopia why
ethiopia
whistle lady stay lost Ethiopian the
eight in the in 1896 right
okay they could win okay they could win
well you know and and everyone everyone
makes jokes about the Italian Army
I i don't wanna use I wanna line up
against the time football players and
the on our team okay
these are big guys a dole accused them
over up running backwards a run for its
okay
Emperor Menelik upto PA and the
eighty-nine ease was was
was making fun of all the european
powers at that time they were just as
well on this the
Italian Army at that time but Italy
wanted to
revenge itself up that defeat and also
just take more
okay the British and the French have
this empire or who ordained that the
British the French are the only ones who
have a right to you jump higher
we are a tie-ins we are the heirs Roman
civilization
we have the rights to an equal Empire
DAW check it out first to make sure the
british and the french will agree with
you
you're worrying about Hitler the more
Hitler gained
things the more mussolini's appetite got
whetted
by going to war against Ethiopia in 1935
what he does is make it impossible for
the British in the French
wheels him they cannot because of their
public opinion
tell her people that this is okay using
poison
poisonous gas against
natives using all the world war one min
and better weaponry and airplanes
against
relatively on militarized people
and and show now Italy is los
show the overall structure itself
is so discombobulated that
arm the whole environment is polluted
well what about the league of nations
well Japan walked out 1932
the league then Japan for what it did
Japan said thank you goodbye
what's one of the first things Hitler
does in 1933
are the British in French won't disarm
especially the french
won't disarm now and bring down their
arms to the size of the
Armani nice talking to you it walks out
at the disarmament
conference and just to make things good
he walks at the league of nations also
goodbye was the League of Nations we're
not in it
japan is out a bit Italy's been
condemned diet
Germany is out a bit arm
and we're still basically in Sammy
isolation so
add on to that then we have arm
Adolf Hitler the man and his policies
race and speaks the man and his policy
the hardest thing to understand is that
he was a true believer
I want to buy my lips as I speak
in his own mind he was utopian visionary
he was going to build a better world
Karl Marx said that all history is the
history of class struggles
Adolf Hitler would have said all history
is the history
%uh racial struggles and the only thing
that matters
israelis and the germans
are the superior race and destiny has
given them
the right the opportunity
and even more than that the necessity
to trial and if they can't try now
then let them be lost as well
and the worst part about this is that
although this racist stuff
was very much apart lovely nineteenth
century
and early 20th century thinking
Adolf Hitler did not invent any these
ideas what he had
instead was the demonic
believe and the demonic we'll
to implement them
they were hundreds and thousands of
people who held these kinda believes
on one level or another after world war
1
in your in Japan
in america the difference being that
having been part over defeated Germany
the vengeful miss and need for
making good again breaking oversaw I
eighty every
me a place for him possible
even then most germans harder this
in the 1940s first leave whose
three parties matalin's our yeah
arm socialist or
1928 last election
before the crash 3 Martin's
aperture shows
yeah run for 1929 to 1932 1933
each she election
or people palms more people
National Socialist papers for you become
single or
story basically all eats
who have lost their willpower allow him
to come
into our in the same way is
each d with caissons me
11 years early shouldn't they have known
better
eleven years later Muslims power
warehouse here
just fine there were no unions they're
socialized
trains running on time so you he was
ring and a not all that's losses for me
then we're concerned okay
so what they did who they were
held values that was that in grown man
the museum even clean house they would
get freedom
him really harm their
basie injures journey
probably should have had some kind of
military real democracy was no longer
house democracy danger 31 issue was
whether or not
he was going to be a National Socialist
danger
or some kind of all older military
are carrying the all all school
but they didn't really have any my views
and he had more control
masses no smashes
did not suspect where he was really
going to pay
a they didn't vote for him because he
was 87
do you know the against any cost
that's that wasn't issue the beach
issue laws jury duty
who security whole recovery
a job I okay
there too many Jews your the soviet will
get them out
that was so I
issue at that time on you could say
shouldn't they have known better without
loman
sold us was this whole
us
its firms its
X
once
its
its
people's hoops
us he's
aids take Davis shop
how he's able to get away one questions
yep sup
you do pick up
Street
yeah Walt 128
used in water with the hair
anti-semitism
Germany like feelings against
african-americans
sanctions are I'm was higher than ever
before
an inning when also he's just everyday
Street know it even
are he's when he he was a good student
until his
until his hormones began the work as a
teenager he came from a reasonable
family
with a father who probably beat him up
