
Italian: 
Hey ragazzi.
Ecco un enorme
riassunto di cosa
devi sapere per il tuo
prima carta chimica
Qui, stiamo andando
andare oltre tutto
ma lo stiamo facendo solo rapidamente
Se ti assicurerai di te
sapere assolutamente tutto,
vuoi ottenere il controllo della conoscenza
liste, migliaia di domande,
collegamenti a video, equazioni
che devi imparare,
formula che devi ricordare, quindi
puoi averlo tutto gratis
sul mio sito web in
la mia guida di revisione,
o se vuoi
ordina con un clic,
puoi ottenerlo da Amazon.
Qui abbiamo il nostro meraviglioso,
bella tavola periodica.
È una lista di tutti gli elementi
che sono noti per esistere.
Gli elementi sono a
singolo tipo di atomo.
Un atomo è molto,
cosa molto piccola.
La parola atomo è in realtà
Greco per non decodificabile.
E quando hanno chiamato
loro, pensarono
era il più piccolo
cosa possibile
La tavola periodica racconta
noi carichi e carichi,
e un sacco di informazioni
sugli elementi,
la gamma di elementi
che sono noti per esistere.

English: 
Hey, guys.
Here is a massive
summary of what
you need to know for your
first chemistry paper.
In here, we're going
to go over everything
but we're only doing it quickly.
If you'll make sure that you
know absolutely everything,
you want to get knowledge check
lists, thousands of questions,
links to videos, equations
that you need to learn,
formula you need to recall, then
you can get that all for free
on my website in
my revision guide,
or if you want to
one-click order it,
you can get that from Amazon.
Here we have our wonderful,
beautiful periodic table.
It is a list of all the elements
which are known to exist.
Elements are a
single type of atom.
An atom is a very,
very small thing.
The word atom is actually
Greek for uncuttable.
And when they named
them, they thought
it was the smallest
thing possible.
The periodic table tells
us loads, and loads,
and loads of information
about the elements,
the range of elements
that are known to exist.

English: 
There are still loads
yet to be discovered.
A compound is two or
more elements that
are chemically bonded together.
That's the important thing,
chemically bonded together.
Here, we have a
structure of an atom.
We have electrons that are on
the shells around the outside,
protons that are in the
middle, and neutrons
that are in the middle.
And this bit in the middle
here is collectively
called the nucleus.
Protons are in the nucleus.
They have a mass of 1
and a charge of plus 1.
Neutrons are also
in the nucleus.
They have a mass of 1
and a charge of zero.
Electrons are in
the outer shells.

Italian: 
Ci sono ancora carichi
ancora da scoprire.
Un composto è due o
più elementi che
sono legati chimicamente insieme.
Questa è la cosa importante,
legato chimicamente insieme.
Qui, abbiamo un
struttura di un atomo.
Abbiamo elettroni attivi
le conchiglie intorno all'esterno,
protoni che sono nel
medio e neutroni
che sono nel mezzo.
E questo pezzo nel mezzo
qui è collettivamente
chiamato il nucleo.
I protoni sono nel nucleo.
Hanno una massa di 1
e un addebito di più 1.
Neutroni sono anche
nel nucleo.
Hanno una massa di 1
e una carica di zero.
Gli elettroni sono dentro
i gusci esterni.

Italian: 
La loro massa è 1/2000 e loro
ha una carica di meno 1.
Sulla tavola periodica, lo farai
vedere un sacco di scatole come questa.
Questo ti dice tutto
sugli elementi.
Questo è l'elemento
nome, il simbolo,
e ci sono due numeri.
Questo è il numero atomico e
questo è il numero di massa.
Ora per questi, posizione
non importa.
Libri di testo diversi,
fogli diversi
li metterò
in luoghi diversi.
Il più grande è
il numero di massa,
e il più piccolo
è il numero atomico.
Il numero atomico dice
noi il numero di protoni
e il numero di
elettroni in un atomo.

English: 
Their mass is 1/2000 and they
have a charge of minus 1.
On the periodic table, you will
see lots of boxes like this.
This tells you all
about the elements.
This is the element's
name, the symbol,
and there are two numbers.
This is the atomic number, and
this one is the mass number.
Now for these, location
doesn't matter.
Different textbooks,
different sheets
are going to put them
in different locations.
The larger one is
the mass number,
and the smaller one
is the atomic number.
The atomic number tells
us the number of protons
and the number of
electrons in an atom.

Italian: 
Il numero di massa è
il numero di protoni
più il numero di neutroni.
Quindi qui abbiamo il calcio.
Il numero più piccolo
è il numero atomico.
Il grande numero
è il numero di massa.
E se vuoi trovare
il numero di protoni,
è semplicemente l'atomico
numero, quindi in questo caso, 20.
È anche il numero di elettroni
il numero atomico, quindi di nuovo,
20.
I neutroni è il
numero di massa, che
è 40, meno il numero atomico,
che è 20, pari a 20.
Devi essere in grado
prendere una serie di parole
e trasformalo in a
equazione semplice bilanciata.
Quindi c'è abbastanza a
molto per voi da fare qui,
perché devi ricordare
i simboli chimici per abbastanza
un gran numero di cose.
L'acqua è H2O.
Questo si trasforma in
gas idrogeno, che
sta per essere H2, più ossigeno
gas, che sarà O2.
E ora dobbiamo bilanciarlo.

English: 
The mass number is
the number of protons
plus the number of neutrons.
So here we have calcium.
The smaller number
is the atomic number.
The large number
is the mass number.
And if you want to find
the number of protons,
it is simply the atomic
number, so in this case, 20.
The number of electrons is also
the atomic number, so again,
20.
The neutrons is the
mass number, which
is 40, minus the atomic number,
which is 20, equaling 20.
You need to be able
to take a set of words
and turn it into a
balanced simple equation.
So there is quite a
lot for you to do here,
because you need to remember
the chemical symbols for quite
a large number of things.
Water is H2O.
That turns into
hydrogen gas, which
is going to be H2, plus oxygen
gas, which is going to be O2.
And now we need to balance it.

Italian: 
Disegna una linea verso il basso
in mezzo, cerchio tutto,
ed elenca quello che abbiamo.
Abbiamo idrogeno, abbiamo
ossigeno, abbiamo l'idrogeno,
abbiamo ossigeno Contare
il numero di cose.
2 idrogeni, 1 ossigeno,
2 idrogeni, 1 bue--
2 ossigeno, mi dispiace.
Quindi abbiamo bisogno di aumentare il
numero di ossigeni su questo lato
perché vedi
non ce ne sono abbastanza
Quindi dobbiamo aggiungere un altro H2O.
Mettilo in un cerchio,
rifare i nostri numeri.
Ora abbiamo 2, 4
idrogeni e 2 ossigeni.
Quindi i nostri ossigeni
anticipo, ma ora il nostro
gli idrogeni abbiamo di più su questo
lato di noi su questo lato.
Quindi dobbiamo aggiungere
più idrogeni qui.
Di nuovo, l'unica cosa che possiamo fare
è aggiungere un'ulteriore altra bolla.
Ora abbiamo 2 idrogeni
qui, 2 idrogeni qui,

English: 
Draw a line down the
middle, circle everything,
and list what we have.
We have hydrogen, we have
oxygen, we have hydrogen,
we have oxygen. Count
the number of things.
2 hydrogens, 1 oxygen,
2 hydrogens, 1 ox--
2 oxygen, sorry.
So we need to increase the
number of oxygens on this side
because you see
there aren't enough.
So we have to add another H2O.
Put that in a circle,
redo our numbers.
We now have 2, 4
hydrogens, and 2 oxygens.
So our oxygens
advance, but now our
hydrogens we have more on this
side than we do on this side.
So we need to add
more hydrogens here.
Again, the only thing we can do
is to add a whole other bubble.
We now have 2 hydrogens
here, 2 hydrogens here,

Italian: 
facendo 4 in totale e 2 oxygens.
Quindi ora abbiamo 4 idrogeni
su questo lato, 2 ossigeni.
4 idrogeni e 2 ossigeni.
Abbiamo bisogno di riscriverlo
ordinatamente per l'esaminatore.
Quindi abbiamo una, due bolle
di H2O trasformandolo in uno,
due bolle di H2 più 1 di O2.
Ti raccomando seriamente
impara almeno questa formula.
Il biossido di carbonio è CO2.
Acqua, H2O.
Gas di ossigeno, O2.
Gas idrogeno, H2.
Gas azoto, N2.
Ammoniaca, NH3.
Acido cloridrico, HCl.
L'acido solforico è H2SO4.
Elementi, cose pure.
Composti, due o
più cose diverse

English: 
making 4 in total and 2 oxygens.
So now we have 4 hydrogens
on this side, 2 oxygens.
4 hydrogens and 2 oxygens.
We need to rewrite that
neatly for the examiner.
So we have one, two bubbles
of H2O turning into one,
two bubbles of H2 plus 1 of O2.
I seriously recommend you
learn at least these formula.
Carbon dioxide is CO2.
Water, H2O.
Oxygen gas, O2.
Hydrogen gas, H2.
Nitrogen gas, N2.
Ammonia, NH3.
Hydrochloric acid, HCl.
Sulfuric acid is H2SO4.
Elements, pure things.
Compounds, two or
more different things

Italian: 
legato chimicamente insieme.
Miscela, un sacco di
cose differenti.
Alcuni di loro chimicamente
legato, alcuni di loro no.
Quando hai miscele e
vuoi separarli,
ci sono un certo numero di
cose diverse che puoi fare.
Distillazione, dove tu
può separare le cose
dai punti di ebollizione.
Le cose che hanno un
diverso punto di ebollizione
resterò a
temperature diverse
Evaporazione, dove siamo
andando a rimuovere il liquido
e lascia i solidi
sono stati sciolti
nel liquido nel piatto.
Filtrazione, dove abbiamo grande
particelle di solido in un liquido.
Le particelle che sono solide
rimarrà sulla carta piegata
e il liquido
gocciolare attraverso.
E la distillazione frazionata
dove puoi togliere le cose
a diversi punti di ebollizione.
Non abbiamo sempre
noto che un atomo
aveva un nucleo ed elettroni
orbita attorno all'esterno.
Avevamo una prugna
modello di budino dove
avevamo una grande nuvola
di carica positiva
con elettroni negativi
punteggiato dappertutto,
un po 'come un Natale
budino, ecco perché è così
chiamato il modello di budino di prugne.

English: 
chemically bonded together.
Mixture, lots of
different things.
Some of them chemically
bonded, some of them not.
When you have mixtures and
you want to separate them,
there are a number of
different things you can do.
Distillation, where you
can separate things off
by boiling points.
The things that have a
different boiling point
will just stay at
different temperatures.
Evaporation, where we are
going to remove the liquid
and leave solids that
have been dissolved
in the liquid in the dish.
Filtration, where we have large
particles of solid in a liquid.
The particles that are solid
will stay on the folded paper
and the liquid
will drip through.
And fractional distillation
where you can take things off
at different boiling points.
We haven't always
known that an atom
had a nucleus and electrons
orbiting around the outside.
We used to have a plum
pudding model where
we had a large cloud
of positive charge
with negative electrons
dotted throughout,
a bit like a Christmas
pudding, which is why it's
called the plum pudding model.

