[Music]
the date is October 23rd 1593 the
governor of the Philippines had just
been assassinated
a few days after setting off on our
journey from Manila his ship and crew
were overthrown by Chinese pirates on
board when the news of his assassination
reached the Philippines the government
was shot in the midst of all this panic
a new governor must be chosen so a
meeting was held at the governor's
palace while business was taking place
inside guards were stationed around the
outside to ensure the safety of everyone
this included many soldiers including
one named Gil Perez after waiting
outside and guarding the palace in the
heat for what felt like an eternity
he'll decided to rest for a second
nothing crazy he stated his post leaned
against the wall had simply decided to
rest his eyes for a mere second when he
opened his eyes he was in a place he
didn't recognize in literally the blink
of an eye he found himself in an
environment that he had no knowledge of
he had no idea how he got there wherever
there was regardless he continued doing
his duties watching out for anything
suspicious except he was the suspicion
the local soldiers and citizens began
giving Gil weird looks he was wearing
the palace guards uniform that no one
had ever seen before
gil was just a random soldier in an
unknown location unknown to him at least
that is until the truth of the situation
was brought to light Gil Perez was no
longer in the Philippines and what
seemed like an instant he miraculously
ended up in a Plaza in Mexico City over
14,000 kilometers away today that
distance can be covered in less than 24
hours
but in 1593 this voyage would have taken
at least two to three months still
shocked he'll continue to explain his
side of the story he explained that he
was a soldier from the Philippines he
explained how the governor had just been
assassinated
except of course no one believed him
the problem here is in 1593 it would be
months before
any news of this for each Mexico City he
was immediately arrested for desertion
and thrown in jail a few months later a
ship from the Philippines finally
arrived carrying crew members as well as
the news of the governor's assassination
and what they found out is that the
story Gil provided matched up one-to-one
with what the crew members aboard the
ship were saying on top of all that
several of the crew members actually
recognized skill and were able to even
recall the day where he seemingly
disappeared from existence he was set
free and returned to the Philippines to
continue life as though nothing had
happened there's no real explanation for
the story it's over 400 years old
many speculate that something paranormal
had taken place some suggest that he was
just a liar
others suggest that the story never took
place and was just made up by someone
some suggest that it was an alien
abduction but a few suggest
teleportation and that is something that
I find very interesting teleportation is
a common part of science fiction
characters and video games movies and
books can travel from one point in the
universe to another without ever
traversing the space in between faster
than light travel
instantaneous travel the implications of
wielding a power this strong is
unthinkable but is there more to
teleportation than just science fiction
the more we learn about our universe the
more science fiction starts to look like
actual science
the idea of teleportation has been
talked about since before the 1800s
however the most Charles fort in 1931
who first coined the phrase he combined
tele
meaning distant and port meaning to
carry decades went by as the idea laid
dormant in science fiction like where do
you even start with an idea like this
that was until 1993 when physicist
charles bennett and colleagues proposed
something groundbreaking the quantum
state of one particle could be
teleported to another particle on the
other side of the universe without the
particles themselves really moving at
all in other words information could be
transferred across vast distances in
space without physically having to move
to that point the team was able to take
all the information of a quantum state
destroy it transmit that information to
another location and then recreate the
same exact quantum state as before but
before we dive into all that let's take
a step back
what are quantum particles these are the
particles at the subatomic level and
reality here is different from the
reality you may know there are many
strange and honestly barely understood
things that happen here
for example particles can be in two
different states at the same time and
it's who the particle is observed both
states are real and exist once observed
a final state is taken forcing reality
to collapse into one this is known as
superposition and this most famous
example comes in a form of a cat
Schrodinger's cat put simply it's a
thought experiment there's a cat inside
a box and some radioactive material that
has a 50% chance of decaying poisoning
the cat and killing it if the material
decays the cat obviously dies but if it
doesn't the cat stays alive from a
quantum approach until the box is opened
we can't know whether or not the
material has decayed or not the cat
isn't dead but it also isn't alive at
the same time of course this makes no
sense in the real world but at the
quantum level reality is different
this means that quantum particles can be
in multiple states rotating clockwise
and anti-clockwise at the same time
until an observer forces it to decide a
reality simply by observing it
but let's see we recreated the
experiment but instead with two cats
this time now we go from two options the
cat being dead or alive La Hoya's - four
options where both cats can be alive or
dead or where one cat's alive and the
