AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY
DOCTORS INTERESTED IN THE
STERIES OF THE HUMAN MIND
ARE DRAWN TO THIS VENERABLE
HOSPITAL IN PARIS, SALPETRRE.
BUILT AS AN SENAL
IN THE 16th CENTURY
SALPETRIERE IS ANYTHING
BUT AN ORDINARY HOSPITAL.
BY THE LATE 19th CENTURY
 HAS BEEN TRANSFMED
INTO THE LDING CTER
FOR THE STUDY OF A STRANGE
AND PERPLEXING MALADY--
HYSTERIA.
A MALADY WHICH BECOMES
THE PASSION
OF ITS IRON-LL DIRECTOR,
JE MARTIN CHARCOT.
CHARCOT, BY ALL COUNTS
OF CONTEMPORARIES
WAS A COLD, DIFFICULT,
AUTHORITARIAN FIRE
AND THIS IS AT CAUSED HIM
TO BE CALLED THE NAPOLEON
 THE NEUROSES.
Woman:
IN THE SPETRRE
THERE WAS A HUGE PULATIO
OF PATIENTS WHO FFER
FROM WHAT ARGUABLY
ONE OF THE MURKIEST DISORDS
STILL AROUND.
THAT W HYSTERIA.
AND IT WAS A NEW OPPORTUNITY.
IT WAS AN OPPORTUNY
FOR CHT
TO BRING ALL THE SKILLS
HE HAD AS A NEUROLOGT
TO FLY UNPACK THE SECRS
 ONE OF THE MOST
FRUSTRATINDISORDERS
Osgood:
CHART OBSERV PATNTS
WITH A DIZZYING ARRAY
OF UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS--
SPASMS...
PARALYSIS...
BLINDNESS...
NESIA...
EVERY PHYSICAL AND BEHAVIORAL
ABNORMALITY IMAGINABLE
AT THE HEIGHT  H CARR
CHARCOT TURNS HIS FULL ATTENTION
TO HYSTERIA
Woman:
THE GREE BELIEVED
THAT HYSTERIA WAUS
BY THE UTERUS
AND THAT IT S US
BY THE UTERU
AS AN UNATTACHED ORGAN
KIND OF LIKE A BEACH BALL
INSIDE THE BODY
AND SHIFTING AROUND
SO THAT MONDAY, IT MHT BE
IN YOUR NECK
AND TUESDAY, IT MIGHT BE
IN YOUR WRIST
AND WEDNESDAY, IT MIGHT BE
IN YOUR STOMACH.
AND EREVER THIS UTUS
HAPPENED TO D 
IT CREATED SYMPTOMS--
Osgood:
CENTURIES LATER, WHEN CHARCOT
REIVED HIS MEDICAL TRAINING
THE BELIEF THAT
A WOMAN'S CONSTITUTION
"AFTER ALL," REMARKS ONE
OF CHARCOT'S COLLEAGS
"HOWOULD M HAVE HYSTIA?
Micale:
MANY DOCRS OF TIME,
IN FT
BELIEVED THAT HYSTERIA WN'T
A REAL DISEASE AT ALL.
HYSTERIA THEY DISMSED
AS ARTICIAL
OR SIMULATG BEHAVI
OR PERHAPS, WHEN IT APPEARED
IN FEMALE PATIENTS
AS A FORM OF SEXUAL PROMISCUITY
THAT WAS THEREFORE CONTEMPTIBLE
ON MORAL GROUNDS.
CHARCOT, HOWEVER, ARGUED
THROUGHOUT THE COURSE
OF HIS CAREER
THAT HYSTERI IN FACT
Osgood:
HYSTERIA CANNOT BE
A WOMAN'S DISEASE
BECAUSE N SUFFER, TOO.
CHARCOT BELIEVES INSTEAD
THAT A BRAIN DISSE
CAUSES HYSTERI
AND THAT ONLCERTAIN PEOPLE
SUCCUMB TO IT--
THOSE FR TAINT STOCK.
IT IS PASSED DOWN
FR GENERATION TO GENERATION.
YET CHARCOT IS N BOTHERED
WHEN HE CANNOT FIND HYER
IN THE EXTENDED FAMILI
OF H PATIENTS.
cale:
CHARCOT COULD ARGUE
THAT HTERIA COULD
ANSME TO OTHER, TOTALLY
DIFFERENT PATHOLOGICAL FMS
CH AS EPILEPSY
OR PKINSON'S DISEASE
OR MTIPLE SCLEROSIS.
