Good afternoon, Good afternoon ladies and
gentlemen, I'm James Hansen I'm the chair
of the physics department here at Auburn
University. And I would like to welcome
you to the 4th annual Duncan Memorial
Lecture. the MM Dunk Duncan Memorial
Lecture was established in 2012 by Mrs.
Dora Duncan, in memory of her husband.
An active amateur Astronomer it is with
respect to Dr. Duncan's enduring
interest in the field combined with his
penchant for exploration, discovery, and
knowledge of astronomy and astrophysics
that this lectureship is dedicated.
It gives me great pleasure to introduce our
speaker today Dr. John Mather of the
Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt
Maryland. Dr. Mathur earned his
bachelor's degree from Swarthmore
College and his doctorate in physics
from the University of California in
Berkeley. Dr. Mathur, along with Dr.
George Smoot was awarded the Nobel Prize
in physics in 2006, for their discovery
of the black body form and anisotropy of
the cosmic microwave background
radiation. Dr. Mathur is currently the
Senior Astrophysicist at Goddard and a
Senior Project Scientist on the James
Webb Space Telescope which is planned
for launch in 2018. "I'm going to read
that title" Dr. Mathers lecture this
afternoon is entitled 'From the Big Bang
to Now Observing the Universe with the
James Webb Space Telescope" without
further ado let's please welcome Dr. Mathur
Thank you for the introduction; I guess
the microphone is working here in the
back okay, so I'm going to tell you some
of the secrets of the universe, but not
all. So I like to talk about history at
the Universe because it has been in my topic interest                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          of
since I was small but much more
is known now than we could ever have
guessed about when I was a small tribe.
Okay will change the writing
all over so you can see the pictures?
We don't all fall asleep is great so
where did we come from where are we
going how come astronomers even have an
idea about this, so I want to tell you
some of the basic facts it was probably
that led us to these ideas which are
really rather amazing. And how are we
learning about it and also what we're
going to do next to find out more? So the
telescope I'm going to talk about is the
James Webb Space Telescope. James Webb
was a second administrator of NASA
He went to John Kennedy and said this is
what it takes to go to the moon and in
less than a decade we did; it that's
pretty amazing too, even more amazing the
way what i'm going to be talking today
because that was a human project of a
half a million people to put Apollo
astronauts out there, and there's still a
few crazy people who think we didn't go. When
this project is as much smaller project
but it's being done on behalf of all the
residents of the first approximately
10,000 professional astronomers who will
probably use a telescope currently about
a thousand engineers and technicians who
are building the observatory, and a small
handful of
scientists worldwide we're currently
working on it, and through space agencies
NASA and the European Space Agency's.
So there's a telescope that doesn't look
like a regular telescope there's no
place to put your eye, it is not in a
group and it will come back to that
later to cry, but first I want to tell
you a little history of Asami. We start
with Galileo's telescope from 1609 and
many of you think Galileo invented the telescope,
but he didn't.  was invented and he's the
previous year he's twice in the necklace
and by the way you can still read in the
patent application 1608 and it was
turned down by the way people had
objections to it when people some people
say what is so obvious other people said
it's a great military importance and we
don't want everybody to know but it
clearly wasn't a secret, so Galileo very
valued by letter very quickly and he
decided to protect the technology and
himself manufactured many telescopes
which were sold for people who wanted to
know what was the world; what are the
ships bringing in as they're
coming over the horizon; whoever knows
what's the ship is coming in as advanced
knowledge and these days he would call
it insider trading.
It was really important so he had a
telescope with the power of 33 man
indication and he was able to see I went
drew here on the right hand side of the
mountains on the north, and you can see that
the moon is not the perfect sphere. That
people said it was our Aristotle had
said it was; not only that he discovered
that Jupiter has satellites, Venus has a
crescent shape which changes with time,
the Sun has spots, and even in Saturn
which we now we know the has rings
around it. He just thought it had ears
on it side; if the telescope wasn't that
big. So starting telescopic
astronomy 1609 got in some degree of
trouble with his friend the Pope, but
they were friend by the way they were
good friends before that, but to disagree
was connected by the way with the
frosted Reformation. Politics matter indeed
in 1609 because Protestant said oh
that's right, so Catholic said notice so
you couldn't be soft on Protestant in those days.
So more recently we have an amazing man
George Ellery Hale grew up in the late
19th century in Chicago; was the son of
very rich people and google has a rich
people and he wanted to be in an astronomer,
so he persuaded rich people to build
telescope. So for several
generations it was his idea that made
the biggest telescopes in the world, he
started off he started off the 40 inch
refractor in Wisconsin which is not a
great place to put a telescope, but it's the
biggest we've ever done in terms of
refracting telescopes, then I better go
to California and put it on top of the
mountain you'll see better, so he built a
60-inch reflecting telescope which is
still up and running in Mount Wilson and
then the 100 inch, which was used for
many amazing discoveries at the turn of
the 20th century. Then started the 200 inch  power telescope for
generations was the biggest telescope we
can imagine never having and however we
now have much bigger ones. So telescopes
have been the source of progress in
astronomy ever since they were first
invented because almost nothing that we
see in the sky is the way people imagine
to be. Here's a big tell us about this one's
a hundred meters across the diameter; the
diameter there's about the length of a
football field. I've got to go up and
stand next to the edge of that dish from
the day when they were surfacing it is
really spooky or something which is so
large and so why did you cannot tell how
large it is. This one has been used,
this is in West Virginia Valley
a very quiet valley; they will not even
allow you to have a cell phone because
it would interfere with the telescope
this one has been used to discover for
instance that there are stars out there
that can spin around almost a thousand
times a second, there are neutron stars
about 10 miles across that are performed
when stars can explode; so many things
Davis over there, here's an even bigger
telescope we had in Puerto Rico. It's
called the Arecibo Telescope and then
found the valley and I suspended as
spherical antenna reflector and
on poles across from this valley
thousand feet across, mention something
that large so the glue to attract is
something moving across the sky to
actually move a small antenna across the
top of it on cables; so that's our
biggest telescope at the moment although
the chinese astronomers are building one
bigger than this. Very similar situation
this one is able to do radar and it's
capable of sending out a radar pulse all
the way to the outer solar sources, we
know there are lakes movement on the
moon Titan orbiting around Saturn
because you can send it calls from this
telescope out to Saturn, to that place have
you come back to the other one that I
just showed; and say "ah" it bounced off a lake.The lake has to be liquid
methane. Here's a different kind of tall
so this is a something you might call
and Electronic telescope, because this
one has about 60 antennas that are
connected by way of a computer and an
extraordinarily powerful computer, so
however I thought for a while
their own generating power plant to
power it. I didn't rate them this is able
to simulate a telescope and miles
across a good an image as sharp
and so the picture that they're very
proud of is this one. This is a picture
of a star be informed when you actually
see is dust grains orbiting around the
star, and there are gaps between them
just different rings of dust and we
think that's because planets are being
formed in those spaces and they're
capturing the dust grains from the
orbits. So this is something especially
built telescope to be able to see and
they are very kind of themselves because
