We live in a world where objects have permanence
and
We see cause then effect
but a startling
Phenomenon is revealing that this is not how the universe works at the smallest scales of atoms and tiny particles
Albert einstein argued it couldn't possibly be real
Einstein was like a jack-in-the-box every day. He'd pop up with a new challenge, but after a century of disputes and discoveries
The experiment just beautiful. We're using it to create
revolutionary new technologies
What we have here is a quantum playground. We want to push the technology as five possible
It's perhaps the strangest concept in physics. We're left with conclusions that make no sense whatsoever
Yet it could be what forms the very fabric of our cosmos in the end. We just have this quantum mechanical world
There's no space anymore
It's like being an Alice in Wonderland
Everything is possible
Could it be real?
It's einstein's quantum riddle right now on Nova
Major funding for Nova is provided by the following
Is reality and illusion
Could something here mysteriously effect something there a
Century of discoveries in physics
Reveals a strange counterintuitive microworld of atoms and tiny particles that challenges our intuitive
Understanding of the world we see around us
It's known as quantum mechanics
This strange theory has enabled us to develop the remarkable technologies of our digital age
But it makes a very troubling prediction called quantum entanglement
Entitlement is this very powerful but strange connection that exists between pairs of particles
Even if they very far apart in the way, they're always coordinated
Nature's fundamental building blocks could be connected and influence each other
instantaneously as if the space between them doesn't exist as
If two objects can mirror each other without any apparent connection?
Einstein called it spooky action at a distance
He rejected the idea
I tried to prove it couldn't be real you could have situations where the cause and the effect happen at the same time
But if entanglement isn't real
Cutting-edge technologies could be in jeopardy
Quantum computers quantum encryption, they depend on entanglement being a fact in the world
Underlying it all is a profound question
Do we live in Einstein's universe of common-sense laws?
Or a bizarre quantum reality that allows spooky connections across space and time
300 miles off the coast of West Africa on one of the Canary Islands a
Team of physicists is setting up a remarkable experiment that will use almost the entire breadth of the universe
To settle the question
Is the seemingly impossible phenomenon of quantum entanglement an illusion, or is it actually real?
Leading the team is Anton Zeilinger
In towards the hetero structures
Perfect today
It's a precarious
undertaking
They've got a short window on two of Europe's largest telescopes
each one will simultaneously
Focus on a different quasar an extremely distant galaxy emitting huge amounts of light from its core
This light will be used to control precise equipment
that must be perfectly aligned to make measurements on tiny subatomic particles and
If that isn't tricky enough the weather on the mountain is notoriously unpredictable
The team needs perfect conditions for the experiment to work
In the end it could be running smoothly
Or there's little bit a couple decisions made, you know in the next active States in the last instance
With the experiment finally set up the team takes their positions
David Kiser has worked on this experiment with his colleagues Jason Colicchio and Andy Friedman for four years
Coordinating it all is Dominic Roush. The experiment is his thesis project and it's been years in the making but
As darkness falls temperatures on the mountain begin to drop
Ok, ok
Ok, there's bad news
They have been told to leave the villa mercial because the road will be so dangerous too dangerous, so they have to go down now
Yeah
The next day the team prepares for another attempt
They verify the equipment hasn't been affected by the weather
But now the air is thick with clouds
Here's the humidity with the various telescopes and you see the humidity is all that percent so as long as this
lasts
We can't too much
The teams at both telescopes wait
But the clouds don't clear
All the preparation has come to nothing
Time on these huge telescopes is precious and theirs has run out
This ambitious test of quantum entanglement must wait
Why are physicists so determined to put this bizarre aspect of quantum mechanics to the ultimate test to
Explore the beginning of the story David Kaiser has come to Brussels
The city that Albert Einstein traveled to in 1927
To attend a meeting about a new theory that described the microworld of atoms and tiny particles
quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics is one of those amazing intellectual achievements in human history
For the first time scientists were able to probe a world that was until then quite invisible to us
Looking at the world at the scale of atoms a million times smaller than the width of a human hair
one way to think about the scales is that if you take an everyday object like a soccer ball and
You enlarge that soccer ball so that actually you can see the individual atoms
you're if you have to make it the size of the earth and
Then move into that planet
Then you are in the world of atoms and particles
It was the nature of fundamental particles which make up the world we see around us that Einstein had come to Brussels to discuss
And it was here that Arnstein entered into a heated debate
that would lead to the discovery of quantum entanglement a
Concept that would trouble him for the rest of his life
David Kaiser has come to the place where it all began
This is the original Solvay Institute building
Beautiful grand building and this is the place back in October
1927 where the fifth sauvé conference was held
Was an amazing week long series of discussions on really what the world is made of on the nature of matter
The new quantum theory and these steps are the very steps
On which this famous group photograph was taken
Is a collection of some of the most brilliant people in the world here in the front row
We see Albert Einstein and the great Marie Curie INBOX plunk in the back row standing the dapper Aaron Schrodinger
And these could have brash twenty-year-old. 'red, mid-20s the van der Heisenberg and Wolfgang Pauli
These scientists were the pioneers of quantum mechanics. I
Had a huge version of this photograph up on the walls a poster in my college dorm room
My roommates had their favorite bands and I had to the 1927 Solvay conference
Which says a lot?
