All right.
Let's get started.
I guess this watch is a couple
minutes fast.
First a quick announcement.
In case you have forgotten,
your lab notebooks are due
tomorrow with the post-lab
exercises for the first lab.
OK, so I am going to continue
with amplifiers today.
And to just give you a sense of
where we headed,
we have this five lecture
sequence covering different
aspects of amplifiers with
dependent sources and showed how
we could build an amplifier with
it on Tuesday.
Today I am going to show you a
real device that implements a
dependent source.
And then next Tuesday we will
talk about analysis of an
amplifier.
Wednesday is our quiz.
Thursday and the Tuesday after
that we then talk about small
signal analysis and small signal
use of the amplifier.
Today we will talk about the
MOSFET amplifier.
So let's start with a quick
review.
And in the last lecture,
I showed you that I could build
a amplifier using a dependent
source.
And a dependent source worked
as follows.
Let's say I had a circuit and I
connected a dependent source
into the circuit.
Let's say in this example I
have a current source.
So this is some circuit.
And the current i is a function
of some parameter in the
circuit.
That's why this is a dependent
source.
This is a dependent current
source.
So it could be that I have some
element inside.
And I measure,
I sample the voltage across the
element or between any two
points in the circuit.
And, in this little example
here, this current could be
dependent on that voltage.
So notice that although I
showed you the two terminals of
the dependent source that
carried a current,
there is another implicit port,
another implicit terminal
there.
And that terminal there is
called the "control port" of the
dependent source at which I
apply a voltage or current that
will control the value of the
current source.
As a quick aside.
There is a small glitch with
the tools in your tool chest.
We talked about the
superposition technique where
you were taught to turn on one
source at a time,
for a linear circuit one source
at a time, and then sum up the
responses to all the sources
acting one at a time.
Well, what do you do about
dependent sources?
A dependent source is a source.
And we have to modify the
superposition statement just a
little bit.
And for details you can look at
Section 3.5.1 of your course
notes on the details and some
examples on how to do this.
So the approach is very simple,
actually.
The approach is,
for the purpose of
superposition,
to not treat your dependent
source as sources that you turn
on and turn off.
So what you do is when you do
superposition with dependent
sources simply leave all your
dependent sources in the
circuit.
Just leave them in there and
turn on and off only your
independent sources.
So look at the response of the
circuit by turning on your
independent sources one at a
time and summing up the
responses.
And your dependent sources stay
within the circuit and simply
analyze them as you do anything
else.
So essentially what it says is
that just be a little cautious
when you have dependent sources,
but the basic method applies
almost without any change.
The readings for today's
lecture are Section 7.3 to 7.6.
So since we are going to build
up on the dependent source
amplifier, let me start with a
quick review of that amplifier.
We built our amplifier as
follows.
We connected our dependent
source in the following manner.
And the current through the
dependent source in the example
we took was related to an input
voltage vI.
So some voltage vI.
And so these two were the
control port of the dependent
source and a vI was applied
there.
And I showed you a simple
amplifier built with a dependent
source that behaved in this
manner.
And again I will keep reminding
you, just remember that the
dependent source is actually
this box here,
the control port and the output
port.
And commonly we don't
explicitly show the control port
for those dependent sources for
which the control port does not
have any other affect on the
circuit, like it doesn't draw
any current or things like that.
So in this particular example
we said that this behaved in the
following manner for vI greater
than or equal to 1 volt and iD
was zero otherwise.
So we can analyze the circuit
to figure out what vO is going
to look like.
And a simple application of KVL
at this loop here,
again, you know,
when I say this loop here,
I am pointing at something
here.
That is the VS source that is
implicitly across these two
nodes.
Again, this is a shorthand
notation where this little up
arrow here implies that I have a
voltage source connected between
these two terminals here.
And so there is a loop here
that involves VS.
So Vo is simply VS minus the
drop across this resistor.
