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Have you ever seen a celebrity and wondered:
How do they maintain
such a smooth, youthful forehead?
Chances are, that celebrity
is using a little Botox.
Botox is a prescription drug best known for
its cosmetic use, to make wrinkles less noticeable.
It’s pretty run-of-the-mill nowadays, but
what people might not know is that its active
ingredient is one of the deadliest biological
substances known to mankind.
That neurotoxin, called botulinum toxin, is
produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
We think the first person to try and figure
out how it works was German physician Justinus Kerner.
In the early 1800s, he observed muscle weakening,
gastrointestinal problems, and eventually
respiratory failure in patients who had eaten
spoiled sausages.
So he figured there must be
some kind of poison in the meat
that was interfering with their nervous systems.
Half a century later, German physician John
Muller called this illness botulism, because
botulus means sausage in Latin.
And then in 1895, the Belgian
bacteriologist Émile van Ermengem
was investigating a botulism outbreak
and traced it back to some cured ham.
He found C. botulinum in the ham and in the
tissues of a couple people who died from the disease.
And, upon further investigation, he isolated
botulinum toxin for the first time.
Even today, botulism is usually caused by
contaminated food,
and that can even be vacuum-sealed packages,
because C. botulinum thrives without oxygen.
If you’re unlucky enough to eat it, the
bacterium produces botulinum toxin in your gut,
which gets absorbed into your bloodstream
and makes its way to your peripheral nervous system.
Normally, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
is released at the neuromuscular junction,
the space or synapse between a neuron and
a muscle cell.
There, it’s taken up by specific receptors
on muscle cells, which makes the muscle contract.
But botulinum toxin blocks the release of
acetylcholine, and stops muscle contraction.
Yep, those smooth foreheads and cheeks you
see in Botox recipients are because of muscle paralysis.
If you’re exposed to a dollop of botulinum toxin,
weakening of facial muscles usually happens first,
and then that spreads throughout your body.
And without treatment, botulinum toxin will
eventually affect muscles that you need to breathe.
Typically, that treatment includes hospitalization,
with antibiotics to kill the bacteria
and an antitoxin to
take care of the botulinum toxin.
So there are some serious risks linked with
Botox, but the prescription dose is so low
that new nerves can sprout
within a couple of months.
And those shiny new synapses mean muscles
can contract again.
Now, you might be wondering who would ever
inject a deadly poison into their face…
on purpose?
The history of Botox is a little contested,
but the first reported use of botulinum toxin
in a clinical setting was in the late 1970s.
At that point, it had been purified from C.
botulinum and researchers had shown that injecting
small amounts could relax overactive muscles.
So the opthamologist Alan Scott figured that
it could also be used to relax muscles around
the eyes, to treat a condition where they’re
misaligned called strabismus,
which causes problems with
vision and depth perception.
Injecting this neurotoxin weakened
the muscle contractions that were
causing his patients’ “cross-eyed” appearance.
And it kept them from needing invasive surgery.
Botulinum toxin was also
used to treat blepharospasm,
a condition where patients can’t
always control their eyelids closing.
And in the 1980s, ophthalmologist
Jean Carruthers was doing that treatment,
and noticed the skin around one of her patient’s
eyes and forehead got a little less wrinkly.
In a potentially risky move,
Carruthers went ahead and injected
the frown lines of her receptionist,
marking the first cosmetic use
of botulinum toxin.
After much more testing to figure out
how much botulinum toxin was safe
to administer and where, Botox was
approved by the FDA on April 15, 2002.
Beyond its cosmetic uses,
researchers are looking into the muscle-relaxing
quality of Botox for medical purposes.
Like, certain injection sites seem to help
with chronic migraines and excessive salivation.
Or specific muscle groups can be targeted
to lessen the movement problems that come
with disorders like multiple sclerosis and
cerebral palsy.
And that list is only growing.
Because Botox is an FDA-approved drug,
it can be prescribed by a licensed
physician for any condition.
That being said, the safety and effectiveness
of Botox to treat many medical problems
hasn’t been established by the FDA yet.
So there’s a lot of ongoing research to
better understand the short-term and long-term risks.
For now though, the take-home message is:
inject at your own risk.
And whether you’re staving off forehead
wrinkles or looking to avoid migraines,
Botox is another amazing example of human ingenuity:
re-engineering a deadly toxin for potential good.
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow!
If you want to learn more about deadly
toxins we’ve co-opted as medicines,
check out our list show
where we talk about 7 of them.
And if you just want to learn about
all kinds of weird science with us,
you can go to
youtube.com/scishow and subscribe.
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