 
### OBEDIENT UNTO DEATH

### A Guide for the Interpretation of Paul's Epistle to the Philippians

By William H. Lawson

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Your attitude should be the same as Christ Jesus:

Who, though he was in the form of God,

did not consider equality with God something to be grasped;

but he emptied himself by taking the form of a servant,

by being made in human likeness;

and being found in appearance as a man

he humbled himself and became obedient to death—

even death on a cross! (Philippians 2:5-8)

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Copyright 1992 William H. Lawson

Revised 2003, 2018

Smashwords Edition

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Dedicated to my students and colleagues in Asia. May the Lord bless you as you seek to hear him speak through his word.

### TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER TWO: I CONTINUALLY GIVE THANKS (Philippians 1:3-11)

CHAPTER THREE: I CONTINUALLY REJOICE (Philippians 1:12-18a)

CHAPTER FOUR: I WILL ALSO CONTINUE REJOICING (Philippians 1:18b-26)

CHAPTER FIVE: IN A MANNER WORTHY OF THE GOSPEL(Philippians 1:27-30)

CHAPTER SIX: BEING LIKE ONE PERSON (Philippians 2:1-11)

CHAPTER SEVEN: WORK OUT YOUR OWN SALVATION (Philippians 2:12-18)

CHAPTER EIGHT: HOLD SUCH MEN IN HONOR (Philippians 2:19-30)

CHAPTER NINE: BE CONTINUALLY ALERT (Philippians 3:1-11)

CHAPTER TEN: I KEEP PURSUING DILIGENTLY (Philippians 3:12-16)

CHAPTER ELEVEN: THEIR GOD IS THEIR STOMACH (Philippians 3:17-21)

CHAPTER TWELVE: CONTINUALLY STAND IN THE LORD (Philippians 4:1-9)

CHAPTER THIRTEEN: I AM ABLE TO DO ALL THINGS (Philippians 4:10-20)

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

### PREFACE

Christians often struggle to hear God speak through the Bible. Even Christian ministers sometimes do not understand the message of the Bible. The problem in part is that sound principles and methods for interpreting the Bible are not known or practiced. Instead, everyone does what is right in his or her own eyes.

In Ears to Hear: A Guide for the Interpretation of the Bible I provide principles, methods, and procedures for Christians and ministers as they seek to hear God speak through the Bible and communicate the message of the Bible to those who need a word from God. This guide supplements Ears to Hear by illustrating the principles, methods, and procedures introduced in that guide through practicing them on Paul's Epistle to the Philippians. This guide is not intended to be a commentary on Paul's Epistle to the Philippians. Instead, it contains the results of my personal struggle to hear God speak through Paul's Epistle to the Philippians and determine the best way to communicate its message. Therefore, its value is primarily as an example for you as you undertake a similar struggle. Biblical interpretation is best learned by practice. Paul's Epistle to the Philippians has been chosen because it is a manageable study that provides ample material for illustrating the methods described in the other book as they are applied to the New Testament. A companion volume is also available that illustrates these principles, methods, and procedures on an Old Testament book—The Lion Roars: A Guide for the Interpretation of the Book of Amos.

The first chapter contains my introductory study of Paul's Epistle to the Philippians and illustrates the method and procedures introduced in unit 2 of Ears to Hear. Chapters 2 through 13 contain my interpretations of the individual passages in Paul's Epistle to the Philippians and illustrate the method and procedures introduced in units 3 through 6 of Ears to Hear.

It is my earnest desire that you would not only benefit from my study of Paul's Epistle to the Philippians but that you would also use the methodologies illustrated within this book in your interpretation of the Bible.

William H. Lawson

### CHAPTER ONE
### INTRODUCTION TO PAUL'S EPISTLE TO THE PHILIPPIANS

**Background and Purpose**

Authorship

The evidence within Philippians testifies strongly for Pauline authorship. Foremost, the author claims to be Paul (1:1). Furthermore, the author's self-revelation is consistent with what is known of Paul from Acts and the other Pauline epistles. In addition, Pauline authorship of Philippians seems never to have been questioned within the early church. Allusions to Philippians can be found in Clement, Ignatius, Justin Martyr and others. Polycarp of Smyrna refers to Paul having written to the Philippians. Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian and the later church fathers quote from Philippians and acknowledge Paul as the author. Philippians was included in the earliest canonical lists and Pauline authorship was presupposed. During the modern critical period some scholars have questioned the Pauline authorship of Philippians or suggested that some of the epistle was added later by another hand, but none have gained wide following.

Place and Date of Writing

There is some evidence within Philippians to help determine the place and date of writing. Foremost is the fact that Paul was a prisoner when he wrote the epistle (1:7, 13, 17). The problem is that Acts records imprisonments of Paul in Caesaria (Acts 23-26) and Rome (Acts 28) and Paul himself writes that he has been imprisoned on numerous occasions (2 Cor. 6:5, 11:23). The nature of this imprisonment is also described indirectly in Philippians and provides evidence for speculation on the location of Paul's imprisonment. Where Paul was imprisoned there was a praetorium (1:13) and members of Caesar's household (4:22). Paul experienced relative freedom. The possibility existed that this imprisonment could end in death (1:19-20, 2:17) or release (1:25, 2:24). Timothy was with Paul in the city of his imprisonment (1:1, 2:19-23). Paul planned to visit Philippi when he was released from prison (2:24). A long stay in prison or a short distance from Philippi is required by the many communications between Paul and the Philippians Christians. Even with this abundant evidence, however, it is very difficult to come to a definite decision about the origin of the letter.

The traditional view is that Paul wrote Philippians from prison in Rome in the early 60's. Several arguments have been presented in favor of a Roman origin for the letter. First, the praetorium most naturally applies to the imperial guard at Rome. Second, the reference to those in Caesar's household is best explained if Paul is in the city where Caesar resides. Third, Paul's relative freedom is consistent with the description of his imprisonment in Acts 28. Finally, Paul's expectation that he will either be executed or released suggests Rome because at any other location Paul, as a Roman citizen, could appeal his case to Caesar and he would be transported to Rome for trial.

Despite this strong evidence in favor of Rome as the site where Paul wrote the epistle several objections have been raised. First, the word praetorium was usually used to refer to the palace of the governor of a province and this would exclude Rome. Second, those of the household of Caesar were probably imperial slaves who could be found throughout the Roman Empire. Third, the frequent contacts between Philippi and the place of Paul's imprisonment make Rome difficult because of the distance between the two cities, especially considering his expectation that Timothy return to him shortly (2:19) and that he sent the recently ill Epaphroditus on the journey (2:25-30). Fourth, Acts gives no indication that Timothy was with Paul in Rome as he was when Paul wrote this epistle.

Another suggestion is that Paul wrote Philippians from Caesaria a few years earlier. Paul's references to the Praetorium and the household of Caesar would certainly be appropriate in this imperial city and Paul is even said to be imprisoned in a praetorium at Caesaria in Acts 23:35. The freedom of Paul's house arrest at Caesaria corresponds well with what is reflected in Philippians. An imprisonment of at least two years (Acts 24:27) may help to explain the numerous communications between Paul and the Philippians. Acts also records that Timothy attended Paul during his Caesaria imprisonment as he did when Paul wrote Philippians. Though Caesaria may help explain some of the difficulties of a Roman origin it has its own difficulties. Caesaria is even farther from Philippi than Rome and explaining Paul's expectation of a quick return by Timothy and sending the recently ill Epaphroditus on such a long journey becomes even more incongruous. Perhaps even more significant is the fact that Paul was threatened by the possibility of death when writing Philippians and no such threat is reflected in the Acts account of Paul's imprisonment in Caesaria.

An interesting proposal has been advanced which asserts that Paul wrote Philippians during an earlier imprisonment in Ephesus. Though the Book of Acts does not mention an Ephesian imprisonment, Paul does make allusion to other imprisonments. Furthermore, Paul did experience persecution during his ministry in Ephesus (1 Cor. 4:9-13, 9:8; 2 Cor. 1:8-9, 4:8-12; Gal 3:15) and perhaps imprisonment. Ephesus was much closer to Philippi and would account for the frequent communication between Paul and the Philippians. Paul's plans to send Timothy and then come himself correspond with Acts 19:22, 20:1; 1 Cor. 4:17, 16;5, 10. Philippians is also much closer in style to the earlier epistles of Paul. Several difficulties exist, however, with Ephesus as the place where Paul wrote his letter to the Philippians. First, it must be born in mind that there is no concrete evidence for a Pauline imprisonment in Ephesus. Second, Paul's portrayal of the church in the city of his imprisonment does not correspond with what is known of the Ephesian church. The church where Paul is imprisoned had a substantial number who were antagonistic to Paul (1:15-17) and self-seeking (2:20-21), whereas the Ephesian church was unified in its loyalty to Paul and Paul's close friends Aquila and Pricilla ministered there. Finally, it is hard to explain the threat of death found in Philippians if Ephesus was where it was written because Paul could have appealed his case to Rome.

Because of the inconclusive nature of the evidence at this time it is impossible to determine with certainty the place where Paul wrote his epistle to the Philippians and when it was written. However, Rome in the early 60's remains the best working hypothesis. Fortunately, the place and date of the writing of Philippians is not crucial for understanding the meaning of the epistle (See Guthrie, 526-536 for an extremely thorough analysis of place and date of writing).

Situation and Purpose

Paul's epistle is addressed "To all the saints in Christ Jesus at Philippi, together with the overseers and deacons." Athenian colonists founded Philippi in around 360 BC. The new city soon came under attack, however, and appealed to king Philip who sent troops, built a fort, and named the new city after himself. The fortified city served as a source of protection for nearby gold mines and a strategic road leading from the West to the East. The Romans took over the city from the Persians in 168 BC. In 42 BC Octavian and Anthony defeated Brutus and Cassius near Philippi. Octavian recognized the city's strategic location and established a military colony there. The new citizens of Philippi were given rights and privileges and cherished their Roman heritage.

