Volunteering is generally considered an altruistic
activity where an individual or group provides
services for no financial or social gain "to
benefit another person, group or organization".
Volunteering is also renowned for skill development
and is often intended to promote goodness
or to improve human quality of life.
Volunteering may have positive benefits for
the volunteer as well as for the person or
community served.
It is also intended to make contacts for possible
employment.
Many volunteers are specifically trained in
the areas they work, such as medicine, education,
or emergency rescue.
Others serve on an as-needed basis, such as
in response to a natural disaster.
In a military context a volunteer is someone
who joins an armed force of their own volition
rather than being conscripted, and is usually
paid.
== Etymology and history ==
The verb was first recorded in 1755.
It was derived from the noun volunteer, in
C.1600, "one who offers himself for military
service," from the Middle French voluntaire.
In the non-military sense, the word was first
recorded during the 1630s.
The word volunteering has more recent usage—still
predominantly military—coinciding with the
phrase community service.
In a military context, a volunteer army is
a military body whose soldiers chose to enter
service, as opposed to having been conscripted.
Such volunteers do not work "for free" and
are given regular pay.
=== 19th century ===
During this time, America experienced the
Great Awakening.
People became aware of the disadvantaged and
realized the cause for movement against slavery.
Younger people started helping the needy in
their communities.
In 1851, the first YMCA in the United States
was started, followed seven years later by
the first YWCA.
During the American Civil War, women volunteered
their time to sew supplies for the soldiers
and the "Angel of the Battlefield" Clara Barton
and a team of volunteers began providing aid
to servicemen.
Barton founded the American Red Cross in 1881
and began mobilizing volunteers for disaster
relief operations, including relief for victims
of the Johnstown Flood in 1889.
=== 20th and 21st centuries ===
The Salvation Army is one of the oldest and
largest organizations working for disadvantaged
people.
Though it is a charity organization, it has
organized a number of volunteering programs
since its inception.
Prior to the 19th century, few formal charitable
organizations existed to assist people in
need.
In the first few decades of the 20th century,
several volunteer organizations were founded,
including the Rotary International, Kiwanis
International, Association of Junior Leagues
International, and Lions Clubs International.
The Great Depression saw one of the first
large-scale, nationwide efforts to coordinate
volunteering for a specific need.
During World War II, thousands of volunteer
offices supervised the volunteers who helped
with the many needs of the military and the
home front, including collecting supplies,
entertaining soldiers on leave, and caring
for the injured.After World War II, people
shifted the focus of their altruistic passions
to other areas, including helping the poor
and volunteering overseas.
A major development was the Peace Corps in
the United States in 1960.
When President Lyndon B. Johnson declared
a War on Poverty in 1964, volunteer opportunities
started to expand and continued into the next
few decades.
The process for finding volunteer work became
more formalized, with more volunteer centers
forming and new ways to find work appearing
on the World Wide Web.According to the Corporation
for National and Community Service (in 2012),
about 64.5 million Americans, or 26.5 percent
of the adult population, gave 7.9 billion
hours of volunteer service worth $175 billion.
This calculates at about 125–150 hours per
year or 3 hours per week at a rate of $22
per hour.
Volunteer hours in the UK are similar; the
data for other countries is unavailable.
In 1960, after the so-called revolutionary
war in Cuba ended, Ernesto Che Guevara created
the concept of volunteering work.
It was created with the intention that workers
across the country volunteer a few hours of
work on their work centers.
== Types ==
=== Volunteering as utilized by service learning
programs ===
Many schools on all education levels offer
service-learning programs, which allow students
to serve the community through volunteering
while earning educational credit.
According to Alexander Astin in the foreword
to Where's the Learning in Service-Learning?
by Janet Eyler and Dwight E. Giles, Jr.,"...we
promote more wide-spread adoption of service-learning
in higher education because we see it as a
powerful means of preparing students to become
more caring and responsible parents and citizens
and of helping colleges and universities to
make good on their pledge to 'serve society.'"
When describing service learning, the Medical
Education at Harvard says, "Service learning
unites academic study and volunteer community
service in mutually reinforcing ways.
...service learning is characterized by a
relationship of partnership: the student learns
from the service agency and from the community
and, in return, gives energy, intelligence,
commitment, time and skills to address human
and community needs."