This was one of the greatest meetings of minds in history
More than half were or would become Nobel Prize winners
Their experiments were showing that deep inside mattered tiny particles like atoms and their orbiting electrons
were not solid little spheres
They seemed fuzzy and undefined
So this group here this these these were the folks who had just been
Plumbing deeper and deeper and deeper to
Find what they hope would be a bedrock of what the world is made of and to their surprise
They found things less and less solid as they dug in this world was not
tiny little bricks that got smaller and smaller at some point the bricks gave way to this mush and
What looked like solidity solidness in fact became very confusing and and kind of a whole new way of thinking about nature
The theory of quantum mechanics presented at the meeting was strange
It said that a particle like an electron
Isn't physically real
Until it's observed
Measured by an instrument that can detect it
Before it's detected instead of being a solid particle an
Electron is just a fuzzy wave a wave of
probability
These
Objects, like electrons are atoms when we describe mathematically their behavior
The only thing we can describe is the probability of being at one place or another
It's like a wave of all those different possibilities. It's not that the electron is in one place or the other
We just don't know is that the electron really is a combination of every possible place. It could be until we look at it
Quantum mechanics only tells us the probability of a particles properties like location
Laws of nature. We're no longer
Definite statements about what's going to happen next
They were just statements about probabilities and Einstein thought well, that's defeat
You're giving up on the heart of what physics has been namely to give a complete description of reality
For Einstein
The idea that particles only pop into existence when they're observed is akin to magic
It said he asked do you really believe the moon is not there when you are not looking at it
Outside of the formal setting of the conference
He challenged the most vocal supporter of these ideas the great Danish physicist Niels Bohr
Einstein would show up to breakfast at the hotel and Niels. Bohr would be there and Iceland would present his latest challenge Niels
Bohr was sort of mumble and Wonder and and confer with his younger colleagues they'd head off to the formal meeting at the Institute and
Somehow every night by suppertime. Bohr would have an answer
One of the observers said that Einstein was like a jack-in-the-box every day
he'd pop up with a new challenge and
Bohr would flip this way and that in the end by supper have crushed that one and it would start all over again
- Bohr and his colleagues
Quantum mechanics, not only explained experimental results. It's mathematics were elegant and beautiful and
Since Einstein hadn't found flaws in their equations. They left the solve a meeting feeling more confident than ever in their ideas
But Einstein didn't give up his conviction that quantum mechanics
was flawed and
In his refusal to accept the weird implications of the theory
He would wind up uncovering something even weirder
In 1933 with the Nazi Party in power in Germany
Einstein chose to settle in America and took a position at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey
He recruited two physicists to help him Nathan Rosen and Boris Podolsky
And in 1935 at afternoon tea
The three men spotted a possible flaw in quantum mechanics that would shake the very foundations of the theory
They noticed that the mathematics of quantum mechanics led to a seemingly impossible situation
Today Robert dijkgraaf is the director of the Institute
Apparently Podolski say well professor Einstein. This is very important in your arguments
Showing that quantum theory is incomplete. So
The God is very animated discussion and what can happen still is now you have a bunch of scientists discussing and at some point
Someone says let's write a paper together
So they did
Their paper known today as EPR
Argued that the equations of quantum mechanics
predicted an impossible connection between particles a
seemingly magical effect
It would be like having two particles each hidden under a cup
Looking at one
Mysteriously causes the other to reveal itself - with matching properties
Quantum theory suggested this effect could happen in the real world. For example with particles of light
photons
The equations implied that a source of photons could create pairs in such a way that
When we measure one
Causing it to snap out of its fuzzy state
The other mysteriously snaps out of its fuzzy state at the same instant with correlated properties