they could see it. This is a direct
picture that confirms but and then
thinking about how planetary systems
like the Sun and the solar system could
have been formed many billions of years
ago. It's not the biggest telescope that
we have in mind however; there is one
under construction on the square
kilometer telescope or Square Kilometre
Array; so this one is the construction in
two places Western Australia and in
central South Africa. Is you're both
places where there is no cell phone
service that may not be for a long time;
because there's nothing to do but
try to get out of the desert. So it's
really dry very unpopulated and good
place to put a radio telescope. So these
telescopes are again computer
controlled telescopes were a central
computer ability or beautiful image of
something far away. The shocking thing
about this one is they do tell me that
when it's completed it would be able to
cut radar pulses from a written report
radar on a planet around another star, so
I don't know that anybody out there it
is fly,  there's anybody out there radar
but it's pretty amazing that we could
even ask that. Another thing I wanted to
point out is we do not have something
called adaptive optics. Adaptive optics
something we now users can get sharper
images. If you look across the field in
the summertime I see that the distant
trees are dancing around in the blurry;
if you get the modulars doesn't help you
ready to do some trees are still dancing
around and blurry; so astronomers have
that probably unrolling straight up from
the top of the mountain you get blurry
images because the atmosphere of the
earth is dancing around too. So back in
the late seventies this technology on
the left was invented actually by a
friend of mine when I was in graduate
school in berkeley. And they said well no
if we could measure the density
the atmosphere we can adjust something
to compensate for it and we'll have to
do it a thousand times a second but we
could do that, so they invented adaptive
optics; however very quickly which
recognizes it was the very clean
military importance to being able to see
sharp images at a great distance, so
immediately classified it . So for about 20
or 30 years astronomers didn't know a
thing about it until it was reinvented
by French astronomers and so you cannot
classify workbench astronomers have done
so now read a strong word in the world
uses this technology for a big telescope
to get a sharper picture. This is why
it's not worth while to build a bigger
telescope than the one on Palomar. As you
can get the sharper image that you're
entitled to your having a telescope. The
other picture that I've got here is a
very similar image of I can do this in
your doctor talks, if you go to your eye
doctor you say seem very well doctor can
you look and see what's the matter with
my eyeball. Doctor can look inside and
say I'll take a picture using a very
similar method so the same mathematics
and very similar equipment has now been
made available by doctors, so they can
see what's going on
and if you were determined enough you
can have laser surgery that will fix the
surface of your eyes so we get a perfect
image so you can have 20/10 vision if you
wanted. Not too many people have it but
football players must have because it's
their job to see well; so who would have
affected that and thing which
astronomers wanted was then demanded by
military purposes, it's not unclassified,
and not its in your Dr. Roberts. So it's now
houses that is worthwhile building very
big tall structures a couple of
telescopes that we have no way to call
the Keck telescopes privately funded
mostly and they are about 10 meters
across and which is about 33 feet quite
large much larger than the one on Mt. Palomar
and the Europeans end of the very
large telescope on the right-hand side
each of those is a single block of glass
8 meters across by the way that's the
biggest you can build because if you
build any bigger than that you cannot
drag a piece of glass up the mountain, you
can't even get it to the
ship, because the roads will not let you
take something bigger than 25 feet
across the road, so it's the biggest
piece of that, we can have on the ground
to double telescope, but it doesn't stop us
from wanting a to bigger telescope, so you
can make it bigger telescope if you can
make
multiple pieces. So this is a collection
of three giant telescopes that we're
currently building two in South America
and one in Hawaii. The one at the top
left is made out of seven big circles
glass, each of those is the maximum size
about eight meters 33 feet, "Sorry thought"
33 ft about 25 feet. And those are
going to be functioning as a single unit
that's going into Chile. The one in the
lower left is called the thirty meter
telescope, it's almost a hundred feet
across. And that's going into Hawaii
assuming that we saw some discussions
that are being out. There many people who
were in Hawaii before the Europeans got
there said no that's are mounted we
don't like it that we're using it, so
it's under discussion. The Europeans are
building of the European extremely large
telescope, it's almost three years old
nearly uneven 20 feet across also in
Chile and they had started construction
by flagging off the top of the Mountain.
So these are coming and they will be
extremely powerful and you know
discoveries they going for us. The other
thing we can do to overcome in the
shimmering of the Earth's atmosphere is
don't do it here, go into space. So the
Hubble telescope will be 26 years old
this month, it's hard to imagine that
well this weird, I remember when it was
launched and most of you know that it was
not properly focused but it was launched
and we had to send up astronauts to
prepare it, so they successfully did that
and then they've been up four times
after that to keep improving it up
grading it so it is working beautifully
and we expected to run five or ten years more, there's no reason for it to stop yeah
So how the telescope was taking
beautiful pictures that surprised us
immensely. Many things that a saw with
it were not as predicted, not that we
should be too surprised. Here's one this
is a picture that was taken with this
telescope looking in a single direction
for a couple of weeks, just waiting for
the leg to arrive and adding it all up
in the computer and to get a picture so
this picture shows you there's one star
this picture that you can see that's the
one with the strikes sticking out of it
over here, and the rest of those are
galaxies, so this has thousands and
thousands of galaxies in this little teeny
tiny space of sky which would basically
fit into one of the craters that you can
see with your eye on the surfaces of the moon so very tiny
amount of sky with thousands and
thousands of galaxies in it. A lot of
things that told us that we're surprised.
Number one there more galaxies that we
thought it would be; number two was above
are really red and really small and that
tells us that they formed very early in
the universe the expansion of the
University as the light travels towards
us from there, means that we see galaxies
in a much greater car than they were
when the light started out. So the little
tiniest reddest dots in there are
galaxies that are very faintly very far
away and they tell us what the universe
was like when it was young and in fact
they tell us that we cannot see if are
enough to answer that question of where
did it all started. This wonderful
telescope which was repaired by
astronauts still not quite enough big
enough not powerful enough and also
cannot see long enough wavelengths to
see the first object. Here's a new bi-neighbor galaxy. It's called Whirlpool
Nebula. For obvious reasons nebula by the
way beats cloud into not Latin, it
wasn't knowing when this gig was me that
cloud was actually made of hundreds of
millions of stars individual stars but
now we can get a picture that shows them
and some of those little dots mean they
are individual stars in that distant
galaxy. So the different colors there
tell you that some stars have just been
born those are the blue ones, some stars
are being in the process of being born
and those are the reddish clouds. There and another remarkable thing
is there are there's ingredients where
there's few stellar dust the strains
that absorb the light. There's even a
second galaxy of there that's about to
join with a that one's a big one
and that's going to be a big collision
will come back to collisions later. Here
is a star that blew up in AD 1054, it was
a visual visible everywhere around the
Earth, when you could see it wasn't
raining because it was bright enough to
see in the daytime. Chinese astronomers
wrote down this effective they have
still a record so we know about day it was.
