You know what can make even the most entertaining
YouTube video really frustrating?
Bad sound.
That is, for audiences who don't rely on closed captioning.
Like, what if my voice was all garbled with
static, or if my words weren’t synced up
to the video right now?
Annoying, right?
You might look away from a screen if the visuals
are jarring, but you pretty much always hear
a film – whether it’s dialogue that was
recorded on set, or a sweeping score added
in post-production.
And the sad thing is: you don’t often notice
really good sound recording and design.
Even though it takes just as much technical
know-how and artistry as visual storytelling does.
When sound production is most successful,
you’re not thinking about the quality of
the sound at all.
You’re feeling it.
You’re pulled into the story and living
in the world of the film.
[Intro Music Plays]
Let’s start with the basics: the audience
is gonna want to hear the characters they’re watching.
And that all starts with the sound department
on set, which is usually a small crew of two
to three people.
Its head is the Sound Mixer, also known as
the Production Sound Mixer, Location Sound
Recordist, Sound Engineer, or just the “sound
guy.”
This person usually supplies all the sound
equipment for the production, and is responsible
for recording all the sounds on set.
Every space has unique acoustics, so a good
sound mixer will try to record as much as
possible to make the world of the film feel
real.
That includes the sounds actors make in the
scene being filmed – like dialogue...
Batman: Where's Dent?
Joker: Those mob fools want you gone so they can get back to the way things were.
Joker: But I know the truth. There's no going back.
Joker: You've changed things... forever.
...slurping their tea...
[slurp]
...or foot stomps as they jog down
a street.
[footsteps as Marion chases Indy]
Plus, it includes wild sound, which is any
extra lines that are said or noises that are
intentionally created without the camera
rolling, to be added into the movie in post-production.
And lastly there’s room tone, the atmospheric
sound in a space filled with silent actors,
crew, and set dressing.
Having room tone helps the sound editors make
the world feel authentic and consistent.
The sound department’s second-in-command
on set is the boom operator, or boom op, for short.
This is the person you’ll see holding a
microphone on a long boom pole out over the actors.
Actors will often have small body mics, also known as lavalier mics,
This is mine... it's not hidden.
But the boom op is working to capture sound
from everyone and everything in each scene.
To do their job well, they have to really
know the script and the blocking, or how the
actors will physically move through a scene.
That way, they can position the boom in the
best place to pick up sound, while keeping
the mic and its shadow out of the camera’s
view.
On larger sets, there might be a third person
on the sound crew: the utility sound technician,
also known as the second assistant sound.
This person helps with a bunch of stuff, like:
equipment maintenance, mic placement, cable
management, keeping everyone quiet while filming,
or even operating a second boom.
Now, I already mentioned the two main mics
you’ll find on a film set: the boom mic
and the body mic.
But you have to think about a lot more than
just where you put a microphone.
When you’re speaking, you’re pushing air
through your vocal folds out into the world.
That vibrates other air molecules, making
sound waves.
So, microphones nearly always have a windscreen
to help record clean sound, and not just loud,
whooshing noises from the air.
It muffles air being blown directly at it
without affecting the mic’s ability to pick up sound.
A small windscreen is usually enough on an
enclosed set, or on a soundstage, like this one.
Outdoors, you might need more intense windscreens.
And here’s a perfect example of how great
film crews are at naming things:
The big ones are called dead cats… because,
well, just look at them.
The sound department not only has to make
sure they’re recording good sound, but they
have to pay close attention to what they don’t
want to capture.
And they can do that with microphone patterns.
A microphone pattern is a shape around a mic
where it picks up sound best, and there are
a few standard types.
Just like the camera department has to change
lenses, the sound department might have to
change mics from scene to scene.
First, you have omni-directional mics, meaning
the mic is recording sound coming at it from
every direction.
There are a lot of situations where this is
ideal, like for recording a conversation where
people are sitting and talking all around
a table.
But on a set, you only want to hear the actors
on camera, and not all the crew behind the scenes.
So this mic wouldn’t be the best choice.
Bidirectional mics pick up sound directly
in front of and behind them, while rejecting
sound coming from the sides.
Their sensitivity pattern looks kind of like
a figure 8.
These mics are useful for interviews or duets
– any time when two people are directly
across from each other, with the mic in the
middle.
Then, there are cardioid mics, named because
their pattern is kind of shaped like a heart.
They pick up more sound in the direction you’re
pointing them, plus a little bit from behind
and on the sides.
A cardioid pattern is good for recording lines
from one person at a time, up close.
So lavalier mics – the ones physically attached
to actors – are usually cardioid or omnidirectional.
If you want something a little wider than
a typical cardioid, but not as wide as an
omnidirectional, there are subcardioid mics.
Or, say you’re trying to record a conversation
where a bunch of people are huddled together
and talking.
So you have several mics near each other,
and you want each one to only pick up one person.