Volunteering in service learning seems to
have the result of engaging both mind and
heart, thus providing a more powerful learning
experience; according to Janet Eyler and Dwight
E. Giles, it succeeds by the fact that it
"...fosters student development by capturing
student interest..."
While not recognized by everyone as a legitimate
approach, research on the efficacy of service
learning has grown.
Janet Eyler and Dwight E. Giles conducted
a national study of American college students
to ascertain the significance of service learning
programs, According to Eyler and Giles,"These
surveys, conducted before and after a semester
of community service, examine the impact of
service-learning on students."
They describe their experience with students
involved in service-learning in this way:
"Students like service-learning.
When we sit down with a group of students
to discuss service-learning experiences, their
enthusiasm is unmistakable.
...it is clear that [the students]believe
that what they gain from service-learning
differs qualitatively from what they often
derive from more traditional instruction."
=== 
Skills-based volunteering ===
Skills-based volunteering is leveraging the
specialized skills and the talents of individuals
to strengthen the infrastructure of nonprofits,
helping them build and sustain their capacity
to successfully achieve their missions.
This is in contrast to traditional volunteering,
where specific training is not required.
The average hour of traditional volunteering
is valued by the Independent Sector at between
$18–20 an hour.
Skills-based volunteering is valued at $40–500
an hour, depending on the market value of
the time.
=== Volunteering in developing countries ===
An increasingly popular form of volunteering
among young people, particularly gap year
students and graduates, is to travel to communities
in the developing world to work on projects
with local organisations.
Activities include teaching English, working
in orphanages, conservation, assisting non-governmental
organizations and medical work.
International volunteering often aims to give
participants valuable skills and knowledge
in addition to benefits to the host community
and organization.
=== Virtual volunteering ===
Also called e-volunteering or online volunteering,
virtual volunteering is a volunteer who completes
tasks, in whole or in part, offsite from the
organization being assisted.
They use the Internet and a home, school,
telecenter or work computer, or other Internet-connected
device, such as a PDA or smartphone.
Virtual volunteering is also known as cyber
service, telementoring, and teletutoring,
as well as various other names.
Virtual volunteering is similar to telecommuting,
except that instead of online employees who
are paid, these are online volunteers who
are not paid.
=== Micro-volunteering ===
Micro-volunteering is a task performed via
an internet-connected device.
An individual typically does this task in
small, un-paid increments of time.
Micro-volunteering is distinct from "virtual
volunteering" in that it typically does not
require the individual volunteer to go through
an application process, screening process,
or training period.
=== Environmental volunteering ===
Environmental volunteering refers to the volunteers
who contribute towards environmental management
or conservation.
Volunteers conduct a range of activities including
environmental monitoring, ecological restoration
such as re-vegetation and weed removal, protecting
endangered animals, and educating others about
the natural environment.
=== Volunteering in an emergency ===
Volunteering often plays a pivotal role in
the recovery effort following natural disasters,
such as tsunamis, floods, droughts, hurricanes,
and earthquakes.
For example, the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji
earthquake in Japan was a watershed moment,
bringing in many first-time volunteers for
earthquake response.
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
attracted a large number of volunteers worldwide,
deployed by non-governmental organizations,
government agencies, and the United Nations.During
the 2012 hurricane Sandy emergency, Occupy
Sandy volunteers, formed a laterally organized
rapid-response team that provided much needed
help during and after the storm, from food
to shelter to reconstruction.
It is an example of mutualism at work, pooling
resources and assistance and leveraging social
media.
=== Volunteering in schools ===
Resource poor schools around the world rely
on government support or on efforts from volunteers
and private donations, in order to run effectively.
In some countries, whenever the economy is
down, the need for volunteers and resources
increases greatly.
There are many opportunities available in
school systems for volunteers.
Yet, there are not many requirements in order
to volunteer in a school system.
Whether one is a high school or TEFL (Teaching
English as a Foreign Language) graduate or
college student, most schools require just
voluntary and selfless effort.Much like the
benefits of any type of volunteering there
are great rewards for the volunteer, student,
and school.
In addition to intangible rewards, volunteers
can add relevant experience to their resumes.
Volunteers who travel to assist may learn
foreign culture and language.
Volunteering in schools can be an additional
teaching guide for the students and help to
fill the gap of local teachers.