We assume that everyone everywhere
could have seen it, but we just don't
have records for most places. So this is
a star that blew up the debris is still
coming out from the middle and the
Hubble telescope has been watching it
long enough you can actually see the
little pieces moved over time. So this
isn't worked in our history because
stars that blow up are the source of the
chemical elements that make up our
bodies. We recycle from that stuff.
So here is a picture that you can see
sort of if you take your binoculars out
and look at the central star of the
sword of Orion. This is what it really is
it's a cloud of stars and glowing dust
and gas, that are in the process of
making new stars. I've just made some new
stars, so whenever we get a new telescope
who always find it at this beautiful
object because there's something interest to
you see inside. Right now, I'm just trying
to you because it's beautiful, so when
you look in the mirror it more than you
are looking expose stars. We know that
well we know from the early universe
that there was only hydrogen and helium
atoms, we're not made of hydrogen and
helium are made of hydrogen remark
oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus,
calcium, other chemical elements then
we're not there in the early universe so
could they had come from they come from
stars that burn with nuclear fuel and
you've been led by our to space so we
are a recycled material from exploding
stars. So we're totally recycled we were
so recycled that if you
where did the atoms go well we are
reading the same here that the dinosaur
it breathed. Those molecules of oxygen in
our lungs they've been breathed before
(etc). Our bodies are made of dinosaur
bones, (ect). So how do we know this
world verses timers, look back in time just
as you do your eye is already a time
machine. If you look at things that are
far away are seeing them as they were, nine
percent do and it's taking a little
while we go out to get across the
distance. So you see the Sun as it was by
the Rosetta to do you see the nearest
other star for as it was four years ago,
you see the center of our galaxy who
couldn't see, it as it wasn't one of
those about 25,000 years ago I'm just
not want a storewide to get here so you
see things as they were so we are
already operating time machine. Your eye
can see the nearest other galaxies in
the Andromeda nebula, two and a half
million years out. You've seen it as
two and half million years ago. So how
you going to know that. Well we know the
speed of life so now you have to survey
to find out how far away are things out
there. So we've got two methods within
would learn in high school geometry and
which were known by the Greeks
two thousand years ago if you can draw
an angle and you know two angles and one
side of a triangle you know my angle
formulas to you is to get this so now
you can survey at the Universe. You
just have to be able to move your head
in the way so you can make a triangle
where you know that one of the sides of
the triangle, and you know the angles
that you sure so the Greeks did it by
watching the factor you can measure the
size of the earth by the way the angle
of the Sun changes with latitude. They
can measure the distance to the woman by
the way that the angle towards the moon
changes as you rotate around the earth
as earth spins. They knew the earth was
spinning, so they know that how to survey
the distance for the moon. They tried to
get the distance to the Sun it was to
her they couldn't do it, but we could do
it and we can get it very precisely and
many ways now. The other method that he
would have also understood perfectly
was if you said I have two candles and
I know that they're identical. One of
them looks bigger than the other because
it's further away this I have no used
something before we inverse square a
lot to say what's the ratio of distances,
so i can now survey the entire universe
if i can do the triangles in
and classify the objects that I'm seeing
and say I know bright they really are. So
now we survey the universe and get
distances everything. That was also a
survey and say how about things that are
moving. Well the moons pretty quickly.
The Sun appears to move but we say it's
because the earth is spinning. Think
about that we can't do is measure very
distant objects, so if you are writing
them down the interstate you're a
motorcycle coming up behind you and then
it goes past to you will hear the pitch
of the engine appears to drop. It drops
because the waves are coming to you less
frequently; when the object is going away
from you and when it's coming toward you,
so this is called the Doppler shift and
it's been those to the 19th century.
Similar formulas work for white waves as
they do for sound waves, so we can now
measure the velocity of something coming
toward us or going away from us, if we
know the wavelengths that it had when it
started, so as it happens nature gives us
markers the chemicals that are in
the Sun give the particular wavelengths
that they mark. If you spread out the side
into a into a spectrum see if I can do
this spread out the sunlight or
something we'll go into a spectrum with
a prison make a rainbow and you do it
carefully there will be dark marks
across this rainbow because of the
chemical in the Sun or whatever it is
they only have. These same things are
responsible for the colors with
fireworks you see my fourth; each
different chemical element has a
different color you put in the
frameworks. So we now have to the markers with other wavelengths are for chemistry
we can analyze the chemistry at distant
stars this button you can calculate
temperature and other things. We can also
use it just to measure the speed of motion.
So if you see a distant object going
away from you the wavelengths will all
be systematically longer and we can use
that information. We can now survey the
entire universe and see how it moves, so
Edwin Hubble 1925 was the first one to
draw a graph like this when he plotted
was galaxies each little diamond here is
in galaxies and course in galaxy is a
hundred billion stars more or less where
we did the common center, so he estimated
the distance of the galaxies and
measurements there in par success
astronomers students and the speed of
motion and kilometers per second
vertical aggression. So he saw there was
a trend here a straight line plot pretty
well explains what was seen so the far
away something is the faster it is going.
Now this is not that fast whether. The
thousand kilometers per second is pretty
fast, so what's the deal here well?
it both wife everything's proceeding for
boss everything's going away from us we
were the center of the universe looks
like that so you can calculate how old
is the university was just measured
divide this distance by the speed on
this trend line here to get the age of
the universe as a scene right it would
hope So he got two billion years which
was turned out to be wrong, but he got it.
The universe is appears to be expanding
everything's running away from us he
made a mistake because his distant
handle was not the same kind as nearby
handle so he was just wrong. Cause it's a
lot of confusion it didn't take too long
before we found out that the earth and sun
must be older than the universe, so
something's the matter with that picture
and if it's another
50 years or so to find out the mistake.
So Edwin Hubble himself was never
personally convinced that this expanding
universe story was correction. He'd say
well it wasn't well if he was the
discoverer of why wasn't he convinced.
Well these people sceptical, He's an observer he's not a theorist, he wasn't my
why is it answered by his interpretation
of it, so we got better and better making
this filist this trend is till the
story so this from 1929 we had this pot.
So we now call this the Big Bang, which
is a bad name where but we discovered it
in 1929. So when people tell you that
they don't agree with it they have to
disagree with this picture and I can't
see how you disagree with the
measurements. So anyway I by the way
noticed I brought up here that the
prediction was made by Georges Lemaître
1927. I'll show you this picture to second.
In the middle there, he is with Albert
Einstein. Albert Einstein gave us in 1915
over in just a century ago, one
century in one year. The equations of
general relativity was tell us how to do
calculations about the universal. Gravity
reaching across space, so he gave us the
equations and from his perspective it
was obvious at the universe
be static. Must be having infinite age
must be just like this forever narrow
and so he was sure that was really
intuitive guy. He was wrong sometimes. Two guys Alexander Friedman and I on the
left took the equation Einstein gave
instead you know I don't think so.