Italian: 
Rutherford e Marsden
ha fatto un esperimento
per testare il modello di budino di prugne.
Hanno preso una pistola a particelle alfa,
una particella alfa è positiva
carica, e avevano un
foglio di lamina d'oro molto sottile.
E quello che hanno fatto è stato licenziato
particelle alfa a questo foglio,
e la maggior parte di loro
è andato dritto,
che era strano
Alcuni di loro sono stati deviati a
un po ', e alcuni di loro
è stato deviato a
enormi quantità.
E hanno suggerito
che c'era
un centro che era positivo, a
piccola parte che era positiva,
e poi una grande sezione tutto
attorno al quale era negativo.
E questo ha portato allo sviluppo
di Bohr del modello nucleare
che usiamo oggi.
Il modello degli atomi è cambiato
parecchio nel tempo.
Non hai bisogno di sapere
tutti i dettagli di questo.
Devi sapere che Rutherford
era responsabile della scoperta

English: 
Rutherford and Marsden
did an experiment
to test the plum pudding model.
They took an alpha particle gun,
an alpha particle is positively
charged, and they had a
sheet of very thin gold foil.
And what they did is they fired
alpha particles at this sheet,
and the majority of them
went straight through,
which was weird.
Some of them got deflected a
little bit, and some of them
got deflected at
massive amounts.
And they suggested
that there was
a center which was positive, a
small part that was positive,
and then a large section all
around which was negative.
And this led to the development
by Bohr of the nuclear model
that we use today.
The model of atoms changed
quite a lot over time.
You don't need to know
all the details of this.
You need to know that Rutherford
was responsible for discovering

English: 
the nucleus and protons, that
Chadwick discovered neutrons,
and that Bohr is our current--
or developed our current model.
The periodic table gives us
loads and loads of information.
The first bit of information
it gives us are about groups.
And the groups go down
the periodic table.
Group 1, group 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, or group zero.
Groups tell us the number of
electrons on the outer shell.
So things in group
1 are going to have
1 electron in the outer shell.
Things in group 2
are going to have
2 electrons in the outer shell.
Group 6, 6 electrons
in the outer shell,

Italian: 
il nucleo e i protoni, quello
Chadwick scoprì i neutroni,
e che Bohr è la nostra corrente--
o sviluppato il nostro modello attuale.
La tavola periodica ci dà
carichi e carichi di informazioni.
Il primo bit di informazione
ci dà riguardo ai gruppi.
E i gruppi vanno giù
la tavola periodica.
Gruppo 1, gruppo 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8 o gruppo zero.
I gruppi ci dicono il numero di
elettroni sul guscio esterno.
Quindi cose in gruppo
1 sta per avere
1 elettrone nel guscio esterno.
Le cose nel gruppo 2
stanno per avere
2 elettroni nel guscio esterno.
Gruppo 6, 6 elettroni
nel guscio esterno,

English: 
group 7, 7 electrons
in the outer shell.
Periods go across
the periodic table.
So here is our first
period, the one
that everyone always forgets,
concerning hydrogen and helium.
Here is our second period.
Here is our third period.
And periods relate to the number
of shells that things have.
They also remind us
how many electrons
are on the-- in each shell.
So in the first period,
there were 2 elements,
which means there are going to
be 2 electrons in that shell.
In the second period, there
are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8 elements, which means
there are going to be
8 electrons in that shell.
And we can use this
information to tell us
about the electronic
configuration.
Here, we have magnesium.
Here is magnesium on
the periodic table,
and we can see that the number
of electrons it has is 12.
It is in group 2, and
it is in period 3.
So that tells us it has
12 electrons in total,
it has 2 electrons
on the outer shell,

Italian: 
gruppo 7, 7 elettroni
nel guscio esterno.
I periodi attraversano
la tavola periodica.
Quindi ecco il nostro primo
periodo, quello
che tutti dimenticano sempre
riguardante l'idrogeno e l'elio.
Ecco il nostro secondo periodo.
Ecco il nostro terzo periodo.
E i periodi si riferiscono al numero
di conchiglie che le cose hanno.
Ci ricordano anche noi
quanti elettroni
sono su-- in ogni shell.
Quindi nel primo periodo,
c'erano 2 elementi,
il che significa che ci stanno andando
essere 2 elettroni in quel guscio.
Nel secondo periodo, lì
sono 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8 elementi, che significa
ci saranno
8 elettroni in quel guscio.
E possiamo usare questo
informazioni da dirci
sull'elettronica
configurazione.
Qui, abbiamo il magnesio.
Ecco il magnesio
la tavola periodica,
e possiamo vedere che il numero
di elettroni che ha è 12.
È nel gruppo 2, e
è nel periodo 3.
Quindi questo ci dice che lo ha
12 elettroni in totale,
ha 2 elettroni
sul guscio esterno,

English: 
because its in group number
2, and it has 3 shells
because it is period number 3.
So when we want to draw the
electronic configuration
of magnesium, we know
it's in period 3,
It's going to have 3 shells.
The first thing we can
do is draw 3 shells.
2, 1, 2 go on the first shell.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
go on the second shell.
That's the most that
can fit in that shell.
That brings us up to 10.
10, 11, 12.
2 electrons on the outer shell.
From the period, we know
that the first shell can
hold a maximum of 2 electrons,
the second shell can
hold a maximum of 8
electrons, the third shell can
hold a maximum of 8
electrons, and then
you only need to know up
to calcium, so [INAUDIBLE]..
Here, we have sodium, and
it has an atomic number
of 11, which means it's going to
have 11 protons in the nucleus.
And nuc protons have
a positive charge.

Italian: 
perché è in numero di gruppo
2, e ha 3 gusci
perché è il periodo numero 3.
Quindi quando vogliamo disegnare il
configurazione elettronica
di magnesio, lo sappiamo
è nel periodo 3,
Avrà 3 gusci.
La prima cosa che possiamo
fare è disegnare 3 conchiglie.
2, 1, 2 vai sul primo guscio.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
vai alla seconda shell.
Questo è il massimo
può stare in quella shell.
Questo ci porta fino a 10.
10, 11, 12.
2 elettroni sul guscio esterno.
Dal periodo, lo sappiamo
che il primo guscio può
tenere un massimo di 2 elettroni,
il secondo guscio può
tenere un massimo di 8
elettroni, il terzo guscio può
tenere un massimo di 8
elettroni e poi
hai solo bisogno di sapere
al calcio, quindi [INCREDIBILE] ..
Qui, abbiamo il sodio e
ha un numero atomico
di 11, il che significa che sta per
avere 11 protoni nel nucleo.
E i protoni nuc hanno
una carica positiva.

Italian: 
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11.
Ora nell'atomo, ne ha 11
elettroni disegnati qui.
Gli elettroni hanno un
carica negativa.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10 11.
Ora, in un atomo, il positivo
cariche e il negativo
le accuse si annullano a vicenda
fuori, quindi la carica complessiva
sull'atomo sta per essere zero.
Tuttavia, quando il sodio
fa un ferro,
questo elettrone qui va via.
Quindi ha ancora il
stesso numero di protoni.
È ancora sodio.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11.
Ma ha perso un elettrone.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
Quindi ha un altro protone
che ha un elettrone,

English: 
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11.
Now in the atom, it has 11
electrons drawn on here.
Electrons have a
negative charge.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10 11.
Now, in an atom, the positive
charges and the negative
charges cancel each other
out, so the overall charge
on the atom is going to be zero.
However, when sodium
makes an iron,
this electron here goes away.
So it still has the
same number of protons.
It's still sodium.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11.
But it's lost an electron.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
So it has one more proton
than it has an electron,

Italian: 
significa che questo sta per avere
una carica globale positiva.
I metalli stanno andando
perdere elettroni,
e quando perdiamo elettroni,
riceviamo addebiti positivi.
E i metalli non stanno andando
per guadagnare elettroni,
e quando otteniamo elettroni,
riceviamo addebiti negativi.
Le cose nel gruppo 1 sono
andando a perdere 1 elettrone,
quindi saranno più 1 ioni.
Le cose nel gruppo 2 sono
andando a perdere 2 elettroni,
quindi saranno più 2 ioni.
Cose in gruppo
6, qui, stanno andando
per ottenere 2 elettroni, lo sono anche
saranno meno 2 ioni.
E le cose nel gruppo 7 stanno andando
per ottenere 1 elettrone, lo sono anche
saranno meno 1 ioni.
Questo magnificamente
tavola periodica colorata
è perché ci sono molti
di diversi gruppi, un sacco
di diverse categorie,
sulla tavola periodica.
Gruppo numero 1, noto anche come
metalli alcalini, numero di gruppo 2

English: 
meaning this is going to have
an overall positive charge.
Metals are going
to lose electrons,
and when we lose electrons,
we get positive charges.
And nonmetals are going
to be gaining electrons,
and when we gain electrons,
we get negative charges.
Things in group 1 are
going to lose 1 electron,
so are going to be plus 1 ions.
Things in group 2 are
going to lose 2 electrons,
so are going to be plus 2 ions.
Things in group
6, here, are going
to gain 2 electrons, so are
going to be minus 2 ions.
And things in group 7 are going
to gain 1 electron, so are
going to be minus 1 ions.
This beautifully
colored periodic table
is because there are lots
of different groups, lots
of different categories,
on the periodic table.
Group number 1, also known as
alkali metals, group number 2

English: 
are the alkali earth
metals, or alkaline metals,
group 7 are the halogens, and
group 8 are the noble gases.
The big chunk in the middle
are the transition metals.
Our periodic table hasn't
always looked like this.
The first attempt
at periodic table
was by Newland in the 1800s.
He tried to group
things into octaves
and rate them by pattern,
which is a really good idea,
except we have oxygen and
iron in the same group
and they have very
different properties.
He grouped them-- he
arranged them by mass,
but he didn't leave any gaps.
And he tried to force things
in to have similar patterns
or properties as other things,
and it didn't really work.
Mendeleev was the next
person to have a go.
He also arranged things
by mass, but the key thing
is that he left gaps
in his periodic table.

Italian: 
sono la terra alcalina
metalli, o metalli alcalini,
il gruppo 7 sono gli alogeni e
il gruppo 8 sono i gas nobili.
Il grosso pezzo nel mezzo
sono i metalli di transizione.
La nostra tavola periodica no
sembra sempre questo
Il primo tentativo
a tavola periodica
era di Newland nel 1800.
Ha cercato di raggruppare
cose in ottave
e valutarli secondo il modello,
che è davvero una buona idea,
tranne noi abbiamo l'ossigeno e
ferro nello stesso gruppo
e loro hanno molto
proprietà differenti.
Li ha raggruppati-- lui
li sistemò di massa,
ma non ha lasciato spazi vuoti.
E ha cercato di forzare le cose
per avere modelli simili
o proprietà come altre cose,
e non ha funzionato davvero.
Mendeleev era il prossimo
persona da provare
Ha anche organizzato le cose
dalla massa, ma la cosa fondamentale
è che ha lasciato lacune
nella sua tavola periodica.

Italian: 
E perché lui
organizzato le cose così
che erano in gruppo
con modelli simili,
e ha lasciato lacune,
poteva prevedere
le proprietà degli elementi
che devono ancora essere scoperti.
E aveva ragione
nelle sue previsioni.
Qualche anno dopo lui
ha sviluppato la sua tavola periodica,
un paio di elementi
sono stati scoperti,
e si sono adattati davvero,
davvero, ordinatamente, davvero bene,
alla sua tavola periodica.
Quindi questo tavolo è stato accettato.
È cambiato mai
così leggermente da loro.
Ora sistemiamo le cose
disposizione elettronica.
Ma è molto,
differenza molto sottile.
Il gruppo è proprio all'estrema destra
lato sono gruppo 8 o gruppo zero.
Questi sono i gas nobili.
Hanno un esterno completo
shell e perché loro
avere un guscio esterno completo,
non guadagneranno o perderanno

English: 
And because he
arranged things so
that they were in groups
with similar patterns,
and he left gaps,
he could predict
the properties of elements
that have yet to be discovered.
And he was correct
in his predictions.
A few years after he
developed his periodic table,
a couple of the elements
were discovered,
and they fitted in really,
really, neatly, really nicely,
to his periodic table.
So this table was accepted.
It's changed ever
so slightly by them.
We now arrange things by
electronic arrangement.
But that's a very,
very subtle difference.
The group right on the far right
side are group 8 or group zero.
These are the noble gases.
They have a full outer
shell and because they
have a full outer shell,
they won't gain or lose

Italian: 
tutti gli elettroni che li significano
sono davvero, davvero non reattivi.
E perché lo sono
non reattivo, in realtà
hanno un sacco di usi.
Elio usato nei palloncini
e lo sono anche loro
utilizzato in luci al neon,
come puoi vedere qui
nella meravigliosa città di Osaka.
Spostando un gruppo su
gruppo 7, abbiamo gli alogeni.
Siamo ancora nei nonmetali.
E questi andranno in giro
come molecole biatomiche che
significa che la loro formula sta andando
essere per il gas cloro, Cl2,
fluoro gas, f2,
gas bromo, Br2.
Stanno andando
in giro insieme a coppie.
Perché vogliono solo
guadagnare 1 elettrone,
un bel modo semplice
per loro di farlo
sta condividendo un elettrone
con qualcos'altro
è lo stesso
Quindi il fluoro qui può facilmente
guadagna un elettrone in più
condividendolo con
un altro fluoro.
Sono altamente reattivi
perché loro solo
voglio prendere un elettrone

English: 
any electrons which means they
are really, really unreactive.
And because they are
unreactive, they actually
have quite a lot of uses.
Helium we use in balloons,
and they are also
used in neon lights,
as you can see here
in the amazing city of Osaka.
Moving over one group to
group 7, we have the halogens.
We are still in the nonmetals.
And these are going to go around
as diatomic molecules which
means their formula is going
to be for chlorine gas, Cl2,
fluorine gas, f2,
bromine gas, Br2.
They're going to go
around together in pairs.
Because they only want
to gain 1 electron,
a nice easy way
for them to do that
is sharing an electron
with something else
that is the same.
So fluorine here can easily
gain an extra electron
by sharing it with
another fluorine.
They are highly reactive
because they only
want to get one electron.

Italian: 
E i più reattivi
stanno per essere in cima.
Il punto di ebollizione cambierà
mentre ci spostiamo nel gruppo.
Quindi cose che hanno un basso
punto di ebollizione o basso fondente
il punto sta andando
essere al top.
Punti di ebollizione elevati
o punti di fusione elevati
stanno per essere in fondo.
Quando reagiscono, lo sono
andando a guadagnare un elettrone,
nel senso che stanno per 4 meno
1 ioni e guadagnare un elettrone
è una riduzione.
Stanno per reagire violentemente
e rapidamente con il gruppo 1
metalli perché gruppo 1 metalli
voglio perdere 1 elettrone.