Paul's initial visit to Philippi and the founding of the church is recorded in Acts 16. According to the Acts account, Paul's visit to Philippi was directed by God's Spirit who forbid his entrance into Bithynia and gave him the vision of the Macedonian begging, "Come over to Macedonia and help us!" After arriving at Philippi, Paul went out to a Jewish place of prayer. A woman named Lydia responded to Paul's message and opened her house as the base of operations for Paul's ministry. One day on the way to the place of prayer Paul was being annoyed by a fortuneteller who had a spirit of divination. He commanded the spirit to come out of her and was brought up on charges by her distraught owners of "advocating customs unlawful for us Romans to accept or practice." He and Silas were beaten and thrown into prison. About midnight, while they were singing hymns and praying, there was an earthquake and all the prison doors were opened. The jailer, thinking that the prisoners must have escaped, was about to kill himself, but Paul stopped him and the grateful jailer came to believe in Christ. The next day the magistrates sent word for Paul and Silas to be released, but Paul revealed that he was a Roman citizen and demanded that the magistrates themselves release him. After his release Paul went to Lydia's house, encouraged the Christian there, and them departed.

Though Paul's stay in Philippi was short his relationship with the Philippian church became deep and lasting. They provided financial aid to him while he was ministering in Thessalonica and Paul's Epistle to the Philippians is in part a thank you note for another gift sent by Epaphroditus. Because of Paul's reluctance to accept gifts from churches on other occasions and numerous references in the epistle it seems that Paul felt a special partnership with the Christians in Philippi.

The church at Philippi seems to have been fairly strong, but Paul recognized several forces which might be eroding the strength of the Christians and threatening their endurance. First, Paul alludes to opponents and identifies their struggle with the struggle he had while he was with them and was still undergoing (1:28, 30). When Paul was with them the opposition he faced came from a predominantly Roman culture, which was resistant to the gospel. The opposition he still faced, though instigated in all probability by Jews, was imprisonment by Romans. The opposition alluded to here, therefore, was probably from the Roman culture in Philippi which was resistant to the gospel and those who proclaimed it. Another related concern possibly was the reaction of the Philippian Christians to Paul's imprisonment, which might have caused a crisis of faith. How could Almighty God allow his apostle to be at the mercy of pagan rulers?

Second, Paul feared that divisions might weaken the church. Paul recognized that strength for trying times comes from a unified church fellowship. Therefore, he sought to encourage the Philippian Christians to be united (1:27-30). He specifically mentions a dispute between Euodia and Syntyche that he seeks to resolve (4:2-3). In addressing the problem of disunity in general Paul identified the root causes as selfishness and vanity and sought to encourage concern for others and humility (2:1-11). To what extent the Philippians were experiencing a problem with divisions is uncertain, but Paul felt it was threat enough for him to spend a considerable amount of space dealing with it.

Third, Paul was concerned about false teachers corrupting the church, a problem that he addresses in chapter 3. The identity of these false teachers is illusive. Many attempts have been made to identify these teachers with Jews, Jewish Christians, spiritualists, and others. The difficulty is that the variety of the threat described in chapter 3 is hard to associate with any one group (See Silva, 9-10 for an attempt to identify Paul's opponents as one group). The specific dangers he warns against are superficial religion (3:1-11), self-satisfaction and complacency (3:12-16), and a worldly perspective and lifestyle (3:17-21). Paul's warning against superficial religion is specifically related to Judaism and its emphasis on family heritage, observance of rituals, and obedience to laws. Paul's warning against self-satisfaction and complacency could be related to Judaism as well because the appearance of piety often leads to self-satisfaction and complacency. However, the threat also has similarities with other groups that Paul encountered like those in Corinth that were self-satisfied and complacent because of their emphasis on fulfillment. Paul's warning against a worldly perspective and lifestyle seems to be most naturally related to this latter group because in addition to its emphasis on fulfillment, it also stressed the freedom and rights of Christians and denied the reality of suffering.

A final concern is only indirectly reflected in the epistle. In 4:10-20 Paul gives his formal acknowledgement of the gift that the Philippian Christians have sent him. However, within this thank you note Paul indicates a concern for the continued faith of the Philippian Christians in God to provide for their needs. Furthermore, in 2 Corinthians 8:1-5 Paul uses the Philippian Christians as an example of sacrificial giving and in verse two he says, "Out of the most severe trial, their overflowing joy and extreme poverty welled up in rich generosity." Therefore, it appears that the Philippian Christians were experiencing great deprivation.

Paul did not lack for reasons to write the Philippian Christians. Certainly he wanted to thank them for their gift, inform them of his current situation, respond to their concern for Epaphroditus, tell them of his plans to send Timothy, and mediate a dispute between Euodia and Syntyche. However, Paul's preeminent purpose in writing the epistle was to encourage the believers in Philippi to remain faithful to God even though they were struggling for numerous reasons. He wanted them to be "obedient unto death" just as their Lord Jesus had been obedient. In order to help them attain this goal he sought to build up the faith in God as they encountered opposition; teach them how they could experience unity; warn them against dangerous influences; and assure them of God's provision for their needs.

Biblical Context and Role

The Bible is divided into the Old and New Testaments. Paul's Epistle to the Philippians is in the New Testament. The New Testament is divided into the Gospels, the Book of Acts (History), the Epistles, and the Book of Revelation (Apocalypse). Paul's Epistle to the Philippians is in the New Testament division containing the Epistles. The Epistles serve generally within the New Testament to provide instruction, encouragement, and warning for churches as Christians seek to live out the implications of Christianity that are revealed by the Gospels and illustrated in the Book of Acts. The Epistles can be generally divided into the epistles of Paul and the epistles of others. Paul's epistles can be further divided into his epistles to churches and his epistles to individuals. Philippians is among his epistles to churches. Philippians provides specific instruction for churches relative to persecution, disunity, false teaching, and hardship. The close relationship of Philippians to other epistles of Paul makes familiarity with other epistles of Paul helpful when studying Philippians. Philippians does seem to have a distinct emphasis on the joy of the Christian life no matter what circumstances Christians may encounter.

Genre and Function

Paul's Epistle to the Philippians is obviously an epistle, but what is an epistle? An epistle or letter is even today a common means of communication between people who cannot be with one another. New Testament epistles are letters written by an authoritative and caring Christian teacher to give practical guidance for churches and individuals experiencing problems or facing challenges. In the case of Paul, he employed letters to communicate with and minister to his churches and associates when their situation warranted a visit but circumstances made a visit impossible. Two important characteristics of Paul's epistles are implied in this understanding of their basic nature. First, for the most part Paul's epistles were written to specific churches and individuals with specific needs and must be interpreted in the context of the original situation. Second, Paul was writing as a minister and apostle and his letters, as substitutes for his presence, were primarily intended as ministry and carried with them Paul's apostolic authority (Fee, 1-24 contributes a detailed consideration of Philippians as a letter).

Paul's epistles normally follow a characteristic pattern. They begin with an address that identifies the sender, recipients and pronounces a blessing in the name of God. A thanksgiving and report of Paul's prayer life on behalf of the recipients normally follow this address. Next, comes the body of the letter in which Paul deals with the needs of the church. Finally, there are usually some closing greetings and a blessing. Paul's epistles contain a number of conventional epistolary forms such as an opening address and blessing, thanksgiving and report of prayer, personal report, and concluding greeting and blessing. These forms function in subtle ways to convey a message. However, the nature and function of these forms is beyond the scope of this general study and must be deferred until those passages that take these forms are studied.

New Testament epistles are dominated by epistolary exhortation. Epistolary exhortation can be generally defined as commands and prohibitions (whether direct, indirect, or implied) reinforced by explanations and reasoned arguments. In epistolary exhortation direct or indirect commands and prohibitions usually indicate the appropriate response. These commands and prohibitions are usually supplemented and reinforced with explanations and reasoned arguments that clarify and provide motivation for obedience. However, in many cases the indication of the appropriate response is incomplete or absent altogether. In these cases the appropriate response must be implied from the explanations and reasoned arguments. Occasionally there will only be commands and/or prohibitions with no explanations or reasoned arguments. In these cases the authority of the teacher alone compels obedience. The body of instruction in Paul's Epistle to the Philippians corresponds generally to this use of epistolary exhortation.

Within Paul's exhortations, he frequently appeals to his own example and the example of others. In Philippians, Paul sets the example of faith in trial (1:12-26), obedience to the point of death (2:12-18), intimacy with Christ rather than superficial religion (3:1-11), diligence rather than self-satisfaction and complacency (3:12-16), a heavenly lifestyle rather than worldliness (3:17-21), and reliance on God in deprivation (4:10-20). In addition, Paul appeals to the example of the humility, self-sacrifice, and obedience of Jesus Christ (2:5-11). Furthermore, Paul appeals to the examples of Timothy and Epaphroditus (2:19-30). These examples model a standard of conduct. As Paul says in 3:17-21, "Join together in constantly imitating me, brothers, and continually set as your goal those who consistently live as you have us as an example."

Strategy and Structure

Paul's Epistle to the Philippians is structured according to the general pattern of most New Testament epistles. The epistle is introduced with a characteristic address and thanksgiving and prayer (1:1-11). The epistle is concluded with a characteristic greeting and benediction (4:21-23). Within the body of the epistle, different problems are addressed in turn, though there is some overlapping of related issues. Paul's Testimony of Faith (1:12-26) and Paul's Exhortations to Faithfulness, Unity, and Obedience (1:27-2:18) combine a concern for faithfulness and unity in trial. Paul sets the example of faith through his testimony and exhorts the Philippian Christians to be faithful and obedient. Paul's Concluding Exhortations (4:1-9) provide his final instructions for dealing with the major issues addressed with the letter as a whole (Silva, 16-18 furnishes a valuable analysis and outline of the literary structure of Philippians).