So it's VS minus the drop
across this resistor gives me
vO.
And the drop across the
resistor is simply iD RL.
iD is the current here and
that's the drop across the
resistor.
And I could get the explicit
relationship of vO versus vI by
substituting for iD as vI minus
one all squared.
So vO relates to vI in the
following manner.
Nothing new so far.
I have pretty much reviewed
what we did the last time.
Here is where we take our next
step forward with some new
material.
Up to now I have talked as a
theoretician would where I said
just imagine that you had
spherical cow or something like
that.
Here I just asked you to
imagine this ideal dependent
source, control port and an
output port, and it behaved in
this manner.
So as a next step what I would
like to do is show you a
practical dependent source which
turns out to be a little bit
more complicated than this
idealized dependent source that
I showed you in many dimensions.
Real life tends to impose a
bunch of practical constraints
on you, and we will look at
those in a second.
If I could find a dependent
source that looked like this --
We had a control port A prime
and output port B prime.
And I looked at some examples
where the current through the
dependent current source was
some function of the input
voltage.
This is a "voltage controlled
current source".
What I am going to do is talk
about a device that can give me
this behavior or some close
approximation to it.
It turns out that under certain
conditions the MOSFET that you
have already looked at behaves
in this manner.
The MOSFET that you've seen
sort of behaves like this.
And let me show you under what
conditions the MOSFET behaves in
that manner.
Let me create some room for
myself.
Notice that I need a control
port, needed an output port.
And I am going to view my
MOSFET in a slightly different
manner than you have seen
before.
I draw these two terminals
here.
And this was a three terminal
MOSFET.
This was my drain,
my gate and my source terminal.
It was a three terminal device,
but what I do is I view the
MOSFET slightly differently.
I will just use this terminal
to be common across both the
gate and the drain.
And so this voltage here is
vGS.
I am just using the source
port, the source terminal along
with the gate as a terminal
pair.
I am using the same source
along with the drain as another
terminal pair.
So I have a vDS out there and I
have some current iDS that flows
out here.
Notice that when I view the
MOSFET in this manner I have
accomplished my first step,
which is I seem to have a box
which has a port here and a port
here.
And I also explained to you
that a MOSFET behaves in a
particular manner.
For one, the output port
behaved as an open circuit under
certain conditions when --
This was vGS,
G, drain and source.
When vGS was less than a
threshold voltage VT this MOSFET
had an equivalent circuit that
looked like this.
So when vGS was less than some
threshold voltage VT then there
was an open circuit between the
drain and the source.
And you saw this before.
So far nothing new here.
However, when vGS is greater
than or equal to VT --
vGS was greater than VT.
The MOSFET behavior we looked
at earlier showed that this
behaved either like a short
circuit in the simplest form or
in a slightly more detailed form
it behaved like a resistor.
We call that the SR model of
the MOSFET.
So when vGS was greater than VT
we said that a simple way to
approximate MOSFET behavior was
to view this as a resistor
connected between the drain and
the source.
That was our SR model use of
the MOSFET.
It turns out that we kind of
lied.
We were sort of looking at the
MOSFET in a really funny way.
And I shone the light on the
MOSFET in a really,
really clever way.
Well, I shouldn't say clever.
A really, really tricky way.
And tricked you into believing
that it was just a resistor.
And we constrained how you use
the MOSFET.
So that behavior was indeed a
resistive behavior.
But it turns out that in real
life the behavior of the MOSFET
between the drain and the source
terminals is much more
complicated than the limited
form in which you saw it.
So today what I am going to do
is take the wraps off the
complete MOSFET and show you its
full behavior in all its gory
glory.
And I will spend a bit of time
on that to clearly emphasize
under what conditions the MOSFET
behaves like a resistor,
as you saw when you did digital
circuits, or behaves differently
in other domains of use.
Let me pause for a second and
leave this space blank here.
And let's do some
investigations.
