Hello and good day.
In this video I have included several ideas
from the others that I have done on the same
topic, but I have arranged them in different
order.
I trust that this time I can explain more
concepts, better and in less time.
I hope that when you hear or read the words
voltage, current, coulomb, ampere, and others,
will appear in your mind a clear and tangible
image of what each one means.
The behavior of water in a gravitational field
is strikingly similar to that of electrons
in an electric field.
This is the key to seeing, understanding,
and discovering why when you move electrons
you get wonderful things.
I should start by talking a little bit about
these three fields that we are not able to
see, yet we know about them
Water is attracted to the center of the earth
because of the gravitational field.
If on its way, there were no materials obstructing
its path, we must assume that gravity would
make the water reach the very center of the
earth.
Air is a good conductor of water, but solids
stop it, they are insulators.
No one has seen the gravitational field, but
no one doubts of its effects.
The magnetic field, among other things, attracts
metals made of iron.
I think we have all had the experience of
feeling the magnetic field by bringing a nail
closer to a magnet.
Like water, air is a good conductor of nails
and solids are good insulators.
No one has seen the magnetic field, but no
one doubts of its effects.
The gravitational and magnetic fields attract
things that capture our senses, such as water
or nails, but what attracts the electric field
are electrons, objects so small that it is
their effects that make us have an idea how
they move.
We have to believe without seeing.
It is enigmatic.
Now I require your imagination to see with
your eyes closed.
I also need your good will to accept things
that are not real, but that help enormously
to understand what cannot be seen.
Physicists say that an electrically neutral
atom has as many electrons (negative charge)
as protons (positive charge) and I believe
them.
Imagine that with your hand you separate an
electron from an atom.
You need to invest a lot of work because they
are very attached.
As soon as you pull it apart, the atom is
positively charged.
This is how I imagine an electric field is
formed ... The further you move it away the
more work is needed.
As with a rubber band or slingshot.
If you release it, the attraction will return
it to the hole it came from or to any other
atom that is on its way back with a missing
electron.
These are the fountains that serve to drink
water.
This is a fountain that is used to operate
a hydraulic apparatus.
It consists of two containers.
The one below that I will call a cistern and
the other one 1.5 meters above that I will
call a tank.
I am going to fill the cistern with billions
of water molecules.
Now I am going to load the tank transporting
the water from the cistern.
The only way to go down is through this conductor.
A tube through which water can pass easily.
This is a transducer.
When water passes through it, its axis turns.
It can be called a hydraulic motor
This is a switch.
I operate it, and a stream of water from the
tank to the cistern is established and the
shaft turns.
This is a fountain that has variable height.
For a stream to be established there must
be a certain vertical distance between the
tank and the cistern.
I am going to call it heightage
The engine manufacturer establishes the heightage
of operation.
Let say between 5 and 10 meters.
At less heightage it does not spin, more heightage
can break it down because so much water would
pass thrue it that the intensity of the current
would destroy the motor.
This is a battery that is used to operate
an electrical appliance.
It consists of two containers.
The one below that I will call positive and
the one above that I will call negative.
In my house I don't have what it takes to
make a battery, but let's imagine that the
manufacturer made it with the following recipe.
The bottom container, the positive, is filled
it with a substance that has billions of atoms
from which it is very easy to remove an electron.
In an incredible way, it separates an electron
from each atom, raises it to a heightage of
1.5 volts and releases it in the negative
container.
When filling it, billions of electrons remain
above and billions of positively charged atoms
below, because they lack an electron
The manufacturer joins the two parts and sells
it to us under the name of 1.5 volt alkaline
battery.
By moving electrons away from their atoms,
an electric field is formed, but the imaginary
process followed by the battery manufacturer
made it in such a way that the only way for
the electrons to return to neutralize the
atoms is by using a conductor outside of the
battery
A metal is a terrible conductor of water,
but it is an excellent conductor of electrons.
Air is a good conductor of water, but a very
poor conductor of electrons.
This is a transducer.
It is a device that rotates this axis when
electrons pass through it.
It is called an electric motor.
This is a switch.
These are conductors, copper wires for electrons
to pass to neutralize atoms
If I close the switch it will establish a
current of electrons due to the electric field,
which, similar to a current of water, will
rotate the shaft and the fan will push the
air creating a pleasant wind
I imagine that the smallest thing that can
be called water is a molecule.
I asked Google how many molecules are in a
liter of water?
And it answered all of these 3.35 times 10
to the 25th power
It is not practical to measure the amount
of water in a container in water molecules,
but it is very easy to measure it in liters,
cubic centimeters, grams, ounces, gallons,
cubic inches….
etc.
We have many units to choose from.
For example, this fully charged tank is about
5 liters.
Current
When water passes from one place to another,
a current is said to be formed.
The intensity of the water current is a number
that expresses how much water passes through
a place in a given time.
For example, 100 cubic meters passed through
the water tube that enters the school last month.
About 300 gallons pass through the river every
day.
20 liters of water come out of the shower
every minute.
10 cubic centimeters are passing through this
conductor every second.
There are thousand ways to express the intensity
of the current of water that passes through
a place.
It is measured in units of volume between
units of time.
Just as it is not practical to measure the
amount of water in molecules It is not practical
to measure the amount of electric charge in
electrons, so physicists have agreed to use
a single unit worldwide: the coulomb.