I. Introduction

A. Salutation (1:1-2)

B. Thanksgiving and Prayer (1:3-11)

II. Paul's Testimony of Faith

A. Paul's Faith while in Prison (1:12-18a)

B. Paul's Faith whether he Lived or Died (1:18b-26)

III. Paul's Exhortations to Faithfulness, Unity, and Obedience

A. Paul's Exhortation to Faithfulness (1:27-30)

B. Paul's Exhortation to Unity (2:1-11)

C. Paul's Exhortation to Obedience (2:12-18)

IV. Paul's Commendations of Timothy and Epaphroditus (2:19-30)

V. Paul's Exhortations relative to Dangerous Influences

A. Paul's Exhortation against Superficial Religion (3:1-11)

B. Paul's Exhortation against Presumptions and Complacency (3:12-16)

C. Paul's Exhortation against a Worldly Perspective and Lifestyle (3:17-21)

VI. Paul's Concluding Exhortations (4:1-9)

VII. Paul's Gratitude and Teaching regarding God's Provision and Giving (4:10-20)

VIII. Concluding Greeting and Benediction (4:21-23)

Recently some have questioned whether Philippians in its current form was originally a unit or whether it is a compilation of two or more epistles of Paul. Ignatius' epistle to the Philippians seems to indicate that he was aware of several epistles of Paul to the Philippians. Furthermore, there are breaks in the logical development of Paul's argument, which indicate for some the work of an editor joining parts from different letters. Philippians 3:1 seems to be drawing the epistle to a close and leads smoothly to the concluding admonitions beginning in 4:4. Between these two verses is an attack on specific opponents that is much different in tone from the rest of the epistle. These verses demonstrate a detailed knowledge of the nature of the opponents at Philippi, whereas the remainder of the letter does not indicate much concern for opponents. As a result some have suggested that these verses are part of a later letter of Paul to the Philippians, after he had become aware of the exact nature of the threat. Though there is strong evidence to suggest that Philippians is a compilation, this evidence is not conclusive. Just because there were other letters of Paul to the Philippians does not mean that they would be preserved. There is for example the lost letter to the Laodiceans mentioned in Colossians 4:16. Though Paul does seem to be drawing the letter to a close in 3:1 with the word "Finally," he may simply be introducing the last topic of his exhortations—dangerous influences. The abrupt transition may also be explained as part of Paul's writing style. Precedents are found in other Pauline epistles for excursions, though these are admittedly not normally as abrupt. Another possibility is that Paul has remembered or just received word of these dangers and included a warning against them after he was already drawing his letter to a close. Certainly the logical connection between Philippians 3:1 and 4:4 is compelling, but the solution that an editor has inserted a large block of material between these two verses is just as problematic as believing that the original author wrote the epistle in that way (See Martin, 36-39 for a thorough discussion).

Message or Messages

Paul's Epistle to the Philippians contains several general messages. First, the Philippian Christians should not be discouraged, but remain faithful because God is faithful to complete what he has begun in them (1:3-11). Second, the Philippian Christians should remain faithful in spite of persecution because God is in control and is able to use their experience to advance the gospel and he will deliver them (1:12-18a and 1:18b-26). Third, the Philippian Christians should remain faithful in spite of persecution as good citizens of God's Kingdom in a manner worthy of the gospel (1:27-30). Fourth, the Philippian Christians should strive for unity through humility and self-sacrifice like Christ Jesus (2:1-11). Fifth, the Philippian Christians should remain obedient so that they can please God and be assured of sharing in the blessings of the Day of Christ (2:12-18). Sixth, the Philippian Christians should welcome and honor Timothy because of his exceptional character and Epaphroditus because of his exceptional courage (2:19-30). Seventh, the Philippian Christians should not be led astray by superficial religion, self-satisfaction and complacency, or a worldly perspective because of the superiority of Christ, their calling in Christ, and their heavenly destiny (3:1-11, 3:12-16, and 3:17-21). Eighth, the Philippian Christians should remain faithful by seeking unity and joy in the Lord and setting their standards high (4:1-9). Ninth, the Philippian Christians should rely on God to supply their needs and give generously to those in need because God is faithful (4:10-20)

### CHAPTER TWO

### I CONTINUALLY GIVE THANKS

### Philippians 1:3-11

Though Philippians 1:3-11 could be divided further into Paul's expression of thanksgiving (3-8) and report of prayer (9-11), I have chosen to interpret these divisions together because they are closely related formally and in Paul's purpose.

Study of the Passage

Translation and Text

1:3I continually give thanks to my God at every mention of you, 4always in every petition of mine on behalf of you all making the petition with joy, 5because of your partnership in the gospel from the first day until now. 6I am confident in this very thing, that the one who began a good work in you will continue bringing it to full completion until the Day of Christ Jesus. 7It is right for me to feel this way about you all for I have you in my heart, since you all are sharers along with me of grace both in my imprisonment and in the defense and vindication of the gospel. 8God is my witness how I am earnestly longing for you all with the compassion of Christ Jesus. 9Also, I am praying that your love still more and more may continue abounding with full knowledge and every insight, 10so that you are able to discern the things that differ, in order that you may be pure and unimpeded on the Day of Christ, 11full of the fruit of righteousness that is through Jesus Christ for the glory and praise of God.

Situation and Purpose

This passage does not seem to address any specific situation of the Philippian Christians directly. Instead, it addresses their general circumstances. The Philippian Christians were experiencing challenges on many fronts. A resistant society and government were persecuting them. Divisions had weakened their unity and strength to endure. False teachers threatened to lead them astray. They were suffering economic deprivation. Paul no doubt was concerned that the Philippian Christians might become discouraged because of the many challenges they faced and forsake their commitment to Christ and the gospel. This concern is most clearly reflected in his explanation of the purpose of his prayer in verse 10b, "so that you are able to discern the things that differ, in order that you may be pure and unimpeded on the Day of Christ." The purpose of the passage was to encourage the Philippian Christians to remain committed to Christ and the gospel.

Literary Context and Role

This passage is located within the introduction of Paul's Epistle to the Philippians. Paul ordinarily introduced his letters with an expression of thanksgiving and a report of his prayers for those to whom he wrote. These expressions of thanksgiving and reports of prayer often anticipate generally the issues that are addressed specifically later within the body of the epistle. Paul's expression of thanksgiving and report of prayer in his Epistle to the Philippians addresses generally the danger that the Philippian Christians might become discouraged by the many challenges they faced and provides encouragement. The specific challenges that threatened the Philippian Christians are addressed directly within the body of the letter. Paul indicates that he prays for the Philippian Christians with joy. This begins his emphasis on joy within the epistle as he exemplifies joy even though he is in dire straits.

Form and Function

This passage can be classified as an expression of thanksgiving (3-8) and a report of prayer (9-11). Paul normally employed his expressions of thanksgiving to identify positive developments in the church to which Paul was writing in order to commend or encourage his readers. Paul's expression of thanksgiving in this passage seems to have served this function. In fact, what begins as an expression of thanksgiving (3-5) actually turns into an assurance (6-8). Paul normally employed his reports of prayer to assure his readers of his prayer support, but also to identify areas of concern that he hoped that they would cooperate with God to overcome. Paul's report of prayer in this passage probably served both functions. An implied command seems to underlie Paul's thanksgiving, assurances, and prayer: The Philippian Christian should not be discouraged, but remain faithful to Christ.

Strategy and Structure

The passage is structured according to the manner in which Paul encouraged the Philippian Christians. First, he encouraged them by expressing his gratitude and joy for them in verses 3-5. Second, he encouraged them by assuring them of his love for them and confidence in God's faithfulness in verses 6-8. Third, he encouraged them by reporting his commitment to pray for them in verses 9-11.

I. Paul's Gratitude and Joy because of the Philippian Christians (1:3-5)

A. Paul's Gratitude because of the Philippian Christians (3)

B. Paul's Joy because of the Philippian Christians (4)

C. The Reason for Paul's Gratitude and Joy (5)

II. Paul's Assurance of His Love and Confidence in God's Faithfulness (1:6-8)

A. Paul's Confidence in God's Faithfulness to the Philippian Christians (6)

B. Paul's Love and Confidence in God's Grace for the Philippian Christians (7)

C. Paul's Compassion for the Philippian Christians (8)

III. Paul's Prayer and Desire for the Philippian Christians (1:9-11)

A. Paul's Prayer for the Philippian Christians (9)

1. For more love

2. For more knowledge and insight

B. Paul's Desire for the Philippian Christians (10-11)

1. That they would have discernment

2. That they would be pure and unimpeded

3. That they would be full of the fruit of righteousness

4. That they would bring glory and praise to God

Message or Messages

The Philippian Christians should not be discouraged, but remain faithful to Christ because their faithful partnership in the gospel has been a source of gratitude and joy to Paul. The Philippian Christians should not be discouraged, but remain faithful to Christ because Paul has them in his heart and loves them with the compassion of Christ Jesus. The Philippian Christians should not be discouraged, but remain faithful to Christ because he who began a good work within them will carry it to full completion and give them the same grace that he gave Paul in his imprisonment. The Philippian Christians should not be discouraged, but remain faithful to Christ because Paul is praying that they will have more love, knowledge, and insight so that they will have discernment, be pure, unimpeded, and righteous, and bring glory and praise to God.