English: 
And the most reactive ones
are going to be at the top.
Boiling point is going to change
as we move down the group.
So things that have a low
boiling point or a low melting
point are going
to be at the top.
High boiling points
or high melting points
are going to be at the bottom.
When they react they're
going to gain an electron,
meaning they're going to 4 minus
1 ions and gaining an electron
is a reduction.
They're going to react violently
and rapidly with group 1
metals because group 1 metals
want to lose 1 electrons.

English: 
For example, sodium,
which is soft gray metal,
will react very
violently very regularly
with chlorine, which is a yellow
gas, to sodium chloride, which
is a white powder of salt.
A more reactive element will
displace a less reactive
element.
So here we have sodium
iodide reactive with bromine.
Iodine is here, below bromine
on the periodic table,
so bromine is more reactive.
So we'll displace iodine in
the compound, forming sodium
bromide and iodine, whereas
if you try and react
bromine gas with
sodium chloride,
chlorine is higher than
bromine on the periodic table,
so it's more reactive.
You are going to get no reaction
because bromine cannot displace
chlorine out of this.
These are commonly known
as displacement reactions.

Italian: 
Ad esempio, sodio,
che è morbido metallo grigio,
reagirà molto
violentemente molto regolarmente
con il cloro, che è un giallo
gas, al cloruro di sodio, che
è una polvere bianca di sale.
Sarà un elemento più reattivo
spostare un meno reattivo
elemento.
Quindi qui abbiamo il sodio
ioduro reattivo con bromo.
Lo iodio è qui, sotto il bromo
sulla tavola periodica,
quindi il bromo è più reattivo.
Quindi sostituiremo iodio in
il composto, formando sodio
bromuro e iodio, mentre
se provi a reagire
gas bromo con
cloruro di sodio,
il cloro è più alto di
bromo sulla tavola periodica,
quindi è più reattivo.
Non avrai nessuna reazione
perché il bromo non può spostarsi
cloro fuori da questo.
Questi sono comunemente noti
come reazioni di spostamento.

Italian: 
Gli alogeni sono per lo più
sterilizzare le cose.
Ad esempio, cloro,
il tuo comunemente
andando a sapere che come
dalle piscine
Gli alogeni vogliono
guadagna 1 elettrone,
quindi il più reattivo
quelli sono i migliori.
Ecco dove c'è
meno schermatura
tra l'elettrone loro
voglio guadagnare e il nucleo.
I tuoi metalli alcalini reagiscono
molto violentemente con l'acqua,
e questo è dove
stai andando a vedere
alcune fiamme provengono da ... alcune
diversi colori provenienti da
Questo è uno di
le cose che noi
usa per rendere il diverso
colori in fuochi d'artificio.
Quindi l'adorabile, adorabile
fiamma lilla da potassio,
possiamo usare in fuochi d'artificio.
Se hai visto questi in
scuola, questi sono morbidi,
metalli grigi che
sono facilmente tagliabili
Devono essere tenuti dentro
olio in modo che non reagisca
con ossigeno o con
l'acqua nell'aria
perché è molto,
reazione molto violenta.
Quando il metallo
reagisce con l'ossigeno,
otterremo un
ossido di metallo, che,
se li hai visti a scuola,
quando è stato tagliato, era lucido,
ma [? presto?]
ha iniziato a smussare.
L'ottusità è l'ossido di metallo.

English: 
The halogens are mostly
sterilizing things.
For example, chlorine,
your commonly
going to know that as
from swimming pools.
Halogens want to
gain 1 electron,
so the most reactive
ones are the top.
That's where there's
least shielding
between the electron they
want to gain and the nucleus.
Your alkali metals react
very violently with water,
and this is where
you're going to see
some flames coming from-- some
different colors coming from.
This is one of
the things that we
use to make the different
colors in fireworks.
So the lovely, lovely
lilac flame from potassium,
we can use in fireworks.
If you've seen these in
school, these are soft,
grey metals which
are easily cuttable.
They need to be kept in
oil so it doesn't react
with oxygen or with
the water in the air
because it's a very,
very violent reaction.
When the metal
reacts with oxygen,
we're going to get a
metal oxide, which,
if you've seen these in school,
when it was cut, it was shiny,
but [? it soon ?]
started to dull.
The dullness is the metal oxide.

English: 
The metal plus water is going
to form a metal hydroxide.
This gives it its name,
it's alkali metal,
because the metal hydroxide
is going to be alkaline.
And you can see that by
the change in indicator
if that's what your teacher did.
And you will also notice this
is a very exothermic reaction.
It released a lot of heat.
It also released hydrogen gas.
That's what the fizzing was.
The reactivity is most
reactive at the bottom,
and least reactive at the top.
Things at the bottom are
going to have a low melting
point or boiling point,
and a higher melting point
or boiling point at the top.
Alkaline metals want
to lose an electron,
and the ones at the
bottom are most reactive
because there is more
shielding between the atom--

Italian: 
Il metallo più l'acqua sta andando
per formare un idrossido di metallo.
Questo dà il suo nome,
è metallo alcalino,
perché l'idrossido di metallo
sta per essere alcalino.
E puoi vederlo da
il cambio di indicatore
se è quello che ha fatto il tuo insegnante.
E noterai anche questo
è una reazione molto esotermica.
Ha rilasciato molto calore.
Ha anche rilasciato gas idrogeno.
Questo è quello che è stato il frizzante.
La reattività è di più
reattivo in basso,
e meno reattivo in alto.
Le cose in fondo sono
andando ad avere un basso scioglimento
punto o punto di ebollizione,
e un punto di fusione più alto
o punto di ebollizione in alto.
I metalli alcalini vogliono
perdere un elettrone,
e quelli al
il fondo è il più reattivo
perché c'è di più
schermatura tra l'atomo--

Italian: 
il [INAUDIBILE] che vogliono
uso e il nucleo positivo
nel mezzo.
I solidi hanno molto,
struttura molto spessa.
I loro atomi possono
dimenare un po ',
ma è intorno a un punto fisso.
Ci saranno alcuni
movimento e qualche vibrazione,
ma non stanno affatto fluendo,
e non possono essere compressi.
I liquidi hanno molto
più movimento intorno,
ma non sono dentro
una posizione fissa
Possono galleggiare, ma loro
non può essere compresso.
I gas sono molto,
molto libero di muoversi.
C'è molto movimento
sta succedendo qui.
Non è intorno
una posizione fissa
Si muovono molto.
Possono galleggiare e
possono essere compressi
Passando da un solido a
un liquido si sta sciogliendo.
Da un liquido a un
il gas sta evaporando
Andando in questa direzione,
stiamo mettendo energia dentro
Andando nella direzione opposta,
l'energia sta uscendo.
Quindi dal gas al liquido,
stiamo condensando.
Da un liquido a un
solido, stiamo congelando.

English: 
the [INAUDIBLE] they want to
use and the positive nucleus
in the middle.
Solids have a very,
very thick structure.
Their atoms may
wiggle a little bit,
but it is around a fixed point.
There is going to be some
movement and some vibration,
but they're not flowing at all,
and they can't be compressed.
Liquids have much
more movement around,
but they are not in
a fixed position.
They can float, but they
can't be compressed.
Gases are very,
very free to move.
There's lots of movement
going on in here.
It is not around
a fixed position.
They do a lot of moving.
They can float and
they can be compressed.
Going from a solid to
a liquid is melting.
From a liquid to a
gas is evaporating.
Going in this direction,
we are putting energy in.
Going in the other direction,
energy is coming out.
So from gas to a liquid,
we are condensing.
From a liquid to a
solid, we are freezing.

English: 
A compound has a melting point
of 19 degrees, melting point.
And a boiling point
of 74, boiling point.
What is the state
at room temperature?
Room temperature is about
25 or 27, so when it boils,
it turns from a
liquid into a gas.
So above there, it
is going to be a gas,
and below there, it is
going to be a liquid.
Melting point we are
turning from a solid,
so this way it is going to
be a solid, and above there
it is going to be a liquid.
So at room temperature it
is going to be a liquid.
Now, the other important thing
to remember about boiling point
and melting point is that the
opposite is the same number.
So boiling point is equal
to condensing point.
And melting point is
equal to freezing point.
We just took that boiling
point and melting point
instead of condensing
point and freezing point.
They are exactly
the same number.

Italian: 
Un composto ha un punto di fusione
di 19 gradi, punto di fusione.
E un punto di ebollizione
di 74, punto di ebollizione.
Qual è lo stato
a temperatura ambiente?
La temperatura della stanza è di circa
25 o 27, quindi quando bolle
si trasforma da a
liquido in un gas.
Così sopra, lì
sta per essere un gas,
e qui sotto, lo è
sta per essere un liquido.
Punto di fusione che siamo
girando da un solido,
quindi in questo modo lo farà
essere un solido, e soprattutto lì
sarà un liquido.
Quindi a temperatura ambiente
sta per essere un liquido.
Ora, l'altra cosa importante
da ricordare sul punto di ebollizione
e il punto di fusione è che il
di fronte è lo stesso numero.
Quindi il punto di ebollizione è uguale
al punto di condensazione.
E il punto di fusione è
uguale al punto di congelamento.
Abbiamo appena preso quella bollente
punto e punto di fusione
invece di condensare
punto e punto di congelamento.
Sono esattamente
lo stesso numero

English: 
So if the boiling point is 74,
the condensing point is 74.
If the melting point is 19,
the freezing point is 19.
State symbols tell us what
state something is in.
So an s is a solid, l is liquid,
aq is aqueous, and g is gas.
If you see state
symbols in an equation,
the answer generally
refers to them.
If you see something
that's liquid and liquid,
or aqueous and aqueous
going to a solid,
it is going to turn cloudy.
If you have a liquid and a
solid, or a liquid and liquid,
and a gas is
produced, you're going
to see bubbles, or a loss
of mass bubbles, or fizzing.
Ionic bonding is a transfer of
electrons from a metal, which
is on this side of
the periodic table

Italian: 
Quindi se il punto di ebollizione è 74,
il punto di condensazione è 74.
Se il punto di fusione è 19,
il punto di congelamento è 19.
I simboli di stato ci dicono cosa
affermare che qualcosa è dentro
Quindi una s è solida, io sono liquido,
aq è acquoso e g è gas.
Se vedi lo stato
simboli in un'equazione,
la risposta in generale
si riferisce a loro.
Se vedi qualcosa
è liquido e liquido,
o acquoso e acquoso
andando a un solido,
sta per diventare nuvoloso.
Se hai un liquido e un
solido, o liquido e liquido,
e un gas è
prodotto, stai andando
vedere le bolle o una perdita
di bolle di massa, o frizzante.
Il legame ionico è un trasferimento di
elettroni da un metallo, che
è su questo lato di
la tavola periodica

English: 
to a nonmetal on this side
of the periodic table.
Anything that is in group 1 is
going to form a plus one ion.
Group 2 a plus 2 ion,
group 6 a minus 2
ion, group 7 a minus 1 ion.
Here, we are going to
make magnesium oxide.
Magnesium is in
group 2, so it has
2 electrons in its outer shell.
Oxygen is in group 6.
It has 6 electrons
on its outer shell.
In ionic bonding,
oxygen is going
to keep the electrons
that it's already had,
and the electrons that
were with magnesium
are going to be
transferred to oxygen.
We call these
dot-and-cross diagrams
because one element
has a dot for electrons
and the other element has
a cross for electrons.
We then draw square
brackets around these
and indicate the charge.
So magnesium has
lost 2 electrons,
so it's going to
have a plus 2 charge.
Oxygen has gained 2
electrons, so it's

Italian: 
a un non metallo da questo lato
della tavola periodica.
Tutto ciò che è nel gruppo 1 è
andando a formare uno più uno ione.
Gruppo 2 a più 2 ioni,
gruppo 6 a meno 2
ione, gruppo 7 a meno 1 ione.
Qui, stiamo andando a
fare ossido di magnesio.
Il magnesio è dentro
gruppo 2, così ha
2 elettroni nel suo guscio esterno.
L'ossigeno è nel gruppo 6.
Ha 6 elettroni
sul suo guscio esterno.
Nel legame ionico,
l'ossigeno sta andando
per mantenere gli elettroni
che ha già avuto,
e gli elettroni che
erano con magnesio
Stanno per essere
trasferito all'ossigeno.
Li chiamiamo
diagrammi punto-e-croce
perché un elemento
ha un punto per gli elettroni
e l'altro elemento ha
una croce per elettroni.
Quindi disegniamo il quadrato
parentesi intorno a questi
e indicare la carica.
Quindi il magnesio ha
perso 2 elettroni,
quindi sta per
avere un costo aggiuntivo di 2.
L'ossigeno ha guadagnato 2
elettroni, così è

Italian: 
andando ad avere un meno 2 carica.
Il legame covalente è la condivisione
di elettroni tra due
non metalli, questi qui.
E questi sono i comuni
devi sapere come disegnare.
Per ognuno di questi,
devi essere
in grado di dare il
nome, la formula,
essere in grado di disegnarlo con
linee e essere in grado di disegnare
il diagramma a punti e croce.
Quindi acido cloridrico
o cloruro di idrogeno,
un elemento di idrogeno,
un elemento di cloro.
Ammoniaca e H3,
azoto nel mezzo.
Arrivano tre idrogeni
fuori di lato.
Metano, CH4, carbonio
nel mezzo,
quattro idrogeni
ramificandoci.
Idrogeno, H2, molto
semplice lì.
Alogeni al cloro vanno in giro
a molecole biatomiche.
Ossigeno, stiamo diventando un po '
difficile ora, ha un doppio legame.
Ogni riga è uguale a
un paio di elettroni.
Qui, abbiamo due linee, quella
sono due coppie di elettroni.
Abbiamo bisogno di quattro elettroni
essere condivisi nel mezzo

English: 
going to have a minus 2 charge.
Covalent bonding is the sharing
of electrons between two
nonmetals, these up here.
And these are the common ones
you need to know how to draw.
For each of these,
you need to be
able to give the
name, the formula,
be able to draw it with
lines, and be able to draw
the dot-and-cross diagram.
So hydrochloric acid
or hydrogen chloride,
one element of hydrogen,
one element of chlorine.
Ammonia and H3,
nitrogen in the middle.
Three hydrogens coming
off around the side.
Methane, CH4, carbon
in the middle,
four hydrogens
branching off of it.
Hydrogen, H2, very
simple one there.
Chlorine halogens go around
to diatomic molecules.
Oxygen, we're getting a bit
tricky now, has a double bond.
Each line is equal to
a pair of electrons.
Here, we have two lines, that
is two pairs of electrons.
We need four electrons
being shared in the middle.