a good at it a very repressive father
are he did very well in school he sang
in the church choir
he sang he was a chorister
he was the best student in his class for
a while in elementary school
he went wacko during his high school
years arm
any was an artist an arched artistic
temperament bohemian
okay a fit well you know we call a
failed artist
if you see his art in bed draw
is there anyone here I mean are he would
have been as good as any
art student Lafayette College easily at
any time
but he wasn't good enough to get into
the finest school in Austria
he considered failure he had lots of
other opportunities
including the pension fund from his
father was a bureaucrat be
holes the woman called
ok I'm
yes and the British
audience would not have accepted his
kinda speaking at the German audience
would have had trouble with because the
cop it
it's kinda speaking for particular
culture the United
wrong well following so in here
there he had
used in this University yes is
friend was jus his friend
loans Nationals his
follows absurd just your place at
mean I'm as he used
use fully or has happened
%um with him use scapegoating
what you can do with great well on
useless so I'm he says it in Mein Kampf
it's all there
it's all there okay it really is all
there in fact it's all their
earlier than mein kampf he says our
he says that if the
we're taken fifteen thousand users so
and put them on the front line and and
make sure they got gay as
we would not lost world war one okay and
the
the the craziness about all of that is
that his his first Iron Cross came from
a Jewish officer
who who decorated decorator and the
juicer be on their numbers in world war
1
but it was not believe that they did so
by the other German people in fact that
was even
an inquiry commission service record up
Jews in Germany
during the war and to take that further
alter Raton now was Jewish and he was
the head of the whole
German munitions industry are
reproduction
he kept them in the war in the beginning
of the war by being that particular
person who put together all the
munitions
made function he was later assassinated
in 1923
here it was all it's all there it's all
there
isn't people to greater
right right it was all there it was
common
to the culture or not the murderous form
but then the negativity
was common to the culture in a murderous
form with respect to some people
but he was the most radical love those
people or among the very very most
radical
and it didn't matter to him at first
whether the views were sent to
Madagascar whether they were killed
it also didn't matter to him whether
tenor $50 million poles were killed
because they didn't have any values
people made a mistake though cause there
150 million poles are only $30 million
but there were some polls living
elsewhere so maybe the third
in know that was the
there was adultery in the back in the
family family tree had been adjusted
are earlier dan dan a German scholar
pretty much set that to rest about
twenty years ago but there
there was the belief the rumor that
there may have been some Jewish blood in
this family
yes
well him
day only just based on
the word religion or when Hill
yes well that's a huge question that's a
question that
pace million it has to do with the homie
your coach really I
earth-based religions all were nation
then you add economic issues US
psychological issues you
whose it was a station European
Hoelscher
hatred and fear lives flowers
Jews were together NC
because a different they're not us but
not only their different Akhil God
and there for the okay they kill got the
poison the well as they eat your
children to make martyr
I meet okay look at work when I went
cross country I was asked by a naval
fellow where my horns were this is 1964
when we got married
and we were friends we we went out
together
late at night they talk about religion
we said we were jewish where your horns
eyesight
I take them out when I by calling all
okay
this is a serious okay so although
and and the and the further east you
went to worship God so the anti-semitism
in are ukraine in in Russia
in poland was much more visceral and
much worse than the anti-semitism in
germany
okay what you have is about 500,000
German Jews out of 65 million
in Germany in poland you've got three
mil 33.3 million Jews
30 three million people living in poland
so there's ten percent of the population
and all held was already breaking loose
in the nineteen thirties
against them what's marshall
Slutsky defend the jews died
nineteen-thirties PC
he this role up the kind yet when
would you know even educated people
that's the whole this is the worst part
okay hitler one in the University she
didn't lose he won
among the students he won among the
faculty
he answered their grievances he gave
them a sense of hope
and Jews became to middle-class
too quickly and took too many important
positions in society
because they all steel okay too many
journalists too many doctors too many
lawyers
too many people doing well they suffered
through the inflation
they suffer through the depression
didn't matter okay
was time to clean house and get rid of
all these foreigners
all these aliens so that fewer germans
can
work or pure polls Ripper Latvians are
lithuanians
and they basically all did virtually the
same thing once the german armies can
now that's next year who does it
learns document yes others was jewish
yes he was protected any any more or
those I am the Nazi said everyone has