Cultural and language exchange during teaching
and other school activities can be the most
essential learning experience for both students
and volunteers.
=== Corporate volunteering ===
Benefacto, a volunteering brokerage, describe
corporate volunteering as "Companies giving
their employees an allowance of paid time
off annually, which they use to volunteer
at a charity of their choice."A majority of
the companies at the Fortune 500 allow their
employees to volunteer during work hours.
These formalized Employee Volunteering Programs
(EVPs), also called Employer Supported Volunteering
(ESV), are regarded as a part of the companies'
sustainability efforts and their social responsibility
activities.
About 40% of Fortune 500 companies provide
monetary donations, also known as volunteer
grants, to nonprofits as a way to recognize
employees who dedicate significant amounts
of time to volunteering in the community.According
to the information from VolunteerMatch, a
service that provides Employee Volunteering
Program solutions, the key drivers for companies
that produce and manage EVPs are building
brand awareness and affinity, strengthening
trust and loyalty among consumers, enhancing
corporate image and reputation, improving
employee retention, increasing employee productivity
and loyalty, and providing an effective vehicle
to reach strategic goals.In April 2015, David
Cameron pledged to give all UK workers employed
by companies with more 250 staff mandatory
three days’ paid volunteering leave, which
if implemented will generate an extra 360
million volunteering hours a year.
=== Community volunteer work ===
Community volunteering, in the US called "community
service", refers globally to those who work
to improve their local community.
This activity commonly occurs through not
for profit organizations, local governments
and churches; but also encompasses ad-hoc
or informal groups such as recreational sports
teams.
=== Benefits of community volunteer work ===
There are many proven personal benefits of
community volunteerism.
Working together with a group of people who
have different ethnicity, backgrounds, and
views reduces stereotypes.
Community volunteerism has also been proven
to improve student's academic success.According
to Where's the Learning in Service Learning?
by Janet Eyler and Dwight E. Giles, immersing
oneself into service learning and serving
others has many positive effects both academic
and personal.
Not only does surrounding oneself with new
people and learning how to work together as
a group help one improve teamwork and relational
skills, it reduces stereotypes, increases
appreciation of other cultures, and works
to allow young people to find others that
they relate to.
Eyler and Giles noted that at the beginning
and end of a college semester that included
three hours of community service a week, students
reported a much higher regard for cultural
differences.
At the end of the semester those who had participated
in service-learning were noted as saying that
the most important things that they had learned
were not to judge others, and to appreciate
every type of person because everyone shares
some similar key characteristics.
Community volunteer work has proven to be
a powerful predictor in students' academic
lives and college experience as a whole.
Studies have shown that students who participate
in community service as a part of their college
course of study have a much higher correlation
of completing their degree (Astin, 1992; Pascarella
and Terenzini, 1991).
In addition, college students who participate
in community volunteer projects as a part
of their college experience report finding
a much greater relevance in their academic
studies after completing community volunteer
projects.
According to University Health Services, studies
have found that volunteering can positively
impact a student's overall mental and emotional
health.
=== Social volunteering or welfare volunteering
===
In some European countries government organisations
and non-government organisations provide auxiliary
positions for a certain period in institutions
like hospitals, schools, memorial sites and
welfare institutions.
The difference to other types of volunteering
is that there are strict legal regulations,
what organisation is allowed to engage volunteers
and about the period a volunteer is allowed
to work in a voluntary position.
Due to that fact, the volunteer is getting
a limited amount as a pocket money from the
government.
An organization having one of the biggest
manpower in Europe is the German Federal volunteers
service (Bundesfreiwilligendienst), that was
founded in 2011, by having more than 35.000
federal volunteers in 2012.
A much older institution is the Voluntary
social year (Freiwilliges Soziales Jahr) in
Austria and Germany.
=== Volunteering at Major Sporting Events
===
Sochi Olympics 25,000 volunteers worked at
the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics.
They supported the organisers in more than
20 functional areas: meeting guests, assisting
navigation, organising the opening and closing
ceremonies, organising food outlets, etc.
Volunteer applications were open to any nationals
of Russia and other countries.
The Sochi 2014 Organising Committee received
about 200,000 applications, 8 applicants per
place.
Volunteers received training over the course
of more than a year at 26 volunteer centres
in 17 cities across Russia.
The majority of participants were between
17 and 22 years old.