In this case, a supercardioid or hypercardioid
might be your best options, because they have
even more directional pickup.
But the downside is that they also have more
sensitivity directly behind them, so they
can pick up things you don’t want to hear
in the final film, like chatter from the crew.
If you need something even more directional,
like for the end of a boom pole, you can put
something called an interference tube over
a supercardioid or a hypercardioid mic.
This ideally makes unwanted sound waves from
the sides cancel out, and creates a lobar
pattern: you can aim them more precisely,
and pick up sound from farther away.
Because these mics are long and narrow, they’re
called shotgun mics.
So on a typical set, there’s probably a
shotgun mic on the boom pole, and a handful
of lavaliers on different actors or hosts.
Each of those microphones is picking up part
of the overall sound in a scene, and each
one feeds into its own track on the audio
recorder where the sound mixer is.
There, the sound mixer can adjust the mic
sensitivity and the recording levels.
So in the final film, the audience can hear
a soft whisper...
Gandalf: Fly you fools.
...and understand loud shouting.
Stansfield: Benny? Bring me everyone.
Benny: What do you mean, "everyone?"
Stansfield: EVERYONE!!!
And 
all this is just production sound!
We still have a whole world of post-production
to explore.
Before editing anything, the very first thing
you need to do is sync the sound with the
camera footage.
And if you prepare during production, it’s
pretty easy to do.
Remember the 2nd AC?
They’re responsible for the slate, which
marks each take with both a visual and an
audio cue.
To help keep track of media, the scene, shot,
and take number are written on the slate for
the camera to see, and are called out for
the microphone to hear.
Nick: Scene 21 take 25!
And then, the 2nd AC claps the slate shut.
If you don’t have a slate, you can clap
your hands in front of the camera and the
mic to get the same effect.
[clap]
The goal is to make the audio levels spike,
while the camera catches the exact moment
the clapper and the board of the slate come
together.
That way, in post-production, you can manually
match up that audio and visual cue and...
voilà!
Your sound is synced.
If you want a faster way of syncing audio
and video, we’ve got you covered too.
One way is through a timecode sync, if you’re
using a digital slate.
The moment the clapper hits the board, a signal
is sent from the slate to the camera and the
audio recorder.
And the timecode of this exact moment is recorded
on both devices, which you can use to sync
everything up.
The second way is if your camera is recording
audio too, which won’t be used in the final
mix, called a guide track.
That way, in your editing software, you have
your video footage, camera sound, and sound
from the audio recorder.
And an audio waveform sync program can match
them all up.
Typically, an assistant editor syncs up the
sound with the visuals, and then the editing
team cuts together the film.
Once the film editor and director agree on
a picture lock, meaning the visual and story
edit of the film is finalized, it’s time
for the post-production sound team to get to work.
Like the film editor, the sound editor makes
decisions based on things like story and the
actor performances.
The best takes for camera aren’t always
the best takes for sound, though, technically
or artistically.
And it’s up to the sound editor to make
sure the best sound takes for the film make
it into the final mix.
On a bigger film, some sound editors will
be dedicated dialogue editors.
Like the name suggests, their job is to cut
for the best dialogue from production sound.
Ideally, the audio and video from the same
take will both be great.
That makes their job easy.
Often though, the dialogue editor has to borrow
sound from other takes or wild sound, and
sync the best takes for sound with the best
takes for camera.
This only works if the audience can’t tell
it’s been done, like if the camera is on
another character, so it takes a lot of skill
and creative editing.
If there’s not a great sound take, the crew
will bring actors back into a studio and do
some Automated Dialogue Replacement, or ADR.
Some actors relish ADR.
Meryl Streep famously loves it because mixing
separate visual and audio performances can
add complexity to what her character is conveying.
Of course, dialogue isn’t the only sound
in a film.
Sound Designers work with sound mixers and
foley artists to create the sound effects
that make the world of the film feel rich
and whole, from birds chirping
to the *pew pew* of lasers.
And music supervisors and composers work with
the director to either curate or create the
music of the film.
Adding music frequently comes at the end of
post-production.
And when it’s done well, it’s the finishing
touch that solidifies the entire film and
brings it to life.
From an actor’s whispered lines to the final
score woven throughout a film, sound helps
us go from watching a story with relatable
characters, to feeling what they feel and
living in their world.
Today we learned about all the artists involved
in production sound, and how different microphone
patterns are best for different situations.
We talked about the importance of post-production
sound and the role it plays in deepening our
experience of a film, and making the movie
the best it can be.
Next time, we’ll talk about the people who
see everything, from the bigger picture to
tiny details that could get overlooked on
a film set: producers.
Crash Course Film Production is produced in
association with PBS Digital Studios.
You can head over to their channel to check
out a playlist of their latest amazing shows,
like PBS Infinite Series, Physics Girl, and
Reactions.
This episode of Crash Course was filmed in
the Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio
with the help of these nice people and our
amazing graphics team is Thought Cafe.