Friedman in 1922 figured it out and then
he did not live to figure to find
out that he was right, because 1992 in Leningrad was a bad time
to be why alive, he died three years later
young man. 1927 George Lemaître of the
trochlear with Einstein figured it out
again, not knowing that had already been
done and he said I think the universe
started with a primeval atom something
that we can't quite describe, there's no
awesome nature that probably this way.
We go way beyond the loss of
interest we know about. Einstein said
that's gotta be wrong your mathematics
is correct, the physics is abominable. So
one very polite. A while before Einstein
was convinced and even after he's seen
the data from it when i was still wasn't
convinced eventually he was convinced by
their theorists that his theory had to
be wrong anyway. So by the way George
Lemaîtreis on the show on air in his
his
official garba as a Catholic priest,
which he also was is a MIT PhD physicist
as well as a Catholic priest to develop
a parish priest, so really truly
brilliant man who figured out a lot of
stuff and get a lot of credit for it. By
the way he went to see his boss the Pope.
The Pope said "well doesn't your a story
about this expanded universe confirm the
story of the Bible" he said "no doesn't so".
We've been having the discussion about
this for a long time engine, mentioned by
the way the pope has an observatory, Vatican Observatory and is operated in Arizona,
above the mountain out there. There is a
Vatican Astronomer who been there's been
worried why would one of them is called
Guy Consolmagno goes around giving
the public talks saying since I was
baptized and extraterrestrial so
interesting thinking Gurion. Other
people in this picture directly off in
1948 was refugee from the war in
Europe. And he had two colleagues George
Washington University. There Robert Herman and Ralph
Alpher, and so Herman and Alpher started
calculating the properties of the early
universe they said we know it should be
filled with heat radiation it was hot in
the beginning but hatred years still be
here somewhere and then calculated how
hot it should be five degrees above
absolute zero. Which is pretty close to
the number which is 217 it's really
remarkable how the way they got just by
thinking about it. They didn't have it
a computer, they had a slide rule and a piece of paper.
So now I want to perhaps your prize you
a lot of people always ask after my talk
about where was the middle of this
expanding universe, because people have
heard the story about the big bang and
the picture firecracker little bang. which
is not nearly big enough to explain the
whole thing. So what people objected the
big bang theory that often objecting to the idea of a little bang a
firecracker. Well you we actually have
seen as astronomers is an interesting
universe expanding into itself without
a sender or an edge, so here are my three
astronomers illustrating that they can
all have calculate age of the universe in
their race, but there's no grass
in outer space nobody knows who's
standing still moving, so we calculate
from Hubble's law at every astronomer on
every galaxy; everywhere in the expanding
universe will calculate that they are
center. So if everyone thinks you're at
the center there cannot be a center.
Which is also surprising to almost
everybody in the public. Everyone asked
me where was it? And "it was everywhere
everywhere everywhere" that means I don't
have to draw you a picture I can't draw
you a picture I cannot stand outside the
universe to draw you a picture of
universal. It's not a possibility of that
so okay so I hope you'll excuse my bad
drawing, now you might say well how did
we get here if the universe is expanding?
Because earth is not expanding and the
answer seems to be "gravity" reaching
across space has stopped the expansion
of the material and pulled it back
together again in places so the Stars
and the galaxies and Earth and the Sun
raw form directly reaching across the
pulling stuff back in. So this is
possible we got ways calculated we
have ways to simulated in the computer
and after it all gets going here we are.
So that's the basic idea and only work
is the early universe as a sufficiently
as the right structures of
the gravity sowe do that so we
now have a story to tell the early
history of universe. We have made in that
of it early universe.
I'll show you a little bit more how we
got it. It is got hot and cold spots
dense regions are less dense regions, so
the gravity could actually stop the
expansion in places and pulls stuff back
think the galaxies grew a small things
pulling together to form big things just
as the river is formed by small streams
coming together. I've got a picture of
the nearest neighbor big galaxy The
Andromeda Nebula there on the lower left
,and it has two of little satellites galaxies forming into it as well, so
some of you might remember the calvin
and hobbes comic strip. The name
horrendous space kablooie is Calvin
name for the Big Bang. I think it's a
more descriptive name because it doesn't
say something does not conjure up in
your mind firecracker. It did not catch we
still have to be banging that knows name
to Big Bang by the guy who hated Oh idea
so no wonder you don't like it. The name
stuck, but it's a wrong name. So we now
know from better measurements University
about 13.7 - 13.8 billion years old and we
have a story that is the fits together
explains everything we've seen so far.
Astronomers is called the standard model of
cosmology, so I'm not going to tell you
all the details is to say the expanding
the universe has expanded and cooled Material has formed into stars galaxies and
other details. So I want to jump ahead to
having the earth form because a lot of
people say well okay this with story
where the earth come from so this is not
my subject I've have an expert, but our
story is remarkably the Earth and Sun
are one through the age of the universe.
We are 4.6 billion years old about in
the university's three times at 13.8. Quite
constant is probably, so where did our
particularly system come from. Well it was
taught that the earth and moon which
is unique in the solar system was formed
by an object about the size of mars
striking the earth oh maybe 90 million
years after the formation of the solar
system. So I would could have been, then  we go from
the craters on the moon, elsewhere that then we were bombarded by comets and asteroids .
hundreds of millions of years and we have a simulation done in a computer that shows
how this might have happened. So this
computer simulation is showing you is
orbits of four large planets Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune or less it is
surgically state orbit surrounded by
little green dots which are the comets
and asteroids left over from formation of
the solar system. They ran like clock
work for all the time you would think
nothing will ever change but
this is just the action of gravity on
top she's there nothing mysterious but
just when you have gravity operating on
where the two things that can get
interesting, so what happened was the
solar system suddenly had rocks flying
everywhere this is probably the time
when the promotions performed but I see
things and fell on the earth and its
really an important part of our history
because that may be the thing amid just
right just enough water to fill up most
of the world with ocean and still leave
us some continents to live on. If we
didn't have nearly enough be very
different if we had a little bit more
there we only oceans and no continents, so this kind of special that
maybe this is the part of the reason.
