Hey, everyone. It's Mr.. Shannon welcome to the first and many screencasts that you will see this year in biology
Rather than take time in class to do lectures
You're gonna find that a lot of them are gonna be done in this way in which you are given the notes in
a video Format you'll also have a copy of the notes and slides that you can go back to
But this will allow you to stop pause take time to write things down. Maybe do the lecture in different chunks of time depending on
How much time you have at home and you can watch it on a phone?
electronic device at school, whatever the case may be
When we do notes I am going to show you at the beginning here?
Cornell notes some of you are used to cornell notes. You did it in Middle school some of you aren't
But it's a good habit to be in Cornell notes
Let you take notes in one part of your note paper
and then use the other part to go back and add to it and so oftentimes they have they're called two Column notes -
Where you have the title of the notes in the date?
And then there's a line drawn down and on the right side you take any notes during presentation, so you underline key words
Skip a line if you're writing it out, just so you have space make sure you abbreviate don't try to write word-for-word
when you are done
You will then later go back and ask study cut answer study questions
I'm sorry answer study questions and there will be different levels of study questions to ant
answer, make sure that you can do that after you're done with the notes and then at the bottom you're going to reread through your
Notes and write a summary the summary should be three to five sentences
Now to get you started. I will tell you that a lot of the screencast will have notes
Already printed up in Cornell style. So here's an example of notes for what we're doing today scientific method as
the
Lecture is going on you are going to read and fill in the blanks
When you are done, you are going to go back and answer the questions and these numbers refer to how sort of tricky. They are
with
dok one with level 1 depth of knowledge being kind of what the easiest question is and then they
Work get a little harder as you go up or go down
Here 1 through 4 when you're daniel write a summary now, this is a long
Lecture, I don't usually like to do them this long
But I think for the first one it sort of all goes together and it well
So if you need to take a break from it
I understand take a break know where you left off, and then come back to it. So what we're gonna
do here is I am going to put this in Fullscreen and
In just a moment yup reset and we'll go through it
Okay
When you are done with your notes these notes are going to be going into your interactive notebook
I expect that you will study the notes
That's why you're taking up quiz yourself with them review your summaries when we come up to unit exams. You're gonna want to review them
Understand what your item so write them in a language or summaries in a language that you also understand them in
So this is a review on the scientific method
And I'm saying a review because I hope that you in Middle school or elementary school talked about the scientific method
It's a method that helps you think like a scientist
Record like a scientist and reflect they back about what you did just like a scientist
And there's different ways that scientific method is taught there's different numbers of steps, but they all follow the same basic idea
Science actually means to know it's a latin word
so you can sound fancy you can say that you know latin now because science is derived from the word to know and
It's just a way of asking questions
Pseudoscience if you've ever heard that term and especially you know in the news you might hear pseudoscience. It's false science
pSeudo means False
and these are
Pseudo Sciences are supernatural
Ideas or their ideas about religion we don't study that in science. It's considered False science
We study things that weak and asked questions about
And actually find answers and experiment with and collect data
So you'll hear oftentimes loss theories and models a law is a rule that describes Patterns observed in major
Nature for example a law of gravity that states
That when you drop something it falls to the ground it describes patterns that were observed
The Theory is why?
These laws might happen
okay, or
How this happens and then models? I'll use models a lot are any kind of
representation of an object itself like a cell or the process the process of
Gravity something falling and it can be pictures 3D
Representations it can also be graphs you can write stories
Anything to represent something that is not?
Right there in front of you, or that may be too big or too little or too complicated to
Give in its entirety
Theories and laws are well
Accepted by scientists, but they are not set in stone even though it's a law it's not set in stone
If there's evidence that comes up that changes that that's okay
However to become a working theory it has to have a lot of support a lot of evidence to support it
To become a theory an explanation of how or why or to become a law even?
There's a process that is often undergone the scientific method and it usually starts with a problem or a question
It's based upon observation. So you see something you hear something you smell something and
You wonder about it
and you generate a question or a problem about how why it happens or how it happens and
This problem or question is one that can be tested
So you see plants growing out in the sun and and you wonder what is the effect of sunlight on plant Growth?