other is dead and vice versa
quantum mechanics gives us a little bit
of help here and cutting down these
options it says that there is a system
where you can pretty much eliminate the
options where both cats have the same
outcome either both alive or both dead
the only ones that matter are the ones
that are opposite of each other because
of this you can open only one box and
have a hundred percent certainty of what
is in the other box but this can only
happen when the cats are in a specific
state an entangled state we now know
that quantum particles can talk to one
another but only if they have a certain
property to them this interesting
phenomenon in the quantum world is the
reason that particles can theoretically
be teleported if they have this special
kind of link to one another they're what
we call entangled entanglement is caused
when two quantum particles are formed at
the same instance of time and point in
space hence these particles essentially
share in existence and their connection
is almost telepathic they affect each
other despite the vast distance between
them quantum particles have spin this
doesn't mean they're actually spinning
but they have an orientation in space as
well as an angular momentum by measuring
the state of one to be spinning up or in
the cat's case alive it can be directly
deduced that the other is dead or
spinning down despite it being on the
other side of the room or the other side
of the universe they're linked from
birth and when one is observed the other
one knows exactly when Einstein called
this spooky action at a distance and
there's something fundamentally
unsettling about scientific phenomena
which are yet not entirely understood
recently scientists from China launched
a photon receiver satellite into orbit
this satellite can detect quantum states
of photons shot to it from the ground
from this the longest ever distance of
quantum entanglement was measured but
more importantly this was the first time
a photon was teleported from earth into
space this works by transmitting the
quantum information about one particle
to its entangled pair therefore the
second particle would quite literally
become the first part
the research team created four thousand
entangled photon pairs per second
they shot half the pair's 1,400
kilometers up to the satellite while
keeping the other half of the pairs down
on earth over the course of one month
they sent millions of photon pairs to
the satellite and found success in only
911 cases 911 out of millions of quantum
pairs sounds like a huge failure but
actually this is a very small but
important step in teleportation I
scientists discover how quantum
particles are used to make up matter
they could potentially find the keys to
understand how to change these particles
in order to fundamentally change the
matter itself rather than simply sending
one encoded photon could they one day
send the exact construction of all these
subatomic particles of let's say an
apple perhaps but with this comes a
philosophical question the
teletransportation paradox dates back to
1775 the average cell in your body is on
average about ten years old some cells
get replaced more often while others
like the carbon-14 in your DNA never get
replaced so considering most of your
cells are not the same as they were when
you were born are you still the same
person if every single atom of a person
was taken apart and reconstructed as the
resulting construction still the same
person
we humans are simply a machine where our
DNA script tells us how to replace dying
cells until either the script or the
machine fails but if this script of how
you're constructed is downloaded and
correctly transcribed maybe you could
one day be used to create new versions
of you on the other side of the universe
effectively teleporting you wait is this
even teleportation you're technically
being recreated as opposed to actual
transportation what about if you wanted
to bring your conscious with you if you
wanted to bring the thing that for sure
makes you you what if simply
reconstructing you and another place
doesn't cut it for that we need another
option one that won't destroy you but
simply relocates you for that we need to
look at wormholes in 1935 Albert
Einstein and Nathan Rosen showed that
through the use of general relativity
black holes across the universe could
theoretically be linked together by a
tunnel through space-time
a wormhole Einstein's general theory of
relativity states that the presence of
mass or energy will warp the fabric of
space-time around it I covered this in
more detail in my Dark Matter video as
well as some others but I'll cover it
here as well a black hole has masked so
dense that not even light can escape a
strong gravitational pull scientists for
decades have attempted to take pictures
of a black hole however this has proven
elusive because while white cannot
escape and the lack of light makes it
essentially invisible like you're trying
to take a picture of nothing what about
the light that doesn't get sucked in
what about the light that slingshots
around the very edge of the black hole
this will make a light ring of sorts
around the black hole and recently in
April 20 1907 Stein and his theories
were proven right yet again but what
happens inside this hole when we talk
about holes on earth it's in the context
of three dimensions where someone
walking down the road can fall downwards
into an uncovered manhole for example
which is basically a 2-dimensional
circle on the ground but in space matter
could fall into a black hole from all
three dimensions black holes are pretty
much three dimensional spheres the shape
changes a bit when supermassive black
holes rotate as significant portions of
the speed of light but that's not really
