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Salchow jump
The Salchow is a figure skating jump with a takeoff from a back inside edge of one foot.
The rotation in the air is made in the direction of the curve of the take-off edge.
The landing is made on the back outside edge of the foot opposite the one used for take-off. One or more rotations may be made in the air.
It was invented by the Swedish skater Ulrich Salchow in 1909.
Technique
The Salchow is normally approached from a forward outside 3-turn on the left foot for a counterclockwise jump.
On the left back inside edge after the 3-turn, the skater checks the rotation momentarily with the right foot extended behind
and then initiates the jump by swinging the right leg forward and around with a wide, scooping motion. The rotational momentum
for the jump is gained by the swinging movement of the free leg and the coordination of the free leg and arms at the point of takeoff.
The Salchow can alternately be entered from an inside mohawk turn or from back crossovers. As an edge jump,
it is usually performed on a circular pattern instead of from a straight-line approach. Occasionally, the Salchow is performed as the second
or third jump in a jump combination, following a one-foot Axel or half loop, which land on a back inside edge.
The mechanics of a single Salchow are quite similar to those of the waltz jump, the half-rotation jump from a forward outside edge.
The Salchow is therefore usually the first full-rotation jump taught to beginning figure skaters. It teaches the skater to check his or her turn
and how to jump off the edge rather than the toe pick. An alternate technique used by many skaters on the takeoff
for multi-rotation Salchow jumps is to allow the free foot to rest on the ice while bringing it around to the front,
instead of using the scooping motion. Sometimes this is merely the result of a deep knee bend on the takeoff leg. While Salchows performed
with this technique have been ratified by the International Skating Union in recent years, some skating purists object to it,
because in some cases it is clear that the skater is gaining material assist into the jump from pushing off the supposed "free foot",
instead of merely skimming it over the ice. For example, Sonia Bianchetti, former chair of the ISU Technical Committee, has referred
to the two-footed Salchow entry as "a severe error for which a steep deduction had to be applied by the judges".
The two-footed Salchow entry is also confusing to spectators, because the resulting jump can more strongly resemble a loop jump or toe loop jump
than a traditional Salchow.
Variants
A variant of the Salchow that is rarely performed today is the one-foot Salchow, which lands on the same back inside edge used
for the jump takeoff, much like a half loop or one-foot Axel. The one-foot Salchow can be used in a jump combination followed
by a regular Salchow jump. For example, in the 1970s,
Canadian skater Toller Cranston sometimes performed a jump combination consisting of a one-foot Axel, one-foot double Salchow,
and regular double Salchow.
History
 [^]  Ulrich Salchow invented the jump that bears his name in 1909. Theresa Weld was the first female skater to perform it,
at the 1920 Summer Olympics; she was reprimanded for attempting anything so "unladylike", but that did not stop other female skaters
from performing jumps. Double Salchows were first performed by Gillis Grafström for men in the 1920s, and Cecilia Colledge
for women in the late 1930s. The first triple Salchow was landed by Ronnie Robertson at the 1955 World Figure Skating Championships.
Petra Burka has been credited as being the first woman to land a triple Salchow jump, in domestic competition at the 1962 Canadian Championships
and in international competition at the 1965 World Championships. However, according
to a contemporary report on the 1961 European Figure Skating Championships, both Helli Sengstschmid and Jana Mrazkova did triple Salchows
at that event, predating Burka's earliest claim. Timothy Goebel is recognized to have landed the first quadruple Salchow
at the 1998 Junior Series Final. Goebel's jump, however, used the aforementioned controversial two-footed Salchow technique.
The first female skater to have landed a quadruple Salchow in competition was Miki Ando at the 2002 Junior Grand Prix Final.
Alexandra Trusova landed a quadruple salchow
at junior grand prix series in Brisbane in 2017 The first throw quadruple Salchow pair element in international competition was performed on
November 17, 2007, by Tiffany Vise and Derek Trent of the United States at the 2007 Trophée Eric Bompard competition.
Usage note
Ulrich Salchow's surname was pronounced, but the name of the jump in English is invariably pronounced as in North America and in Europe.
Skaters sometimes abbreviate the name of the Salchow to either sal or sow.
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