Analysis of the Details

Paul's Gratitude and Joy because of the

Philippian Christians

Paul begins his encouragement of the Philippian Christians in verses 3-5 by informing them that they were a source of gratitude to God and joy for him.

**Paul's gratitude for the Philippian Christians**. Paul expresses his gratitude for the Philippian Christians in verse 3, "I continually give thanks to my God at every mention of you, always in every petition of mine on behalf of you all making the petition with joy." Paul employs the progressive present, "I continually give thanks," to emphasize his continual gratitude to God for the Philippian Christians. The occasion of this gratitude is defined as "at every mention of you." There is some ambiguity in this phrase. The word translated "mention" has three uses which potentially could be intended here. The word can be translated "memory" and may define the occasion of Paul's gratitude either as every time the Philippian Christians remember him through their gifts (Martin, 60) or every time Paul remembers them. It could also be translated "mention" which would mean that the occasion for Paul's gratitude is when he mentions them in his prayers (Fee, 77-80). Because the next verse unambiguously introduces Paul's petitions on behalf of the Philippian Christians, the word should probably be understood in this latter sense. The purpose of the phrase seems to be to underscore Paul's continual gratitude for the Philippian Christians.

**Paul's joy because of the Philippian Christians**. Paul expresses his joy because of the Philippian Christians in verse 4, "always in every petition of mine on behalf of you all making the petition with joy." Paul employs the adverb "always" and the adjective "every" to emphasize that joy perpetually accompanied his prayers on behalf of the Philippian Christians and that he did not make a petition on their behalf that was not characterized by joy. He uses the adjective "all" to stress that none were excluded from his prayers or his thanksgiving.

**Paul's reason for gratitude and joy**. Paul supplies the reason for his gratitude and joy because of the Philippian Christians in verse 5, "because of your partnership in the gospel from the first day until now." Paul felt that he and the Philippian Christians were partners. What they shared in is described by the phrase, "in the gospel." This phrase could simply mean that the Philippian Christians shared a commitment to Christ with him. A more likely solution in the light of their relationship, however, is that Paul is referring generally to their efforts to spread the gospel and specifically to their gifts in supporting him in his ministry. The phrase, "from the first day until now," therefore, is a specific allusion to the support which the Philippian Christians sent him soon after his departure from their city and had just recently sent while he was in prison through Epaphroditus. Paul felt a special bond with the Philippian Christians and only accepted gifts for his missionary work from them as his partners. Therefore, Paul was commending their faithfulness and indirectly encouraging them to remain faithful because of the gratitude and joy they brought him.

Paul's Assurance of His Love and Confidence in God

Paul encourages the Philippian Christians by assuring them of his love and confidence in God in verses 6-8.

**Paul's confidence in God's faithfulness to the Philippian Christians**. Paul encourages the Philippian Christians by expressing his confidence in God's faithfulness to them in verse 6, "and I am confident in this very thing, that the one who began a good work in you will continue bringing it to full completion until the Day of Christ Jesus." The verb translated "I am confident" stresses the certainty of Paul's conviction. The demonstrative construction translated "this very thing" probably emphasizes the importance of the basis for encouragement that Paul is about to introduce. Paul's encouraging conviction follows. Comparing God to a diligent worker, Paul stresses the faithfulness of God to complete the job that he had started in the Philippian Christians. "The one who began a good work" is obviously God and the "good work in you" is undoubtedly God's work of salvation and his continued faithfulness in helping them endure and grow to this point in time. God's past faithfulness to the Philippian Christians is therefore used as a basis for continued confidence in the faithfulness of God. The faithfulness of God is accented in three ways. First, the future tense is used in a context where it could only be understood as progressive, "will continue to bring it to full completion." Second, Paul uses a compound and intensive form of the verb to underscore God's faithfulness in bringing the job not just to completion but "full completion." Third, Paul set the limit of God's work at "the Day of Christ Jesus." This day is when Christ will come and the time of trial and need for assistance would be over. The assurance is therefore given that God would continually assist as long as assistance was necessary.

**Paul's love and confidence in God's grace for the Philippian Christians**. Paul encourages the Philippian Christians by expressing his love for them and confidence in God to supply them with grace in the verse 7, "It is right for me to feel this way about you all for I have you in my heart, since you all are sharers along with me of grace both in my imprisonment and in the defense and vindication of the gospel." In the preceding verse Paul justified his confidence in God's faithfulness to help the Philippian Christians based on God's faithfulness to them in the past. Now Paul seeks to reinforce that confidence through the Philippian Christians' shared experience of God's grace with him. Paul introduces this justification of his confidence by expressing his love for the Philippian Christians, "I have you in my heart." This expression of his love anticipates Paul's more developed expression of love for the Philippian Christians in verse 8. However, it also serves to help establish a bond between Paul and the Philippian Christians so that they could more clearly recognize their common experience of God's grace. "Grace" is understood here not just as God's provision for salvation, but also for endurance. The situations where God has dispensed this grace were Paul's imprisonment as well as his "defense" and "vindication" of the gospel. "Defense" and "vindication" are both legal terms drawn from Paul's own trial. Paul saw his imprisonment and trial not as an opportunity to defend himself or secure an acquittal, but as an opportunity to validate the claims of the gospel. Through his imprisonment and trial God was faithful to give Paul strength to endure difficulty. As his partners in the gospel ministry, Paul asserts, the Philippian Christians have experienced with him the grace of God so they should have confidence to face the trials that confront them.

**Paul's compassion for the Philippian Christians**. Paul encourages the Philippian Christians by reemphasizing his great love for them in verse 8, "For God is my witness how I am earnestly longing for you with the compassion of Christ Jesus." Paul has already incorporated language from his trial and he does so again here. Paul calls upon God to testify of his great love for the Philippian Christians. The extent of Paul's love for the Philippian Christians is so incredible that he needed a truly unimpeachable witness to verify it. The extent of Paul's love for the Philippian Christians is emphasized in three ways. First, Paul uses a present tense verb to underscore his continual love. Second, Paul chooses a compound and intensive form of the verb to stress his earnest longing for them. Third, the extent of Paul's love is stressed with the prepositional phrase, "with the compassion of Christ Jesus." The word translated "compassion" is literally the word for the heart, liver and lungs—organs associated by Greeks with deeply felt emotions. This allusion to the love of Jesus would of course bring to the mind of the Philippian Christians the great sacrifice that Jesus made on their behalf because of his great love for them. Paul is saying that he loved and longed for them with the same sacrificial type of love. Certainly this expression of Paul's love would be a great source of encouragement to the Philippian Christians.

Paul's Prayer and Desire for the Philippian Christians

Paul encourages the Philippian Christians by assuring them of his prayer support, reporting the content of his prayers, and explaining his desire for them in verses 9-11.

**Paul's prayer for the Philippian Christians**. Paul encourages the Philippian Christians by assuring them of his prayers and reporting the contents of his prayers in verse 9, "Also, I am praying that your love still more and more may continue abounding with full knowledge and every insight." Paul employs the progressive present, "I am praying," to emphasize that prayer for the Philippian Christians was his habitual practice and heighten the sense of encouragement. Paul's first petition for the Philippian Christians was for love. The word translated "love" normally denotes the self-giving kind of love that characterizes God and should also characterize Christians. The adverbial phrase "still more and more" and the present tense verb "may continue abounding" stress the need of the Philippian Christians not to be satisfied with their current level of love for others but to always seek improvement. The word "abounding" itself also adds to this emphasis for it suggests a container filled to overflowing. Paul's second petition for the Philippian Christians was for knowledge and insight. It may be possible to make a distinction between "knowledge," which is commonly used by Paul for knowledge of God and his will and "insight" which is only found here in the New Testament, but is used in the Septuagint for knowledge that comes through sense perception or experience. The word translated "full knowledge" is a compound and more emphatic form of the word. Paul uses it here to convey to the Philippian Christians that they should not settle for a superficial knowledge of God, but they should strive for deeper understanding. The adjective "every" is used to define "insight" again to stress this need to strive for deeper understanding.

**Paul's desires for the Philippian Christians**. Paul explains the desires that motivated him to pray for the Philippian Christians in verses 10-11. Paul's first desire for the Philippian Christians is revealed in the first half of verse 10, "so that you will be able to discern the things that differ." Paul is probably using terminology that was familiar to those involved in the gold industry around Philippi. The image is that of assaying gold to see if it is genuine. The nature of the language and imagery has led to two understandings of Paul's intent. Either Paul was encouraging the Philippian Christians to approve the things that are superior (Fee, 101; Martin, 65-66; and Silva 63) or distinguish the things that differ, probably from his teaching. It is difficult to be certain which was intended but both are excellent advice.

Paul's second desire for the Philippian Christians is supplied in the remainder of verse 10, "in order that you may be pure and unimpeded on the Day of Christ." The adjective translated "pure" was probably used by the gold miners around Philippi to describe gold from which all dross had been removed. The adjective translated "unimpeded" was used to described someone who carefully avoided every obstacle that might cause him to stumble or carefully avoided placing an obstacle in someone else's path. Because Paul's only other use of the word in 1 Corinthians 10:32 unambiguously describes someone who avoids causing another to stumble most commentators have concluded that the same meaning is intended here. However, in this context Paul seems more concerned about the survival of the Philippian Christians rather than anyone they may influence. Paul is therefore warning the Philippian Christians of anyone or anything that might corrupt them or cause them to stumble. The phrase "on the Day of Christ" is added to heighten the urgency of the warning. "the Day of Christ" in the New Testament is equivalent to "the Day of the Lord" in the Old Testament. The Day of the Lord is a time of judgement that necessitates faithfulness.