That's a question that can be tested
After you've made your observation and come up with a problem or a question
You have to go into your research now observation is here as well. You're gonna be actually observing throughout the entire process
But you're also Gonna add in research
Not only are you gonna use your own?
Feel your own observations about what you see about the plant growing about what kind of sunlight
It's in you're also gonna use the internet or books or journals to help give you some research about maybe?
What conditions our plants normally found in?
how much sunlight do they usually get a date because what that's gonna help do is come up help you formulate a
hypothesis and an experiment a
Hypothesis is a prediction, but it's an educated. Sorry. It's not a
Hypothesis is often called an educated guess. It's more like an educated prediction
It's a solution to the problem, but here's the key. It's based on the research. It's based on research science based research
it's not just randomly thrown out there and the way that we're gonna be doing it is if then because and
I'll say it over and over if I change something
Then I expect this to change and the because part is the science behind it
So in this case if sunlight has an effect on plant growth then plants will go larger in the sun
Okay, this is the prediction and then the science because whoops see
if I can go back here
because it is needed for photosynthesis in photosynthesis is the process of taking sunlight and converting it into
glucose
So now that we have a hypothesis. It's an educated guess based on science. That is testable as well
it's time to test it and we test it with a step by step procedure and that
Procedure needs to be clearly defined because if we come out with an awesome experiment
And we want to share it with others
We need to make sure that it's shared in a way that can be reproduced by others it is clear and detailed so another
Scientists can replicate it and we kind of did that with the Lego activity?
This school year. We're going to list all the materials that we need so other people can use it and
Then we have to identify some parts of our experiment
We have things called independent variables these are just fancy terms. You might hear about variable in math class and we have dependent variables
The independent variable is what you or the person experimenting or the investigator changes?
Whatever they have control over
Whatever they can change you can change the amount of time that you're testing something or you can change the temperature that you're testing something
out
That's the independent variable. It's also known as the group. That's being experimented on okay
It's the experimental group example the amount of light being changed if you change the amount of light different plants are given
that's the amount of light is the independent variable and
The experimental groups are the ones with like four hours of light or five hours of light or six hours of light?
The dependent variable is what you're going to measure. It is due to whatever
That's whatever effect this might have
It's due to that
I always say whatever you start with a dependent and what are you trying to measure and if you have to identify it and then?
Work your way backwards
It's sometimes easier when I'm not sure to look for that word measure or look for something that is measured
Identified as the dependent variable and then the other thing that's being switched will be your independent
So if we're looking at changing the amount of life, it's gonna affect the plant growth. We're gonna be measuring at 7 centimeters
Okay, couple other vocabulary terms that you are going to need to be to know and be able to identify
Number one we have what's called the control group the control group
you always want to run a control group because
That's what you're gonna compare your experimental group to it's the group or sample that is used for comparison
And that is usually the group that is run with no
none of the
independent variable or
Normal conditions of it. So in this case if we're adjusting changing the independent variable is amount of light
Having no light would be a control group
The constant is everything else that stays the same, so think about I always think about the environment that that
Experiment is being run in and whatever's not changing is a constant
so if you're growing them in the same room
or the same place outside if the temperatures the same if the
Humidity is the same if you're using the same type of water if you start with the same type of plant those are all
Constants, and you can usually come up
My minimum. I always say has come up with four minimum constants when we're designing an experiment although
You should be able to think of a lot more
When you are running the experiment you're going to be making more observations because you're going to be
Observing the process as you collect data the information and the observations can be
During the experiment can be called either qualitative or quantitative data
qualitative data describes what it looks like the color of it the plants if it's withered up if
It's gone from Green to a brown color those are qualitative observations qualitative data
Quantitative data has that letter in it okay notice. That's the only difference between the way these are spelled the n think
numbers
numerical measurements, it's Data that involves numbers 15 centimeters five grams
Twenty inches if it involves a number its quantitative data and both are good although we like
quantitative whenever possible so
If we can get a quantitative measurement if it's possible
Definitely go for it qualitative are nice to have in addition
Once we've collected our data. Then it's time to try to figure out what the heck it means, and that's when we analyze our results
We usually use a model such as a graph
To put them in a way that makes it more easy to understand like visually easier to understand
We'll have a cheat sheet on graphing
but the mmM, but we only use
Well, not always but soften when we set up a graph. We only use one quadrant. So if you're used to the crosses and
Math class we that has all four quadrants. We only use number one
We can do line graphs pie graph our bar graph pie charts
Yes are ways to display the results, but we don't really use so much if there's numbers
Chances are if the measurements that you're taking our numbers quantitative data
Chances are we'll be doing line graphs
Not always
But that's kind of the role to follow line graphs are going to be the most common ones if the data you're collecting
Does not have numbers then we'll probably do a bar graph when in doubt ask
I have no problem helping with that
precision and accuracy I'll come back to
precision is just basically how close the measurements are to each other you could shoot a bow and
Arrow and all five times it's at the very outer edge of
The Bull's eye in the same exact spot that could be precise cuz all five of them are together
But they're not very accurate accuracy is act accuracy is how close it is to the actual value?
