hello and welcome back to see the
pattern in today's episode we are going
to be exploring
Arps view of the universe his ideas
around cosmology about 60 years ago
George Abel started to catalog the
distribution of the clusters of galaxies
the cause of these were predominantly
old stellar population etype galaxies
which were believed to be mostly gas
free and inactive later when we
developed x-ray surveys and looked at
these objects it turned out that they
were far from an active and in fact they
were very strong x-ray emitters now in
the episode on quasars are not what we
think they are we discussed the fact
that Arp became fascinated by quasars he
studied so many that he started to see a
pattern
these quasars were always associated
with these types of active x-ray
emitting galaxies and the quasars tended
to be distributed along and away from
the axis of rotation of the galaxy and
if the quasar was further away from the
galaxy the redshift went down and at the
extreme end so further out that he
looked he no longer saw quasars but he
discovered small prototype and dwarf
galaxies combining data from the last 32
years of study the following is Arps
interpretation of the formation of proto
galaxies and it starts with a sequence
of quasars emerging from a large active
galaxy along its minor axis that's the
axis of rotation and they start with a
high redshift but have low luminosity
and the increased luminosity and
decrease in redshift as they move
outwards when they reach a maximum
distance of about 500 kiloparsecs
they've started to turn into compact
active galaxies and as the age further
into more normal galaxies they then make
fall back towards the parent galaxy and
in that case the fall back along the
same minor axis as they emerge with
little or no angular momentum the
standard model of cosmology suggests
that companion galaxies are the remains
of collisions with other galaxies or was
simply captured by the host galaxy now
if this was the case then we would
expect to find dwarf galaxies evenly
distributed around the host galaxies but
this is not what we find and and they've
actually known this for quite a long
time back in 1969 eric Homburg had
studied many companion galaxies and
found that they seemed to be aligned
around the axis of rotation at the time
he concluded that they must have been
formed by gas ejection from the nucleus
of the host galaxies could these all be
part of the same mechanism could the
active galaxies eject this energetic
plasma forming a quasar which eventually
evolved into dwarf galaxies now what
theory could help explain how the
redshift and the velocity of these
objects could change and how could this
matter be created in the first place.  In
order to do this we have to look at
Einsteins theory of general relativity
and specifically we have to look at his
field equation G mu V is equal to T mu V
now in this equation and this is a
simplified form of the equation the TMU
V represents the energy and the momentum
of a system of particles and the G mu V
represents the geometric properties of
the space that these particles occupy
now the solution to this equation tells
us how the particles will behave over
time and from this we can deduce two
things either initially the energy was
large and the particles will continue to
expand forever
war that the initial energy was small
and the particles will eventually
collapse under gravity
now this caused Einstein much distress
and it forced him to introduce the
cosmological constant to just balance
the universe stopping it from collapsing
and stopping it from expanding forever
and later Einstein would actually refer
to this cosmological constant as his
biggest blunder in 1922 a Russian
mathematician Alexander Friedmann put
forth a solution to Einstein's equations
in which the spatial separation of the
particle expanded with time and this is
what Hubble pinned is redshift data to
and reluctantly went with a notion that
the galaxies were moving away from each
other and therefore space itself must be
expanding and this idea was later than
linked to the idea that all matter once
must have occupied the same space and so
the notion of the Big Bang was born and
the Big Bang Theory assumed that all
matter was created simultaneously
approximately 13.8 billion years ago now
the problem is that Friedman made an
assumption that the mass of the
particles doesn't change and therefore
forced the observed effect into the
equation and the solution was that
effectively the space itself must be
expanding and this expansion of
space-time caused space-time itself to
be curved in his equations in 1977
narlikar generalized the equations of
general relativity and in his case he
assumed that the mass would change over
time and in fact he assumed that the
mass would change in an equation where
mass was equal to a T squared where T is
a time and a is a constant and that
means that redshift will now be related
to the time the age of the objects and
not how quickly it moves and in the
narlikar solution the geometrical terms
on the left-hand side of the equation
lead to a flat space-time and as far as
we know that's exactly what we observe
our universe seems to have
flat space-time and is not curved the
solution that he presented is much
simpler to solve and does not require
any relativity or tensor calculus at all
space remains fixed and does not expand
and instead the mass of the particles
increases with time and this means that
as the particles are ejected they gain
mass and their movement must therefore
decelerate in order to conserve momentum
Sir Fred Hoyle had for a long time being
a proponent of the steady state theory
and he worked together with Darla Cod to
come up with a theory that they called
the variable mass theory and in this
every particle in the universe derives
its inertia from the rest of the
particles in the universe and when an
electron is just created before it has
time to see any other particles in its
vicinity it will have zero mass as time
goes on it gained signals from a volume
of space expanding at the speed of light
containing more and more particles its
mass grows in proportion to the number
and the strength of the signals it
received and if the mass of an electron
jumping from an excited atomic orbit to
a lower level is small then the energy
of that photon of light emitted is
smaller as well appearing to be
redshifted
Burbage then joined oil and narlikar to
evolve the theory called the quasi
steady state cosmology and it's
effectively an evolution of the steady
state theory and taking into account the
variable mass hypothesis and in this
theory it would allow mini big bang
events to occur anywhere in the universe
and these events would bring new matter
into the universe at those points and
there would be highly energetic events
and if we take into account the variable
mass theory we would allow for these