WITH THE HINDSIGHT
OF A HDRED YEARS, OF COURSE
THIS SEEMS
ABSOLUTELY RIDICULOUS.
THE ARE TOLLY PARATE
PATHOLOGICAL CEGORIES
WITH DIFFERENTAUSE
AND DIFFERT COURSES
AND DIFFERENT THERAPEUTICS.
A HUNDRED ARS AGO, HOWEVER
THEY WERE VERY INDISCRINATELY
LUMPED TOGETHER.
CHARCOT WAS ING TO TAKE
THIS VAST PHOUS WASTEBASKET
CATEGORY OF SYMPTOMS
THAT WAS CALLED HYSTIA
THAT H BEEN THE FRUSTRATION
OF EVERY CLINICIAN
IN EVERY MAJOR HOSPITAL
FOR CENTURIES, EFFECTIVELY
AND HE WAS GOING TO REPLACE IT
TH AN ELEGANT,
NEUROPHYSIOLOGICALLY BED MODEL
OF I ETIOLOGAND COURSE.
HE WAS BASICALLY GOING
TO MAKE HYSTERIAIE DOWN
Osgood:
NOW, CONVINC
 HYSTERIA'S CAUSE
HE STCHES ERY MOVEMENT
OF HIS PATIENTS
WHEN THE NEW ART OF
SCIENTIFIC PHOTOGRAPHY APPEARS
CHARCOT FINDS
 EVEN BETTER METHOD
HE HIRES A PHOTOGRAPHER
CHARCOT WAS A VISUEL.
HE LOVED TO SEE THINGS
WITH HIS EYE
AND E THEM IN CH A WAY
THAT HE COULD
THEN STUDY THEM EXACTLY.
AND OTOGPHY ENABLED YO
TO STOP TI.
THAT IS, IT ABLED YOU
TO TAKE A SYMPTOM
STOP IT, ISOLATE IAND THEN
TOK AT IT IN DETAIL.
IT WOULD BOME AS CRUCIAL
TO HIS STUDY OF HYSTER
AUGUSTINE WAS ONE
OF CHARC'S FAVORITE PATIENTS.
SHE WAS HISUPERMOD.
AUGUSTINE WAS YOUN
SHE WAS PRETTY
E WAS VERY WELL DEVELOPED.
HE POINTS ALL OF THIS OUT
IN HIS BOOKS.
AND E RESPONDED WELL
TO THE CAMERA.
Osgo:
CHARCOT WILL TAKE SOME 10,000
PHOTOGRAPHS OF HIS PATIENT..
SEARCHG FOR A PATTERN
IN THE PANOPLY OF SYMPTOMS.
RIOUSLY, THESE SPTOMS
SE TREFLEC
THE CULTURE OF THE TIME.
HE WAS PRODUCING PHOTOGRAPHS
 BEAUTIFUL, SOMETIME WOMEN
IN VERY ODD, BUT ALSO IN SOME
WAYS VFAMILI POSITIONS.
IF YOU STUDY T PHOTOAPHS
OF THE HYSTERICS
IN THE SALPERE
YOU WILL SEE
THEYESEMBLE VERY MUCH
THE WOMEN IN PAINTINGS
OF THE RENAISSANCE.
THIS IS NOT AN ACCIDENT.
CHARCOT WAS A GREAT ADMIRER
OF PAINTING.
HE SAW HIMSELF AS A N
WHO WAS CULTIVATED,
ARTISTIC, LEARNED
AND HEANTEHIS OWN WORK
TO INTERSECT
WITH FRENCH CULTURE GENERALLY
AND IT DID.
Osgood:
INTELLECTUALS AND E PUBLIC
ALIKE TAKE GREAT INTEREST
IN CHARCOT'S
SCIENTIFIC ENDEAVOR.
HE BES A CELEBRITY HSELF
RENOWNED F
HIS THEATRICAL FLAIR
HE ATTCTS A WIDE AUDIENC
EVERY TUESDAY
EN HE OFFERS
A LECTURE DEMONSTRATION
FOR DOCTORS WHO COME
FR AROD THE WORLD
Showalter:
PATIENTS WLD BE BROUGHT IN
SOMETIMES PATIENTS
HE HAD NEVER SEEN BEFORE
AND HE WOULD DIAGNOSE TH.