Paul's third desire for the Philippian Christians is revealed in the first half of verse 11, 'full of the fruit of righteousness that is through Jesus Christ." Paul uses the common biblical image of a tree full of fruit to depict the life that he desires for the Philippian Christians. For Paul "righteousness" is preeminently standing in right relationship before God. "Fruit of righteousness," therefore refers to the qualities and deeds that issue from a life that is rightly related to God. Paul explains that this fruitful life is "through Christ Jesus." Their relationship with God and any fruit that they bear is because of the work of Christ and not their own ability.

Paul's ultimate desire for the Philippian Christians is revealed in the remainder of verse 11, "for the glory and praise of God." "Glory" meant "brightness, splendor, radiance" and became a metaphorical way of describing fame. "Praise" was "approval" or "recognition" for one's character or actions. The ultimate motivating factor for the Philippian Christians as they faced the challenge of remaining faithful in trying times was the goal of bringing glory and praise to God through their lives.

Application of the Message

Christians today face significant challenges to their commitment to Christ and the gospel like the Philippian Christians whom Paul addressed in Philippians 1:3-11. However, Philippians 1:3-11 is a very personal message of encouragement from Paul specifically to the Christians in Philippi. As such it is very difficult to apply this message directly to Christians today. Nonetheless, I have attempted to apply the passage indirectly to myself and those to whom I minister. As I considered the message of the passage, Paul's confidence in God, his love for the Philippian Christians, and his commitment to pray for them challenged me. I realized that the only way that I could communicate the message of this passage to Christians today was to share Paul's gratitude, joy, love, confidence, and commitment to pray. Therefore, the statement of the applied message that follows is in part a statement of the message of Philippians 1:3-11 and in part my personal word of encouragement to the members of Hillside Baptist Church where I have served for many years. The members of Hillside Baptist Church should not be discouraged, but remain faithful to Christ because their faithful partnership in the gospel has been a source of gratitude and joy to me; I have them in my heart and love them with the compassion of Christ Jesus; he who began a good work within them will carry it to full completion and give them the same grace that he gave Paul in his imprisonment; and I am praying that they will have more love, knowledge, and insight so that they will have discernment, be pure, unimpeded, and righteous, and bring glory and praise to God.

Proclamation of the Message

**Title:** I Continually Give Thanks

**Objective:** The objective of this sermon is to encourage Christians to not be discouraged, but remain faithful to their commitment to Christ.

**Proposition:** The members of Hillside Baptist Church should not be discouraged, but remain faithful to Christ because their faithful partnership in the gospel has been a source of gratitude and joy to me; I have them in my heart and love them with the compassion of Christ Jesus; God will give them grace and fully complete his good work within them; and I am praying for your specific needs so that you will be pure, unimpeded, blameless, and righteous, and bring glory and praise to God.
Introduction

Living the Christian life and sharing the good news of Jesus Christ in the world can often be discouraging. Christians frequently experience discouragement because of personal tragedy, opposition to their Christian faith, and problems within the church. We at Hillside Baptist Church have sometimes been discouraged because it has proved difficult "To Reach Our Community for Christ." We have also experienced some tension within the church and have suffered along with everyone else in the economic crisis and other difficulties that have plagued Malaysia in recent years. The Philippian Christians had experience discouragement as they sought to remain faithful to Christ in a hostile world. From the very beginning of the church in Philippi there was opposition. When Paul was establishing the church in Philippi he was arrested and thrown into prison on the charge that he was proclaiming a message unlawful for Romans to accept or practice. There is evidence within Paul's letter to the Philippians that opposition to the gospel continued after Paul's departure. It is difficult to know exactly what form that opposition took, but the Christians at Philippi were probably ridiculed by their neighbors, alienated from their families, suffered financially, and perhaps in extreme cases imprisoned for believing in Christ and bearing witness to the gospel. In addition, their favorite apostle Paul had been imprisoned and might be martyred because of his faithfulness to Christ. Some were surely near the point where they were ready to give up. Paul, therefore, wrote Philippians 1:3-11 to encourage the Philippian Christians to remain faithful to Christ even in difficult times. Though Philippians 1:3-11 is a very personal message specifically to the Philippian Christians, I would like to use it as the basis for a very personal word of encouragement for you. _Read Philippians 1:3-11_.

I. First, I hope you will not be discouraged, but remain faithful to your commitment to Christ because your faithful partnership in the gospel has been a source of gratitude and joy to me.

A. Paul assures the Philippian Christians that he continually gave thanks to God every time the thought of the Philippian Christians and experienced joy always, every time he prayed for them to stress his gratitude for them.

B. Paul identifies their faithful partnership in the gospel "from the first day until now" as the reason for his gratitude and joy.

C. The Philippian Christians had a unique relationship with Paul. Paul refused aid from all his churches except the church at Philippi. This church sent him aid soon after his departure while he was ministering in Thessalonica, gave sacrificially to his offering for the Christians in Jerusalem, and just recently sent him gifts through Epaphroditus. He considered them his partners in spreading the gospel. As Paul expresses his gratitude and joy for their faithful support it could not help but encourage them to remain faithful to God.

D. Application—Similarly, I have served with you here at Hillside Baptist Church for many years and am grateful and filled with joy because of our partnership in the gospel. I hope that you will not be discouraged, but remain faithful to your commitment to Christ because your faithful partnership in the gospel has been a source of gratitude and joy to me.

II. Second, I hope you will not be discouraged, but remain faithful to your commitment to Christ because I have you in my heart and love you with the compassion of Christ.

A. Paul had been bearing witness to the gospel at his trial but now he calls upon God to bear witness for him probably because of the extraordinary claim he was about to make.

B. Paul claims to have the Philippian Christians in his heart and love them with the compassion of Christ Jesus. Paul's mention of the compassion of Christ would certainly have brought to the Philippian Christians' minds Jesus' great love, which he demonstrated through his sacrificial death on the cross. Paul was telling the Philippian Christians that he loved them and longed to be with them so that he could do anything in his power to help them. Such love expressed by their beloved apostle would certainly be a great encouragement to the Philippian Christians.

C. I can recall several years ago one of my students having some serious personal problems. I counseled this student extensively, even spending several hours late at night in emergency counseling sessions. After the student, with God's help, emerged victorious from the trial he revealed to me my role in God's triumph. It was not that I said anything profound but that I loved and demonstrated that love by being willing to sacrifice.

D. Application—Similarly, I have served here at Hillside Baptist Church for several years and love you and am willing to sacrifice for you. I hope that you will not be discouraged, but remain faithful to your commitment to Christ because I have you in my heart and love you with the compassion of Christ.

III. Third, I hope you will not be discouraged, but remain faithful to your commitment to Christ because God will give you grace and fully complete his good work within you.

A. Paul expresses his confidence in God's continued faithfulness to the Philippian Christians by pointing to the past faithfulness of God to them and assuring them of his continued help. He compares God to a conscientious workman who would not abandon a job he has already begun but would certainly continue working until the job is complete. In fact Paul stresses that God won't settle for just completing the job but will not rest until it is fully complete. He is committed to work, Paul maintains, until the end of time marked by the Day of Christ.

B. Paul expresses his confidence in God's continued faithfulness to the Philippian Christians by pointing to his own experience of God's grace during difficult times and assuring them that God would also supply them with grace. Paul refers to his own imprisonment and trial and maintains that God has graciously supplied him with the help that he needed during this difficult time. Paul maintains that the Philippian Christians were also sharers along with him of God's grace and would certainly be given help to face the difficulties that they were experiencing.

C. I can recall many times in the past when I was ready to give up and forsake the task to which God had called me. But my wife Marsha would point out those instances in the past when I was equally discouraged and God demonstrated his faithfulness. Through her ministry my faith in God was strengthened and I came to realize that God would supply the resources to overcome every obstacle.

D. Application—Similarly, I have seen God at work within you and I am confident that he will complete the job he has begun and supply you with the grace you need. I hope that you will not be discouraged, but remain faithful to your commitment to Christ because God will give you grace and fully complete his good work within you.

IV. Finally, I hope you will not be discouraged, but remain faithful to your commitment to Christ because I am praying for your specific needs so that you will be pure, unimpeded, blameless, and righteous, and bring glory and praise to God.

A. Paul stresses to the Philippian Christians that he made a habit of praying to God on their behalf.

B. Paul assures the Philippian Christians that he was praying for their specific needs for love, knowledge, and insight.

C. Paul explains to the Philippian Christians that his desire was that they have discernment, be pure, unimpeded, and righteous, and bring glory and praise to God.

D. If you are like me, there have been many times when you were discouraged because of some problems you were facing and someone approached you and said, "I am praying for you." I don't know whether it was the expression of concern or the reminder that the power of God was at work to strengthen me, but I have always been renewed by those words. Because of my own experience I have always tried to be sensitive to those around me who were burdened by difficulties and approach them, committing myself to pray for them.

E. Application—I share Paul's desire that you be pure, unimpeded, and righteous, and bring glory and praise to God. Therefore, I am committed to pray for your specific needs. I hope you will not be discouraged, but remain committed to Christ because I am praying for your specific needs so that you will be pure, unimpeded, blameless, and righteous, and bring glory and praise to God.

Conclusion

Living the Christian life and sharing the good news of Jesus Christ in the world can often be discouraging. Christians frequently experience discouragement because of personal tragedy, opposition to their Christian faith, and problems within the church. We have certainly had our share of difficulties at Hillside Baptist Church. The Philippian Christians experienced many hardships because of their commitment to Jesus Christ and could have been overwhelmed by their discouragement. Paul responded to their need by expressing his joy for them; assuring them of his love; affirming his confidence in the faithfulness of God to them; and committing himself to pray for them. I would like to join Paul and use Philippians 1:3-11 as the basis of my personal word of encouragement to you. I hope you will not be discouraged, but remain committed to Christ because your faithful partnership in the gospel has been a source of gratitude and joy to me. I hope you will not be discouraged, but remain committed to Christ because I have you in my heart and love you with the compassion of Christ Jesus. I hope you will not be discouraged, but remain committed to Christ because God will give you grace and fully complete his good work within you. I hope you will not be discouraged, but remain committed to Christ because I am praying for your specific needs so that you will be pure, unimpeded, blameless, and righteous, and bring glory and praise to God.