their own favorite you so we can allow
that but Hitler
allowed wants that we know of their and
other times he allowed
also only he could I'll yell
but this particular person actually had
it worse paintings
he was not an artist he really was not
about arts was common but was not not
bad at all
okay touch you want to keep going with
questions are the one who
it yet your day here game your game
called
keep I N Go I'm line
alright arm so we're gonna jump up
ugh like shout on that internal
coordination comes into power in 1933
regulates coordinate everything by the
end of the first year there are no more
other political parties that are allowed
even the old conservative parties going
to abeyance
and he's got dictatorial powers by the
in the 1933
in 1934 he kills these should
a opponents have the army that gives
them even more support
and in 1935
he announces publicly that
Germany is remembered to rising breaks
the basic structure
I love the Treaty of Versailles Germany
is going to remember to rise
I'm gone back
thank you now arm
the goal wrote a book in 1934
their lappam a
dim ATA toward the professional army it
was a brilliant book
he was not the only one who was thinking
about these things
he thought the mansion o-line
which was already being fully
constructed
was an inadequate defense system
because no army should only have
a defense system tanks are not supposed
to stand still
they're supposed to go forward if
Germany does something wrong
how are we gonna stop them from doing it
by sitting in our bunkers
poll Renault was a conservative French
politician who believed in the goals
book
the goal had dedicated his book
to marshal petain hair the great marcia
love World War one
to go all believed and movable tanks
separate units shock troops
small areas small divisions
that can respond to small problems and
give you
flexibility someone had asked for
lessons
you always have to have flexibility you
can't put all your eggs in one basket
you must have flexibility so we're not
all takes this to the French parliament
for discussion
the goal has insulted the entire
army upper a lead
Minister forget shop and says
in Parliament with a straight face
when we have spent so many billions on
our fortifications
here comes one of my favorite quotes and
all history
who would believe us foolish enough to
Sally out in front of them
in search of heaven knows what adventure
this is a general speaking who would
believe
mission of to Sally L in front %uh them
and search have been knows while
venture the impact
the French army so overwhelmed
with the losses and the impact of World
War one
that they never wanted to fight fence
war
wanted the german armies if they came to
bleed to death
on their fortifications while the French
defended should do fall on her
double off first defend yourself
World War one a talk at all costs first
attack how about doing both that's all
the goal setting
how bout being able to do both
so the germans read the book a
and and and even more them red lid
elkhart
and general fuller's book
that were written in English at all said
the same thing
and they implemented it and the French
could have had it 1935
and did not have Nana
okay so now hitler
has begun to build this army
announced the existence up his Air Force
and next it's going to be the Rhineland
he's going to remember to rise the
Rhineland
in March 1936
now by March 1936 if they had
adapted the goals
proposal they had the taxes just how to
use them differently
not at the French Court building stop
they could have had a way of responding
to the email to recession
the Rhineland without total mobilization
hitler in militarize is the Rhineland
the British aid in the French
pope do anything appeasement
what was appeasement the belief that
hitler could be appeased is there
anything wrong with appeasement
no if the person can be pieced
but it wouldn't be a beast how do you
know
some British believe them passive
appeasement some British believe an
active appeasement
Chamberlain believe an active
appeasement put all the food in the
plate and say which piece do you want to
eat
everything anything to give me of course
and Maalox still I'll so what happens
is the British aid to the French don't
do anything we have all the meetings
with the French
cabinet the politicians say to the
generals
what plans do you have ready stop him in
the Rhineland
the general Shane on complete
mobilization
in the middle of the depression who's
gonna take the risk
complete mobilization when you're ally
is telling you we're not going with you
during this time period
either we don't want you to do anything
complete mobilization
one of my favorite quotes
the French do nothing it becomes the
most
popular man by far in Germany the
generals come to believe he's got the
brains
he's got straight strong legs there's a
shaky
and that this is what he can bring home
for no cost
and he's the man
so what is Renee Albert carry a say
about the Ryan plan which most scholars
believe was the last chance a possibly
getting rid of it without a major war
he says France had effective power over
own
that in the last resort she could have
used a long
at that moment France was still mistress
of her choice
that choice was abdication
still her responsibility to defend
urself you broken
every treaty that existed he had really
changed the balance
a power French do not act and then what
is
rene albrecht carry a say later in the
same chapter
and the United States was wondering