The 1935 paper that described this effect has become Einsteins most referenced work of all
It has captivated generations of physicists including Anton Zeilinger
The
einstein-podolsky-rosen paper
Fascinated me and I had to read it at least five or six times until I finally understood what's going on
And then it didn't
Let me go again
Another way to think of the paired particles is to imagine a game of chance that somehow rigged. I
suppose I had a
pair of quantum dice I
put these two quantum dice in my little
cup
throw them
And look at them they show the same number six I put them again in the trap throw them again
Now they post show three I put them in again so again
Now they both show one point not being what I see here is I see two
Random processes namely each tie showing some number but these two random processes to the same
It's really mind-boggling
How could two particles act in unison
Even when they're separated from each other
Is central to the EPR argument is that these particles can be
Separated at an arbitrary distance one could be here at Princeton one can be in the Andromeda galaxy
And yet according to quantum mechanics a choice to measure something here is somehow
Instantaneously affecting what can be said about this other particle
you
Can't go from Princeton to Andromeda
instantly and yet that they argued is what the equations of quantum mechanics seemed to imply and that they said so much the worse for
Quantum mechanics the world simply can't operate that way
For Einstein this strange effect conflicted with the most basic concept we use to describe reality
space
For him objects particles everything that exists is located in space
Space together with time was the key ingredient in his theory of special relativity
with its famous equation e equals MC squared Einstein
Of course was the master of space-time
He thought that if something happened here that shouldn't
Immediately and instantaneously change something that is going on over there the principle of locality as we currently call it
For Einstein, it's simply common sense that if objects are separated in space
For one to affect the other
Something must travel between them
And that traveling takes time
Quantum particles acting in unison could be explained if they were communicating
One particle instantly sending a signal to the other telling it what properties it should have
But that would require a signal traveling faster than the speed of light
Something Einstein's theory of special relativity had proven impossible
And it would mean the particles were fuzzy and undefined until the moment they were observed
Instead I'm Stein thought the particles should be real all along
They must carry with them a hidden layer of deeper physics that determines their properties from the start
Almost the way that magic tricks while appearing mysterious have a hidden explanation
But this hidden physics was missing from quantum theory so Einstein Podolsky and Rosen
Argued that quantum mechanics was incomplete
For those who was very enthusiastic about this project in fact, he was so enthusiastic that he
ran to the New York Times and told them the news so Einstein was really upset with Podolski and
Apparently he didn't speak to him anymore
When Niels Bohr heard of Einstein's paper, he wrote an obscure response
Arguing that one particle could somehow mysteriously influence the other
This seemingly impossible phenomenon became known as quantum entanglement
But Einstein dismissed it as spooky actions at a distance
No one could think of an experiment to test whether Einstein or Bohr was correct
But that didn't stop physicists and engineers from making use of quantum mechanics to do new things in
The 30s and 40s the debate around the EPR paper sort of dies down but quantum theory actually takes off
The mathematics leads to all kinds of amazing developments
Entanglement aside the equations of quantum mechanics enabled the scientists of the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb and
in the years after the Second World War
researchers at Bell Labs in New Jersey
used quantum theory to develop one of the first lasers in our
Laboratories meant experiment with a light one Sun green dove in the natural world and build small devices
That could control the flow of electricity
Transistors its destined to play a vital role in your future
their electronic future
Transistors became the building blocks of the burgeoning field of electronics
Computers disk drives the entire digital revolution soon followed all made possible
by the equations of quantum theory
Yet Einsteins questions about entanglement and what it implied about the incompleteness of quantum mechanics
remained unanswered
Until the 1960s when?
