The philosopher Plato was born in Athens in
427BC and died about 80 years later in 347BC.
His parents were both Athenians and he had
two brothers and a sister.
His mother remarried and had another son after
his father died.
Plato rejected his family and never married,
which was a duty at the time to continue the
family and the city.
From early on, Plato was seen as an outstanding
philosophical figure.
He was heavily influenced by another Athenian,
Socrates.
Plato was impressed by Socrates’ search
for the truth by talking to people and his
insistence on understanding virtues that were
taken for granted such as courage and justice.
He was also impressed by his insistence of
putting enquiry before any set of beliefs.
Plato’s respect for Socrates is shown in
the dialogues he wrote, where Socrates is
the main figure in most of them and he appears
in all but one.
He is presented by Plato as the philosopher
searching for truth.
Plato founded ‘The Academy’, the first
ever philosophical school.
His most famous student was Aristotle, who
was there for 20 years.
Plato was succeeded as head of The Academy
by his nephew.
Plato did not charge fees to attend his school,
but it was only the rich who could spend the
time to attend and study philosophy at the
time.
This was a time without grades or degrees
and the school was more a centre for discussions.
Plato was seen as a literary figure as well
as a philosophical one and his writings are
known for their readability, written in a
charming and non-technical way.
Many have seen Plato as the first feminist
as he felt there’s no reason why women should
be banned from doing activities that men do.
He saw women running homes, lacking education
and lacking political rights as a problem
in society and thought that something should
be done about it.
His views on women and their social roles
were pioneering and original as almost no
other philosophers thought that way.
However, despite wanting equality, he did
believe that women would perform at a lower
standard both physically and mentally.
A question Plato discusses and tries to answer
in his writings is how to live a good life.
He believed that we all seek happiness or
eudaimonia and we do that by living an admirable,
enviable life as opposed to the modern view
of happiness which is identified by feeling
good.
His view on what an admirable, enviable life
is is different to most philosophers too.
Many people say a happy life is one where
you’re successful, rich and secure, or have
achieved something in your life.
However, Plato believed that the things that
most people think are good, such as health,
wealth, beauty and so on only benefit you
if you put them to use and do something with
them.
Otherwise, they may even do you harm.
Therefore the virtues that allow us to deal
well with the advantages we have in life are
required for these advantages to benefit us.
Plato said that virtue is the defining and
controlling element in your life and therefore
crucial.
We should realise that most of our concerns
and worries are unimportant and petty.
Things people get worked up about are in fact
trivial.
To be virtuous you must detach yourself from
these daily concerns.
Plato’s view was that we should become like
god.
That is to be purely good, without evil and
to aspire to get as near to perfection as
is possible for a human.
Plato thinks becoming virtuous is crucial
for somebody hoping to achieve happiness.
So how do we become virtuous?
In Plato’s writings he portrays people aspiring
to be virtuous as in conflict with the community
with little support or sympathy for their
thoughts and ideas.
He sees there are various pressures society
brings that can mould a person in negative
ways.
In Plato’s time there were drama performances
in theatres and festivals.
Today the equivalent role in society is played
by films, television and books.
Plato does not see them as harmless entertainment;
rather their effect encourages the audience
to feel serious emotions lightly, which weakens
their control of their own emotions.
Plato was the first person to institutionalise
philosophy.
He thought it required the pursuit of truth
and a dependence on argument.
He is one of the world's best known and most
widely read and studied philosophers.