Also we know by the way that at the end
of this bombardment with rocks the
oceans formed almost immediately right
within a few hundred million years we
have fossil record of life. So people
have thought for a long long time that
life must be very difficult form, but we
have one bit of evidence which is as
soon as it could happen it did happen. So it
wasn't so impossible as people imagine.
i'm going to jump ahead to cosmology and
because no this is part of my personal
history. In 1974 got a graduate school
thesis project and failed. Nasa asked for
proposals reduce my additions i said
loss my thesis project failed, We should
try to outer space, so he said okay
it's a good idea you know how about this
subject and we all of our friends that
we wrote a proposal and fifteen years
later Nasa launched us into space. To
measure the Big Bang, while we probably
manage would call expanding universe heat
radiation our objective was to see this
heat radiation that had to be there at
different times is it what is it running
the heat radiation.
it really that cosmic heat radiation and
really coming equally
from all directions. So the answer number
one was yes it's really the cosmic heat.
The prediction of the expanding universe
story is a smooth line on this curve and
the measurements are the little boxes. I
showed this to the astronomical society
in January of 1990 and they give it a
standing ovation. I thought doesn't
everybody know that's the right answer
anyway
we didn't know because we had that
measurements before that and it wasn't
that obvious, so anyway this is
really strong confirmation that
the radiation that we're looking at
microwave radiation is the remnant of
the early times of univers. So got
that and went on to the next discovery
is just another couple of years. The map
on the lower right hand corner shows you
that the universe has spots. Hot and Cold
spots and ridges that are desperate or
less dense than the average and this now
fits right into the picture that I gave
you that says gravity operating on dense
regions could stop them from expanding
and making them fall in make galaxies stars planets, so it had to operate on
something so there were some primeval
objects in the earliest expanding
universe. We call them primeval seeds
of the universe that would be
responsible for our existence. So as
Stephen Hawking saw that picture he said
that was the most important scientific
discovery of the century is not, all time.
"Thank you very much" to do that, so the
most important scientific discovery why
did he say that was so important. Well
you like to discovery well there are a
lot of important reasons why this
matters to us. Number one we wouldn't be
here if those prosper weren't there, at
least the way that we understand in
nature, so "thank you very much spots".
Number two we now think the most of them
come from dark matter, which is substance that only astronomers have been able to
detect, and they only reason we see we can
detect it is has gravity. So there's
making gravity in those spots; without
ninety percent of those spots route to
the dark matter, so thank you dark matter.
It's not just something that scientists
think is cute. So number three if you
really want to know what was there at
the earliest possible moment you could
imagine we think these spots come from
quantum mechanical fluctuations of the
priorities of material; whatever that was.
So we were going on we cannot tell you
what was there before the universe
started expanding, but if we ever do
understand what it was; we this will be
the evidence we need. So this was our big
discovery and with worldwide news around
all the time we've run the phone for
days and days talking to the news media.
So a few years later, we had to find out
that we were correctly but we did it
again my friends had borrowed it Kristen
flew another side way that made it even
better map then they agreed perfectly with the first map
and I've got a lot more detail,
so we were really thrilled now that
we've got a great answer in the highest
scheme and said you could get the right
answer for the first so George Spoon and
I have to collect our prize for
discovering the blackbody apartment is
the curve the curve of the little boxes
on it that says it's the theoretical
prediction perfectly. Anisotropy
An-stop means the same trophy
Direction universe had bumps, so that our
prize I get to go to Stockholm and show
my chart over and over. I still love showing and
get my diploma from the king of Sweden.
When you go to see the king you have
particulars short ceremony. First bow to
the king and then you bow to the committee
that chose you and bow to the audience
and then you go back to your seat hope
you don't trip. That was what my mind I
wasn't thinking about how cool it was i
was thinking not trip. That's
peculiarities of people anyway, so we've
had a few more cosmological discoveries
since then. Here's one that might
surprise you for many decades
astronomers was sure that the expanding
universe must be slowly down because
gravity will be pulling it back
it goes. Well wasn't true these folks and
the teams that they work with show that
the universe is going faster and faster
and we miss called properly speaking
this is cosmic acceleration. What we now know we misnamed, it the cosmic dark
energy was doesn't tell you anything new. All we really know the universe is going
faster and we call dark energy if we're
not hunting for a cause. So if our cause
has been determined so it seems to be
either a bug or a feature of gravity.
Einstein already had a place in his
equations for this and it was the same
place that, but interesting that universe
must truly be static. So it was right at
least once many times.It's
been very hard to find any fault with
what he did. We've had a century in 10
years to find out probably the special
relativity aspect I century to find that
fault with this general relativity
display. So my friends I have still
friends that think they're going to find
mistake.
So anyway price lugares for that will do
so now I wrap up with what we are doing
with a Webb telescope. Why is it
interesting especially different. So
after the hubble hubble telescope was
up there and working beautifully. A
committee which department for us to
tell us what to do next.And then a committee
wrote a very poetic report that said two
things please build a telescope that
can measure of infrared light from the
most distant universe and please figure
out how to see planets around other
stars to see if there if earth is
special different and rare. So we've done
both, so we are now in the process of
finishing off the infrared telescope
that they wanted and we are developing
the technology to do than that other
part. so why would they ask
for infrared capabilities. Well infrared
is the same as regular light, except the
valence urmacher and why would will be care? Number one the most distant universe
will be infrared light we receive it
even though it started off as visible
and ultraviolet shorter wavelengths. Number two, you can't do it on the ground
because the atmosphere is opaque at most
wavelengths of infrared and when it's
not opaque is glowing, because it's more
so you personally each one of us is
transmitting on 500 watts of infrared
power if you made a telescope out of out
of something and room temperature it
would glow with hundreds of watts of
power to. You would say how can I
possibly see something distant in the
universe with a telescope that's glowing.
So you can't so I guess the third point
is that the universe just looks
different when you
have infrared telescope. Here's the telescope here are some images illustrating that you're
seeing how to warm things are rather
than how what color they are. So you can
see the hot spots on the space show and
see that my friend with glasses on his
eyes are actually dark because the
glasses are darker are cooler than his
face. The cat on the other hand you can
see how warm the cat's eyes are because
they're not being covered with fur, so
now you can see the temperature of stuff
with the infrared so it's cool to do that. So
to speak so close to the telescope like
this here's James Webb telescope again
and I'll show you more about it. We
mentioned earlier that it's a project of
Europe and Canada and United States and
we have a big gross waste contractor
called Martha Graham that's been
responsible for the biggest chunks of it.
We have instrumentation that comes from
all over the world that converts the light
waves into digits to send back to the
earth. And those those are all been
finished and delivered by the way the
Hubble telescope is operated in
Baltimore. By the Space Telescope Science
Institute this one moving to so tell us
what was going to be cold so it doesn't
go it operates the temperature about 45
degrees above absolute zero, and is going
up on a European rocket which means that
when we are ready to launch it we will
put it on a boat and send it to french
island in October of 2018. And then it
will go up from there and I'll surely
where is going
Million miles out into space. This is a scary
project because to get a big enough
telescope in action folded up and put it
inside the right so here is our scary
movie, the telescope unfolding after launch. This is actually quicker than the real
thing it'll take a couple of weeks.