a physicist from Northern Ireland made a remarkable breakthrough
John Bell
Bell was a very talented young physics student
But he quickly grew dissatisfied with what he considered almost almost a kind of dishonesty among his teachers
Bell insisted that Einsteins questions about quantum mechanics had not been addressed
You got the shouting matches with his professors don't tell us that Boris solved all the problems. This really deserves further thought
Quantum mechanics has been fantastically successful
So it is a very intriguing situation
The foundation of all that impressive success there are these
It's a very strange thing that ever since the
1930s the idea of sitting and thinking hard about the foundations of quantum mechanics has been
disreputable among professional physicists when people tried to do that
They were kicked out of physics departments and so for someone like Bell he needed to have a day job doing ordinary particle physics
But at night, you know hidden away he could do work on the foundations of quantum mechanics
Bell became a leading particle physicist at CERN in Geneva
But he continued to explore the debate between Einstein and Bohr
And in 1964 he published an astonishing paper
Bell proved that bores and Einsteins ideas made different predictions
If you could randomly perform one of two possible measurements on each particle and
Check how often the results lined up
The answer would reveal whether we lived in Einsteins world
the world that followed common-sense laws
or Bohr's
A world that was deeply strange and allowed spooky quantum connections
We now know with hindsight. This was one of the most significant articles in the history of physics
Not just the history of 20th century physics in the history of of the field as a whole
But Bell's article appears in this, you know sort of out of the way Journal
In fact, the journal itself folds a few years later
This is not central to the physics community
it sort of dutifully filed on library shelves and then forgotten it literally collects dust on the shelf a
few years later
completely by chance a
brilliant experimental physicist stumbled upon Bell's article I
Thought this is one of the most amazing papers. I had ever read in my whole life and
I kept wondering well gee, this is wonderful. But where's the experimental evidence?
John worked on Bell's theory with fellow physicist Abner Simoni and at the University of California, Berkeley
Started work on an experiment to test it
He had a talent for tinkering in the lab and building the parts he needed
But used to rummage around here and scavenge from dumpster-dive for old equipment
He knew where to find hidden storage rooms like this, which he could raid to salvage spare parts for his experiments
This was a power supply for a diode lasers that looks like something I built
Here's a picture of the
Experiment. I did I had more hair in those days
Here's another picture
This is a stew Friedman worked on it with me
Piece by piece John clauser and Stuart Friedman constructed the world's first bail test experiment
They focused a laser on two calcium atoms
Causing them to emit pairs of photons
That the equations of quantum theories suggested should be entangled
They recorded whether or not the photons passed through filters on each side and
Checked how often the answers agreed
After hundreds of thousands of measurements if the pairs were more correlated than Einsteins physics predicted
They must be spookily entangled
We saw the stronger correlation characteristic of quantum mechanics we measured it and that's what we got the
Outcome was exactly what Bohr's quantum mechanics predicted
The experiment appeared to show that the spooky connections of quantum entanglement did exist in the natural world
Could it be that the great Albert Einstein was wrong
Remarkably the first people to react to this extraordinary result were not the world's leading physicists
Ronald reagan's definition of a hippie
well, someone who dresses like Tarzan has hair like Jane and smells like cheetah a
Small group of free thinking physicists at the heart of San Francisco's New Age scene got in touch with John
They call themselves the fundamental physics group they spelled physics with an F some members would experiment with psychedelic drugs
I mean they were they were kind of in the flow of the kind of hippie scene and that group was just mesmerized
by the question of entanglement
The idea was just to discuss fringe subjects with an open mind and I thought of sure that's kind of what I do
They were doing their best to link Eastern mysticism with quantum entanglement
They sold a lot of popular textbooks. There were a lot of followers
Their books became bestsellers
like the Dow of physics
Which highlighted that Eastern philosophy and quantum entanglement both described the deep connectedness of things in the universe
This is the great cosmic oneness
The group held meetings at the iconic Esalen Institute
It was a marvelous beautiful place where they would discuss all of these ideas
It was right on the Pacific coast with the overflow from the hot tubs
cascading down the cliffs into the Pacific Ocean
To my knowledge no useful
Connections to Eastern mysticism were ever discovered by the group
But it was fun
The fundamental physics group may not have uncovered the secrets of cosmic oneness
But in seeing entanglement as central to physics
They were decades ahead of their time
Forty years later
Cutting-edge labs around the world are now racing to harness quantum entanglement to create
revolutionary new technologies like
Quantum computers
In our everyday computers
The fundamental unit of computing is a bit a binary digit 0 or 1 and inside the computer
there's all these transistors which are turning on and off currents on is one off is zero and these combinations lead to
Universal computing
With a quantum computer you start with a fundamental unit
that's not a bit but a quantum bit which is not really a 0 or a 1 but it can be fluid a
Quantum bit makes use of the fuzziness of the quantum world a
qubit as it's known can be 0 or 1 or a combination of both a
Particle or tiny quantum system can be made into a qubit