At the same time, 3000 applications were submitted
from people over 55 years old.
Some of them worked as volunteers during the
1980 Olympics in Moscow.
It was the first experience with such a large-scale
volunteer program in the contemporary Russia.
==== 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2018
FIFA World Cup in Russia ====
For the first time in its history, Russia
will host the FIFA World Cup from 14 June
till 15 July 2018.
Moreover, it will be the first time the World
Cup games will be played both in Europe and
Asia.
The games will be hosted by 12 stadiums in
11 Russian cities.The volunteer program of
the 2018 FIFA World Cup has engaged thousands
of people from Russia and other countries
around the world.
The program included several stages: recruitment,
selection and training of volunteers, organisation
of their work during the championship.
The recruitment of volunteers for the FIFA
Confederations Cup and the FIFA World Cup
via FIFA.com started on 1 June 2016 and closed
on 30 December 2016.
Some of the volunteers worked at the 2017
FIFA Confederations Cup: 1733 people assisted
the organisers in Saint Petersburg, 1590 worked
in Moscow, 1261 in Sochi, 1260 in Kazan, a
total of 5844 participants.
The FIFA World Cup will be supported by 17,040
volunteers of the Russia 2018 Local Organising
Committee.
Candidates living in Russia were selected
by 15 volunteer centres in the host cities
based in some of Russia's leading higher educational
institutions: Synergy University, Moscow State
Institute of International Relations, Plekhanov
Russian University of Economics, Russian State
Social University, Moscow Automobile and Road
Construction University, Saint Petersburg
State University of Economics, Samara State
University, Volga Region State Academy of
Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Don State
Technical University, Ogarev Mordovia State
University, Volgograd State University, State
University of Nizhny Novgorod, Samara State
Aerospace University, Immanuel Kant Baltic
Federal University, and Ural Federal University.
Candidates from other countries were selected
remotely.
Candidates had to be at least 18 years old,
have a good knowledge of English, have a higher
or vocational secondary education, and possess
teamwork skills.
Volunteers were trained remotely, in volunteer
centres and at World Cup venues.
Volunteers will be providing assistance in
a variety of areas:
Distributing accreditations;
Selling and checking tickets;
Assisting radio communications professionals;
Organising leisure and entertainment activities
for guests of the event;
Organising food outlets;
Providing interpretation services;
Working with sponsors;
Providing medical services and organising
doping control procedures;
Supporting mass media operations;
Organising arrivals and departures of players
and guests;
Working with VIP guests;
Assisting players and referees;
Assisting players and guests with accommodation;
Providing navigation assistance to guests;
Assisting TV and radio broadcasting;
Organising transportation;
Managing volunteers;
Organising operations of the stadium;
Monitoring compliance with FIFA social and
environmental requirements;
Organising the opening and closing ceremonies
of the championship.Their work started ahead
of the events: on 10 May 2017 for the 2017
FIFA Confederations Cup, and on 10 May 2018
for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
==== Legacy of 2018 FIFA World Cup Volunteer
Program: Russian National Competition of Important
Social Projects ====
On 20 October 2017, the Russian National Competition
of Important Social Projects "Legacy of 2018
FIFA World Cup Volunteer Program" was launched.
The competition has engaged about 1500 people:
applicants to the 2018 FIFA World Cup volunteer
program and future city volunteers.
The idea of the competition was that anyone
could submit a project that would draw the
attention of Russian cities residents to the
FIFA World Cup in Russia and leave a legacy
after the championship was over.
The project was expected to produce tangible
(work of art, place of attraction for guests
and residents in the city, open playground,
graffiti, developed areas in city parks, films,
etc.) or intangible (events, conferences,
festivals, exhibitions) legacy.
26 projects qualified to the final and were
supported by the Russia 2018 Local Organising
Committee and the host cities of the 2018
FIFA World Cup.
The jury included the General Director of
the Russia 2018 Local Organising Committee
Alexey Sorokin, Ambassador of the 2018 FIFA
World Cup in Russia Alexey Smertin and Advisor
to the Head of the Federal Tourism Agency
Svetlana Sergeeva.
Some of the projects were combined or further
developed by the Local Organising Committee.
Among the projects were: Football Championship
for Moms, Ramp Production out of Recycled
Plastic, Your Championship Sticker Packs,
etc.