### CHAPTER THREE

### I CONTINUALLY REJOICE

### Philippians 1:12-18a

Philippians 1:12-18a is very closely related to 1:18b-26 which continues Paul's testimony of God's faithfulness in difficult times. Nonetheless, I have chosen to limit the passage to 1:12-18a because these verses contain Paul's testimony of God's faithfulness during his imprisonment and 1:18b-26 contains Paul's testimony of God's faithfulness to him as he faced an uncertain future (See also Fee, 108). In addition, dividing these passages makes each passage a more manageable unit for interpretation.

Study of the Passage

Text and Translation

1:12I want you to know, brothers, that contrary to what might have been expected, the things that have happened to me have come about for the advance of the gospel, 13so that it has become apparent in the whole praetorium and to all the rest that my bonds are in Christ. 14Also, the majority of the brothers in the Lord more exceedingly dare to speak the word without fear because they have become confident in the Lord by my bonds. 15Some are proclaiming Christ because of envy and strife, but others are proclaiming Christ because of goodwill. 16Some are proclaiming Christ out of love, knowing that I am set for the defense of the gospel, 17but others are proclaiming Christ from selfish ambition, not purely, because they expect to add a tribulation to my bonds. 18aSo What! Except that in every way, whether in pretense or in truth, Christ is being proclaimed, and in this I continually rejoice.

Situation and Purpose

Philippians 1:12-18a reflects a situation in which Paul was in prison because of his commitment to Christ and the gospel and some Christians were proclaiming Christ with wrong motives—ambition and rivalry. However, underlying Paul's situation was probably his concern for the Philippian Christians. Perhaps the Philippian Christians were anxious about his welfare or were discouraged because they were experiencing similar persecution (See 1:27-30). Paul feared that the Philippian Christians might be overcome with anxiety and discouragement and forsake their commitment to Christ. The purpose of the passage was to assure the Philippian Christians that God was in control of Paul's situation so that they would continue to rejoice and remain faithful rather than be anxious and discouraged.

Literary Context and Role

Philippians 1:12-18a is the first part of Paul's testimony of the faithfulness of God in times of difficulty. Paul's testimony in 1:12-26 is very closely related to his subsequent exhortations to faithfulness, unity, and obedience in 1:27-2:18. By affirming the faithfulness of God in times of difficulty Paul provides the basis for faithfulness and obedience during difficult times. In this passage Paul affirms God's faithfulness to him while he was in prison. The subsequent passage affirms God's faithfulness to him as he faces an uncertain future. This passage continues to develop the theme of joy as Paul testifies to his continual joy even though he is in prison.

Form and Function

Philippians 1:12-18a can be classified as a personal testimony. A personal testimony is a common form used prevalently in the church today. A personal testimony is the report of someone's personal experience, usually of what God has done in their lives, for the sake of instructing others. A personal testimony communicates to those who receive it as they identify with the struggle of the testifier. As the testifier relates how God delivered him from his struggle, those who receive his testimony are led to conclude that God can do the same for them. In this passage the Philippian Christians were intended to identify with Paul and his struggle. As Paul relates how God was in control and used his imprisonment the Philippian Christians are led to conclude that God was in control of their situation as well. Though Paul nowhere directly states the implications of his experience for the Philippian Christians, the clear implication is that they need not be anxious or discouraged but should continue to rejoice and remain faithful to their commitment.

Strategy and Structure

Paul introduces his testimony in verse 12 by making the surprising assertion that his imprisonment has been used by God to advance the gospel. Paul then affirms this assertion by giving three examples of God's use of his imprisonment to advance the gospel: the surprising impact of his imprisonment on the praetorium and the rest in verse 13; the surprising impact of his imprisonment on the courage and boldness of Christians in verse 14; and the impact of his imprisonment on proclamation and his surprising joy in verses 15-18a.

I. Paul's Surprising Assertion of the Positive Impact of his Imprisonment on the Advance of the Gospel (1:12)

A. The Importance of Paul's Assertion

B. The Surprising Nature of Paul's Assertion

C. Paul's Surprising Assertion

II. The Surprising Impact of Paul's Imprisonment on the Praetorium and the Rest (1:13)

A. Those Impacted by Paul's Imprisonment

B. The Surprising Impact of Paul's Imprisonment

III. The Surprising Impact of Paul's Imprisonment on the Courage and Boldness of Christians (1:14)

A. Those Impacted by Paul's Imprisonment

B. The Surprising Impact of Paul's Imprisonment

C. Paul's Explanation of this Surprising Impact

IV. The Impact of Paul's Imprisonment on Proclamation and Paul's Surprising Joy (1:15-18a)

A. The Wrong Motives of Some Who Preach the Gospel (15-17)

B. Paul's Surprising Joy in Spite of Those Who Preach with Wrong Motives (18a)

Message or Messages

The Philippian Christians need not be anxious or discouraged because of Paul's imprisonment or their own experience of opposition and difficulty, but should continue to rejoice and remain committed to Christ and the gospel because contrary to what might have been expected Paul's imprisonment has served to advance the gospel as confirmed by God's use of Paul's imprisonment to reveal himself to Paul's captors; God's use of Paul's imprisonment to increase the courage and boldness of Christians; and God's use of Paul's imprisonment to increase the proclamation of the gospel and give Paul continual joy in spite of those who preached with impure motives.

Analysis of the Details

The Surprising Impact of Paul's Imprisonment

On the Advance of the Gospel

Paul introduces his testimony in verse 12 by asserting the surprisingly positive result of his imprisonment, "I want you to know, brothers, that contrary to what might have been expected, the things that have happened to me have come about for the advance of the gospel."

**The importance of Paul's assertion**. Paul introduces his surprising assertion by stressing its importance and identifying those whom he is addressing, "I want you to know, brothers." Paul sometimes uses this phrase to stress the importance of what he was about to write. The word translated "brothers," is characteristically used by Paul for all of those in the family of God and not just males. Paul encourages the Philippian Christians to heed his instructions based on the importance of what he is asserting and because of their common bond as Christians.

**The surprising nature of Paul's assertion**. Next, Paul points out the surprising nature of his assertion with the phrase, "contrary to what might have been expected." Actually, this phrase translates only one word in the Greek text, but in this context where what would have been expected is clearly contrasted with what actually happened the expanded translation is justified. In subsequent verses, each of the examples that he cites to confirm his assertion are "contrary to what might have been expected." Christians would have expected Paul's imprisonment to end his witness, discourage others from witnessing, and decrease the amount of proclamation. In addition, they would have expected Paul to be discouraged by those who proclaimed with impure motives. However, "contrary to what might have been expected," Paul's witness continued, Christians were encouraged to witness more, and the amount of proclamation increased. In addition, Paul continued to rejoice in spite of those who proclaimed with impure motives. Paul's assertion emphasizes the sovereign control of God over his imprisonment and by implication over the struggle of the Philippian Christians as well.

**Paul's surprising assertion**. Finally, Paul makes his surprising assertion, "the things that have happened to me have come about for the advance of the gospel." Though Paul's words are ambiguous, the context clarifies that "the things that have happened to me" refers to Paul's arrest and imprisonment. What would have been expected was that Paul's arrest and imprisonment would be a roadblock to his ministry of preaching the gospel and establishing churches. However, Paul asserts that his imprisonment has "come about for the advance of the gospel." The word translated "advance" is a word used for the blazing of a new trail through the wilderness. Paul's imprisonment did indeed open up new opportunities for the propagation of the gospel. Describing how God used Paul's imprisonment to advance the gospel is the concern of the remainder of the passage. But at this point the implication of Paul's testimony for the Philippian Christians is already apparent. The sovereign Lord is able to use their struggle to advance the gospel if only they will have faith in God and remain faithful to him like Paul.

The Surprising Impact of Paul's Imprisonment

On the Praetorium and the Rest

Paul affirms his surprising assertion that God has used his imprisonment to advance the gospel in verse 13 with the example of the surprising impact of his imprisonment on his captors, "so that it has become apparent in the whole praetorium and to all the rest that my bonds are in Christ."

**Those impacted by Paul's imprisonment**. Paul identifies those who have been impacted by his imprisonment as "the whole praetorium" and "all the rest." The word "praetorium" was used in a variety of ways in the first Christian century. If Paul was writing from Rome "praetorium" probably refers to the imperial guard. If Paul was writing from a provincial capital "praetorium" could refer to the local guard, all of those associated with the palace, or conceivably the imperial high court (See Martin, 68-70 for a full explanation of "praetorium"). In any case the words "whole" and "to all the rest" make it clear that all those with whom Paul came in contact while in custody received this witness whether they were soldiers, servants, of even high government officials. This claim is certainly consistent with the Acts account of Paul's imprisonment where Paul is described as bearing witness through his imprisonments to soldiers, military officers, two governors and a king.

**The surprising impact of Paul's imprisonment**. Paul defines the surprising impact of his imprisonment as that "it has become apparent . . . that my bonds are in Christ." Most interpreters understand these words to mean that Paul's captors came to understand that he was in prison because he was a Christian and not because he was guilty of any crime. Paul's normal use of "in Christ" and the context, however, suggest more. Paul normally uses "in Christ" to describe the sphere of Christ's influence within which the believer lives life. Furthermore, Paul's innocence of the charges would not be a clear witness for Christ. Paul's witness, therefore, is that Roman officials are not in control of his life, but that even his imprisonment is part of God's plan (See also Fee, 112-113; and Martin, 68). Through his experience Paul sought to encourage the Philippian Christians to remain faithful to Christ based on the expectation that God would continue to use them as well.