And today it's not just pairs of particles that can be entangled
groups of qubits can be linked with entanglement to
Create a quantum computer
They're more cubits the greater the processing power
At Google's quantum computing laboratory in Santa Barbara
The team has recently succeeded in creating a tiny chip that holds an array of 72 qubits
The task for researcher Marisa
Justyna and her colleagues is to send signals to these microscopic qubits to control and entangle them
Mounted on the underside of this plate
We have the quantum processing chip itself in essence a quantum playground
You could say each qubit is a quantum object that we should be able to control at will
thinking about it as
The faster version of that PC over there would be a great slight to this
It can be much more than that
By using entangled qubits
quantum computers could tackle real-world problems that traditional computers simply can't cope with
For example a salesman has to travel to several cities and wants to find the shortest route
Sounds easy but
With just 30 cities, there are so many possible routes that it would take an ordinary computer even a powerful one
Hundreds of years to try each one and find the shortest
But with a handful of entangled qubits a quantum computer
Could resolve the optimal path in a fraction of the number of steps
There's another reason teams like Marisa's are racing to create a powerful quantum computer cracking secret codes
In today's world everything from online shopping to covert military communications is protected from hackers
using secure digital codes
process called
encryption
But what if hackers could get hold of quantum computers a
Quantum computer could crack our best encryption protocols in minutes
Whereas a regular computer or even a supercomputing network today couldn't do it, you know given months of time
But while quantum entanglement may be a threat to traditional encryption
It also offers an even more secure alternative
a
Communication system that the very laws of physics protect from secret hacking
Researchers in China are leading the way
Here in Shanghai at the University of Science and Technology
Jian way path runs a leading quantum Research Centre
His teams are working to harness the properties of the quantum world
They can send secret messages using a stream of photons in a system that instantly detects any attempt to eavesdrop
Jan weighs team has created a network of optical fibers more than a thousand miles long
That can carry secure information from Beijing to Shanghai
It is used by banks and data companies
But there's a limit to how far quantum signals can be sent through optical fibers
To send signals further Jan weighs team launched the world's first quantum communication satellite
Above Earth's atmosphere there are fewer obstacles and quantum particles can travel much further
Each night teams on the ground prepare to track the satellite across the skies
Laser guidance equipment locks on and allows signals to be sent and received
The team aims to use this equipment to create a new secure communication system using quantum entanglement
The satellite sends entangled photons to two users an
eavesdropper could intercept one of the entangled photons
measure it and
Send on a replacement photon
But it wouldn't be an entangled photon its properties wouldn't match
It would be clear an eavesdropper was on the line
In theory. This technique could be used to create a totally secure global
communication network
so the next step is
we'll have groan station for example in Canada and also in
Africa and many country so we will use our satellite for the global cloning communication
We want to push this technology as five possible
These are the first steps in creating a completely unhackable quantum Internet of the future
made possible by quantum entanglement
But there's a problem
What if quantum entanglement spooky action at a distance isn't real after all
It could mean entangled photons are not the path to complete security
The question goes back to clauser and Friedman's Bell test experiment
In the years after their pioneering work physicists began to test possible loopholes in their experiment
Ways in which the illusion of entanglement might be created so the effect might not be so spooky after all
One loophole is especially hard to rule out
In modern bell test experiments
Devices at each side test whether the photons can pass through one of two filters that are randomly chosen
Effectively asking one of two questions and checking how often the answers agree
After thousands of photons if the results show more agreement than Einsteins physics predicts
The particles must be spookily entangled
But what if something had mysteriously influenced the equipment so that the choices of the filters were not truly random
Is there any common cause
deep in the past before you even turn on your device that
Could have nudged the questions to be asked and the types of particles to be emitted, maybe some strange particle
Maybe some force that had not been taken into account. So that what looks like entanglement might indeed be an accident an illusion
Maybe the world still acts like Einstein thought
It is this loophole at the team at the high altitude Observatory in the Canary Islands is working to tackle
With quantum mechanics now more established than ever they're determined to put entanglement to the ultimate test and
Finally settle the Einstein board debate beyond all reasonable doubt
The team is creating a giant version of clauser and Friedman's Bell test with the entire universe as their lab bench
In this cosmic Bell test
The source of the entangled particles is about a third of a mile from each of the detectors
The team must send perfectly timed pairs of photons through the air to each side
At the same time the telescope's will collect light from two extremely far-off
extremely bright galaxies called quasars
These are among the brightest objects in the sky emitting light in powerful jets
Random variations in this light will control which filters are used to measure the photon pairs and
Since the quasars are so far away. The light has been travelling for billions of years to reach Earth