Let me leave this here.
I won't draw in anything yet.
You will figure out what it
looks like yourselves under
certain conditions.
What I will do next is apply
some voltages on a MOSFET and
observe the current versus vDS
behavior and plot that on a
scope and take a look at it.
What I am going to do --
-- is figure out what iDS looks
like for --
Remember iG into the gate for
6.002 is always going to be
zero.
In much more detailed analyses
of the MOSFET,
in future courses you may see
slightly more complex behavior.
But as far as we are concerned
it is an open circuit looking
into the gate.
So I am going to apply a vGS
across the MOSFET,
apply a vDS across the MOSFET
and plot iDS versus vDS.
First let me show you what you
already know.
What you already know --
This is vDS.
I will just keep doing as much
as I can of what you already
know.
And then when I do some new
stuff I will tell you
explicitly.
You've seen this before.
The MOSFET behaves like an open
circuit when vGS less than VT.
That is when vG is less than a
threshold voltage VT,
I have zero current flowing
through the MOSFET.
And when vGS was greater than
VT then the S model of the
MOSFET the switch model simply
said that look,
we can model the D2S as a short
circuit.
You saw this in your labs and
you saw that it was a very,
very small resistance between
the drain and the source and it
kind of looked like a short
circuit.
But then we said well,
that's not quite it.
There is some resistance.
And so we said a slightly more
accurate model would have this
line droop a little bit to imply
that there was some resistance
R_on between the drain and the
source, so vDS iDS.
So this was when vGS less than
VT and vGS greater than or equal
to VT.
I have some resistance.
And that showed me a straight
line kind of like behavior.
And I showed you that behavior.
So far absolutely nothing new.
Now what I have plotted there
for you is that behavior.
Up here notice that this is the
vDS axis, this is the iDS axis.
I am plotting iDS versus vDS.
And when vGS --
The gate voltage is more than a
threshold, notice that I see
what looks like something more
or less like a straight line.
And this is a straight line
with some slope,
more or less a straight line
implying resistive behavior.
And we also had some fun and
games here.
We said hey,
what if I turn vGS off?
Boom.
That would be my iDS of zero
implying that the MOSFET behaved
like an open circuit between the
drain and the source.
I applied a positive vGS more
than VT and it began to look
like a resistor.
Open circuit,
resistor, open circuit,
resistor, OK?
Up until now nothing new.
So you shouldn't have learned
anything at all that is new
until now in today's lecture.
Now watch.
What I am going to do is,
as I said, I kind of lied all
this time and I just showed you
this behavior.
And what I have been doing all
along is very carefully using a
very small value of vDS.
Notice it's a small values of
vDS.
I haven't told you what it
looks like as vDS increases.
Well, let's go try it out.
We have a scope here.
We have the MOSFET here.
Now, I am not sure what is
going to happen now.
You may see smoke or have an
explosion, who knows what?
But look up there for a second.
I am just going to increase vDS
and you can figure out what
happens for yourselves.
I increase vDS.
Whoa, what a liar.
Agarwal is a liar.
I have been kind of tricking
you.
I have been putting --
Covering up all this part here
and showing you just this region
of the curve for small values of
vDS.
But as I increase vDS this is
nothing that looks even close to
that of resistive behavior.
So what's happening here?
What's happening is that as I
increase my vDS the iDS curve
tails off and saturates at some
value of current.
Notice it saturates at some
value of current.
And so I am going to look at
this region of behavior.
Notice that what we have looked
at so far was the behavior for
small vDS.
It kind of looks resistive.
But when I pump up the vDS,
really whack this node really
hard with a much larger vDS the
guy says, oh,
I give up.
And the current saturates out
and flattens out and holds the
value steady at some value.
So what's that behavior look
like?
What is my horizontal line
above the X axis in terms of V I
elements?
What is that behavior like?
Current source,
exactly.
So this is current source like
behavior.