English: 
And nitrogen has a triple bond.
Two, four, six electrons
being shared in the middle.
If, in the exam, they
give you a picture
and ask you to label
the formula of it,
you simply need to
list what we have.
So in the first one, we have
carbon and we have hydrogen,
and then we need to count them.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Carbon, 5.
Hydrogens, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.
The last one, carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, we have 1,
2, 3 carbons.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6, 7, 8
hydrogens and 1 oxygen,
so we don't need to put
a number after that.
It's really important that you
write things in the right size
and in the right place,
so that is incorrect

Italian: 
E l'azoto ha un triplo legame.
Due, quattro, sei elettroni
essere condivisi nel mezzo
Se, nell'esame, loro
darti una foto
e ti chiedo di etichettare
la formula di esso,
hai semplicemente bisogno di
elenca quello che abbiamo.
Quindi nel primo abbiamo
carbonio e abbiamo l'idrogeno,
e quindi dobbiamo contarli.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Carbonio, 5.
Hydrogens, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.
L'ultimo, carbonio,
idrogeno, ossigeno, abbiamo 1,
2, 3 atomi di carbonio.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6, 7, 8
idrogeni e 1 ossigeno,
quindi non abbiamo bisogno di mettere
un numero dopo.
È davvero importante che tu
scrivi le cose nella giusta misura
e nel posto giusto,
quindi non è corretto

Italian: 
perché il tuo
i numeri sono troppo grandi
Questo non è corretto perché il tuo
i numeri sono nel posto sbagliato
I metalli sono fatti
di atomi positivi
in un mare di
elettroni delocalizzati.
E questi elettroni,
essere liberi di muoversi,
è la ragione per cui il metallo
può condurre l'elettricità
e perché è così buono
a dirigere il calore.
Una lega sembra leggermente
diverso da un metallo.
Abbiamo ancora il nostro
ioni positivi, siamo ancora
avere i nostri elettroni delocalizzati,
ma c'è qualcos'altro
anche lì.
Questo potrebbe essere un altro
il metallo è legato
con, o forse qualcosa
altro come carbonio
con cui è in lega.
I metalli puri hanno strati.
I livelli possono scorrere
l'uno contro l'altro.
Perché loro hanno
strati e perché loro
può scorrere su ciascuno di essi
altro, sono morbidi.
Le leghe non hanno livelli, o
hanno strati distorti.

English: 
because your
numbers are too big.
That is incorrect because your
numbers are in the wrong place.
Metals are made up
of positive atoms
in a sea of
delocalized electrons.
And these electrons,
being free to move,
is the reason that metal
can conduct electricity
and why it's so good
at conducting heat.
An alloy looks slightly
different to a metal.
We still have our
positive ions, we still
have our delocalized electrons,
but there's something else
in there as well.
This may be another
metal is alloyed
with, or maybe something
else like carbon
that it is alloyed with.
Pure metals have layers.
Layers can slide
across each other.
Because they have
layers and because they
can slide across each
other, they are soft.
Alloys don't have layers, or
they have distorted layers.

English: 
And the distorted
layers cannot slide.
And because the distorted
layers cannot slide,
it means they are hard.
Bit of a mental break here for
you guys, just a tiny pause.
You are doing so, so well.
Let's keep going.
We are nearly there.
Here, we have sodium chloride.
Sodium are the grey
bits you can see,
and chlorine are the
green bits you can see.
The blue lines are the
electrostatic interactions,
the electrostatic
attractions, because the way
we get you to draw ionic
bonding is really false.
It's not just one sodium
combining with one chlorine.
It is this massive,
massive, massive lattice
of sodiums and chlorines, or
whatever we're looking at,
bonding with everything else.
So one sodium, here,
isn't just going
to be bonded with the
chlorine and the [INAUDIBLE],,

Italian: 
E il distorto
i livelli non possono scorrere.
E perché distorto
i livelli non possono scorrere,
significa che sono duri.
Un po 'di pausa mentale qui per
voi ragazzi, solo una piccola pausa.
Lo stai facendo, così bene.
Andiamo avanti.
Siamo quasi arrivati.
Qui abbiamo il cloruro di sodio.
Il sodio è il grigio
bit che puoi vedere,
e il cloro sono i
bit verdi che puoi vedere.
Le linee blu sono le
interazioni elettrostatiche,
l'elettrostatico
attrazioni, perché la strada
ti portiamo a disegnare ionico
il legame è davvero falso.
Non è solo un sodio
combinando con un cloro.
È così massiccio,
reticolo massiccio e massiccio
di sodi e cloro, o
qualunque cosa stiamo guardando,
legame con tutto il resto.
Quindi un sodio, qui,
non sta andando
essere legato con il
cloro e il [INAUDIBILE] ,,

Italian: 
o il cloro che è
scambiati elettroni a.
Sarà legato con
tutti gli altri sopra,
accanto ad esso, dietro di esso, in
Davanti a lui, tutto
che può raggiungere.
Quindi questo legame ionico è a
massiccio, massiccio, massiccio
rete, non solo
le piccole cose
che ti prendiamo
disegnare in classe.
Quindi per composti ionici,
la struttura
è un gigantesco reticolo ionico.
Proprietà sta andando
avere un alto scioglimento
punto, alto punto di ebollizione
punto, ed è solo
andando a condurre a
fuso o disciolto.

English: 
or the chlorine that it's
exchanged electrons to.
It's going to be bonded with
all of the other ones above it,
next to it, behind it, in
front of it, everything
that it can reach.
So this ionic bonding is a
massive, massive, massive
network, not just
the small things
that we get you
to draw in class.
So for ionic compounds,
the structure
is a giant ionic lattice.
Properties it is going
to have a high melting
point, high boiling
point, and it is only
going to conduct to a
molten or dissolved.

English: 
This is because the ions
need to be free to move.
For simple covalent compounds
such as water, carbon dioxide,
oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen gas,
hydrochloric acid, or methane
oxygen gas, or water,
as we have here,
they are very, very
small structures.
They have covalent bonding.
Their properties is that
they have low melting
points and boiling points.
They're generally going to
be gas at room temperature,

Italian: 
Questo perché gli ioni
deve essere libero di muoversi.
Per semplici composti covalenti
come acqua, anidride carbonica,
ossigeno, azoto, gas idrogeno,
acido cloridrico o metano
gas ossigeno, o acqua,
come abbiamo qui,
sono molto, molto
piccole strutture.
Hanno un legame covalente.
Le loro proprietà sono così
hanno un basso scioglimento
punti e punti di ebollizione.
In genere lo faranno
essere gas a temperatura ambiente,

English: 
or a liquid at room temperature.
They do not conduct electricity.
For giant covalent compounds,
ones made of carbon,
such as graphite, diamond,
or [INAUDIBLE] fullerenes,
or silicon dioxide, they're
going to have a giant covalent
structure.
Their properties are high
melting and boiling points.
And they do not conduct,
and they do not dissolve.
Here, we have diamond.
It is a giant covalent compound,
or a giant covalent lattice.

Italian: 
o un liquido a temperatura ambiente.
Non conducono elettricità.
Per composti covalenti giganti,
quelli fatti di carbonio,
come la grafite, il diamante,
o [INCREDIBILE] fullerenes,
o diossido di silicio, lo sono
andando ad avere un covalente gigante
struttura.
Le loro proprietà sono alte
punti di fusione e di ebollizione.
E non conducono,
e non si dissolvono.
Qui, abbiamo il diamante.
È un composto covalente gigante,
o un gigantesco reticolo covalente.

English: 
It is made of
carbon, pure carbon.
Nothing else in there.
And each carbon makes 4 bonds.
So in the video, you can
see that the carbon is
the black bits, the covalent
bonds are the red bits,
and each carbon is bonded
to 4 other carbons.
Obviously, the ones
on the [INAUDIBLE]
aren't bonded to anything,
but if you try and look
in the middle, you
can see that they
are bonded to 4 other things.
The properties of diamond
that make it really useful
is that it is incredibly hard.
It is very rare, it's hard to
find, it's also very beautiful,
which makes it very precious.
But the main thing is that
it is incredibly hard,
so we can use it in drills.
Graphite is also a
giant covalent compound.

Italian: 
È fatto di
carbonio, carbonio puro.
Nient'altro lì dentro.
E ogni carbonio crea 4 legami.
Quindi nel video, puoi
vedi che il carbonio è
i pezzi neri, i covalenti
i legami sono i bit rossi,
e ogni carbonio è legato
a 4 altri carboni.
Ovviamente, quelli
su [INAUDIBLE]
non sono legati a nulla,
ma se provi a guardare
nel mezzo, tu
possono vederlo
sono legati a 4 altre cose.
Le proprietà del diamante
questo lo rende davvero utile
è che è incredibilmente difficile.
È molto raro, è difficile
trovare, è anche molto bello,
che lo rende molto prezioso.
Ma la cosa principale è questa
è incredibilmente difficile,
quindi possiamo usarlo nelle esercitazioni.
Anche la grafite è un
composto covalente gigante.

English: 
It is like diamond, pure
carbon, but each carbon
makes the 3 bonds to other
carbons, not 4 like in diamond.
The properties are
that it is soft
and it conducts electricity.
Because it is in
sheets, and there
is a spare electron floating
around in between these,
that means it will
conduct electricity.
Graphite is what
you find in pencils,
graphene is just a single sheet.
If we were to compare
diamond and graphite,
they are both made
of pure carbon.
Graphite is made of
3 carbon com bonds,
diamond is made of
4 carbon com bonds.

Italian: 
È come un diamante, puro
carbonio, ma ogni carbonio
rende i 3 legami con gli altri
carboni, non 4 come in diamante.
Le proprietà sono
che è morbido
e conduce l'elettricità.
Perché è dentro
lenzuola e lì
è un elettrone di riserva fluttuante
in mezzo tra questi,
questo significa che lo farà
condurre elettricità.
La grafite è ciò che
trovi nelle matite,
il grafene è solo un foglio singolo.
Se dovessimo confrontare
diamante e grafite,
sono entrambi fatti
di carbonio puro.
La grafite è fatta di
3 obbligazioni com di carbonio,
il diamante è fatto di
4 bond com di carbonio.