It makes it incredibly unlikely that anything could be influencing the random nature of the test
If the experiment is successful
The team will have tackled the loophole and shown that quantum entanglement is as spooky as Bohr always claimed
Dominic and Jason are at one telescope anton anton is at the other
Josh Rodriguez are in field of view in that years
Yeah, terrible chania the contrast is super loss okay Joe
With clear skies finally overhead a huge telescopes awakened
Poised to collect light from distant quasars
Moving into the
right doc on living
So we're doing everything to everything once now so
The guys for the links are setting the state of the integrant photon pair. We try to acquire the quasar
we're just centering it and
Making a feel of your small as possible to be sure to be pulling you have the quasar
Okay, it's guiding now. Yes, bitch. Okay this one
alright
Yes
Yeah, that's good
It looks like I need let's say 91 to be conservative a period
With the telescopes now locked on to two different quasars the team begins to take readings
We do the food the Fluke opening bell test what yeah, we're doing a fool cause we both is
It's working right from the quasars is selecting which filters are used to measure the entangled photons
This is exciting it is now we do have a text but it's not clear what the outcome will be
Everything is exactly the same beautiful. Perfect
Two months later back in Vienna the team analyzes the experimental data
This might take a second
The numbers look really great and it is extremely pleasing to see that all these works so nice
We clearly see correlations that correspond to quantum mechanics
the results show entanglement
And since the light from the quasar is controlling the test was nearly eight billion years old
It's extremely unlikely that anything could have affected its random nature
His remaining loophole seems to be closed
The experiment it is just fantastic
the big cosmos comes down to
control a small quantum experiment that in itself is a
Beautiful
You know, honestly I still I still get chills I mean ice
When I realized what our team was able to do in this intellectual journey that stretches back to the early years of the 20th century
There's there's hardly any room left for a kind of alternative
Einstein like explanation
We haven't ruled it out
but we've shoved it into such a tiny corner of the cosmos as to make it even more implausible for anything other than
Entanglement to explain our results
Accepting that entanglement is a part of the natural world around us has profound implications
It means we must accept that an action in one place can
Have an instant effect anywhere in the universe as if there's no space between them
Or that particles only take on physical properties when we observe them
Or we must accept both
We were left with conclusions about the universe that make no sense whatsoever
Science is stepping outside of all of our boundaries of common sense. So almost like being an Alice in Wonderland, right where
Everything is possible
It was first seen as an unwelcome but unavoidable consequence of quantum mechanics
Now after nearly a century of disputes and discoveries
spooky action at a distance
Is finally at the heart of modern physics
At the Institute for Advanced Study where the concept of entanglement was first described
Researchers are now using it in their search for a single unified theory of the universe the holy grail of physics
Einstein's theories of special and general relativity
Perfectly described space time and gravity at the largest scales of the universe
While quantum mechanics perfectly describes the tiniest scales
Yet these two theories have never been brought together
So far
We've not yet had a single complete theory. That is both quantum mechanical and
reproduces the prediction of Einstein's wonderful theory of general relativity
Maybe the secret is entanglement
What if space itself is actually created by the tiny quantum world
Just like temperature warm and cold consists simply of the movement of atoms inside an object
Perhaps space as we know it emerges from networks of entangled quantum particles
It's a mind-blowing idea
What we are learning these days is that we might have to give up
That what Einstein holds sacred namely space and time
So he was always thinking while we have little pieces of space and time and out of this we built the whole universe
In a radical theory known as the holographic universe
Space and time are created by entangled quantum particles on a sphere that's infinitely far away
What's happening in space in some sense
Described in terms of a screen outside here the ultimate description of reality
resides on this screen think of it as kind of
quantum bits living on that screen and
this like a movie projector creates a illusion of
The three-dimensional reality that are now experiencing
It may be impossible to intuitively understand this wild mathematical idea
But it suggests that entanglement could be what forms the true fabric of the universe
The most puzzling element of
Entanglements that you know, somehow two points in space can communicate
Becomes less of a problem because space itself has disappeared
In the end. We just have this quantum mechanical world. There is no space anymore and
so in some sense the paradoxes of
Entanglement the EPR paradox disappears into thin air
Truly understanding quantum mechanics will only happen when we put ourselves on the entanglement side and we stop
Privileges the world that we see and start thinking about the world as it actually is
Science has made enormous progress for centuries by sort of breaking complicated systems down into parts
When we come to phenomena, like quantum entanglement that scheme breaks
When it comes to the bedrock of quantum mechanics, the whole is more than the sum of its parts
The basic motivation is just to learn how nature works what's really going on
Instance said it very nicely he's not interested in this detailed question of that detailed question
He just wanted to know what were God's thoughts
When he created the world
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