So if they had landed in the bull's eye
Then it would be accurate
This one right here is very important number of trials when you measure
Okay, so with precision and accuracy you want to be careful on how you're measuring make sure that you're precise
okay that they're precise and accurate, but the accuracy is what you want most want to focus on if
They're not as precise. We have to wonder what's going on. That's a different
Story for a different day
Sometimes it might bring up other questions, but we really want to focus that focus on accurate data collection
So measure carefully which is precisely?
But collect data in multiple trials that's repeated tests to increase the accuracy so the number of trials are going to get a or
Multiple trials will get us this
True value
Being careful when you actually do the measurement and you look at the numbers that will give us the precise value
That we need
after you've looked at the data and graph form
It's time to start doing a conclusion the conclusions the solution to the problem remember that problem you had at the beginning the sunlight effect
plants well now it's time to answer that there are a couple things you need in your
Conclusion number one you need to state whether your hypothesis is accepted
Whether the data supports it so if it's accepted the data supports it it answers. It says yes, your guess was correct
or rejected you must say my hypothesis or the hypothesis is accepted or
If it's not it's rejected that means your data does not support it
and then you have to say why you the heck it's important you summarized and
Explained the significance of your results and finally the third thing that you need to include in your conclusion is sources of error
finally
When you're done, you're ready to communicate remember communication is one of those science process skills
You're going to be graded on not only designing the experiment by communicating communicating your results, so you need to present your information
Sometimes it will just be doing be done in the classroom in a lab
Worksheet or sometimes it will be done in slides your deal presentation
But you're gonna end up presenting your information to others in some format, and you need to make sure that
When you present it that it's able to be retested by others now in the true
We're at real were
Real world setting other scientists would go ahead and verify your results and here what we'll often do is have multiple groups
do the same um
Same experiments to see if their results come up to be the same as yours
So take a break ask yourself. Do you think you can name all eight steps you can hit pause if you want?
Okay, here. They are problem
observation
hypothesis
experiment Collect Data analyze results
Conclusion and report findings I do want to change and I don't know if I can do it
During this, but I'll probably go back and make a change on your slides where it says number one problem. It could be an initial
observational question, so it's problem or question and
Then down here where it says report findings. That's a form of communication, so oftentimes. I'll use that word communicate
Okay, final notes depending on where you are looking the scientific method could be five six seven eight or nine steps
it depends on who's describing them the procedure doesn't change only how steps are divided sometimes they combine the
results the analysis and the conclusion
Sometimes they add in an extra steps where you're going to have to repeat it
Also, the scientific method is more of a cycle soon as you think you're done
You realize you're back at the beginning more to come on this later, but it's like a non-stop process
So I hope you're able to answer the questions and fill in the blanks if you still have blanks go back through and find them
in the
presentation when you are done
answer the questions on the left of your paper and
Finally you're going to write a few sentences at the bottom
These will be taped into your notebook and you can refer back to them at any time if you have questions feel free to ask
Okay, I hope this helps and I'll talk to you in the next one