The Surprising Impact of Paul's Imprisonment

on the Courage and Boldness of Christians

Paul affirms his surprising assertion that God has used his imprisonment to advance the gospel in verse 14 with the example of the surprising impact his imprisonment has had on the courage and boldness of Christians, "Also, the majority of the brothers in the Lord more exceedingly dare to speak the word without fear because they have become confident in the Lord by my bonds."

**Those impacted by Paul's imprisonment**. Paul begins by identifying those who were impacted by his imprisonment, "the majority of the brothers in the Lord." Paul perhaps concedes that some did in fact curtail their proclamation, but surprisingly that was not true with the majority of Christians.

**The surprising impact of Paul's imprisonment**. Next, Paul describes the surprising impact that his imprisonment has had on most Christians who "more exceedingly dare to speak the word without fear." The word that they were speaking was undoubtedly the gospel. Paul uses two words to describe the surprising change that took place in most of the Christians and the way that they proclaimed the gospel because of his imprisonment. One would have expected Paul's imprisonment to fill Christians with fear that they too might be arrested. However, Paul argues that the opposite has been the case and as a result of his imprisonment Christians speak the word "without fear." One would also have expected Paul's imprisonment to cause a marked decrease in the amount of proclamation because of the danger of being arrested. However, Paul maintains that the opposite has been the case and as a result of his imprisonment Christians were proclaiming the gospel "more exceedingly."

**Paul's explanation of this surprising impact**. How could this be? Paul provides the answer, "because they have become convinced in the Lord by my bonds." The sure basis of their confidence is depicted by the words "in the Lord." "Lord" was the word used in the Old Testament to describe God in his authority over his creation and came to be applied to Jesus in the New Testament because he demonstrated in his life the power and authority of God. Paul chose this word to stress God's control over the life of the believer. Paul defines the means by which they obtained this confidence as "by my bonds." But how could Paul's imprisonment be used as evidence for confidence in the Lord? Though Paul's reasoning is not clarified, he was probably referring to the evidence that God, the Lord of all, was with him even while he was in prison and was giving him the strength to endure any unpleasantness and faithfully bear witness to the gospel. Therefore, the Philippian Christians could be confident that God would help them if they were imprisoned so there was no need to fear or diminish their efforts to proclaim the gospel.

The Surprising Impact of Paul's Imprisonment

On Proclamation

Paul affirms his surprising assertion that God has used his imprisonment to advance the gospel in verses 15-18a with the example of the impact his imprisonment has had on proclamation in spite of those who proclaim with wrong motives and Paul's surprising joy.

**The wrong motives of some who preach the gospel**. Paul begins by acknowledging that some had wrong motives for preaching the gospel. He accentuates the wrong motives of some by contrasting them with the right motives of others. Paul first contrasts the envy and strife of some with the good will of others in verse 15, "some proclaim Christ because of envy and strife, but others proclaim Christ because of good will." Paul presupposes that both of these groups are Christian and proclaim Christ. The present tense is even used to stress that proclaiming Christ was the characteristic practice of both groups. The difference between the two groups was in their attitude and motivation. The attitude and motivation of one group toward Paul is characterized as "envy" and "strife." The word translated "envy" was the word used to describe the attitude of the Pharisees toward Jesus because of his popularity among the multitudes. This group was envious of Paul's popularity and was vigorously preaching in order to gain followers for themselves at his expense. The word translated "strife" has led some to speculate on the nature of the disagreement between Paul and this group, but it is perhaps enough to know that members of this group considered themselves to be in opposition to Paul. In sharp contrast to this group is another group which was motivated by "goodwill" toward Paul. The members of this group were in complete accord with Paul and were proclaiming Christ because they regarded themselves as his partners.

Paul then contrasts the love and admiration of one group with the selfish ambition, impurity, and antagonism of the other group in verses 16-17, "Some proclaim Christ out of love, knowing that I am set for the defense of the gospel, but others proclaim Christ because of selfish ambition, not purely, because they expect to add a tribulation to my bonds." Again Paul presupposes that both of these groups were composed of Christians who characteristically proclaim Christ. The difference is once more their attitude and motivation. One group was motivated by "love." The word translated "love" is the same word used for the self-sacrificing type of love demonstrated by Jesus on the cross. They loved Paul and were willing to proclaim Christ even if it meant sacrifice because of their deep devotion to him. The reason for their love for Paul and motivation for proclaiming the gospel was "because they know that I am set for the defense of the gospel." They admired his determination to proclaim Christ even from prison and were inspired by his example to proclaim the gospel. The verb translated "I am set" may imply that Paul's imprisonment was viewed by them as part of God's plan, or express the determination of Paul to remain faithful to the task to which God had called him, or probably both. God's plan for Paul's imprisonment to which he was committed was "the defense of the gospel." The word "defense" is a legal term referring to Paul's trial before the Roman authorities. This group recognized that Paul did not use his trial as an opportunity to defend himself, but to share the gospel. Therefore, the reason for this group's love for Paul and the motivation for their proclamation was their admiration of his dedication to the task that God had given him.

The other group was not motivated to proclaim Christ because of love for Paul, but because of "selfish ambition." Some would link this word with the word translated "strife" in verse 15, but a distinction of meaning is presupposed in most contexts where these words are used together. Aristotle used this word to denote the self-interested pursuit of political office by any means, and this same word is used in Philippians 2:3 in contrast to humble renunciation of one's own rights. This group, therefore, was motivated by self-interested ambition. Another word that Paul uses to describe this group's attitude and motivation is "not purely." They had let ungodly motives direct their lives. Finally, Paul adds that this group proclaimed Christ, "because they expect to add a tribulation to my bonds." The nature of the tribulation which they expected to cause Paul is uncertain and could have been a violent reaction by the civil authorities against Paul, but is more likely the mental anguish that Paul would naturally experience when he heard that his rivals were succeeding at his expense.

**Paul's surprising joy in spite of those who preach with wrong motives**. In the first part of verse 18 Paul brings this portion of his argument to a close by again affirming God's sovereign power and the impact that it has had on his life, "So what! Except that in every way, whether in pretense or in truth, Christ is being proclaimed and in this I continually rejoice!" "So what!" is the translation of an emphatic rhetorical question underscoring the irrelevance of potential hindrances when the power of the sovereign God is at work (literally, "For what?"). The words "except that in every way" point to what Paul considered to be of paramount importance, "Christ is being proclaimed." Paul also identifies what he felt was insignificant, "whether in pretense or in truth." The word translated "pretense" is the same word used to describe the Pharisees who made a show of their prayers to impress other with their spirituality and is used here to describe the insincere and self-centered motives of some who proclaim the gospel. The word translated "truth" in contrast is used to identify those who proclaim Christ based on their sincere commitment to God's calling. Of course Paul would have preferred that all proclaim the gospel with sincere motives. What Paul is underscoring with this argument is that God is sovereign and was able to use Paul's imprisonment to motivate people to preach and is even able to use those who proclaim the gospel with impure motives to accomplish his purposes. Because of this assurance Paul is able to testify, "I continually rejoice." This verb is in the present tense to stress that joy was Paul's characteristic attitude. As he expressed his joy at God's use of even those who proclaim with impure motives, Paul is also modeling for the Philippians how they should respond whenever they were placed in a difficult situation. They need not be discouraged or despair but they should continually rejoice because God is able to use their trial to advance the gospel.

Application of the Message

Christians today still experience opposition and difficulty like Paul and the Philippian Christians as they seek to live their lives for Christ and bear witness to the gospel. As a result they sometimes become anxious and discouraged and may even consider forsaking their commitment to Christ and the gospel. This passage contains very little of a contextualized nature that would require that the message be limited or adjusted when applied to the modern situation. Therefore, the message of this passage can be applied with only minor adjustments. Christians need not be anxious or discouraged because of their experience of opposition and difficulty, but continue to rejoice and remain committed to Christ and the gospel because contrary to what might have been expected Paul's imprisonment served to advance the gospel as confirmed by God's use of Paul's imprisonment to reveal himself to Paul's captors; God's use of Paul's imprisonment to increase the courage and boldness of Christians; and God's use of Paul's imprisonment to increase the proclamation of the gospel and give Paul continual joy in spite of those who proclaimed with impure motives.

Proclamation of the Message

**Title** : I Continually Rejoice

**Objective** : The objective of this sermon is to encourage Christians who are experiencing opposition and difficulty to continue to rejoice and remain committed to Christ and the gospel rather than become discouraged.

**Proposition:** Christians can continue to rejoice and remain committed to Christ and the gospel even when they experience opposition and difficulty because contrary to what might be expected God uses difficulties to advance the gospel, God uses difficulties to witness to the gospel, God uses difficulties to inspire courage in other witnesses, and God is at work to proclaim the gospel even when it is difficult to see.
Introduction

Living the Christian life is not always easy. Many times we are confronted by opposition and difficulties that seem to hinder our ability to live our lives for Christ and share what Christ has done for us with others. These experiences often challenge our confidence in God to take care of us and lead to anxiety and discouragement. We may even be tempted to forsake our commitment to him. The Philippian Christians had similar doubts and fears. They experienced all the hardship which are common in life and in addition were called upon to suffer for their faith in ways that are often difficult for us to comprehend. From the very first the city of Philippi had been resistant to the gospel. Paul was arrested and thrown into prison when he sought to establish a church there. As the church sought to reach out and share Christ within this hostile environment no doubt they also experienced difficulty. Living life openly as a Christian and actively sharing the gospel could easily result in strife with family and friends, ridicule and abuse by neighbors, financial loss, and even arrest and imprisonment. Paul feared that the Philippian Christian might be overcome by these circumstances and begin to doubt God's ability to take care of them. He therefore appealed to his own extreme example as one who was able to experience joy even though he was a prisoner because he saw God at work even through his difficult situation. We can also learn from him how we can face our difficulties with a sense of joy and expectation rather than anxiety and despair. _Read Philippians 1:12-18a_.