important what is important is where
does this hole finish I tend to think of
them as funnel shapes where a wide event
horizon eventually tapers off into one
infinitely small point singularity but
what if this wasn't the case what if a
singularity wasn't needed if a link
could take place in the bulk to take you
to another part of the universe here
unstudied rosen theorized that the
extreme density of mass may be enough to
tear space-time fabric itself and
connect to another point in space
perhaps to another black hole scientists
are unsure of what happens or if this is
even possible if it is possible the
chance of it randomly appearing in
nature is pretty much zero the center of
a black hole was perhaps the most
sought-after but you at least understood
point in science math and nature itself
here is where the laws of our universe
as we know them begin to break
but assuming that wormholes are possible
what's gonna hold them open what will
prevent them from collapsing in on
themselves crushing whatever passes
through out of existence math and make
dark energy is the reason why the
universe is expanding at such an
accelerated pace and it just might be
able to make wormholes much easier to
create dark energy has an effect that is
essentially like the opposite of gravity
gravity pulls things towards objects
with mass but dark energy is a repulsive
force it has a negative pressure and
tends to push imagine having a headache
where it feels that your head is being
squeezed but instead of the squeezing
being inward it's pushing outwards if
wormholes exist in are capable of
bending space-time in such a way to
essentially allow teleportation between
points of space there's still many
barriers to cross we would have to
figure out how to stop the intense
gravitational pull from completely
crushing our bodies or perhaps the
wormhole collapsing altogether we'd have
to figure out if a trip through a
wormhole is a two-way street if we go
through are we going to be able to come
back in 1988 physicist Kip Thorne
proposed an idea where wormholes may be
able to be kept open longer he suggested
that wormholes might be able to be kept
open through the use of negative energy
but no one knew how to create this
energy inside the wormhole in that very
short amount of time that they'd be open
in his paper Cambridge physicist Luke
butcher says that taking advantage of
the cosmic energy that exists naturally
in some wormholes could do the trick
after many calculations he found that if
you have a wormhole that's so much wider
than it is tall some more like a worm
slice as opposed to a wormhole the
amount of Casimir energy inside just
might be enough to keep the wormhole
from collapsing just long enough to send
a photon through as with most things the
more we learn and figure out how things
work the more we realize that we don't
know much of anything more doors open up
more questions pop up and not all of
them have solutions as you approach a
wormhole and you'd be looking at a
portal to another world
if you thought going to the Moon or Mars
was scary traversing through a wormhole
is essentially a suicide mission
the quantum world is strange and
fascinating as scientists uncover more
about the secrets of the universe by
studying its most basic levels there are
bound to be breakthroughs in leaps and
nology teleportation may have been
science fiction decades ago but today it
may just be a point of theoretical
discussion and a growing body of study
in the future we may be reconstructing
ourselves through entanglement and using
wormholes as portals to explore once
unexplored well parts of the universe
all good things come from compound
interest this includes friendships
relationships finances science all of
these things start out slow when you
meet someone new you initially learn
only the outermost layer of them as a
person as a kid you have little to no
money in science we have our basic
fundamental models but over time these
things build up and the returns we reap
increases well you connect deeper and
build stronger relationships with people
over time the money you earn compounds
over time to make you more money the
basic fundamental models that we have in
science are used to discover new ideas
and those ideas help uncover even more
ideas making exponential progress and
that's why it's important to discuss
topics like this when it comes to
teleporting humans and other objects a
question that comes up a lot is what we
have to have access to the other end in
order to teleport there well we have to
somehow reach that place build a
teleporter as a checkpoint of sorts and
continue to leapfrog around to other
places in our case the solar system and
eventually maybe even galaxies with this
the more places we go the faster we can
exponentially expand compound interest
sure
teleportation seems bizarre and unlikely
to happen but similar words have been
said about things that have changed the
world in the past century the Wright
brothers who were pioneers of modern
aviation had their doubts about humans
ever traversing the Atlantic Ocean and
airplanes or blimps but yet now we do
this each and every single day people
believe that Henry Ford would bankrupt
his company by trying to lower the cost
of cars in the early 1900's but look at
any parking lots a day and you'll see a
Ford car sitting there if you were able
to ask anyone from a hundred years ago
what would life look like in 2019 not a
single one of them would even come close
to being correct so I'll ask you what do
you think life will look like in a
hundred a thousand ten thousand years
people of
we'll tell any kind of world that seems
too good to be true and that's fine all
that history do the talking I'll see you
on the other side
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