I asked Google how many electrons are there
in one coulomb?
And it replied that approximately 6.24 times
10 to the 18th power.
Imagine a container with all these little
red balls
How many coulombs are there in the batteries
that you can buy in any supermarket
Depending on the size is the number of electrons
that can separate from their atoms.
These are images of some well-known batteries.
For example, the D-type battery, the largest
of the so-called alkaline is sold with a charge
of 46,800 coulombs.
The C battery has 21,600, the AA, has 8,640
and the smallest, the triple A with 3,600
coulombs eager to go neutralize atoms in the
lower side, the positive.
These are approximate numbers.
The actual capacity of each size depends on
the manufacturer, the model and other things,
but they give a good idea of what each one
can store.
Current
When electrons transit inside one conductor
from one place to another a current is formed.
Its intensity is a number that expresses how many
of them pass through a place in a given time.
It is measured in coulombs per each second.
The unit of charge is always the coulomb and
seconds is always the time unit
It is never expressed in coulombs per hour
or per month.
It is always measured in coulombs per second.
The drawing shows the electrical circuit connections.
A battery connected to a motor.
When a current passes through the wires, the
shaft rotates and the blades move the air.
The apparatus is a volt - meter.
It shows the heightage at which the
electrons were separated from their atoms,
remember?
1.5 volts.
It is connected between the negative and the
positive side of the battery.
It is said to be in parallel because the two
terminals of the meter are connected to those
of the battery, where you want to measure
the voltage.
A voltmeter behaves as an insulator, the electrons  l
from the battery do not enter in it.
This device is called a multimeter because
it can measure voltage and current.
I changed the way to connect it to show the
current in coulombs per second.
It is said to have been connected in series
because all the electrons passing through
the motor pass through the current meter.
A current meter is an excellent conductor.
The current is 37.7 millicoulombs every second,
that is, 0.0377coulombs per second.
If I connect two batteries, one on top of
the other, when the circuit is closed and
the current flows, the electrons in the negative
side of the battery will look for atoms in
the battery above to neutralize them.
And the electrons in the top battery will
neutralize the atoms in the bottom battery
The difference is that now, between the motor
terminals there will be a heightage of 3 volts.
I connect the multimeter as a current meter,
and it shows an intensity of 72 millicoulombs
every second.
At 1.5 volts 37 passed.
At the same time almost twice as many electrons
pass making the axis rotate faster.
What if we connect 3 batteries in series?
The voltage rises to 4.5V and the current
to 0.111 C / s
And so you can increase the voltage so that
the electrons pass faster until the motor
burns.
The manufacturer specifies the voltage to
which an appliance must be connected to work
as expected.
For example, when this fan is connected to
12 volts it will pass a current of 0.16 coulombs
every second.
I think that now you can see that the current
intensity is measured by counting the electrons
that pass through a place every second.
When they invented the coulomb, they made
our lives easier by being able to use simpler
numbers.
Well, physicists made up a word to say coulomb
per second.
They invented the Ampere.
When a coulomb is passing through a place
every second it is said that an ampere is
passing.
I think this is a reason why it is difficult
to understand the concept of current intensity.
A coulomb every second is very well understood,
a lot of electrons that are going through
a place every second, but the image of an
ampere is a little blurred in the mind.
It seems that one day there was a goal to
remove from the vocabulary the most elementary
measure of electricity, the coulomb.
Sadly, the capacity of the batteries is not
commercially published in coulombs.
The ampere hour is used.
One ampere is ONE coulomb every second
One hour is 3,600 seconds
seconds are simplified
So one ampere hour is 3,600 coulombs
Just as it is not used to express the current
in coulombs per second, it is also not used
to express in coulombs the number of electrons
stored in a battery.
The voltage of a battery and the slingshot.
Just as the rubber band or a slingshot cannot
be stretched as far as we want, the electrons
cannot be raised to any voltage.
For example, in rechargeable batteries the
electrons can go up to 1.2 volts.
In alkaline ones up to 1.5, those of cars
up to 2.1 volts.
Thus, depending on the chemical substances
used, it will be the voltage at which the
electrons can be stored.
To achieve higher voltages, the batteries
are connected in series, one on top of the
other and each is called a cell.
Such is the case of the 9 volt alkaline.
It is not a battery where electrons were separated
from their atoms but 6 in series of 1.5.
Those of the cars have 6 cells of 2.1.
Short circuit current
It is when there is passage of electrons,
but there is no transducer.
By mistake a good conductor was connected
instead of the transducer
In this case, an electron stampede occurs
to neutralize the atoms.
billions of electrons pass almost instantly
It is usually so severe that the battery can
explode if the conductor does not melt first.
Where did the coulomb come from?
Raising the electrons to a certain voltage
takes work.
Due to the need to measure it, the coulomb
was invented
One coulomb is that exact number of electrons
that, when raised by one volt, it is doing
a one joule work
Roughly all of these
The magic of an electrical system
In an electrical system there is on one hand
a battery charged with electrons eager to
neutralize atoms.
On the other are the conductors and the transducer.
Magic happens when the circuit is closed and
the current of electrons is transformed into
amazing things like making an axis rotate,
the cell phone working, emitting light, producing
heat, cold, and a thousand other things.
That is right, magic happens when electrons
move.
Thank you very much for having seen and heard
this video.