And so let me start by drawing
you a little model and
explaining it in more detail.
What happens is that under
certain conditions,
and the conditions are the
following, when vDS,
that is my drain to source
voltage is greater than or equal
to vGS minus VT.
When my drain voltage goes
above vGS minus VT,
so if vGS is 3 volts and if VT
is 1 volt, then if vDS goes
above 2 volts,
if I am hammering the drain of
the MOSFET with a higher voltage
then this guy says I give up,
can't show you nice restive
behavior, and the current
saturates out and it doesn't
allow you draw any more current
than a maximum value.
And that's the current source
behavior.
This one behaves like a current
source.
And the current iDS is given by
the following expression.
The current is given by iDS is
equal to a constant K divide by
two times (vGS-VT) all squared.
Kind of reminiscent of the
carefully chosen dependent
source example,
just that this one here is VT.
This model, which applies when
vGS is greater than VT,
the MOSFET has to be on and the
drain to source voltage in the
MOSFET must be larger than some
value, and that value is vGS
minus VT then this guy begins to
behave like a current source.
This model of the MOSFET is
called the "switch current
source model".
So in the region of the MOSFET
characteristics where vGS is
greater than VT and the drain to
source voltage is larger than
vGS minus VT,
the MOSFET behaved like a
current source between its drain
and source terminals.
And in that part we model the
MOSFET as a current source.
And so not surprisingly that
part of the model is called the
SCS model in contrast with the
SR model where we had a
resistor.
Again, remember,
this is not meant to be
conflicting.
It is not like gee,
how can the MOSFET look like a
resistor, and then suddenly what
happens it becomes a current
source.
Well, the two regions are
different.
It is not that it is behaving
as a current source for the same
parameters, no.
When vDS is less than this
right-hand side it does behave
resistive.
The SR model applies.
But increase vDS beyond a
point, the current saturates and
the SCS applies like so.
So let's draw.
The SCS behavior can be drawn
here vDS and iDS.
As I mentioned to you,
for small values of vDS,
let's say I pick some value of
vGS, let's say vGS3,
some value vGS,
it is going to look like a
resistor until vDS becomes equal
to vGS3 minus VT.
And after that it saturates out
and begins to look like a
current source.
And this point is where vDS
becomes equal to vGS minus VT.
And this way is when this equal
sign becomes a greater than
sign, vDS becomes larger then I
move into this part of the
curve.
Similarly, for various other
values of vGS it will look like
this --
-- and so on.
And it behaved like an open
circuit as before when vGS less
than VT.
When vGS less than VT it is
still behaving like an open
circuit.
And so as I increase my vGS,
provided I keep my vDS greater
than vGS minus VT,
I get current source like
behavior.
And notice that this is
increasing vGS.
I have purposely drawn these
curves at greater distances from
each other to imply that it is a
nonlinear relationship in that
if I increase vGS by some
amount, the increase in vDS is
related to the square of vGS.
It is vGS minus VT all squared.
So I get a family of curves of
that look like this.
And this is in the region of
operation where vDS equals vGS
minus VT.
And this applies in this regime
where vDS less than vGS minus
VT.
This region of operation is
called, as you might expect,
the "saturation region".
We say the MOSFET has been
hammered, the MOSFET has been
walloped, the MOSFET is in
saturation.
So the MOSFET is in saturation.
This region,
corresponding to this,
is called the triode region.
This is really very simple.
All we are doing is saying that
when vDS is increased beyond a
certain limit,
given my vGS minus VT,
the MOSFET begins to behave
like a current source.
It cannot draw any more
current.
It limits the current to a
given value like a current
source.
But on the left-hand side of
this it behaves in a resistive
manner.
So what I would like to do is
--
What I will do is,
we've plotted for you,
for the MOSFET,
all its characteristics in its
full glory for a whole bunch of
values of vGS and a whole bunch
of values of vDS.