AND METIS PATIENTS CAME IN
HE HAD TREATED BEFORE
AND THEY WOULD BE HYPNOTIZED
AND CHARCOT WOULD INSTRUCTHEM
TO HAVE HYSTERICAL SEIZURES.
D HE WLD EXPLAIN WHAT S
GOING ON TO THE AUDIENCE.
SO IT BECAME THE HOTTEST TICKET
IN PARIS.
EVERYBODWENT.
EVERYBODY WHO WAS
IN THE MEDIC WORLD HAD TO GO.
BUT NOVELISTS WENT,
JOURNALISTS WENT, PAINTERS WENT.
Osgood:
E MEMBER OF THE AUDIENCE
CAPTATED BY CHARCOT
IS A YOUNG DOCTOR FROM VIENN
O  JUST EMBARKING
ON HIS OWN CLINIL CAREER--
SIGMUND FREUD.
FREUD HAS BE TRAED
IN NEUROLOGY
AT THE BEST
EUROPEAN LABORATORIES
STUDYINGHE BRAINS OF EELS,
FISH AND EVENTUALLY HUNS.
BUT  TIME, FREUD TURNS
AWAY FROM HIS CROSCOPE.
HE D ALL
THTRADITIONAL THINGS
n:
THAT PEOPLE WHO ARGOIN
TO GO TO BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
WOULD DO AT THAT TIME
AND HE W TRYINTO APPLY
THE THINKING THAT HE WAS DOING
TO ISSUEOF
BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES--
DISTURBANCES THAT HE S
IN PEOPLE THAT
HE W WORKING WITH--
AND HE W VERY FRTR
TH ALTHOUGH
HE COULD STUDY THE BRAIN
AND TRY TO LOOK AT ITS ANATOMY,
HE JUST DIDN'T S ANY WAY
THATHAT WORK COULD
BE DECTLY APPLICABLE
TO THE CLINICAL PROBLEMS
THAT HE WACONCERNED TH.
Osod:
WHILE STUDYING WITH CHARCOT
IN PARIS
FRD BECOMES FASCINATED
BYHE PATIENTS AT SALPETRIERE.
BUT THE BRAIN-LESION THEORY
OF HIS FRENCH MENTOR
DOES N MAKE SENSE.
PATIENTSITH PARALYZED HANDS
CAN STILL MOVEHEIR ARMS.
THOSE WITH PARALYZED FEET
CAN STILL VE THEIR LS...
VENTS THAT WOULD BE
COMPLETELY IMPOSSIBLE
IF THEIR PARYS WERE TRULY
CAED BY A BRAIN DISORDER.
Harrington:
THE SYMPTOMS OF HYSTERIA
DIDN'T FLOW BIOLOGICAL LOGIC.
IT FOLLOD
A KIND OF FOLK LOGIC.
IT FOLLOWED A ND
 A LAYMAN'SENSE
OF HOW PALYSIS
PROBABLY SHOULD HAPPEN.
Osgood:
FREUD'S DOUBTS INCREASE
WHEN AUTOPSY AFTER AUTOPSY
 HYSTERICAL PATIENTS
BUT PERHAPS WHAT IS
MOST TROUBLING TO FREUD
IS SOMETHING
MUCH CLOSER TO HOM
MANY EOPEANS--
FROM THE MAN ON THE STREET
TO THE MEDICAL ELITE
SHARE CHARCOT'S BELIEF
THAT CERTA TYPESF PELE
PEOPLE WHO COME
FR WEAKENED OC
JEWS, AS A GROUP,
ARE SINGLED OUT.
AND E JEWISH COMMUNITY
IN VIENNA
OF WHICH FREUDS A MB,
IS NO EXCEPTION.
Mile:
ACCORDING TO
DEGENERATIONIST THEORY
JEWS WERE MORE PRONE TO NERVS
AND NEUROTIC BREDOWN.
THEY WERE INCLUDED
IN A CEGOROF CHARACTER TYPES
THAT WERE PARTICULARLY
SCEPTIBLE
TO NERVOUS DEGENERATN.
UNDERSTANDABLY, FREUD IS
NOT ATTITO THIS IDEA.
HE SENSES AN ANTI-SEMITIC
CONTENT IN IT
AND I'M ALMOST CERTAIN
THAT THIS IS A PERNAL FACTOR
THAT ALLOWS HIM
TO DISCARD THE INHERITED
SCIENTIF WISDOOF HIS TE.