First we hadn't install a solar panels to
get electricity a little round a
tentative to talk to the earth. Then we
are unfolding a big umbrella and we call
this Sun shield.
separate the telescope from the warm
part of the spacecraft, so it would cool
off more. unroll the covers,
does all them by remote control, no astronaut anywhere nearby.
So it's all about my motors and cables.
might say is that awfully complicated sure
is. It's the only way we only get the
information we want. And we by the way
the company that's building from this
place said this is not the most
complicated thing you've ever done. So
this is just a reminder the only reason
astronomers can buy what we want to buy
his best defense firm already bought what they wanted to buy. I don't know what
that was then they want to buy, but it
has really sharp engineers they work for
these companies. So for those of you that
are thinking about what are you going to
do with your degree, that's possible one
possibility, so there it is the final
thing I just disappeared the mirrors are
not in focus by the way when we launched
they will be focused on afterwards. Here is
where we're sending the observatory.
There's a point there called with a
launch point two, and this is not to scale
so this is 93 million miles from the Sun
to earth 1 million miles from there to
Ell two. The orbit around it because we
don't want to be in the shadow of the
earth. And we'll be able to stay there
all your year. in fact we can there, for
at least 10 years because it takes a
little bit of fuel to stay in the right
place. Telescope would be overhead at
midnight for at least 10 years. So just
to give you a progress report, here is
the telescope as it was
tuesday at Goddard Space Flight Center.
We have the gigantic clean room as far
as I know it's the biggest one in the
world maybe the biggest one in the
universe. There's a total so you see
there 18 hexagons they're all februari
dark coverage to keep the dust off. This is  picture taken from perspective where
you really can't see the filters but
they're behind it on the far side of the
picture is a wall of air filter sleep
whole room is hardly perfectly clean
air. If allergies is really good for you.
We do it this way because you cannot
wash the telescope after you made it, so
you have to make just make it keep it
clean for ever. Don't touch it, don't
wash it dont anything to it;  just keep it
clean. So we're getting close to the end
another week or two it will take the
covers off you to be able to look at our
camera and say is that pretty, its gold. So
why don't use gold is the best reflector
for the infrared and it's very little
of it. The amount that's in my ring
takes to cover a mirror "very little".
We're going to make sure it's in focus
when we launch; we're going to take it
over to Houston. Where NASA has a really
really big vacuum tank, we could
put the whole telescope in there make sure
that it operates properly even when it's
very cold is it will be in outer space.
This is the same vacuum tank power apollo
astronaut used when they wanted to
practice getting out onto the surface of
the moon. So we've updated it so it has a
telescope, so what do we hope to see
here's a movie now something we couldn't
possibly see, but we need to find out
is if the movie turns out right. This is
a simulation of the expanding universe
turning into galaxies, so they done a
couple things first so we can see number
one they pretended the magnification so
that you don't see the expansion. Number
two they made a piece of universe rotate
in front of your eyes lunacy three
dimensional structure. So what it's doing
is over the course of a few billion
years gravity is stopping expansion
filling material back into making
galaxies in happens very quickly. Does
change over time
and at this point you start getting
explosions. The galaxy start to get a
black hole in the middle, which led out immense
amounts of energy and we have one of
those in the middle of our own galaxy.
And if one was going off now and would
be really hazardous to life. Even at this
distance, so this beautiful movie might
be true it might be sort of true it can
be exactly true as we started with a
guess about how the universe was not
with a real thing of course, but it has
things in an epic about the galaxies we
see today. And you know watch grow big
movie. So I'm going to know if this movie
is correct we had to take snapshots of
this piece of universe in the
imagination and build up a picture of
what a photograph of the star would
actually look like that's that all it
requires a lot of computing and a lot of
imagination going to do that. So
eventually we should be able to say the
universe is like the movie sets, but now a
person because we've got the movie you
can say I love watching the movie
watching this movie, so this time we just
past the point where the solar systems
began to be formed at age of 9 billion
years of the universe so it keeps on
right he gets quieter and quieter a lot
less of that explosion going on.
This is just about the first time of
this the computer people have said we
think this could be right. It's
taken decades and decades to get to this
point. And I think it's a beautiful
 movie took a lot of people and
as a lot of computer time to do it, so
something else that we want with this
personally. But he is coming to us this
is in our future something like this
yeah beautiful Andromeda Nebula, that you
can see with your own eyes that's two
and a half million light-years away. It's
coming at us for your head on collision
so when galaxies collide like this what
happens is the stars but right past each
other than this, but eventually there
everything pulls everything together
anyway and these two beautiful galaxies
will become one. Very different kind of
galaxies, so if we don't know of course
we'll go back into the solar system by
the time that this occurs; it will be
difficult for us to live here at all
that's a whole other question. But if
you're in a astronomer at that time it
will be very exciting.
Just about it at this point there's a
black hole in the middle of each one and
the two black holes will meet and start
sending out Jets of material and "there
they go". It totally disrupted galaxy
that's nothing like regional, but could
be in our future something like that. So
couple others needs to show you that we
expected try to work on. We would like to
know how will be so much solar system
was formed, so you've seen other people
solar system being formed close by. We
want to keep on going on that problem, so
this is one of our most beautiful NASA
pictures is called "Eagle Nebula"
officially. The popular name is pillar
of creation. Because what we see here our
stars that have just been born and are
being born inside these clouds of dust,
and astronomers love these pictures
because are beautiful but they're also a
little frustrating because you cannot
see what we want to see inside the
cloudy. So let's try to create, so as we
can try me create use a little bit longer
wavelength. We see the same place looking
different. This picture was taken on the
ground using the telescope in
Chile and it's a very different picture
basically they show you anything book
inside the best part is you can use use
the infrared wavelengths. Closer to home
we will be studying planets. We have
pictures of planets already orbiting
other stars. Some of you can get there
big and bright using a telescope on the
ground after work really hard it ahead you
can do it. If you go into space you can
sometimes see something like the one on
the lower right corner is called the
Fomalhaut, which is the name of a start
for Stephen by the arrows many
generations ago the star has a window of
dust or being around a problem like the
dust rings around Saturn and people look
at that said "well there has to be a
planet right there because that's what it
would take to organize the dust into a
ring." And then looked it was there, so
we've seen this planet out there are
several times you know it's orbit than
everything now, so this is the one with
the direct looked at the planet, but
it only works for really bright planets.
Because there's all kind of interference from bright star. The other way than we have
is this one wait for it, a planet to go in
front of the start it will box of the
starlight and then go away again, so now
instead of this very carefully other
people will discover this for us. We have
already counted thousands of these
things. Is this the planet is really
bright; then you can also tell it goes behind
the star. The planet will be blocked by the star that was part of the web came from the
planet. So both of these ways really work,
already tested in space with space
telescope. So now we have a special
opportunity we can learn about the
chemistry of another planet around
another star; because some of the
Starlight goes through the atmosphere, of
that kind of honest way to the telescope
and we can analyze that are, so we will
be looking for how much quite the person
are those planets way out there. We are
kind of hopeful that if somebody to say
here's a largest version of Earth going
around a small version of the Sun it
went to be able tell if that planet
an ocean, has enough water vapor to have a
ocean, so that would be the closest we
can get that we know of telling
whether that planet life way out there is like home, so I know we'll
try and tell you when we get it if we do.