And let me stare at those
curves with you for a few
seconds and walk you through
them.
So what do I have here?
One of these curves corresponds
to a given value of vGS.
This may be vGS equals 2 volts.
This is vDS,
the drain to source voltage,
and this is the current.
So focus on this curve for now.
In the beginning I hid the
right-hand side behavior from
you and showed you just the
resistive behavior out here.
When I increase vDS to be much
larger the curve saturated and I
got the saturation region
operation of the MOSFET.
And notice as I increase my
value of vGS the saturation
current also increases according
to a square law behavior.
So these are the entire curves
of the MOSFET.
Finally the truth comes out.
And notice that when vDS is
less than vGS minus VT,
I have more or less resistive
behavior.
But when vDS is greater than
vGS minus VT I get current
source like behavior.
So one question you may ask is
when do I use one model or the
other?
When do I use the SR model and
when do I use the SCS model?
If you want to do a real
detailed analysis then you can
use the SR model when vDS is
less than vGS minus VT.
And you would use this model
when vDS is greater than or
equal to vGS minus VT.
That is simple enough.
In 6.002, to eliminate
confusion we constrain how we
look at things a little bit more
stringently.
And what we do is that for our
entire digital analysis,
for the entire digital world we
focus on the SR model.
And I will tell you why in a
second.
So for all digital circuits,
invertors, look at power of
invertors, look at delay,
a bunch of other things,
we will be using the SR model
in 6.002.
And I will tell you why in a
second.
And for analog --
That is for amplifier designs
and situations like that,
we will be operating the MOSFET
in a saturation region.
And I will talk about that in a
second.
What I am saying here is that
in 6.002, when we do analog
designs, we are going to
discipline ourselves to using
the MOSFET only in this region.
We are going to constrain
ourselves to play in only this
region of the playground where
vDS is quite large.
Why?
Because I am asking you to.
I am saying let's play in that
part of the playground and keep
your vDS high.
And so the MOSFET is going to
be operating somewhere in here.
So we can apply just the SCS
model, just the current source
behavior in that region.
There is another important
reason, which I will get to in a
second.
And for digital designs we will
simply use the SR model.
And it turns out that this is
realistic because in the digital
designs that you have you seen
and will be seeing in this
course, the pull down MOSFET is
on, or when these pull down
MOSFETs are on,
the output voltage is pulled
down close to ground.
So vDS is very,
very small.
So it does make sense that this
model apply.
And when we talk about
amplifiers, I am asking you to
follow this discipline.
I will tell you why in a
second.
I am saying analog designs
follow this discipline that I
call the saturation discipline.
It says simply operate the
MOSFET operating in saturation
as a current source.
We will look at an amplifier in
a second, and I will tell you
why.
Now let's do a MOSFET
amplifier.
Remember my amplifier had an
input port and an output port.
And in general in our use we
are going to have a common
ground.
And we have a VS and a ground
here as well.
That is the power port of the
amplifier.
The input port and the output
port.
And let me redraw the circuit
putting a MOSFET in place of the
current source,
RL, VS, vO, drain,
gate, source,
vI.
So my input is vI.
Again, the MOSFET output is vO.
And I have a resistor RL.
Hey, we've seen that before.
It turns out this is not
surprising.
You've seen this before.
This was our primitive inverter
circuit.
So what's different here?
We showed you the circuit as an
inverter.
What's different here is that
when we look at MOSFET behavior
as a current source,
this behaves like an amplifier.
In other words,
when vDS is greater than some
value then this behaves like a
current source.
When vDS is small,
in other words,
in the digital design when vDS
was small here,
because when the MOSFET was on
it pulled the voltage down to
ground, we could view this
behavior as a resistor.
And exactly the same thing,
it is an amplifier.
And with digital designs,
I was driving it with 5 volts
and 0 volts and that was it,
rail to rail.
