[Cartoonist Mr. Madan's Voice]
Greetings, Audience!
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[Title theme music playing]
Da Vinci! Even though his observations are in thousands, today, we are about to look into a few important topics only.
First,
War!  You and I - we all definitely agree that war and scientific inventions that aid war like nuclear weapons tend to lead people on the path to destruction.
But, imagine the days in which Da Vinci lived - around 14th to 15th Century, war was something that was unavoidable. At the very least - to survive - the responsibility to maintain a strong military base was everyone's duty.
If in a war, a country emerges, to break into a fort of the opponent, to force the people of the other country to engage them in violent acts was common knowledge - which is why the countries kept investing in military strategy and tools research to become victorious.
So, the contributions of Da Vinci to the war field is, first, the "Tank", a.k.a. Heavy Tank. These were used for the first time during the year 1914 in World War 1.
But, 400 years before that date, it was designed by Da Vinci.
His observations - to be noted - on the prototype diagram are that he has designed it in such a way that 8 people can simultaneously sit and operate the vehicle from within.
About 36 barrel guns are used and aimed at all directions to fire simultaneously.
In today's scenario, the modern guns were developed because Da Vinci's tank required to be refilled every single time.
To alter that as a single load and fire mechanism which saves time and ensures that the opponent faces fire continuously - the pioneer was Da Vinci.
When a set of barrels are firing, another set of barrels will be cooling down.
Additional - third set will be loaded and ready to be used once the current firing set has been exhausted.
This continuous repetition was invented by Da Vinci.
So, to say the first tank was designed by him that used about 33 barrel guns.
This is the first version of machine guns that we use today.
Blade Chariot!
In other words, a carriage driven by horses which can't be attacked at close quarters by the enemies on the ground.
The wheels of the chariot have attached with them a sharp set of blades in their wheels that kill people trying to attack the rider and ensures the rider's safety.
This was considered as a very important war invention.
Wall of breach. To climb over; into the enemy's fortress, this wall is designed to be a moving ladder to help scale the enemy's fortress walls.
To prevent the opponents from using this to climb into their walls, he also designed a strategy on how to dismantle
the wall of breach from within the fort.
In this way, he has mentioned, laudably, on various war tactics involving machines.
This was not written like a rushed observation!
He has even gone on to minutely describe the number of wheels, teeth, gear systems used
- their directions for rotation, the direction for their movement,
the amount of pressure that is needed, etc.
Next is, "self-propelled cart". An automatic.
Or an automobile.
About 500 years ago; this should have been the world's first automobile.
Using spring system, using the pressure on spring, it was designed in such a way that if
brakes were to be released automatically, the vehicle
could be expected to move. This information
was discovered only in 2003.
In 2006, they experimented this
in a Florence museum and seemed to work excellent!
Parachute!
Da Vinci was the first one to conceptualize it.
In the form of a pyramid; a strong cloth is modeled;
its four edges are tied to form a parachute 
which can be flown by reducing the terminal velocity
 was thought out by him.
That model, in 2002, was tested out by Daredevil
[Olivier Vietti-Teppa]. The air pressure from the top was
low and the pressure from below was high - accurate enough. 
He had it made & tested out
It was observed that the model was more smoother in operation as against the current models of parachute.
Robot-knight!
In other words; a robot in the form of a knight!
No one expected that Da Vinci would have visualized 
this design.
In 1957 AD, this was discovered after about 
300-400 years post his recording.
When the findings were discovered, the scientists
researched on the observations. In 1996 AD,
the research began. They have made a model of that knight in 2002 AD.
That, to everyone's awe, works highly accurate.
Da Vinci's notes jot down its functions that it can walk on its own
can move its arms and legs like humans
can move its neck around
can move its jaws
just similar to humans!
They have tried to implement these and created a
working prototype in 2002 AD.
So the world's first robotic [model] was invented by Da Vinci.
He was very interested in making humans capable of flight and was always researching about it.
This was what led to what we today use as helicopter.
He was the first engineer to design the helicopter.
Known as the "Aerial Screw" helicopter; it was of a design
wherein 4 people could pedal and propel the helicopter.
"Ornithopter" a.k.a. the flying-machine
This was the first prototype for modern day's flights.
He has written a book on it titled
 "Codex on the Flight of Birds".
This consists of approximately 35000 words and 500 sketches.
He describes a lot of first impressions in these books
with respect to today's flight build and performance.
This book contains a multitude of fine facts with respect to the ability to fly.
He has went on to note his observation on how a bird seems to fly,
what is the method a bird uses to glide,
what is the skeletal structure of a bird,
how does its divided body help to move,
how is capable of balance feathers on both its sides,
properties of air, its compostition and
so many others including gravitational impact.
He has concentrated it all to form a research journal.
Diving Suit! It was in 1943 AD only that
modern man was able to create a diving suit that could
be used under water; but 
400 years previously, Da Vinci created a diving suit apparatus.
This was described as well by him on how it can be used.