Italian: 
La grafite è morbida,
il diamante è duro
Fullerenes sono
[? i nanotubi di carbonio?]
di buckminsterfullerenes,
quali sono le palle.
Questi sono, ancora, tutti
fatto di carbonio puro.
Fanno 3 legami di carbonio, ma
a differenza della grafite che è morbida,
questi sono incredibilmente difficili.
Buckminsterfullerene può
essere usato come lubrificante
in cose che necessitano di lubrificazione,
come i cicli elettrici,
o alcune parti di macchine.
Può essere usato per
rinforzo, quindi
dove hai bisogno di molto,
molto forte, molto, molto
cose leggere, come
aerei o biciclette.
Possono anche essere entrambi
usato, o in futuro
essere utilizzato, per la consegna della droga.
E fullerenes,
[? nanotubi di carbonio, ?]
buckminsterfullerene,
ci sono carichi e carichi

English: 
Graphite is soft,
diamond is hard.
Fullerenes are
[? the carbon nanotubes ?]
of buckminsterfullerenes,
which are balls.
These are, again, all
made of pure carbon.
They make 3 carbon bonds, but
unlike graphite which is soft,
these are incredibly hard.
Buckminsterfullerene can
be used as a lubricant
in things that need lubricating,
like electrical cycles,
or some parts of machines.
It can be used for
reinforcement, so
where you need a very,
very strong, very, very
light things, like
aircraft or bicycles.
They can also both be
used, or in the future
be used, for drug delivery.
And fullerenes,
[? carbon nanotubes, ?]
buckminsterfullerenes,
there are loads and loads

Italian: 
di potenziali per questi, ma
non sono ancora stati realizzati.
Con i polimeri, se loro
avere collegamenti incrociati o no,
stanno andando a determinare
quali sono le loro proprietà
sarà come
Quindi polimeri
avere collegamenti incrociati
sono molto, molto fissi sul posto.
Questi stanno andando a
bruciare sul riscaldamento,
considerando che polimeri senza croce
i collegamenti si fonderanno
riscaldamento perché questi polimeri
può scivolare l'uno sull'altro,
mentre questi non possono
scorrere l'uno sull'altro.
Puoi misurare la massa o
volume di un reagente o di un prodotto
raccogliendo il prodotto,
diciamo, in una siringa a gas,
o usando una bilancia o bilancia,
per vedere come cambia la massa
come una reazione progredisce.
Ogni volta che lo sei
misurare qualcosa,
ci sarà a
grado di incertezza,
se è un
buretta, una misurazione
cilindro, o un becher.
Devi cercare il
fondo del menisco
sempre, perché
ci sarà

English: 
of potentials for these, but
they haven't been realized yet.
With polymers, whether they
have cross links or not,
are going to determine
what their properties are
going to be like.
So polymers that
do have cross links
are very, very fixed in place.
These are going to
burn upon heating,
whereas polymers without cross
links are going to melt upon
heating because these polymers
can slide across each other,
whereas these ones cannot
slide across each other.
You can measure of the mass or
volume of a reactant or product
by collecting the product,
say, in a gas syringe,
or using a scale or balance,
to look at how the mass changes
as a reaction progresses.
Whenever you are
measuring something,
there is going to be a
degree of uncertainty,
whether it's a
burette, a measuring
cylinder, or a beaker.
You need to look for the
bottom of the meniscus
always, because
there is going to be

English: 
this difference, this
dip between where
it looks at the top and
where it is at the bottom.
And you can say whether
it is on the line
or in between the
line, but you can never
say it that
accurately because it
might be a quarter of
the way or three quarters
of the way to the next line.
So while you try measuring
things accurately as you can,
there is always going to
be a degree of uncertainty.
When we are working
out concentration,
that is going to be your
amount divided by your volume.
Concentration is measured in
moles per decimeter cubed,
amount is in moles and your
volume is in decimeter cubed.
The new style exams means
are a lot of wordy questions
that incorporate a lot
of skills all at once.

Italian: 
questa differenza, questa
tuffo tra dove
guarda in alto e
dove è in fondo.
E tu puoi dire se
è sulla linea
o tra il
linea, ma non puoi mai
dillo
esattamente perché
potrebbe essere un quarto di
la via o tre quarti
del modo per la prossima linea.
Quindi mentre provi a misurare
le cose esattamente come puoi,
c'è sempre intenzione di
essere un grado di incertezza.
Quando stiamo lavorando
fuori concentrazione,
questo sarà tuo
importo diviso per il tuo volume.
La concentrazione è misurata in
talpe per decimetro a cubetti,
la quantità è in moli e la tua
il volume è in decimetro a cubetti.
I nuovi esami di stile significano
sono molte domande prolisse
che incorpora molto
di abilità tutte in una volta.

English: 
In this question,
you need to first,
for all recall, the
formula of things
then balance the equation.
So hydrochloric acid is
HCl, magnesium is Mg.
Now we need to work
out the products
and the formula of the salts.
And metal plus an acid is going
to give us salts plus hydrogen.
Hydrogen is the easy bits.
It is H and then 2
because it goes around
as a diatomic molecule.
The salt is going to
be magnesium chloride,
but we need to know that
magnesium is a 2 plus ion,
and chlorine is a 1 minus ion.
So it needs the MgCl2 so that
there are 2 negative ions
for each positive ion.
Now these support you in
a lot of skills, recall
of the formulas and working
out the sort, the product, so

Italian: 
In questa domanda,
devi prima,
per tutto il ricordo, il
formula delle cose
quindi bilancia l'equazione.
Quindi l'acido cloridrico è
HCl, il magnesio è Mg.
Ora dobbiamo lavorare
fuori i prodotti
e la formula dei sali.
E il metallo più un acido sta andando
per darci sali più idrogeno.
L'idrogeno è il bit facile.
È H e poi 2
perché va in giro
come una molecola biatomica.
Il sale sta per
essere cloruro di magnesio,
ma dobbiamo saperlo
il magnesio è uno ione 2 più,
e il cloro è un ione 1 meno.
Quindi ha bisogno del MgCl2 in modo che
ci sono 2 ioni negativi
per ogni ione positivo.
Ora questi ti supportano
un sacco di abilità, richiamo
delle formule e del lavoro
fuori il genere, il prodotto, così

Italian: 
risolvendo di che tipo
di equazione è,
e dopo tutto questo,
dobbiamo bilanciarlo.
Quindi per bilanciare il nostro
equazione, tracciamo una linea
giù nel mezzo,
elenca quello che abbiamo,
cloro idrogeno, magnesio.
Idrogeno, cloro, magnesio.
Sta davvero andando
per aiutarti se tu
mantieni le cose nello stesso ordine
Cerchia i composti
che noi abbiamo,
elenca il numero di cose.
Quindi abbiamo 1 idrogeno,
1 cloro, 1 magnesio.
2 idrogeni, 2
cloro, 1 magnesio.
Quindi puoi vedere, subito
abbiamo bisogno di altri idrogeni
e altri più cloro.
La via più facile
per noi per farlo
è aggiungere un altro HCl lì,
quindi rifare i nostri numeri.
Abbiamo 2 idrogeni
e 2 cloro.
Questo è equilibrato, scrivendolo
fuori ordinatamente per gli esaminatori,
perché lasciandolo come
questo non ti porterà i voti.
Abbiamo 2 bolle di
acido cloridrico,

English: 
working out what type
of equation it is,
and then after all of that,
we need to balance it.
So to balance our
equation, we draw a line
down the middle,
list what we have,
hydrogen chlorine, magnesium.
Hydrogen, chlorine, magnesium.
It is really going
to help you if you
keep things in the same order.
Circle the compounds
that we have,
list the numbers of things.
So we have 1 hydrogen,
1 chlorine, 1 magnesium.
2 hydrogens, 2
chlorines, 1 magnesium.
So you can see, straightaway
we need some more hydrogens
and some more chlorines.
The easiest way
for us to do that
is to add another HCl on there,
then redoing our numbers.
We have 2 hydrogens
and 2 chlorines.
That is balanced, writing it
out neatly for the examiners,
because just leaving it like
this won't get you the marks.
We have 2 bubbles of
hydrochloric acid,

Italian: 
più magnesio,
si trasforma in magnesio
cloruro, più idrogeno.
Quando stai allenando il
Mr, che è [INUDIBILE] ,,
devi prendere tutto
dell'Ars, che
è [INAUDIBLE] masse atomiche
e aggiungili insieme.
Ora, la massa, ricorda, lo è
il maggior numero dei due.
Non importa
dove si trova,
è il grande
numero dei due.
Quindi l'idrogeno ha una massa di
1, e ne abbiamo 2.
L'argento ha una massa di 32.
L'ossigeno ha una massa di 16,
e abbiamo 4 Oxygens.
Quindi 1 volta 2 è 2, più 32,
più 16, 4 volte che è 64,
aggiungi quelli insieme, otteniamo 98.
Ottimo lavoro finora, ragazzi.
Molto bene.
Solo un po 'di più.
Andiamo avanti.

English: 
plus magnesium,
turns into magnesium
chloride, plus hydrogen.
When you are working out the
Mr, which is [INAUDIBLE],,
you need to take all
of the Ars, which
is [INAUDIBLE] atomic masses
and add them together.
Now, the mass, remember, is
the larger number of the two.
Doesn't matter
where it's located,
it is the large
number of the two.
So hydrogen has a mass of
1, and we have 2 of them.
Silver has a mass of 32.
Oxygen has a mass of 16,
and we have 4 oxygens.
So 1 times 2 is 2, plus 32,
plus 16, times 4 which is 64,
add those together, we get 98.
Excellent work so far, guys.
Well done.
Only a little bit longer.
Let's keep going.

English: 
Tiny mental break, and
then we can keep going.
A mole is not a rather cute,
blind, black furry thing,
but it is the unit for
the amount of a substance.
And that is going to be 6
times 10 to the 23 atoms, ions,
or molecules.
And that is because that
is the number of carbon
atoms in 12 grams of carbon.
So our equation for this
is going to be moles
is equal to mass over Mr. This
is an incredibly complicated
question which combines
a lot of skills.
First, we will have to work
out the formula of things,
work out the equation,
balance the equation, and then

Italian: 
Piccola pausa mentale, e
allora possiamo andare avanti.
Una talpa non è un po 'carina,
cosa pelosa cieca e nera,
ma è l'unità per
la quantità di una sostanza.
E questo sarà 6
tempi da 10 a 23 atomi, ioni,
o molecole.
E questo perché
è il numero di carbonio
atomi in 12 grammi di carbonio.
Quindi la nostra equazione per questo
sta per essere talpe
è uguale alla massa rispetto a Mr. This
è incredibilmente complicato
domanda che combina
un sacco di abilità.
Per prima cosa, dovremo lavorare
la formula delle cose,
elaborare l'equazione,
bilanciare l'equazione, e poi

Italian: 
finalmente, risolvi il
quantità di perossido di idrogeno.
Abbiamo l'idrogeno
perossido che si decompone
in acqua, H2O e ossigeno.
Ora dobbiamo
bilanciare l'equazione.
Idrogeno, ossigeno, idrogeno,
ossigeno, 2 idrogeni, 2 ossigeni,
2 idrogeni, 3 ossigeni.
Quindi possiamo aumentarlo
mettendo più ossigeni
oltre questo lato, H2, O2, dando
noi 4 idrogeni, 4 ossigeni.
Ora abbiamo bisogno di altri idrogeni
e Oxygens sulla mano destra
lato, ne fai un altro
H2 lì e noi
avere 4 oxygens e 4
idrogeni, dandoci
un'equazione bilanciata finale
di 2 perossidi di idrogeno,
facendo 2 acqua e 1 ossigeno.
Ora, dobbiamo avere
un gas dell'ossigeno che è
emesso da 40,8 grammi
di perossido di idrogeno.

English: 
finally, work out the
amount of hydrogen peroxide.
We have hydrogen
peroxide decomposing
into water, H2O and oxygen gas.
Now we need to
balance the equation.
Hydrogen, oxygen, hydrogen,
oxygen, 2 hydrogens, 2 oxygens,
2 hydrogens, 3 oxygens.
So we can increase that
by putting more oxygens
over this side, H2, O2, giving
us 4 hydrogens, 4 oxygens.
Now we need some more hydrogens
and oxygens over the right hand
side, pop another
H2 on there, and we
have 4 oxygens and 4
hydrogens, giving us
a final balanced equation
of 2 hydrogen peroxides,
making 2 water, and 1 oxygen.
Now, we need to have
an oxygen gas that's
given off from 40.8 grams
of hydrogen peroxide.

English: 
The first thing we do is to
work out the masses involved
in the equation.
Hydrogen has a mass of 1,
and there are 2 of them.
Oxygen has a mass of 16,
and there are 2 of them.
That is 2 plus 32, giving us 34.
And because there are 2 of them,
that gives us a total of 68.
Hydrogen is 2, 1
times 2 equals 2.
Oxygen is 16, 2
plus 16 gives us 18.
18 times 2 gives us 36.
And then oxygen is 16
times 2, giving us 32.
So we can say that if we had
68 grams of hydrogen peroxide,
it would decompose into
32 grams of oxygen,
but we don't have 68 grams
of hydrogen peroxide.

Italian: 
La prima cosa che facciamo è
elaborare le masse coinvolte
nell'equazione.
L'idrogeno ha una massa di 1,
e ci sono 2 di loro.
L'ossigeno ha una massa di 16,
e ci sono 2 di loro.
Questo è 2 più 32, dandoci 34.
E poiché ci sono 2 di loro,
questo ci dà un totale di 68.
L'idrogeno è 2, 1
volte 2 è uguale a 2.
L'ossigeno è 16, 2
più 16 ci danno 18.
18 volte 2 ci dà 36.
E poi l'ossigeno è 16
tempi 2, dandoci 32.
Quindi possiamo dire che se lo avessimo
68 grammi di perossido di idrogeno,
si decompone in
32 grammi di ossigeno,
ma non abbiamo 68 grammi
di perossido di idrogeno.