Osgood:
WITH THIS, FREUD CONCLUDES
HIS COLLEAGUES HAVE FAILED
TO EXPLAIN MENTAL DISORDERS.
THEY HAVE FOCUSED
ONLY ON THE PHYSIC BODY
FINDING HYSTER'S TRUE CAUSE,
HE BELIEVE
REQUIRES A RADICALLY
NEW PR
WHH FREUD LL UNDERTAKE IN
HIS PRIVATE PRACTI IN VIENNA.
IN THEROCESS, HE WILL SEEK
NOT ONLY TO PLAIN HYSTERIA
BUT SO PRESENT
THIS CENTURY'S FIRST
DISTINCTLY PSYCHOLICAL THEORY
OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR.
S FIRST UE COMES FROM
LL NEUROLOGIST JEF BREUER
AND BREUER'S PATIENT,
BERTHA PAPPENHEIM
REFERRED TO AS "ANNA O."
PAPPENHEIM IS
A VERY YOUNG WOMAN;e:
HAD SEARCH OUT JOSEF BREUER
AND PRESENTED TO BREUER
AN EXTRAORDINARY, IDIOSYNCRATIC
RIES OF SYMPTOMS.
SHWAS HAVING
DIFFICULTY SLEEPING.
SHE SUFFERING
FR NIGHTMARES.
 W IMPSIBLE
FOR HER TO DRINK WER
AND IN THE ME SEVERE STAS
OF HER DISORDER
SHE HAD LOST THE ABILITY
TO SPEAK HER NIVGERMAN
BREUER DLS WITH HER CASE, OVER
PERIOD OF MONTHS AND YEARS
AND LATER TELLS
THE STORY OF ANNO.
Osgo:
THROUGH HYPNOSIS,
BREU COAXED NA O.
TO REMEMBER WHEN
HER MPTO FIRST APPEARED...
TO A TIME WH HER FHER
BECAME GRAVELY ILL.
ON SHE REMEMBERED
THIS TRAUMATIC EPISODE
AND TALKED OPENLY ABOUT IT,
HER SYMPTOMS VANISHED.
TFREUD NEVER ACTUALLY
actions iMEETS ANNA O.ries. 
BUT AT IMPRESSES HIM MOST
IS THE PARTILARITY
OF HER SPTS
AND THEIR LINK
TO A PSONAL TRAUMA
Harrington:
TO FREUD, THSYMPTOMS
OF HYSTERIA REVE
NOT WHAT'S WRONG
WITH A PATIENT'S BRAIN
BUT, IN SENSE, WHAT HAD GONE
WRONG IN THE PATIENT LIFE.
TH BECOMSYMPTOMS
OF TRAUMAT EVENTS
EMOTNALLY INLEEVTS
TH A PATIENT H RSSED
AND THEREFORE, THAT RATHER
THAN FINDING EXPRESSION
IN APPROPRIATE OTIONAL
AFF... UH, EXPRESSION
Osgood:
AFTER EING PATIENT
AFTER PATIENT
FREUD BELIEVES THAT SYMPTOMS
ARE INVARIABLY BORN
OUT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA.
THEY ARE NOT MNINGFUL
 AND OF THEMSELV
BUT ACT AS A RD MAP
TO A SUBMERGED IER LIFE
TH IS TROUBLED.
Roth:
FREUD SAYS THAT HYSTERICS SUFFER
MAINLY FROM REMINISCS;
THAT IS, WHAT CAUSES A SYMPTOM
IS SOMHING
IN THE PASOF A PATNT
THAT HE  SHE CANNOT GET OVER,
CANNOT FACE, CANNOT THINK ABOUT
AND THAT IT TAKES
 ENORMOUS AMOUNT OF ENERGY
Osgood:
SO TIC IS TH MEMORY,
IT IS BANISH
TO A PART OF THE MIND WHICH
FREUD CALLS "THE UNCONSCIOUS."
THE UNCONSCIS--
THE HIDDEN PLACE
WHDRMS AND SLIPS
 THE TGUE TAKE SHAPE...
THE HOME OF FANTASIES D FES;
FROM HIS IDEA OF THE UNCSCIOUS
FREUD DEVELOPS PSYNALYSIS,
A NEW THEORY OF THE MIND
AND TECHNIE
TO GAIN CESS TIT...