== Volunteer days, weeks and years ==
Designated days, weeks and years observed
by a country or as designated by the United
Nations to encourage volunteering / community
service
Global Youth Service Day
International Volunteer Day
International Year of Volunteers
Join Hands Day
Mandela Day
MLK Day of service
Mitzvah Day
Random Acts of Kindness Day
Sewa Day
Make A Difference Day
World Kindness Day
== Political view ==
Modern societies share a common value of people
helping each other; not only do volunteer
acts assist others, but they also benefit
the volunteering individual on a personal
level.
Despite having similar objectives, tension
can arise between volunteers and state-provided
services.
In order to curtail this tension, most countries
develop policies and enact legislation to
clarify the roles and relationships among
governmental stakeholders and their voluntary
counterparts; this regulation identifies and
allocates the necessary legal, social, administrative,
and financial support of each party.
This is particularly necessary when some voluntary
activities are seen as a challenge to the
authority of the state(e.g., on 29 January
2001, President Bush cautioned that volunteer
groups should supplement—not replace—government
agencies’ work).Volunteering that benefits
the state but challenges paid counterparts
angers labor unions that represent those who
are paid for their volunteer work; this is
particularly seen in combination departments,
such as volunteer fire departments.
=== Difficulties in cross-national aid ===
Difficulties in the cross-national aid model
of volunteering can arise when it is applied
across national borders.
The presence of volunteers who are sent from
one state to another can be viewed as a breach
of sovereignty and showing a lack of respect
towards the national government of the proposed
recipients.
Thus, motivations are important when states
negotiate offers to send aid and when these
proposals are accepted, particularly if donors
may postpone assistance or stop it altogether.
Three types of conditionality have evolved:
Financial accountability: Transparency in
funding management to ensure that what is
done by the volunteers is properly targeted
Policy reform: Governmental request that developing
countries adopt certain social, economic,
or environmental policies; often, the most
controversial relate to the privatization
of services traditionally offered by the state
Development objectives: Asking developing
countries to adjust specific time-bound economic
objectivesSome international volunteer organizations
define their primary mission as being altruistic:
to fight poverty and improve the living standards
of people in the developing world, (e.g. Voluntary
Services Overseas has almost 2,000 skilled
professionals working as volunteers to pass
on their expertise to local people so that
the volunteers' skills remain long after they
return home).
When these organizations work in partnership
with governments, the results can be impressive.
However, when other organizations or individual
First World governments support the work of
volunteer groups, there can be questions as
to whether the organizations' or governments'
real motives are poverty alleviation.
Instead, a focus on creating wealth for some
of the poor or developing policies intended
to benefit the donor states is sometimes reported.
Many low-income countries’ economies suffer
from industrialization without prosperity
and investment without growth.
One reason for this is that development assistance
guides many Third World governments to pursue
development policies that have been wasteful,
ill-conceived, or unproductive; some of these
policies have been so destructive that the
economies could not have been sustained without
outside support.Indeed, some offers of aid
have distorted the general spirit of volunteering,
treating local voluntary action as contributions
in kind, i.e., existing conditions requiring
the modification of local people's behavior
in order for them to earn the right to donors’
charity.
This can be seen as patronizing and offensive
to the recipients because the aid expressly
serves the policy aims of the donors rather
than the needs of the recipients.
== Moral resources, political capital and
civil society ==
Based on a case study in China, Xu and Ngai
(2011) revealed that the developing grassroots
volunteerism can be an enclave among various
organizations and may be able to work toward
the development of civil society in the developing
countries.
The researchers developed a "Moral Resources
and Political Capital" approach to examine
the contributions of volunteerism in promoting
the civil society.
Moral resource means the available morals
could be chosen by NGOs.
Political capital means the capital that will
improve or enhance the NGOs’ status, possession
or access in the existing political system.Moreover,
Xu and Ngai (2011) distinguished two types
of Moral Resources: Moral Resource-I and Moral
Resource-II (ibid).
Moral Resource I: Inspired by Immanuel Kant’s
(1998 [1787]) argument of "What ought I to
do," Moral Resource-I will encourage the NGOs’
confidence and then have the courage to act
and conquer difficulties by way of answering
and confirming the question of "What ought
I to do."