whether or not we are part of this world
well he was an older fellow and he
really came
got and he had a just getting but we
also we're glad that nothing happened at
that time
and the world did not slip into war at
that time
1 more comment take question
your cam friend
you know way yes you now
he can on the French being that way the
is army was not fully
ready at all his generals were terrified
it was a big risk
hitler said it fell from heaven Amanda
Fe
couldn't believe the result that it got
away that easily
but he just felt it was right way to go
and in fact it was no surprise
French didn't think it was gonna happen
in March they thought it was going to
happen later in the year
their ambassador was riding home saying
this is the next step
we gotta be ready gotta we can allow it
okay the people who should have been
governing France at that time the people
who should have been
leaving the French army at that time
were buried in
were done in Flanders and elsewhere okay
they were the soldiers who have died and
they were fighting the last war
and they mark block this wonderful book
by Mark block
are called strange the feat was written
while he was in the resistance in 1940
and he said that the ultimate reason why
we lost world war two
was mental failure the germans
purely outsmarted us
they thought creatively they were the
loser
they change their tactics we sat on
our Hans was mental failure
any gives a whole other series of
reasons but the most important
from this great historians mind he was
tortured yes
by the Gestapo was mental failure
then it gets worse the Spanish Civil War
you love it
who cares well 500,000 people who died
another 300,000 people who became
refugees
so what happens in Spain there's a
popular Front government in Spain in
1936
just this other is in France
composed the same group communists
socialists democrats verses
the extreme right wing and the right way
they are more radical the army rebels
civil war breaks L troops from Morocco
start writing in Spain
Germany and Italy send weapons and try
out their weapons and Spain
were nigger in 1937 is obliterated
picasso than does the painting
the British and the French there's an
embargo
they're not supposed to send weapons the
italians
and the German sign the embargo publicly
flaunted
the russians and weapons to the Popular
Front government
the Germans in the Italians really try
out their tanks and planes
and troops on the side of the right-wing
and the French sit on their hands with
their own Popular Front government
why because they're afraid of sliding
into war with Hitler
more they're afraid
that civil war will break now in France
if the french government age the left
against the right that in France
the right will go into rebellion
carrying much of the army
and France will have a civil war
this is 1936
that's how divided society
and Spain becomes a proxy war
between the axis and the rest especially
the russians
and Italy and Hitler get drawn into each
other's bosom
and then they meet with japan and do the
same thing sign an anti comment earn
back to 1937
and the whole thing is getting tighter
but now
everybody can look in the newspaper and
see what's it look like when they bombed
okay they can see what cities look like
when they're bomb the name no
London will be bomb that there is a war
they know Paris will be
on there's a war and things get me
worse 1937 we already talked a little
bit about mister Chamberlain
mister Chamberlain are is a
believer in active appeasement given the
plate and tell them what to take now
I'm exaggerating mister Chamberlain
however
believes that he is powerful enough to
deal with Hitler
that have hitler's grievances are taken
care of
hitler has to be a man of peace after
all
he was a soldier in World War one it
keeps on saying he's a man of peace
all the cares about his German dignity
he is a man of peace and Chamberlain put
it all on the table and let's hit were
now
that the British would not be so upset
if hitler did the following things
as long as he does it peacefully
and not by using weapons
so hitler now knows she's gonna ally in
England
who won't support the French
and by the way during the Popular Front
government the British said
in their own documents in some cases
they prefer the government Italy and
Germany to lay on bloom socialist in
France
again that reformation ideology hatred
and fear
even moderate socialism verses
extreme fascism why
because the people a property if they
weren't jewish in there were communist
they work
radical the kept her mouth shut all
people property you're living better in
Germany
under Hitler business is doing Jost fine
K so they could live with that they were
willing to live with these people
March 1938 Hitler annexes
Austria well after all
they're only germans $8.9 million
additional people
make good soldiers they were excellent
as
s s people they volunteered Cosi they
missed the first six years they have a
catch up
volunteer Hitler goes in the BN it tears
and strolling down his face and he says
yes a good political action say people's
lives
76,000 people arrested next couple weeks
and put camps
look at the map what we have here
three and a half million germans in the
sioux Dayton land
in a pincer March
are some time for 1930 8
are Hitler makes it clear that this
situation has to be dealt with
immediately Chamberlain the summer 38
says the mere use the mere threat of the
use of the force
is a danger to the peace of europe they
all have a