English: 
We have 40.8 grams
of hydrogen peroxide
and we need to find how much
oxygen that decomposes to.
This is now just a
ratios question for math.
I'm going to put a 1 in there.
To go from 68 to 1, we
need to divide by 68,
so that's what I need to do
on the other side as well,
divide by 68, giving
us naught point 47.
To go from 1 to 40.8,
we need to times
it by 40.8, which is
exactly [INAUDIBLE]
this side times 40.8.
But I don't want you to
clear your calculator.
I want you to keep the
number in your calculator.
So 0.47, or the long number
in the calculator and 40.8
gives us 19.2 grams.
If you had cleared
your calculator,
and just did 0.47
times 40.8, you'd
have gotten an answer of
19.176, which is close,

Italian: 
Abbiamo 40,8 grammi
di perossido di idrogeno
e dobbiamo trovare quanto
ossigeno che si decompone a.
Questo è ora solo un
quozienti di domande per la matematica.
Inserirò un 1 lì.
Per andare da 68 a 1, noi
bisogno di dividere per 68,
quindi è quello che devo fare
dall'altra parte,
dividi per 68, dando
Nulla di cui al punto 47.
Per andare da 1 a 40,8,
abbiamo bisogno di volte
di 40,8, che è
esattamente [INCREDIBILE]
questo lato dura 40.8.
Ma non voglio che tu lo faccia
cancella la calcolatrice.
Voglio che tu mantenga il
numero nella tua calcolatrice.
Quindi 0,47 o il numero lungo
nella calcolatrice e 40.8
ci dà 19,2 grammi.
Se l'avessi chiarito
la tua calcolatrice,
e ho appena fatto 0.47
40,8 volte, lo faresti
ho ottenuto una risposta
19.176, che è vicino,

English: 
but not the same answer.
What you've introduced
is a rounding error.
When you have an
equation, there is always
going to be a limiting reactant.
And your action is
going to continue
using that limiting
reaction forming product
until you get to the point
where your limiting reactant is
used up.
And that point, the
reactant is going to stop.
So whatever you don't want
your limiting reactant to be,
you always need to make sure
the other one is in excess.
There is loads and
loads of maths in this,
and the majority of content of
this topic and a few other bits
that come out elsewhere.
You can get loads
and loads of practice
of this in my book, Math
(The Chemistry Bits).
It has 60 equations for you
to practice balancing, loads
of titration calculations,
load [INAUDIBLE] calculations,
which come up later in the
course, lots and lots of things
for you to do.
We can list the
metals by how reactive
they are, with the most
reactive being at the top,

Italian: 
ma non la stessa risposta.
Quello che hai presentato
è un errore di arrotondamento.
Quando hai un
equazione, c'è sempre
sarà un reagente limitante.
E la tua azione è
andando a continuare
usando quel limite
prodotto di reazione
fino ad arrivare al punto
dove è il tuo reagente limitante
esaurito.
E quel punto, il
il reagente si fermerà.
Quindi qualunque cosa tu non voglia
il tuo reagente limitante per essere,
hai sempre bisogno di essere sicuro
l'altro è in eccesso.
C'è un sacco e
un sacco di matematica in questo
e la maggior parte del contenuto di
questo argomento e alcuni altri bit
che viene fuori da un'altra parte.
Puoi ottenere carichi
e un sacco di pratica
di questo nel mio libro, Math
(The Chemistry Bits).
Ha 60 equazioni per te
praticare il bilanciamento, carichi
dei calcoli di titolazione,
caricare calcoli [INUDIBILI],
che si presentano più tardi nel
certo, un sacco di cose
per te da fare
Possiamo elencare il
metalli da quanto reattivi
loro sono, con il massimo
essere reattivo in alto,

English: 
and the least reactive
being at the bottom.
Now, you need to remember these.
If you have any good
mnemonics remembering these,
you can pop those
in the description
below and the comments below.
That would really,
really help other people.
Things that are above
carbon need electrolysis
to be extracted, whereas
things that are below carbon
can just be extracted
by reduction.
However, things that are
really, really unreactive,
like silver, gold, and
copper, are generally
found in the earth as
their pure [INAUDIBLE],,
unreacted with anything.
Everything else
is generally going
to be reacted with oxygen
in the form of metal oxides.
You can also use this to predict
the products from electrolysis.
If the metal you are
using in the electrolysis
is more reactive than
hydrogen, then you're

Italian: 
e il meno reattivo
essere in fondo
Ora, devi ricordarli.
Se hai qualcosa di buono
mnemonici che ricordano questi
puoi schioccare quelli
nella descrizione
sotto e i commenti sotto.
Sarebbe davvero,
davvero aiutare le altre persone.
Cose che sono sopra
il carbonio ha bisogno di elettrolisi
essere estratto, mentre
cose che sono al di sotto del carbonio
può essere estratto
per riduzione.
Tuttavia, cose che sono
davvero, davvero non reattivo,
come argento, oro e
copper, are generally
found in the earth as
their pure [INAUDIBLE],,
unreacted with anything.
Tutto il resto
is generally going
to be reacted with oxygen
in the form of metal oxides.
You can also use this to predict
the products from electrolysis.
If the metal you are
using in the electrolysis
is more reactive than
hydrogen, then you're

Italian: 
going to get hydrogen as a gas.
If it is less
reactive, then you're
going to get something
else as a gas.
And we can use this to
predict the products
for displacement reactions.
If we reacted magnesium
chloride with calcium,
because calcium is more
reactive than the magnesium,
the calcium is going
to take the place.
So we are going to get calcium
chloride plus magnesium
as our products.
However, if we reacted magnesium
chloride with aluminium,
because magnesium
is more reactive,
aluminium cannot take the place.
It will not displace
it, so no reaction
is going to take place.
And when you have
a reductive action,
oxidation is loss of electrons.

English: 
going to get hydrogen as a gas.
If it is less
reactive, then you're
going to get something
else as a gas.
And we can use this to
predict the products
for displacement reactions.
If we reacted magnesium
chloride with calcium,
because calcium is more
reactive than the magnesium,
the calcium is going
to take the place.
So we are going to get calcium
chloride plus magnesium
as our products.
However, if we reacted magnesium
chloride with aluminium,
because magnesium
is more reactive,
aluminium cannot take the place.
It will not displace
it, so no reaction
is going to take place.
And when you have
a reductive action,
oxidation is loss of electrons.

English: 
Reduction Is gain of electrons.
A good way to remember what
the electrodes are cold
is that the positive
electrode is the anode,
and negative is cathode.
At each electrode
in electrolysis,
we're going to have oxidation
or reduction taking place
and movement of electrons.
And the half equations
need to reflect this,
and they need to be balanced.
The first thing you need
to balance is the elements.
In the first one, we have
copper, and copper, one
on each side, that's fine.
Here we have a 2 plus charge.
We need to make
a neutral charge.
The only thing we can
add in is electrons,
which have a negative charge.
Because copper is 2 plus, we
need to add in 2 electrons.
We are adding in electrons,
this is gain of electrons,

Italian: 
Reduction Is gain of electrons.
A good way to remember what
the electrodes are cold
is that the positive
electrode is the anode,
and negative is cathode.
At each electrode
in electrolysis,
we're going to have oxidation
or reduction taking place
and movement of electrons.
And the half equations
need to reflect this,
and they need to be balanced.
The first thing you need
to balance is the elements.
In the first one, we have
copper, and copper, one
on each side, that's fine.
Here we have a 2 plus charge.
We need to make
a neutral charge.
The only thing we can
add in is electrons,
which have a negative charge.
Because copper is 2 plus, we
need to add in 2 electrons.
We are adding in electrons,
this is gain of electrons,

English: 
so this is reduction.
And because copper
is positive, it
will go to the
negative electrode,
which is the cathode.
The second one is a
bit more complicated
because you can see fluorine ion
will go to a diatomic fluorine
molecule.
First thing we need
to do is to balance
the fluorines to go in there.
Now we need to
balance [INAUDIBLE]..
We have 2 negative and it
needs to go to a neutral,
so we need to lose something.
The only thing we can
lose are electrons,
and to balance out the charges,
we need to lose 2 electrons.
This is loss of electrons,
so it is oxidation.
Fluorine is negative, so it will
go to the positive electrode,
and the positive
electrode is the anode.
You need to remember all of the
equations, remember the ions,

Italian: 
so this is reduction.
And because copper
is positive, it
will go to the
negative electrode,
which is the cathode.
The second one is a
bit more complicated
because you can see fluorine ion
will go to a diatomic fluorine
molecule.
First thing we need
to do is to balance
the fluorines to go in there.
Now we need to
balance [INAUDIBLE]..
We have 2 negative and it
needs to go to a neutral,
so we need to lose something.
The only thing we can
lose are electrons,
and to balance out the charges,
we need to lose 2 electrons.
This is loss of electrons,
so it is oxidation.
Fluorine is negative, so it will
go to the positive electrode,
and the positive
electrode is the anode.
You need to remember all of the
equations, remember the ions,

English: 
and be able to work out what is
going to come from a reaction.
So if we have an
acid and a metal,
we are going to get a salt
plus hydrogen. Acid metal
oxide is going to give
us a salt plus water.
Acid metal hydroxide is going
to be a salt plus water.
Acid metal base,
salt plus water.
Acid plus metal carbonate is
going to give us a salt, water,
and carbon dioxide.
To work out the
formula of the salts,
you need to know the
formula of all of your ions.
I've made flashcards
to help you with this.
You can watch the video.
I'm afraid you're going to need
to watch it over and over again
so that you learn it.
And then you're going
to need to make sure
that you combine the
ions in such a way
that they are neutral overall.
For making a pure
salt, we are going

Italian: 
and be able to work out what is
going to come from a reaction.
So if we have an
acid and a metal,
we are going to get a salt
plus hydrogen. Acid metal
oxide is going to give
us a salt plus water.
Acid metal hydroxide is going
to be a salt plus water.
Acid metal base,
salt plus water.
Acid plus metal carbonate is
going to give us a salt, water,
and carbon dioxide.
To work out the
formula of the salts,
you need to know the
formula of all of your ions.
I've made flashcards
to help you with this.
You can watch the video.
I'm afraid you're going to need
to watch it over and over again
so that you learn it.
And then you're going
to need to make sure
that you combine the
ions in such a way
that they are neutral overall.
For making a pure
salt, we are going

English: 
to be making a copper sulfate.
This is mixing sulfuric
acid and copper
oxide to make copper
sulfate and water.
You're going to need to
heat the sulfuric acid,
stir in the copper oxide,
which is a black powder,
until it is in excess,
which basically means
you can't dissolve it anymore.
Let it cool a bit, and then
you can filter the solution
to remove the excess copper
oxide so that the black copper
oxide powder will stay
in the filter paper,
and then the solution
of copper sulfate
will come out down the bottom.
Once you have your
solution of copper sulfate,
you can evaporate away the water
to leave you with the copper
sulfate crystals.
Now, the size of the
crystals will depend
on how quickly you do this.
You're going to be left
with blue crystals.
The blue crystals here
are the hydrated ones,
and the white crystals
around the edge

Italian: 
to be making a copper sulfate.
This is mixing sulfuric
acid and copper
oxide to make copper
sulfate and water.
You're going to need to
heat the sulfuric acid,
stir in the copper oxide,
which is a black powder,
until it is in excess,
which basically means
you can't dissolve it anymore.
Let it cool a bit, and then
you can filter the solution
to remove the excess copper
oxide so that the black copper
oxide powder will stay
in the filter paper,
and then the solution
of copper sulfate
will come out down the bottom.
Once you have your
solution of copper sulfate,
you can evaporate away the water
to leave you with the copper
sulfate crystals.
Now, the size of the
crystals will depend
on how quickly you do this.
You're going to be left
with blue crystals.
The blue crystals here
are the hydrated ones,
and the white crystals
around the edge

English: 
are the anhydrous ones.
On the pH scale, things
that have a pH 1 are acidic,
pH 7 is neutral, and
14 is an alkaline.
The ion is responsible
for acidity,
a hydrogen ions, the ions
responsibility for alkalinity
are hydroxide ions.
The neutralization equation
is incredibly important.
It comes up a lot.
And that tells us that hydrogen
ions, plus hydroxide ions,
can be neutralized
to produce water.
To carry out titration,
first of all,
you need to put 25
centimeter cubed in an alkali
into a conical flask, add a
phenolphthalein indicator,
or an indicator
like methyl orange,
fill a burette with the acid
of a known concentration,

Italian: 
are the anhydrous ones.
On the pH scale, things
that have a pH 1 are acidic,
pH 7 is neutral, and
14 is an alkaline.
The ion is responsible
for acidity,
a hydrogen ions, the ions
responsibility for alkalinity
are hydroxide ions.
The neutralization equation
is incredibly important.
It comes up a lot.
And that tells us that hydrogen
ions, plus hydroxide ions,
can be neutralized
to produce water.
To carry out titration,
first of all,
you need to put 25
centimeter cubed in an alkali
into a conical flask, add a
phenolphthalein indicator,
or an indicator
like methyl orange,
fill a burette with the acid
of a known concentration,

Italian: 
take the initial
reading on the burette
and record it, and while
swirling the flask,
use the tap to slowly
add, drop by drop,
the acid into the alkaline.
When the first permanent
color change happens,
pink to clear for
phenolphthalein,
stop adding the acid.
Record the final
volume in the burette,
and repeat titres until you
get it within 0.05 centimeters
cubed.
Ci sono due
indicators you can use
for titrations,
phenolphthalein, which
is the one you're seeing
here, which in an alkali
will be bright pink,
and in an acid will
be clear or colorless, or methyl
orange, which in an alkali,
you can see it's going
this yellowy color,
and in an acid
will be bright red,
giving us neutralization point
where it is an orange color.

