Forests are always changing. They're a very dynamic ecosystem.
We've used data from the Landsat satellites
to produce a comprehensive look at forest dynamics
on the scale of human management and natural disturbances.
Dark green pixels had no disturbances in the 25 years studied.
Yellow shows where a disturbance happened in a particular year.
At this scale, what really stands out are the large fires in the West
and timber harvesting in the Pacific Northwest, Maine, and all across the Southeast.
We need to know the rate of disturbance and how that rate is changing
in order to understand how carbon is changing across the landscape.
Here we can see the impact of policy decisions on forest dynamics
The various protected areas around Broken Bow Lake
remain largely undisturbed
compared to the surrounding region,
which flickers with the tell-tale patches of timber harvesting.
Any disturbance, whether from fire or hurricanes,
mining or logging, impacts how much carbon the forest can store.
The southern and central Appalachian Mountains,
from Tennessee to West Virginia,
are home to most of the disturbances
resulting from mountaintop removal mining.
Throughout Appalachia, coal mining has been a big industry since the 1860s,
and mountaintop mining became dominant over the last 30 years.
The Hobet Mine in Boone County, West Virginia, existed before 1986
and has continued to expand throughout the course of this study.
The pattern we see at the Hobet Mine is
replicated across the entire southern Appalachia.
We mostly think of hurricanes wreaking houses,
flooding cities, and endangering lives.
But they can also damage forests,
knocking down wide swaths of trees.
Hurricane Hugo was a category 4 storm
when it struck South Carolina in September of 1989,
and the scale of the disturbance shows in the 1990 data.
Four and a half million acres of forest
were affected by wind gusts and storm surges of salt water.
Disturbances of this magnitude
can release large amounts of carbon dioxide
into the atmosphere as the trees decompose.
Tornadoes leave long tracks of damaged forests in their wake
showing as a bright line in the satellite imagery.
These long straight tracks are extremely distinctive of this type of disturbance.
On Mother's Day in 2008,
several tornadoes in Georgia left a track 150 kilometers long
and about 2 kilometers wide.
For many tree species in the Rocky Mountain West,
fire is a natural part of their life cycle,
clearing space for new growth on the forest floor
and releasing seeds from their pinecones.
But climate change is projected to increase
the intensity and frequency of wildfires.
In 1988, Yellowstone National Park
endured the largest fire ever recorded there.
Many individual fires combined to damage 36% of the park,
burning for several months.
The scale of the disturbance
is apparent in the following year's disturbance map.
Less than 30% of the burned area re-gained forest cover by 2008.
and the rate of recovery across Yellowstone
has been quite variable,
depending on the fire intensity and local conditions.
Forests have always dealt with
outbreaks of insects that can damage trees.
Northern Colorado, near Rocky Mountain National Park,
did not have severe damage
from Mountain Pine Beetle before 2003.
But the damage starts appearing in 2004
in low areas,
and spreads to higher elevations over the next few years.
Climage change might result in more frequent episodes
and trees less able to withstand the stress,
but this will vary from region to region.
Forests are a dynamic ecosystem.
And we need to know how fast they change
and what is driving those changes if we ever hope
to track how much carbon
they're pulling out of the atmosphere
and storing for us.
The Landsat archive, and other remote sensing systems,
provide the means to map and measure
disturbance rates over the last 40 years.