alliances to czechoslovakia france has
an alliance
the russians have an alliance
czechoslovakia
are is the only democratic state left in
the center of europe
it has a modern military it has border
fortifications
they let it go Munich
September 1938
czechoslovakia is
given or rather the shoe Dayton land is
given
this is the last the freebies I want to
leave a little bit I'm for questions
but this is the last the freebies march
of nineteen thirty-nine what the shit
where do
he marches into the rest czechoslovakia
so what what's the problem the problem
is there aren't any more germans there
before this he was saying all I want is
all of these
far and germans brought back to the
bosom of the right
but these inslaw's and now it becomes
clear
as a flash what Hitler intends to do
domini all
okay all the assumptions appeasement
go down the two looking at all of this
well you're sitting in Russia and first
you see this
this then you see this then you see this
then you she demands for this and you
been
omitted from all discussions
what do you think stalin 4 the West was
trying to get him to attack the Soviet
Union
well hit was not too small for big
things
all those horrible things he was saying
about Jewish Bolshevism
stalin fires his Jewish foreign minister
lit for an RV replaces them with molotov
Germany and Russia start negotiating
August 1939 Nazi soviet pack
signal war this time with Germany and
Russia
together against Poland
and the West hanging now having lost all
of this
an issue six-and-a-half years
from the depths the depression
to dominance in Europe
the only ones paying the price the
Liberals
the democrats the communists socialist
the Jews in Germany
no military force used
always have to consider your worst case
scenarios this was not a easy world
to play this was a perfect storm
the French have a distinguished military
history
of fighting and defending themselves in
conquering everybody else
after all they dominated Europe from
sixteen 50 through napoleon
okay where did you ever get a selection
of french generals like these people
never in all the french history British
and Island conquering half the world
we did you ever get british political
leaders and diplomats
as blind as they were during this time
and able all on
me and want them
us
all
that he and the war a
people
what I V realized
implored
and told me own sure
it claimed it hard right
the good had yep
could have had Italy as an ally of their
play their cards right or Italy have
played its cards right
because Austria is a offer
between Germany and Italy italians don't
want to be border
teacher yes
work in Spain who were intelligence
a up
job for free hitler said old hitless
said he would rather go to a series a
dentist's than ever meet frankel again
private so hard to get Franco to enter
the war
Franco owed Hitler so much but he just
kept saying all right you give me this
amount of tanks this amount of oil
this amount of this in this amount that
miss a manner that and then we'll think
about it
I writer
backup was a while
this yes yes yeah
do how much you hand-holding Allies in
World War One Bowl
you well embolden them a lot because
they saw how powerful they were with
respect to the others
but this is a series of a whole series
of things that defeating China in 1894
defeating Russian 1905 the if they went
through a whole series of steps in which
they became a great power
and the West didn't really understand
them fathom it
until later partly because racial
and journey silly
yeah include war his oh yes
oh yes oh yes it brought us in a good
couple months earlier a good few months
earlier might have taken a whole half a
year longer
or who knows what hitler for hitler for
its that's when he addresses
what that hell I'm declaring war on
those people
yes churchill's
for yes arm he's going on primary
sources
and is quotes workers or is
local absolutely I
Santander actually I as an undergraduate
when I studied the Rhineland crisis
actually found places in which he wasn't
telling the truth
where he was saying that he had taken a
position
six months to a year earlier than he had
taken the position when it ends up being
the right
position then I read the parliamentary
debates as to what he said
a yes and I will come over here
right yesterday your and
you kind of lost guys what I was
thinking when you started
you were saying the this
with lifetime you liberals and
conservativism
a is there any natin to today
in our country and yes it is area
group C yes and it's scary yeah yes
and I and II I plead and worry about our
country
cause it's not really a country's an
empire
okay I don't want to give rise to a stay
together and
done what we've done is is a marvel I
will never let the Euro be created
well at that that was for the europeans
it wasn't a bad thing it's what you do
with it now
that that's pretty good thing you know
it's a good thing
now all in here a good thing is going
to breakfast in straw swarg and going to
lunch
in the little German city right across
the bridge without having to show a
passport
that is a good think so if you want to
feel
a little bit better after these two
commentaries that I've given this
discussion we've had
wanna feel a little bit better okay
Europe has com
very very far
since world war two well there are some
possible about the economic situation
sure more well with all a bit they're
living better than they've ever lived
before
the real issue is can we continue to do
so on that so %ah