No guarantee this is about the hardest
thing. We thought of trial by a person
ambition is not limited so were you
thinking about what we do next. So we
would like to know whether there's life
those planets out there, what we really
want to know how about oxygen. Here on
earth we have oxygen because of plants
and algae and it will all over a pretty
darn soon as they start making plant
started making oxygen for us. So let's
make a telescope that could in principle
pick up the light of the planet and see
that oxygen. What we think we need is
this quantity lower right which is a lot
bigger than the west telescope let's go with a newer about 12 years across was just
getting up towards 40 feet, so Florida
see me even in this auditory might be
about 40 feet, so imagine if you were that
big; there is no possible rocket to lift
for such a telescope.
Must be folded up, so it's going to be
another folding telescope, if we do this. We
would like try this it's not the only
thing we would like to try, so we'll
get to it when we get to it. In the next
few decades we could tell you we found
life on another planet, even if we don't go
there in person or whatever well, so just
a little speculation about what long term
future was coming next. Here on earth
we can see what we are doing we are
using up everything we can, we're digging
up all the coal, oil what about the iron are all the
top at work some things are going to get
scarce and who have to deal with it. The
ocean it doesn't like us doing this. Its
sea level is rising and people are
getting kind of cranky about it. I don't
know what we're going to do about it I
think he's certainly capable of dealing
with it one way or another. You can will say
we decide not to do that anymore or we
got decide to do that we're going to
deal with the consequences but one way
or another there will be people here for
a long time. "That's what I think, because
we're just very ingenious and very
determined that we can manage stuff."
There are a few things that are going to
be harder for us in about a billion
years the sun will be so bright that
we can't live here. You just know its stars
get brighter is any old. so let's give a
home space travel I think
my personal objective is to do what I
can to make sure that civilization can last
last a billion years. So I don't know
what it takes but I thinking about, so
invite you to think about that question.
If you wait a really long time like five
billion years the Sun will become a red
giant; which means it spells out to the
size of the first permit so that's
really hot. Yes anyway better develop
some better space travel. That beautiful
Andromeda Nebula that's coming toward us. Is going to arrive by then, I don't
know who's going to be here, maybe it
would be a robot right by then. Eventually
the Sun will go out, which means that it
doesn't really go out it just shrinks
down to a bright dwarf. Which is
about the size of the earth and it will
be very hot but very small, so that means
anybody that's still living in the
neighborhood, will have to move back in to
stay alive or cope with being cold very
long term who knows?
No the fuel is gone things go out course.
But nobody knows what really happens.
nobody knows why the universe is accelerating;
nobody knows whether it will
continue to do that forever. Seems science
fiction stories is a reset button.
In reality there might be one too; because
they're lots of ideas about how gravity
works. So who knows about that i don't
know and i can never tell you that;
because i'm not going to be here when we
find out. But how far could we go; i'd like to
point out that it will we already have
robots on the planets or this is all
planet even the dwarf planet Pluto. We've
been to all of them with our robots and
we have robots crawling around on Mars
examining the geology; taking pictures.
The next one that goes will be able to
collect rocks prepare them to bring home.
We're getting there towards robotic
travel and exploration. They are already
drilling holes in the bottom of the
ocean get well very good at that. When we
go down to Houston and, we say how are we getting our stuff ready for this giant
vacuum tank? Losing up in estero
with new oil rigs. You've got gigantic
equipment and it makes our stuff looks
small, so anyway there's that part to
grow back sorry bro and we're getting
better at that. They don't mind that this
vacuum and cold out there. Computers are
getting smarter every year and I don't
know what's going to happen with that,
but I think people are obviously working
as hard as they can, commercial sources
by IBM, Google; Apple they're all working
on artificial intelligence. You have to
know that the intelligence agencies are
working on artificial intelligence, because they need to listen to us and all of
everybody else, so you guys anybody doing
something bad so they kind of be working
on it. And I don't know a thing about it
but we just know they have to be doing
that. And not only our agencies but other
people to agencies. Other countries have
got to be working on this too, so this is
obviously an arms race of artificial
intelligence. So, we can't stop it;
we can't say stop that, we are going to
have to deal with it, but we will. People we
don't like vacuum, we don't want going to
outer space but without a spacesuit. So
we want to travel we're going to have a
lot of help from our robotic friends, but
we really need to go fast you, need to be
able to make the fusion reaction that
people been talking about here on earth
So after fusion reaction cheap electricity.
Well I don't know if we're going to give that here,because we got free solar powered every day.
All you have to do is put out your hands
and click it, so if you want to go traveling
quickly between the planets or long-term
travels with the Stars, we need the
equivalent for for space travel. So how
far can you go? I think robots could go
the nearby stars, they could take
organic life with them. If we learn how
to go to sleep for a hundred thousand
years and wake up again maybe we can say
robot wake me up when we get there. I don't think we're going to have star wars
though, work pride doesn't occur and
anywhere in Einstein.  So broke even the
robot will have to be patient to another
star, but they could so let me just close
the same there's lots more information
available for people that want it.
There is a little paperback book called "The Very First Light" that tells the story of the
cosmic background explorer satellite.
We have web sites everywhere and if you
want to know about all the Nobel Prize
work, the people do really
website themselves. Soo thank you very
much for coming, Ill be happy to take question
nobody else you have to bring out the
screen the shield for the Space
Telescope "how do you deal with the
thermal extremes"?  "How to deal with
the thermal in extremes and telescope
have to fix". What's got to be able to be
both warm and cold because there will be
a period of time before we got folded
everything the sunshine is shining on it
and then after it's all unfolded
probably get a really cold, so you just
have to design for it. High
temperature and low, it's not so easy
we could melt stuff if we don't watch out.
If you leave a wrench in the grass the
Sun shines on it burn your fingers on it. So
you know how hard that is. So how the
circuitry work? circuitry designed
to take the temperature, and the circuit
is actually here you know what happened
together we can control that.