younger objects to have higher intrinsic
redshift they're interesting laughs when
art went to visit arthur c clarke
and Arthur asked him what's new in
astronomy art replied well there are
these extremely high energetic cosmic
rays gamma rays and x-rays coming from
the center of our local cluster and
Arthur then replied hmm oh yes waving
his hands in the air
matter creation and this totally stumped
up how on earth could Arthur already
know about this when he was only just
developing these theories if we look at
another galaxy created more recently
then their clocks would appear to be
running slower and their matter the ones
that would emit light would appear to be
redshifted and as time goes on the
particle mass in that galaxy would
exchange signals with more and more
matter outside of itself so the total
mass and their clocks would asymptotic
Li approach the same rate as ours now
from the standpoint of the cosmic
reference frame the universe is not
expanding but matter is intermittently
materializing into it with clocks that
run very slowly at first and then evolve
to a more normal rate that other
implications are that the universe
itself is not expanding it is
indefinitely large and episodically it
unfolds itself from many points within
itself and we can only be sure that we
are seeing objects within our local
supercluster the distance to the next
one may be very large and hence we may
only see a very small part of our
universe now the conservation of mass
and energy may apply to the whole but it
is not clear that this applies to the
part that we communicate with in light
photons so you may question okay that's
that's great why are we not using this
theory well I guess part of the problem
lies in our himself the fact that most
of the scientific community in the
matter what he used to produce they just
used to ignore it for me looking at it
the the fact that it simplifies some of
I'm Stein's equations is very attract
the fact that you can solve the
equations in a much simpler form is very
attractive the problem I have with it is
that if the mass continues to increase
in an infinitely large universe then as
the the sphere expands then as it goes
out further and further then it would
always be like an exponential increase
in the mass as time goes on so there's
no endpoint to that so what implications
does that have for the rest of the
universe if mass continues to go upwards
so I struggle with that B I can't see a
way that that it's not elegant
because if mass continues to go up then
there will be parts of the universe that
become ever more massive and you can't
keep adding maths because in its
simplest form mass is energy if you look
at iron Stein's equation and therefore
by allowing master to increase we are
allowing energy to increase that's not
to say that this notion of mass creation
isn't something that is worth looking at
certainly if we look at the idea that
these quasars are born out of the
galaxies and I find a very attractive
solution the fact that something is
happening with these objects that causes
the redshift to change is very
attractive mass does explain that in a
very simple way so it is a solution that
may work but for me the problem is that
has to be a short-lived event there has
to be something that causes the mess
effectively to decrease and then go back
to normal but not to continue to
increase I struggled to see how that
would fit into the the bigger picture
the problem I have with the quasi-steady
state cosmologies it almost takes the
simple notion of the the steady state
model and adds a bit of the Big Bang
into it and for me there are huge
problems with the Big Bang and
introducing that into this theory I'm
not sure that it necessarily works I
think again the part
the problem with a lot of these things
is that there are little gems that need
to be extracted the whole thing for me
doesn't work together but there are
certainly notions and ideas that
certainly have a lot of merit and the
the idea that these galaxies create the
matter that we see around us certainly
fits also with a paradigm of an electric
universe if there are these vast
berkland currents coming flowing across
our universe and then at certain pinch
points they start to form matter which
turns into you know a galaxy nucleus
whatever that is and I don't believe
that it is a black hole with you know
gas flowing and I think it's more likely
it's some sort of version of a star but
on a much grander scale and that these
eject material both in the minor and
major axes which creates the stars that
we see and potentially creates the dwarf
galaxies again it's interesting that the
dwarf galaxies that we observe fit
within this pattern so the fact that
they are along that minor axis and we
don't find them elsewhere is
particularly interesting because it does
imply that there is the notion that they
came from that galaxy so so what are my
takeaways from this for me the most
interesting part I think is art theory
of the creation of these companion
galaxies the fact that these active
galactic nuclei ejects material which
forms into quasars which then form into
protic Alexei's and which then form into
dwarf galaxies this for me
strikes an accord with what we see
elsewhere this potentially is how
galaxies may be formed that it is not a
star first formation but it is a galaxy
first formation and in fact it may well
be that the berkland current flowing
across the universe creating these these
pinch points and drawing the matter in
creating
the ball of plasma which then goes on to
populate the the Galaxy itself for me as
well the idea of this mass variation
there is credence in this there is again
we need to be able to explain if that
theory is correct the ejection of the
quasar forming into the galaxy how the
redshift can be changed and and it's
certainly one of the ones that would
explain why as the the matter is younger
why it would be more redshifted and
there are certainly other examples that
he gives looking at stars and younger
stars and younger parts of the galaxy
which also show this intrinsic redshift
but potentially there's another
mechanism that I mean I haven't I don't
have the answer I haven't uncovered it
yet but I certainly think that in terms
of the blocks that he's put together
there are some very interesting ideas
which we can take away from this and and
start to fit into our our own mesh of
the way that we would see the universe
working for now I hope you found this an
interesting insight into ARP and Hoyle
and Nala Carr's ideas around the
alternatives to the Big Bang Theory and
hopefully it's given you some insight
into trying to understand from 24 Mark's
point of view the the the ideas behind
his explanation for these anomalies that
he detected over so many years as always
be brave be curious the truth is waiting
for us until next time
you