As an amplifier,
what I am doing now is looking
at a small region of its
behavior when vDS is greater
than vGS minus VT.
What I am saying is that for
amplification let's follow the
saturation discipline.
And the reason is that when
this behaves like a current
source, what I have shown you is
that if this behaves like a
current source I have shown you
that this expression up here
gives you amplification.
In last lecture we plotted a
bunch of values for vO versus
vI, and we saw that we were
getting amplification.
For a small change in vI,
I was getting a larger change
in vO, and that was when I had
the equation for a current
source in there.
And so we know for a fact that
if I can operate this as a
current source,
with a reasonable choice of
values here, I am going to be
able to get amplification.
What I haven't told you is if
this is operated in the linear
region, in fact,
you do not get amplification.
I won't cover that,
but you can check that out in
your course notes as a
discussion or you can try it out
for yourself.
Replace this with the SR model
for small vDS and you can show
yourselves that you don't get
any amplification.
In order to get the
amplification we are telling
ourselves let's focus on this
part of the playground where vDS
is greater than or equal to vGS
minus VT.
And for vGS greater than or
equal to VT.
So when vGS is greater than VT
the MOSFET is on.
Further, when vDS is large,
larger than vGS minus VT this
behaves like a current source.
So we have now created a small
playground for ourselves where
we can build lots of fun little
amplifiers and other circuits.
And provided our circuits
follow the saturation discipline
where for the MOSFET or MOSFETs
in the circuit these expressions
are true then the MOSFETs are
going to be in saturation,
the current source model
applies, and I will be indeed
getting saturation.
In future courses you may
actually see the MOSFET used in
other regimes of operation for a
variety of reasons.
But in 6.002 when we talk about
amplifiers and so on we will be
adopting the saturation
discipline.
And your homework problems and
so on will state that.
Assume that the MOSFETs are in
saturation.
What that means is that you can
begin to model them as a current
source and simply analyze their
behavior accordingly.
One minor nit.
Note that vDS for the MOSFET is
the same as vO.
And vGS for the MOSFET is the
same as vI.
So if you see me jumping back
and forth using vOs and vIs or
vDSs and vGSs they are the same
thing in this circuit.
If you are dealing with
circuits with many MOSFETs then
you will have vDS1s and vGS1s
and so on and so forth.
But for this simple circuit,
vO and vDS are the same,
vI and vGS are the same.
So we could go ahead and
analyze that circuit.
What I do to analyze the
circuit, I am telling you this.
I am telling you that the
MOSFET is behaving in
saturation.
I am telling you this.
We have disciplined ourselves
to say that in that circuit the
MOSFET is in saturation.
As soon as we tell you that we
can then go ahead and analyze
that circuit.
And to analyze that circuit
what you will do is simply
replace the MOSFET with its
equivalent model,
and that looks like this.
Since you have been told that
it is in saturation,
we can replace the MOSFET with
its current source model.
And the current iDS for the
MOSFET is given by K/2(vI-VT)^2.
And it is always good to write
the constraints under which you
are implicitly working close by.
So the constraints are one,
vGS is greater than or equal to
VT, vDS is greater than or equal
to vGS minus VT.
These constraints immediately
follow from a statement of the
type we are operating under the
saturation discipline or the
MOSFET is in saturation.
Let me just mark this equation
as A, and we will refer to it
again.
So with this new little circuit
with the MOSFET working as a
current source,
let's go ahead and analyze our
amplifier.
Notice that to analyze the
circuit I have a current source.
It's a dependent current source
where the current depends on the
square of the input.
So I want to go and analyze it.
This is a nonlinear circuit.
So I can apply any one of the
methods that we talked about
last week for nonlinear
circuits.
To analyze it I will go ahead
and use the analytical method.
And my goal will be to obtain
vO versus vI.
Again, remember where are we
here?
The MOSFET circuit operating in
saturation so I can replace this
with a current source.
It is nonlinear.