English: 
take the initial
reading on the burette
and record it, and while
swirling the flask,
use the tap to slowly
add, drop by drop,
the acid into the alkaline.
When the first permanent
color change happens,
pink to clear for
phenolphthalein,
stop adding the acid.
Record the final
volume in the burette,
and repeat titres until you
get it within 0.05 centimeters
cubed.
There are two
indicators you can use
for titrations,
phenolphthalein, which
is the one you're seeing
here, which in an alkali
will be bright pink,
and in an acid will
be clear or colorless, or methyl
orange, which in an alkali,
you can see it's going
this yellowy color,
and in an acid
will be bright red,
giving us neutralization point
where it is an orange color.

English: 
There is a big difference
between strength
and concentration.
Strong acids are going
to fully dissociate
into hydrogen ions
and other ions.
The strong acids are
hydrochloric acid, nitric acid,
sulfuric acid, hydrobromic
acid, hydroiodic acid,
and chloric acid.
I would expect you to know
that hydrochloric acid is HCl.
Nitric acid is HNO3, and
sulfuric acid is H2SO4.
The other ones we don't have
to worry about too much.
Everything else is a weak acid,
which means only partially
disassociates.
Here, we have strong
and weak acids
at high and low concentrations.
So for our strong acid, we
can see our hydroxide ions
and our hydrogen ions
are fully dissociated.
They're not touching each other.
They are separated.
Here, we have them at
a high concentration,
which means there are lots
of hydroxide and hydrogen
ions compared to very
few water molecules.

Italian: 
There is a big difference
between strength
and concentration.
Strong acids are going
to fully dissociate
into hydrogen ions
and other ions.
The strong acids are
hydrochloric acid, nitric acid,
sulfuric acid, hydrobromic
acid, hydroiodic acid,
and chloric acid.
I would expect you to know
that hydrochloric acid is HCl.
Nitric acid is HNO3, and
sulfuric acid is H2SO4.
The other ones we don't have
to worry about too much.
Everything else is a weak acid,
which means only partially
disassociates.
Here, we have strong
and weak acids
at high and low concentrations.
So for our strong acid, we
can see our hydroxide ions
and our hydrogen ions
are fully dissociated.
They're not touching each other.
They are separated.
Here, we have them at
a high concentration,
which means there are lots
of hydroxide and hydrogen
ions compared to very
few water molecules.

English: 
Here, we have a strong acid,
again fully disassociated,
but at a low
concentration, meaning
there aren't very many
hydrogen or hydroxide
ions in a lot of water.
For our weak acids, they are
only partially dissociated,
so some of the hydrogen and
hydroxide ions have separated,
and some of them
haven't, meaning
that we are going to get
some which are still together
and some that are separated.
At a high
concentration, there are
going to be lots of acid
particles for a very
few particles of water,
whereas at a low concentration,
there aren't going to be
very many acid molecules
per molecule of water.
Here, we have sodium chloride.
Now, ionic compounds have
to be molten or dissolved
to be able to conduct
electricity because it's
when it's in its
solid state you can
see that this sodium
and these chlorines
are not going anywhere.
They're very, very fixed.
However, in a liquid or a
molten or a dissolved state,

Italian: 
Here, we have a strong acid,
again fully disassociated,
but at a low
concentration, meaning
there aren't very many
hydrogen or hydroxide
ions in a lot of water.
For our weak acids, they are
only partially dissociated,
so some of the hydrogen and
hydroxide ions have separated,
and some of them
haven't, meaning
that we are going to get
some which are still together
and some that are separated.
At a high
concentration, there are
going to be lots of acid
particles for a very
few particles of water,
whereas at a low concentration,
there aren't going to be
very many acid molecules
per molecule of water.
Here, we have sodium chloride.
Now, ionic compounds have
to be molten or dissolved
to be able to conduct
electricity because it's
when it's in its
solid state you can
see that this sodium
and these chlorines
are not going anywhere.
They're very, very fixed.
However, in a liquid or a
molten or a dissolved state,

Italian: 
when these ions are
free to move around,
that is when they're going
to be conducting electricity,
and that is when you
can do electrolysis.
Aluminium electrolysis is
a slightly different form
of electrolysis.
We have one electrode up here,
this is our positive anode,
and another electrode down here.
This is our negative cathode.
The molten aluminium and
the cryolite-- cryolite
is just a compound that is added
to produce the melting point
of molten aluminium oxide.
It's added into this
reaction vessel,
and we get one reaction
taking place down here
and another reaction
taking place at the top.
At the bottom, at
the negative cathode,
we are going to be attracting
the positive aluminium ions.
They are going to be picking
up electrons and turning
into aluminium atoms.
This is 3 plus, so we need
to pick up 3 electrons.
And then at the top, at
the carbon electrode,
we are going to attract
the negative oxygens.

English: 
when these ions are
free to move around,
that is when they're going
to be conducting electricity,
and that is when you
can do electrolysis.
Aluminium electrolysis is
a slightly different form
of electrolysis.
We have one electrode up here,
this is our positive anode,
and another electrode down here.
This is our negative cathode.
The molten aluminium and
the cryolite-- cryolite
is just a compound that is added
to produce the melting point
of molten aluminium oxide.
It's added into this
reaction vessel,
and we get one reaction
taking place down here
and another reaction
taking place at the top.
At the bottom, at
the negative cathode,
we are going to be attracting
the positive aluminium ions.
They are going to be picking
up electrons and turning
into aluminium atoms.
This is 3 plus, so we need
to pick up 3 electrons.
And then at the top, at
the carbon electrode,
we are going to attract
the negative oxygens.

English: 
They are going to be losing
electrons and turning
into oxygen gas
because we have 2
on this side, 2
oxygens on that side,
we need 2 on that side,
which means we now
have 4 negative
charge, so we need
to lose 4 electrons as well.
This is a carbon electrode up
here, and we are causing a--
starting a reaction which
causes oxygen gas to be evolved.
Eventually, the oxygen gas
will react with the carbon
electrode, and we are
going to lose the electrode
as carbon dioxide.
So the carbon dioxide will wear
away the electrode eventually,
so this will need
to be replaced.
The molten aluminium
collects at the bottom
and can be taken off
like that, and that
is how we purify aluminium.
The common setups
for electrolysis
that you need to know are
sodium chloride, sodium sulfate,
copper chloride,
and copper sulfate.
For sodium chloride, the
products you are going to get
are hydrogen gas, chlorine
gas, and sodium hydroxide.

Italian: 
They are going to be losing
electrons and turning
into oxygen gas
because we have 2
on this side, 2
oxygens on that side,
we need 2 on that side,
which means we now
have 4 negative
charge, so we need
to lose 4 electrons as well.
This is a carbon electrode up
here, and we are causing a--
starting a reaction which
causes oxygen gas to be evolved.
Eventually, the oxygen gas
will react with the carbon
electrode, and we are
going to lose the electrode
as carbon dioxide.
So the carbon dioxide will wear
away the electrode eventually,
so this will need
to be replaced.
The molten aluminium
collects at the bottom
and can be taken off
like that, and that
is how we purify aluminium.
The common setups
for electrolysis
that you need to know are
sodium chloride, sodium sulfate,
copper chloride,
and copper sulfate.
For sodium chloride, the
products you are going to get
are hydrogen gas, chlorine
gas, and sodium hydroxide.

Italian: 
For copper sodium sulfate, the
products you are going to get
are going to be
hydrogen and oxygen gas.
For copper chloride,
you are going
to get copper and chlorine gas.
And for copper
sulfate, you are going
to get copper and oxygen gas.
When we set up electrolysis,
you need positive and negative
electrode.
[INAUDIBLE] there just to check
that electricity is flowing.
You can see bubbles
collecting around
the positive and
negative electrode.
Sometimes this might
be a metal collecting,
as in the case of
copper collecting
here and here in copper
sulfate and copper chloride.
You can test for all of the
different gases coming off,
for example, hydrogen,
chlorine, and oxygen.
The test for hydrogen
gas is a squeaky pop.

English: 
For copper sodium sulfate, the
products you are going to get
are going to be
hydrogen and oxygen gas.
For copper chloride,
you are going
to get copper and chlorine gas.
And for copper
sulfate, you are going
to get copper and oxygen gas.
When we set up electrolysis,
you need positive and negative
electrode.
[INAUDIBLE] there just to check
that electricity is flowing.
You can see bubbles
collecting around
the positive and
negative electrode.
Sometimes this might
be a metal collecting,
as in the case of
copper collecting
here and here in copper
sulfate and copper chloride.
You can test for all of the
different gases coming off,
for example, hydrogen,
chlorine, and oxygen.
The test for hydrogen
gas is a squeaky pop.

Italian: 
The test for oxygen gas is
relighting, glowing splint,
and the test for chlorine gas
is that it bleaches damp litmus
paper.
An endothermic reaction
feels like it gets colder,
whereas an exothermic reaction,
you can feel it gets hotter.
Another way of saying gets
colder will be to take heat in.
Another way to get hotter
would be to give heat out.
Now, we can make these
slightly more sophisticated
by replacing the word
heat with the word energy.
So now a sophisticated answer
is that an endothermic reaction
takes energy in, and
an exothermic reaction
gives energy out.
During an endothermic
reaction, energy

English: 
The test for oxygen gas is
relighting, glowing splint,
and the test for chlorine gas
is that it bleaches damp litmus
paper.
An endothermic reaction
feels like it gets colder,
whereas an exothermic reaction,
you can feel it gets hotter.
Another way of saying gets
colder will be to take heat in.
Another way to get hotter
would be to give heat out.
Now, we can make these
slightly more sophisticated
by replacing the word
heat with the word energy.
So now a sophisticated answer
is that an endothermic reaction
takes energy in, and
an exothermic reaction
gives energy out.
During an endothermic
reaction, energy

English: 
is going to get taken in, so we
have our reactants down here.
Energy gets taken in, so
our product's up here.
So we can say that the
energy of the products
is higher than the
energy reactants.
During an exothermic
reaction, energy reaction
is given out, so our
reactants, energy is given out,
so our products are going
to be down here, which

Italian: 
is going to get taken in, so we
have our reactants down here.
Energy gets taken in, so
our product's up here.
So we can say that the
energy of the products
is higher than the
energy reactants.
During an exothermic
reaction, energy reaction
is given out, so our
reactants, energy is given out,
so our products are going
to be down here, which

Italian: 
means our products have lower
energy than the reactants.
For example, an endothermic
reaction will be electrolysis.
An exothermic reaction would
be burning or neutralization.
You need to be able to
calculate the energy change when
a reaction takes place,
remembering that bonds energy
breaking takes energy in, and
bond making gives energy out.
So burning hydrogen in
oxygen will give out water.
Calculate the energy
change for this reaction.
The first thing we need to do
is write the balanced equation.
Hydrogen, plus
oxygen, gives water.

English: 
means our products have lower
energy than the reactants.
For example, an endothermic
reaction will be electrolysis.
An exothermic reaction would
be burning or neutralization.
You need to be able to
calculate the energy change when
a reaction takes place,
remembering that bonds energy
breaking takes energy in, and
bond making gives energy out.
So burning hydrogen in
oxygen will give out water.
Calculate the energy
change for this reaction.
The first thing we need to do
is write the balanced equation.
Hydrogen, plus
oxygen, gives water.

English: 
We need to put a 2 there
to balance out the oxygens,
and 2 there to balance
out the hydrogens.
Draw everything we have.
So we have hydrogen
and we have 2 of them,
so I'm going to draw that twice,
plus oxygen, turns into water.
And while the examiner
would probably
expect you to be able to
work out formulas, balance
the equation, and
draw them by yourself,
they would not expect you
to record the bonds in it.
The bond energies will be
given to you in the exam.
Next, we're going to list the
type of bonds that we have
and the number.
So we have a hydrogen,
hydrogen bonds,
and we have 1, 2 of those.
We have an oxygen,
oxygen double bond,
and we just have 1
double bond in there.
We have oxygen hydrogen
bonds, and we have 1, 2, 3,
4 of those.

Italian: 
We need to put a 2 there
to balance out the oxygens,
and 2 there to balance
out the hydrogens.
Draw everything we have.
So we have hydrogen
and we have 2 of them,
so I'm going to draw that twice,
plus oxygen, turns into water.
And while the examiner
would probably
expect you to be able to
work out formulas, balance
the equation, and
draw them by yourself,
they would not expect you
to record the bonds in it.
The bond energies will be
given to you in the exam.
Next, we're going to list the
type of bonds that we have
and the number.
So we have a hydrogen,
hydrogen bonds,
and we have 1, 2 of those.
We have an oxygen,
oxygen double bond,
and we just have 1
double bond in there.
We have oxygen hydrogen
bonds, and we have 1, 2, 3,
4 of those.

Italian: 
And now we need to take
that and multiply it
by the bonds energies.
So 2 bonds for hydrogen,
that is 2 times 436.
1 times 498.
4 times 464.
We can do the maths
and work at how much is
on each side adding those up.
872 plus 498 gives us 1370.
There's 1856 on that side.
Now we need to do the energy of
the reactions minus the energy
of the product.
So, 1370 minus 1856, giving us
minus 486 kilojoules per mole.
In this type of equation,
if you got the symbol wrong,
you'd probably
only lose one mark.
It having a negative
sign in front it tells us
it is exothermic.

