Voiceover: Imagine you're in a huge crowd
of people, walking down a busy street.
You see a person fall to the ground
nearby.
Would you help?
Though most people instinctively say, yes,
of course I'd help
someone in need, research in social
psychology tells a different story.
More specifically, research suggests that
when you're
in a group, you're less likely to help.
And research goes further to state that
with each person
added to the group, individuals feel less
inclined to take action.
This is known as the bystander effect.
And the bystander effect essentially
states that an individual may feel less
inclined to take action because of the
presence of others in the group.
So, why does this happen?
Well, let's break down why people in a
large group might not help someone who's
unconscious.
Well, one reason might be lack of medical
knowledge or experience in assisting
people who are unconscious.
Maybe, maybe there is one individual in
the
group with a little bit of medical
knowledge.
For instance, maybe they learned how to
perform CPR a few years
ago, but that person might defer the
responsibility to someone else in
the group assuming with such a large group
of people, certainly there's
someone here with much more experience in
dealing with an unconscious patient.
The irony, however, is, even though they
might not
be the most experienced in the group,
their limited
experience in assistance, even just
calling 911, would help
much more than waiting around for someone
else to intervene.
So this concept is coined the diffusion of
responsibility theory.
And that helps to explain the bystander
effect.
So the diffusion of responsibility theory
says that when
individuals are in the presence of others,
they fell
less personal responsibility and are less
likely to take
action when in a situation where help is
needed.
Again the bystander effect is amplified by
the amount of people in the group.
Now remember the inverse relationship.
The more people in the group, the less
inclined an individual is to take action.
So if you were to collapse unconscious in
the presence of a
small group, there would be less of a
chance of the bystander effect.
So if we shrunk this group down to only a
few people, it is very
likely that people will be more inclined
to take action and try to help you.
So remember our bystander with the limited
medical
experience who deferred to someone with
more experience?
Well, in our new small group situation, he
might quickly realize he's the only one
who has ever practiced CPR before, so
he would probably be more inclined to
intervene.
The small group also helps diminish the
diffusion of responsibility theory from
taking effect
because the individuals in the small group
probably feel more personal responsibility
to intervene.
So if this guy took action and noted
you had a pulse and were breathing
spontaneously.
And he, maybe he called 911 and the EMS
would
arrive to bring you to the emergency room
for evaluation.
So in this case, medical knowledge wasn't
even necessary.
Or at least performing CPR wasn't even
necessary.
Someone simply just had to call 911 to
address the situation.
So this happened in a small group.
But in a large group, the bystander effect
has a greater
effect and can lead to very little
happening by any one individual.
One of the most famous examples used to
illustrate the bystander effect is the sad
story of Kitty Genovese, who was a 28 year
old woman living in New York City, who
was stabbed, raped, and robbed, while
around 38 people were in the vicinity.
And what's worse, was that this horrific
attack spanned over half an hour.
With the victim pleading for help, and
the attacker returning and ultimately
killing her.
When some of the possible 38 witnesses
were interviewed later, many of them said
that
they didn't directly take action because
there were
so many other people present in the
vicinity.
So while it's understandable that a
bystander might be afraid
to step in and fight a man with a knife.
Somebody certainly could've went to a
phone and called the police.
Especially, since this lasted for half an
hour.
There would have been plenty of time for
the police to arrive.
And that would have possibly saved her
life.
Now, the bystander effect isn't the only
scary phenomenon
that can happen when large groups of
people get together.
Another issue that can come up with crowds
is deindividuation,
which is a phenomenon which individuals in
a group are
more likely to act impulsively, commit
crimes or perform antisocial
acts, because the presence of the crowd
conceals the person's identity.
Now a prime example of deindividuation is
the
heinous behavior of some individuals on
Black Friday.
Black Friday usually features deeply
discounted items
from popular shopping stores, and people
will
gather and line up for hours just to get a
great discount on something.
Unfortunately, in these large crowds
there's
often tremendous violence and, in some
cases,
shoppers have even trampled employees,
shot
other shoppers, or stolen goods from
stores.
Though, they typically would not behave
this way, the presence of
a large group of other individuals
decreases their inhibition and guilt.
Which increases the likelihood that they
engage in this deviant or antisocial
behavior.
In other words these people, who
are trampling employees and trampling
other shoppers
they probably wouldn't do that if it was
just them and the other shopper.
But when put in this large group they
become more
inclined to behave that way to commit
those sorts of crimes.
Now another example of deindividuation can
be seen
on the internet because the internet is a
largely anonymous platform so individuals
are, are able
to easily express antisocial or, or
unusual beliefs.
That's one reason if you look at, YouTube
comments for
instance you might see a lot of really
nasty comments.
Hopefully not on this video but, you know,
on, on many popular
videos if you look at them you'll see
people writing terrible things.
And one reason for this is the internet
provides ability to be anonymous.
And so people will express opinions that
they wouldn't normally express in other
situations.
So when given this anonymous platform,
people are
able to easily express antisocial or
anti-normative beliefs.
They're able to engage in sexual deviance
behavior like child
pornography, or they can bully victims
without fear of repercussion usually.
So that's the concept deindividuation.
One great thing about social psychology is
that you probably notice these things
happening.
But maybe you didn't really know the, the
proper term for it.
Well, now you know.
So these are the concepts of
deindividuation and bystander effect.