He has identified that how it will be made of leather,
what parts do these consist of, the holes it needs to help us breathe under water
and on how those will be shaped like a bell, that floats, etc. He has deeply explained these.
For the eyes, though, there was some incompleteness with regards to the 
transparency required for under water viewing.
So it was not practically capable during the days of yore.
My personal favourite in his inventions
is ball bearing!
That is just a small mechanism, but he has used it a lot.
The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction.
Such a small element of invention has now brought
about a very huge impactful change in the world.
Be it in the watch we wear, a fan motor, a mixie motor
or say even the laptop or computer we use has a cooling fan behind or
even in a helicopter, etc. 
the use of ball bearing is imminent.
When British Royal Air Force decided to bomb Germany, 
they selected a ball bearing production factory
 to throw the bomb into.
This was targeted to temporarily halt the production of war machines 
and create a heavy impact in the economy of Germany.
Therefore, please understand the significance of ball bearing.
"City of Future". He made a prototype and sketches on
on the future cities should be constructed.
Unfortunately, in the prevailing situation the possibility of it was far-fetched and hence, dropped.
Distance measure meter.
He had sketched a prototype for measuring the distance (in meters).
It had been tested practically and was found to be accurate.
This barrel was designed in such a way that
each ball dropped down for every
6 meters. This could then be used to compute the distance.
Using Archimedes' theorem, he used screw method
to suck water from underground without
pump or motor or electricity.
Even now, it is heard of that, this is being used in countries like Africa.
He even invented an apparatus to
measure the speed of air.
Friction - the amount of resistance
between different substances - he found a meter to measure it as well.
He was first one one designed a watch
with separate hour hand and minute hand springs 
to enable precision in time measurement.
He also invented a machine [crane]
that was used to lift off heavy loads using simple gears method.
Likewise, he has ensured that his crane machine could
 be turned towards all the 360 degree angles.
Boats that can be maneuvered by pedalling 
and a first underwater submersible vessel - submarine were invented by him.
An important topic: "Anatomy".
He would purchase and take about 30 dead bodies to study them.
This resulted in him being able to draw, for the first time in history, the whole skeletal structure of humans.
Hands and legs. The functions of arms were accurately - 
like how it works, 
their impressions, the joints of bones - captured by
in detail.
Da Vinci was the first person to
draw the heart along with its location.
This is because in the recent 1930s the 
structure of heart bought in a lot of changes in medical field.
As against this, 300 - 400 years ago, Da Vinci had
used a wax-like substance,
poured into the openings of the heart valves
and have accurately captured the
intricate working mechanism
of all the components that
constitutute a human heart.
He left nothing to chance.
He has even sketched out exceptionally on how an embryo forms and grows into a baby with notes!
Eyes! In an eye; how does eye function?
What is the lens structure inside an eye?
He was the pioneer of the lenses that we wear today.
His journal even contain a variety of information on eyes and lenses.
For the very first time, he was the one  pointed out that our eyes
looked at images upside down and that it was only our brain that straightened the sight
for us. All this he also had recorded in his manuscript pages.
Not only these, he had not even left out astronomy!
He has measured the sizes of sun, earth and moon.
He has also researched on why the sky is blue in colour.
[Heavy breathing sigh]
The list keeps growing.
There is a lot more to add!
For every topic, we could spend an hour discussing it.
[Da Vinci] He is a LEGEND. That's it.
As said before, there is lot more to say and lots left unsaid.
It is exhausting to speak.
To sum up, he is a Polymath Renaissance Man.
Or in simple terms, he is an intellectual revolutionary man.
It is apt to respect a scientist during his lifetime
because after his death - some 200 years later
was when steam engine became a reality.
He had written a lot on steam engine and have also made numerous prototypes.
The steam engine revolutionized production and brought about industrial age. 
If only had Da Vinci been able to create the steam engine when he alive 200 years ago,
the science that we have today would have been the science that we would find in 2228 AD.
He passes away in 1519 AD.
It is believed that he had an
unpublished book containing nearly 30,000 pages
which he had transferred to his disciples.
It is from this that we were able to retrieve 6000 to 7000 notes.
It is such a huge list just within this count.
We are yet to find some 26-27,000 pages.
There is no idea about those pages yet.
Some argue that it was purchased for a hefty sum; years ago.
The pages are scattered around the world - in museums,
some pages are supposed to be in the houses of the highly rich people
This has become a keepsake for many and hence, majority has not been exposed to the public yet.
If only we had found them, researched them, maybe we could
get a variety of insights; which we may not have observed or understood at all.
More can be lectured about Da Vinci.
We are still only perusing through the list of main inventions.
As well touched upon before - his paintings, sculptures,
his philosophies
his contributions to architecture and so on each deserve to have its own category of playlist.
Will try to work on it as time permits.
[Clap hand]
Ok, if you could tell me about what inventions were new to you
or were already known to you in comments below, I will update myself on it.
Moreover, you could also provide information about my unknown topics in the comments section below the video.
There is much to know.
Keep in continuous contact with Mr GK. Thank you!
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