English: 
And now we need to take
that and multiply it
by the bonds energies.
So 2 bonds for hydrogen,
that is 2 times 436.
1 times 498.
4 times 464.
We can do the maths
and work at how much is
on each side adding those up.
872 plus 498 gives us 1370.
There's 1856 on that side.
Now we need to do the energy of
the reactions minus the energy
of the product.
So, 1370 minus 1856, giving us
minus 486 kilojoules per mole.
In this type of equation,
if you got the symbol wrong,
you'd probably
only lose one mark.
It having a negative
sign in front it tells us
it is exothermic.

English: 
So any reaction
that is burning you
can check yourself, because it
should always be exothermic.
We can pretty much guarantee
that a big calculation is going
to come up on this
paper, so it is worth
practicing these really well.
To help you, I've
written a book.
The rest of this video is to
separate chemistry students
only.
So if you have
finished, well done.
Excellent work.
It was a bit of a
slog, this video.
You can go move on to the next
video, use your revision guide.
If you guys have chemistry,
I'm afraid you've
got a bit more to go.
Here, we have a simple cell with
two different metals, copper
and zinc, in their
own solutions.
So here is zinc in
zinc sulfate solution
and copper in copper
sulfate solution.
They are connected by a salt
bridge, or an ion bridge,
and because zinc is higher in
the electrochemical series,
it is going to push electrons
this way, towards copper.
A flow of electrons
means we are going
to have a potential difference.

Italian: 
So any reaction
that is burning you
can check yourself, because it
should always be exothermic.
We can pretty much guarantee
that a big calculation is going
to come up on this
paper, so it is worth
practicing these really well.
To help you, I've
written a book.
The rest of this video is to
separate chemistry students
only.
So if you have
finished, well done.
Lavoro eccellente.
It was a bit of a
slog, this video.
You can go move on to the next
video, use your revision guide.
If you guys have chemistry,
I'm afraid you've
got a bit more to go.
Here, we have a simple cell with
two different metals, copper
and zinc, in their
own solutions.
So here is zinc in
zinc sulfate solution
and copper in copper
sulfate solution.
They are connected by a salt
bridge, or an ion bridge,
and because zinc is higher in
the electrochemical series,
it is going to push electrons
this way, towards copper.
A flow of electrons
means we are going
to have a potential difference.

Italian: 
So zinc is going to be
giving up electrons,
and the copper is going
to be accepting electrons.
That thing that we commonly
refer to as a battery
is actually a cell.
Lo so, lo so.
È veramente noioso.
A cell is one battery.
A battery is more
than one cells.
So this is a cell, and
then two more of them
together would be a battery.
In non-rechargeable batteries,
the chemical reaction
that produces electricity,
once they're used up,
the battery is dead, whereas
in a rechargeable battery,
there is a reversible
reaction that goes on.
So once the reactions
are used up,
you can pass
electricity through it,
which will cause the reaction
to go in the opposite direction,
recharging the battery.
In a hydrogen fuel
cell, we just have
hydrogen gas reacting
with oxygen gas

English: 
So zinc is going to be
giving up electrons,
and the copper is going
to be accepting electrons.
That thing that we commonly
refer to as a battery
is actually a cell.
I know, I know.
It's really annoying.
A cell is one battery.
A battery is more
than one cells.
So this is a cell, and
then two more of them
together would be a battery.
In non-rechargeable batteries,
the chemical reaction
that produces electricity,
once they're used up,
the battery is dead, whereas
in a rechargeable battery,
there is a reversible
reaction that goes on.
So once the reactions
are used up,
you can pass
electricity through it,
which will cause the reaction
to go in the opposite direction,
recharging the battery.
In a hydrogen fuel
cell, we just have
hydrogen gas reacting
with oxygen gas

English: 
and turning in to water.
There is a large amount
of energy released,
which can be used to
power an electric car,
and water is the only
product, which means
there are no carbon emissions.
There are a few
problems with this,
predominantly, with the
production of hydrogen.
At the moment, this
uses fossil fuels
because hydrogen [INAUDIBLE]
steam with coal or natural gas,
which are both fossil
fuels, or hydrogen
is made by
electrolysis of water,
but that involves
electricity, which is
generated using fossil fuels.
The other problems are
it's quite hard to find.

Italian: 
and turning in to water.
There is a large amount
of energy released,
which can be used to
power an electric car,
and water is the only
product, which means
there are no carbon emissions.
There are a few
problems with this,
predominantly, with the
production of hydrogen.
At the moment, this
uses fossil fuels
because hydrogen [INAUDIBLE]
steam with coal or natural gas,
which are both fossil
fuels, or hydrogen
is made by
electrolysis of water,
but that involves
electricity, which is
generated using fossil fuels.
The other problems are
it's quite hard to find.

English: 
The hydrogen needs
to be compressed,
which is a problem because
it would be explosive.
It also needs a very, very
large tank to store it in,
and they don't work
at low temperatures.
At the negative
electrode, we are
going to have hydrogen
gas, minus 2 electrons,
turning into hydrogen ions.
At the positive
electrode, we are
going to have these hydrogen
ions reacting with the oxygen
gas and some
electrons, and they are

Italian: 
The hydrogen needs
to be compressed,
which is a problem because
it would be explosive.
It also needs a very, very
large tank to store it in,
and they don't work
at low temperatures.
At the negative
electrode, we are
going to have hydrogen
gas, minus 2 electrons,
turning into hydrogen ions.
At the positive
electrode, we are
going to have these hydrogen
ions reacting with the oxygen
gas and some
electrons, and they are

English: 
going to turn into the water.
Transition metals
are in the middle.
Their properties are that
they are hard, shiny,
and are good conductors.
These are basically
your traditional metals.
So any property of
a traditional metal,
you can generally associate
it with a transition metal.
And because they're
properties, that
can be used in jewelry,
in wires, or in saucepans,
and because they get all
these different colors,
they can be used for
things like stained glass,
or for coating statues.
Here, the Statue of Liberty
has a copper coating.
Copper transitioned
into compounds
are generally going to
be blue or bluey green.

Italian: 
going to turn into the water.
Transition metals
are in the middle.
Their properties are that
they are hard, shiny,
and are good conductors.
These are basically
your traditional metals.
So any property of
a traditional metal,
you can generally associate
it with a transition metal.
And because they're
properties, that
can be used in jewelry,
in wires, or in saucepans,
and because they get all
these different colors,
they can be used for
things like stained glass,
or for coating statues.
Here, the Statue of Liberty
has a copper coating.
Copper transitioned
into compounds
are generally going to
be blue or bluey green.

English: 
Iron 2 is light green, iron 3 is
an orangey brown, a rust color.
And cobalt is a really
lovely, deep, rich blue.
Nanotechnology is
absolutely fascinating.
It is taking atoms
and rearranging them
into specific locations
or specific sizes
so that we can use it.
It is much, much
smaller than technology.
It is very small, but it is made
up of lots of different atoms.
Now, the potentials
for this are massive,
because as we get small, we are
increasing the surface area,
and when we get this small,
things have very, very
different properties.
Things look see-through,
things are flexible,
things start to behave very
differently to they would

Italian: 
Iron 2 is light green, iron 3 is
an orangey brown, a rust color.
And cobalt is a really
lovely, deep, rich blue.
Nanotechnology is
absolutely fascinating.
It is taking atoms
and rearranging them
into specific locations
or specific sizes
so that we can use it.
It is much, much
smaller than technology.
It is very small, but it is made
up of lots of different atoms.
Now, the potentials
for this are massive,
because as we get small, we are
increasing the surface area,
and when we get this small,
things have very, very
different properties.
Things look see-through,
things are flexible,
things start to behave very
differently to they would

English: 
if they were much, much larger.
The potential for
this is massive,
communications, drugs delivery,
personalized medicine,
but people are wary about this
because it is a new technology.
To work out
percentage yields, you
need to take your actual
yields and divide it
by your theoretical yields.
So if this is your
actual yields,
then your theoretical
yields is how much you
thought you were going to make.
To work out your
atom economy, that

Italian: 
if they were much, much larger.
The potential for
this is massive,
communications, drugs delivery,
personalized medicine,
but people are wary about this
because it is a new technology.
To work out
percentage yields, you
need to take your actual
yields and divide it
by your theoretical yields.
So if this is your
actual yields,
then your theoretical
yields is how much you
thought you were going to make.
To work out your
atom economy, that

Italian: 
is your Mr of atoms in
the required products,
over your Mr of reactants,
or the Mr of stuff
you wanted, over the Mr of
the stuff you actually got.
For titration
calculations, we first
need to calculate the number
of moles of acid you used.
We can use this to find
the number of hydrogen
ions involved in the reaction.
This is going to be equal
to number of hydroxide ions
at the point of neutralization.
You can use this to
calculate the number of moles
of alkali use, and concentrate
the calculation of the acid.
We have 25 centimeters
cubed of alkali,
was neutralized by 15
centimeters cubed of 0.02 moles
acid.
Find the concentration
of the alkali.

English: 
is your Mr of atoms in
the required products,
over your Mr of reactants,
or the Mr of stuff
you wanted, over the Mr of
the stuff you actually got.
For titration
calculations, we first
need to calculate the number
of moles of acid you used.
We can use this to find
the number of hydrogen
ions involved in the reaction.
This is going to be equal
to number of hydroxide ions
at the point of neutralization.
You can use this to
calculate the number of moles
of alkali use, and concentrate
the calculation of the acid.
We have 25 centimeters
cubed of alkali,
was neutralized by 15
centimeters cubed of 0.02 moles
acid.
Find the concentration
of the alkali.

English: 
First thing I'm going to do is
pull all the information out
of the question.
Concentration of the alkali
is what we're trying to find.
Volume of the alkali,
25 centimeters cubed.
Concentration of the
acid, naught point 2
moles per decimeter cubed.
Volume of the acid,
15 centimeters cubed.
So the first thing you do
is calculate the number
of moles of acid used.
So for the number of
moles of acid used,
we can use concentration of the
acid times volume of the acid.
That is naught point
2, times the volume
of the acid, which is
15, divided by 1,000,
because we need it
in decimeters cubed.
So naught point 2, times
naught point naught 1.
Fine.
Giving us an answer of naught
point naught, naught, 3 moles.

Italian: 
First thing I'm going to do is
pull all the information out
of the question.
Concentration of the alkali
is what we're trying to find.
Volume of the alkali,
25 centimeters cubed.
Concentration of the
acid, naught point 2
moles per decimeter cubed.
Volume of the acid,
15 centimeters cubed.
So the first thing you do
is calculate the number
of moles of acid used.
So for the number of
moles of acid used,
we can use concentration of the
acid times volume of the acid.
That is naught point
2, times the volume
of the acid, which is
15, divided by 1,000,
because we need it
in decimeters cubed.
So naught point 2, times
naught point naught 1.
Belle.
Giving us an answer of naught
point naught, naught, 3 moles.

English: 
If we look at our balanced
equation, we can see the acid
and alkali are in a 1 to
1 ratio in this equation.
So there's going to be an
equal number of hydrogen
and hydroxide ions.
So we know there
are moles of an acid
are 0.003 moles, which means
our moles alkali must also
be 0.003 moles.
Now we know the number
of moles of alkali,
we can use concentration by
volume again, or rearranging
that because we know the
moles and we know the volume
to find the concentration.
We can use moles
[? equals concentration ?]
[INAUDIBLE] volume again and
rearranging that because we
know our moles and
we know our volume,
so moles divided by volume
will give us concentration.
So our moles from-- we've
just worked out-- is 0.003.
Our concentration
is 25 centimeters
cubed, dividing that by 1,000
to get it in decimeters cubed.
So that is going to be
0.003, divided by 0.025,

Italian: 
If we look at our balanced
equation, we can see the acid
and alkali are in a 1 to
1 ratio in this equation.
So there's going to be an
equal number of hydrogen
and hydroxide ions.
So we know there
are moles of an acid
are 0.003 moles, which means
our moles alkali must also
be 0.003 moles.
Now we know the number
of moles of alkali,
we can use concentration by
volume again, or rearranging
that because we know the
moles and we know the volume
to find the concentration.
We can use moles
[? equals concentration ?]
[INAUDIBLE] volume again and
rearranging that because we
know our moles and
we know our volume,
so moles divided by volume
will give us concentration.
So our moles from-- we've
just worked out-- is 0.003.
Our concentration
is 25 centimeters
cubed, dividing that by 1,000
to get it in decimeters cubed.
So that is going to be
0.003, divided by 0.025,

Italian: 
giving us 0.12 moles
per decimeter cubed
as our concentration of alkali.
When you are dealing with
gases, what you need to remember
is that one mole is always going
to take up 24 decimeters cubed.
Well done making it to the
end of end of this video.
You are all absolute superstars.
All the best in your exams.
I'm keeping all of my
fingers crossed for you.

English: 
giving us 0.12 moles
per decimeter cubed
as our concentration of alkali.
When you are dealing with
gases, what you need to remember
is that one mole is always going
to take up 24 decimeters cubed.
Well done making it to the
end of end of this video.
You are all absolute superstars.
All the best in your exams.
I'm keeping all of my
fingers crossed for you.