And so I can apply one of the
two methods, the analytical
method or the graphical method.
Let's do both and start with
the analytical method.
The analytical method simply
says go forth,
apply the node method and
solve.
Simple stuff.
Let's go ahead and do that.
Node method.
I have a single node here that
is of interest.
I know the voltage vI at this
node.
I know the voltage VS at this
node.
So the only unknown is here at
vO.
So I will go ahead and do that.
Let me go ahead and equate the
currents into the node to be
zero.
So the currents out of the node
here are iDS.
And that was equal the current
into that same node.
So iDS must equal VS minus vO
divided by RL.
iDS=VS-vO/RL.
For later reference,
let me call that B.
Simplifying,
what I can do is,
we know that iDS is given by
K/2(vI-VT)^2.
So I replace iDS with this
expression and I multiply that
by RL.
So I get K/2(vI-VT)RL.
So iDS gets multiplied by RL
and I get vO on this side and VS
remains out here.
All I have done is multiplied
both sides by RL.
So it is RL iDS,
taken RL iDS to this side,
that is here,
I get the minus sign,
and VS stays here,
vO comes here.
So that is my final expression.
Remember this is true under
certain conditions.
I will keep hammering that home
because some of the most common
errors made by people is in
forgetting the constraints under
which this was obtained.
And the constraint under which
this was obtained is the
saturation discipline.
And that was true when vGS for
a MOSFET was greater than or
equal to VT and vDS for a MOSFET
was greater than or equal to vGS
minus VT.
I also know that for vGS less
than VT, vO=VS.
So when vGS is less than VT
then this one turns off.
That's why it is the SCS model,
switch current source model.
When vGS is less than zero it
turns off and VS directly
appears at vO.
I would like to stare at this
constraint with you for a
second, vDS greater than or
equal to vGS minus VT here.
And vDS is simply vO.
I want to rewrite this
constraint in terms of iDS.
It will come in handy.
So iDS is K/2(vI-VT)^2.
This is vI-VT.
So vI-VT is simply square root
of 2iDS/K.
In other words,
I can write iDS less than or
equal to K/2vO^2.
So this constraint expressed in
terms of iDS is simply iDS less
than or equal to K/2vO^2.
So all I've done here is
analyzed this nonlinear circuit.
I can also analyze it using the
graphical method.
And in order to do that,
for my nonlinear circuit,
in order to do that,
all I have to do is plot.
Let's have iDS here and vDS
here.
And as we did with a nonlinear
expo dweeb, what I do is I plot
the device characteristics iDS
versus vDS.
The device characteristics
under saturation look like this,
so vGS increasing.
iDS versus vDS has a bunch of
curves that look like current
sources of increasing values.
That simply reflects equation
A.
And then I superimpose on top
of that the expression that
comes up due to equation B which
is iDS equals,
let me write that down here,
iDS equals VS/RL - vO/RL.
That's B.
And let me plot that.
That is a straight line
relationship between iDS and vO.
And so when vO is zero iDS is
VS/RL.
And when iDS is zero vO equals
VS.
Remember, vO and vDS are the
same.
So this is what I get.
This is the straight line
corresponding to equation B
here.
And, as before,
we just find the point where
the two intersect.
Let's say I am given some value
of vGS.
And let's say I am given some
known value of vDS.
So for that I can go ahead and
find out the corresponding value
of iDS from this graph.
Just as I told you when we did
the expo dweeb stuff,
this line here is called a load
line.
You will be seeing that again
and again and again where we
have the equation corresponding
to the one shown here,
the equation written for the
output loop superimposed on the
device characteristics.
That's called a load line.
So I can get this point
corresponding to the operating
point of the MOSFET for this
iDS, vDS and vGS by using the
graphical method.
In the next lecture we are
going to look at,
given a device of this sort,
how do we figure out the
boundaries of valid operation so
that the MOSFET stays in
saturation?