A year ago, or two there was an opportunity in major, but
By George Ellis, and Joe Senk, they provide in physics, thats what they called. I remember when they did that.
was about how to make sense of the
foundational key reason physics and
empirical carrier system. I wondering
what's your view on it and the second
half of the question is do you think
there is a need to there's for
students to take more courses in
velocity science, who are mathematics  majors or
physics majors before going to graduate  school? Oh, you ask such easy
questions, he's asking basically about process
in physics. Where there's so many
fundamental things we don't properly
understand, and should we take philosophy
courses to deal with that and so I don't
have a good answer. I don't particularly
think we're doing it wrong, I think each
of us works on what we can work on, as is
teaching matter. If you're trying to
design it an apparatus to answer a
question, it's good to be looking wide,
rather than having a particular thing
you're trying to test. So this is a for
instance a general-purpose telescope but
we don't know what people are going to
point at. If you want to use the
telescope you at the register proposal
to say my idea is good because. So to
tell you the truth had not been
impressed with what the philosophers
have done for science. They have not told
us anything we didn't already know about
space and time. We all chew on this
question, what our space and time? They are not made
of something else; they're just what the
elementary thing we have to think
about. We can't even tell if it's space
expanding or if matters moving through
space. That's pretty different oh we
can't there's no measurement that we
have that can tell the difference. So
what is it? So people always want to know
where space and time, and I never been
answered and the philosophers had not
helped us a bit, sorry tell them that.
Philosophers work on a completely
different process, which impressed me
greatly they're talking a long time with
a philosopher and he was able to
reproduce for me the next day what I had
said. In the sequence of the wrong
logical argument, then that's their
currency and it worked really well, but
it doesn't tell you what nature does. It
tells you how language and logics
work. Nature doesn't obey our opinion.
It is we just have to look at it and find out  what it is, that's my feeling.
Well there is no critical data, most of the critical side physics once was the facts was the best one logic of the data is there another way to access the data
I think that beyond my capabilities to
do practically answer your question.
Maybe we should try a another question. What's your favorite solution to the perfect
paradox? The favorite solutions affirming
perfect paradox, which is where is
everybody where are all the
extraterrestrials? If there are lots of
people why did they come here already?
And so I guess during my
favorite solution is its too damn far;
even if you're a robot you get bored
along the trip why would he suppose there's a robotic civilization on nearest star.
They still say I don't want to go, i'm
lonely I like to meet with my friendly
robots. So I would they come? That's my
opinion, so they could be talking to us
and we have listen to what, that's
my guess it's too damn far that's it.
So but I'm not telling all our secret.
Is there any evidence in the
microwave background data that we have
or possible evidence in the Webb
telescope that we get insight into the
existence of a multiverse? So the
question is there anything we can get
about the existence of the multiverse?
And I don't think we have anything with
we observed that I've heard, that would
tell us about the multiverse wait there
is a possibility you could find out into
the universe that we see is really
uniform on infinite scale, there's a hope
that you can see well maybe part of the
universe over there is really a little
different than that part over there, that's
the equation we can calculate all assume
is perfectly the same everywhere. Then
you den Einstein's equations have a
solution; it doesn't mean nature-based
our opinion, so we gotta look for that. I
don't I don't have not heard a single
thing that we could measure that would
tell us about no multiverse. We could
make a mathematical description that we
really like; that wouldn't improve thing, but
we really like it. "Okay up, there in the
green"
so as telescope in reach of the astronaut? Not yet, we don't have any equipment work
rocket or anything that can go that far
away and come back with an astronaut.
Not impossible; you're building these space
launch system which is the biggest
rocket we've ever had, and it would be
able to start astronauts out there and
come back. We did not set it up a little
repair shop, so we are planning not to
needed. So it's coming but it's not
available now.  So the universe being 13.8
billion years and the Sun has been around
for about 5 billion to be another seven billion
years around
sun finally dies out. My question is that the sun is a third generation star,
What was, how long ago was the first generation star exploded or died out? okay so this question is what was the
What was the first generation stars and the
prediction is they happen within a
couple of hundred million years after
the expansion started, so long time ago
that like out of out of 13.8 billion
that like point one point two billion, so
almost immediately the first generation
of stars over to starve and born and
died. It lasts only a few million
years before they blow up, so the first
things that happened in the neighborhood
suddenly it's all polluted with only
heavier elements, so in principle there
could have been a new generation of
planets stars and planets even one or two hundred million years, after the event after
the expansion starts. Could have been a
planet of life, so that's one of the big
questions of why open house would
have life have occurred, nobody knows that
answer, but I'd like to know more
questions "way in the back"
You said fire cracker was a bad analogy, could you give a better analogy?
yeah well we really see is that
everything is running away from us, in
every direction, so infinite universe
expanding into itself infinite leads no
edge and no center. So if it were
disbanded you'd say was fine; universe
could be infinite in all directions with no center and no edge.
We would not complain about it would have been a surprise because we tend to think of
things that have limits. But even the
ancient Greeks were asking this question,
Can you fall off the edge enough space?
And the answer, we seem to have is no you
can't. What's the interest in addition
that astronomers have made is
expanding to, its expanding into itself.
So there's no first moment, just like
there's no smallest positive number.
There's no at last moment, there's no
edge there's no last spot in space, so
this is what it means to be infinite and
and have no boundaries.
So it's a bit of that is that better? Is
it just don't believe it yet, so I most
people hear the story of the big bang and that can't be right, and that's because
they're thinking of it firecrackers. I
think this correct.
if we move the moon distance away, we'll things be the same, will nobody tell the
difference if you move a billion
light-years away would have been
different, yeah billion in far enough,
because those people were
there really receiving a life of a
different slice of universe.
How much is how heavy is your telescope would be?
So it's discovered by
how is your rocket, if you can get a bigger
rocket you can carry my stuff. So if use of the space rocket
system that we're building for
astronauts to use, could be a lot heavier.
Now heavier makes easier in a lot of
ways, it's really hard to make a good
mirror that offers light. Wants to bend and twist, so maybe we'll get easier when we get that right
So the question is, will
gravitational waves affect our
perception of the universe. Well so far
two things happened; one must be detected
incorrectly and everybody, I think has
probably for this as a result of two
black holes that combined together
really fast, so they were orbiting around
about a hundred second. Two black
holes and hundreds of kilometers apart.
Were  orbiting around each other hundred times a second to the amazing and we got
to listen to them because we build a
laser equipment to feel the attempt this
change of the spacing between two mirrors, pretty amazing so we did that nothing
was so surprising about this about
relativity. Einstein said it should be so,
what was the surprise that we can build
the equipment to find it. Because the
thing that happened happened about a
million light-years away, and that is
really amazing because the signal
a billions light years away, so now what we
got to do next is to see what else is
happening, so not only do black holes
supposed to join together and, we saw
that how about neutron stars neutron
stars also ought to be able to joined
together and when that happens it will
go at a higher pitch, because they're
smaller and and maybe we'll even get a
spark; an x-ray flash for something
and so we learn not have a new tool for
astronomy. Which means it will show us
some surprises, so people even said we
think those black hole were actually
inside a single star. Could that be what
we'll find out, so lots of 
mysteries that we have not opened up
with a new astronomy tool, I don't think
we're going to get surprised about
physics we're going to get a lot of
surprises astronomy.
So let's thank our speaker one more
time.