Moral Resource II: given that Adorno (2000)
recognizes that moral or immoral tropes are
socially determined, Moral Resource-II refers
to the morals that are well accepted by the
given society.Thanks to the intellectual heritage
of Blau and Duncan (1967), two types of political
capital were identified:
Political Capital-I refers to the political
capital mainly ascribed to the status that
the NGO inherited throughout history (e.g.,
the CYL).
Political Capital-II refers to the Political
Capital that the NGOs earned through their
hard efforts.Obviously, "Moral resource-I
itself contains the self-determination that
gives participants confidence in the ethical
beliefs they have chosen", almost any organizations
may have Moral Resource-I, while not all of
them have the societal recognized Moral Resource-II.
However, the voluntary service organizations
predominantly occupy Moral Resource-II because
a sense of moral superiority makes it possible
that for parties with different values, goals
and cultures to work together in promoting
the promotion of volunteering.
Thus the voluntary service organizations are
likely to win the trust and support of the
masses as well as the government more easily
than will the organizations whose morals are
not accepted by mainstream society.
In other words, Moral Resource II helps the
grassroots organizations with little Political
Capital I to win Political Capital-II, which
is a crucial factor for their survival and
growth in developing countries such as China.
Therefore, the voluntary service realm could
be an enclave of the development of civil
society in the developing nations.
== Health benefits ==
Volunteering has the ability to improve the
quality of life and health including longevity
of those who donate their time and research
has found that older adults will benefit the
most from volunteering.
Physical and mental ailments plaguing older
adults can be healed through the simple act
of helping others; however, one must be performing
the good deed from a selfless nature.
There are barriers that can prevent older
adults from participating in volunteer work,
such as socio-economic status, opinions held
by others, and even current health issues.
However, these barriers can be overcome so
that if one would like to be involved in volunteer
work they can do so.
Volunteering improves not only the communities
in which one serves, but also the life of
the individual who is providing help to the
community.
== Mental health benefits ==
Volunteering is known not only to be related
to happiness but also to increase happiness.
Also, giving help was a more important benefit
of better reported mental health than receiving
help.
Studies have also shown that volunteering
can cause a decrease in loneliness for those
volunteering as well as those for whom people
volunteer.
== Statistics ==
In the United States, statistics on volunteering
have historically been limited, according
to volunteerism expert Susan J. Ellis.
In 2013, the U.S. Current Population Survey
(US) included a volunteering supplement which
produced statistics on volunteering.
== Criticisms ==
In the 1960s, Ivan Illich offered an analysis
of the role of American volunteers in Mexico
in his speech entitled "To Hell With Good
Intentions".
His concerns, along with those of critics
such as Paulo Freire and Edward Said, revolve
around the notion of altruism as an extension
of Christian missionary ideology.
In addition, he mentions the sense of responsibility/obligation
as a factor, which drives the concept of noblesse
oblige—first developed by the French aristocracy
as a moral duty derived from their wealth.
Simply stated, these apprehensions propose
the extension of power and authority over
indigenous cultures around the world.
Recent critiques of volunteering come from
Westmier and Kahn (1996) and bell hooks (née
Gloria Watkins) (2004).
Also, Georgeou (2012) has critiqued the impact
of neoliberalism on international aid volunteering.
The field of the medical tourism (referring
to volunteers who travel overseas to deliver
medical care) has recently attracted negative
criticism when compared to the alternative
notion of sustainable capacities, i.e., work
done in the context of long-term, locally-run,
and foreign-supported infrastructures.
A preponderance of this criticism appears
largely in scientific and peer-reviewed literature.
Recently, media outlets with more general
readerships have published such criticisms
as well.Another problems noted with volunteering
is that it can be used to replace low paid
entry positions.
This can act to decrease social mobility,
with only those capable of affording to work
without payment able to gain the experience.
Trade unions in the United Kingdom have warned
that long term volunteering is a form of expoitation,
used by charities to avoid minimum wage legislation.
Some sectors now expect candidates for paid
roles to have undergone significant periods
of volunteer experience whether relevant to
the role or not, setting up 'Volunteer Credentialism'
== 
See also ==
Association for Leaders in Volunteer Engagement
(AL!VE)
Association for Volunteer Administration (AVA)
Avocation
Community service
Crossing guard
International volunteering
List of volunteer awards
Micro-volunteering
PeaceCorps
Pro bono
Subbotnik
Voluntarism