I. Christians can continue to rejoice and remain committed to Christ and the gospel even when they experience opposition and difficulty because contrary to what might be expected God uses difficulties to advance the gospel.

A. Paul had been arrested, thrown into prison, and was being tried to determine whether he would be executed.

B. According to ordinary reasoning this difficulty would be viewed as a hindrance to the progress of the gospel.

C. Nonetheless, because of his deep sense of the sovereignty of God, Paul was able to regard his imprisonment as an opportunity for the advance of the gospel.

D. The word translated advance is a word used to describe the settling of some unexplored territory. Paul regarded his imprisonment with anticipation because his confidence in God enabled him to recognize it as an opportunity to be a pioneer into an area which had not as yet been exposed to the gospel.

E. Opposition and difficulty can be used by God as an opportunity to advance the gospel.

F. Illustration of God's Use of Opposition and Difficulties in Surprising Ways

G. You can continue to rejoice and remain committed to Christ and the gospel even when you experience opposition and difficulty because contrary to what might be expected God uses difficulties to advance the gospel.

II. Christians can continue to rejoice and remain committed to Christ and the gospel even when they experience opposition and difficulty because contrary to what might be expected God uses difficulties to witness to the gospel.

A. According to normal reasoning Paul's imprisonment would be viewed as a hindrance to Christian witness because it marked the end at Paul's successful ministry of sharing the gospel and establishing churches.

B. However, Paul asserts that God used his imprisonment as an opportunity to extend the witness of the gospel.

C. The content of the witness was that Paul's imprisonment was "in Christ"—Christ was in control of his life, not Caesar.

D. The extent of Paul's witness was "in the whole praetorium and to all the rest. This description of Paul's witness is confirmed by the Acts account. Paul bore witness through his imprisonment to soldiers, military officers, two governors, and a king. Paul, when testifying before king Agrippa, told of how he had persecuted the church. He told of how Jesus had appeared to him on the road to Damascus and changed his life. He told of Jesus' death, resurrection, and the new life that was possible through him. Paul did not defend himself from the charges of the Jews. He witnessed to the saving power of God through Jesus Christ. So intense was Paul's witness that Agrippa said, "Do you think in such a short time you can persuade me to be a Christian?" Paul replied, "Short time or long I pray God that not only you but all who are listening to me today may become what I am, except for these chains."

E. Opposition and difficulty can be used by God as an opportunity to witness to the power of the gospel.

F. Illustration of God's Use of Opposition and Difficulty to Witness to the Gospel

G. You can continue to rejoice and remain committed to Christ and the gospel even when you experience opposition and difficulty because contrary to what might be expected God uses difficulties to witness to the gospel.

III. Christians can continue to rejoice and remain committed to Christ and the gospel even when they experience opposition and difficulty because contrary to what might be expected God uses difficulties to inspire courage in other witnesses.

A. According to normal reasoning Paul's imprisonment would be regarded as a hindrance to Christian witness for others would surely fear that they might be arrested as well and as a result curtail their witnessing.

B. However, Paul asserts that God used his imprisonment to increase the courage of the witnesses and the amount of witnessing being done.

C. How is this possible? God demonstrated through his faithfulness to strengthen Paul during his imprisonment that he is able to strengthen all Christians for faithful witness no matter what opposition or difficulty they encounter.

D. Paul did not choose the word Lord to describe the object of his confidence arbitrarily. Lord was the name used for God in the Old Testament as the Almighty God in supreme control of his creation. Lord is the name applied to Jesus in the New Testament in recognition of the fact that he manifested the power of God in his life over sickness and death, demons, and nature.

E. Opposition and difficulty can be used by God to encourage others to witness to the gospel even more.

F. Illustration of God's Use of Opposition and Difficulties to Inspire Courage in Witnesses

G. You can continue to rejoice and remain committed to Christ and the gospel even when you experience opposition and difficulty because contrary to what might be expected God uses difficulties to inspire courage in other witnesses.

IV. Christians can continue to rejoice and remain committed to Christ and the gospel even when you experience opposition and difficulty because contrary to what might be expected God is at work to proclaim the gospel even though it is difficult to see.

A. Not everyone who proclaimed the gospel had good motives. Some preachers were motivated by goodwill and love toward Paul and admiration of his courageous stand. However, other preachers were motivated by their envy of Paul, considered him to be a competitor and selfishly wanted to become popular at his expense, and even wanted to cause him additional heartache.

B. According to normal human reasoning, Paul should have been distressed and discouraged by these antagonistic preachers of the gospel.

C. However, Paul was able to continually rejoice because he was able to disregard his personal interests in favor of the advance of the gospel and he had faith in his sovereign God to even use those with perverted motives to proclaim the gospel.

D. One of the most distressing experiences that Christians encounter is to observe Christians ministering with impure motives and ungodly attitudes. Nonetheless, God can even use Christians who are far from perfect.

E. Illustration of God at Work to Proclaim the Gospel even though It Is Difficult to See

F. You can continue to rejoice and remain committed to Christ and the gospel even when you experience opposition and difficulty because contrary to what might be expected God is at work to proclaim the gospel even though it is difficult to see.

Conclusion

Living the Christian life is not always easy. Many times we are confronted by opposition and difficulty that seem to hinder our ability to live our lives for Christ and share what Christ has done for us with others. These experiences often challenge our confidence in God and may cause us to approach life with a negative attitude. Paul gave us his testimony so that we could consider life from a more positive perspective. Paul ignored normal reasoning which might have led to discouragement because of his imprisonment. Instead, he put his faith in the power of God and disregarded his own interests and focused his primary concern on the advance of the gospel. Because of his faith and focus Paul was able to face his imprisonment with the anticipation of the manifestation of God's power and the joy of witnessing the advance of the gospel. You can continue to rejoice and remain committed to Christ and the gospel even when you experience opposition and difficulty because contrary to what might be expected God uses difficulties to advance the gospel, God uses difficulties to witness to the gospel, God uses difficulties to inspire courage in other witnesses, and God is at work to proclaim the gospel even though it is difficult to see.

### CHAPTER FOUR

### I WILL ALSO CONTINUE REJOICING

### Philippians 1:18b-26

Philippians 1:18b-26 is very closely related to 1:12-18a which begins Paul's testimony of God's faithfulness in difficult times. Though the division of these passages in the middle of verse 18 seems odd, it is completely justified (See also Fee, 126). Paul explained how he is able to experience joy in his current crisis in 1:12-18a. In 1:18b-26 he explains how he is able to experience joy even when faced with an uncertain and probably difficult future. In addition, dividing these passages makes each passage a more manageable unit for interpretation.

Study of the Passage

Text and Translation

1:18bI will also continue rejoicing 19for I know that this will turn out for my salvation through your prayers and the supply of the Spirit of Jesus Christ 20in accordance with my hopeful eager expectation that in nothing I will be put to shame but with every confidence as always even now Christ will be magnified in my body whether through life or through death, 21for as far as I am concerned to live is Christ and to die is gain. 22If living is in the flesh, this is fruitful labor for me. What would I choose? I don't know! 23I am being pressured by the two, since I have the desire to depart and be with Christ for that is by far the best, 24yet to remain in the flesh is more necessary because of you. 25Because I am convinced of this I know that I will remain and continue with you all for your joyful advance in faith 26in order that your pride may continually abound in Christ Jesus working in me because of my returning to you.

Situation and Purpose

The passage reflects a situation in which Paul was in prison because of his commitment to Christ and was undergoing a trial which could result in him being condemned to death. However, underlying Paul's situation was his concern for Philippian Christians. Perhaps the Philippian Christians were anxious about his welfare or were discouraged because they were experiencing similar persecution and an uncertain future (See 1:27-30). Paul feared that the Philippian Christians might be overcome with anxiety and discouragement and forsake their commitment to Christ. The purpose of the passage was to assure the Philippian Christians that God was in control so that they would continue to rejoice and remain faithful rather than be anxious and discouraged.

Literary Context and Role

Philippians 1:18b-26 contains the second part of Paul's testimony of the faithfulness of God in times of difficulty. Paul's testimony in 1:12-26 is very closely related to his subsequent exhortations to faithfulness, unity, and obedience in 1:27-2:18. By affirming the faithfulness of God in times of difficulty Paul provides the basis for faithfulness and obedience during difficulty times. This passage has an especially close relationship to the preceding passage. In the preceding passage Paul affirmed God's faithfulness to him while he was in prison. In this passage Paul affirms God's faithfulness to him as he faces an uncertain future. This passage continues Paul's theme of joy by testifying to his joy even though he was undergoing a trial that would determine whether he lived or died.

Form and Function

Philippians 1:18b-26 can be classified as a personal testimony. A personal testimony is a common form used prevalently in the church today. A personal testimony is the report of someone's personal experience, usually of what God has done in their lives, for the sake of instructing others. A personal testimony communicates to those who receive it as they identify with the testifier's struggle. As the testifier relates how God delivered him from his struggle, those who receive his testimony are led to conclude that God can do the same for them. In this passage the Philippian Christians were intended to identify with Paul and his struggle. As Paul expresses his confidence in God's control over his fate, the Philippian Christians are led to conclude that God was in control of their situation as well. Though Paul nowhere directly states the implications of his experience for the Philippian Christians, his own response to his trial models the appropriate response for the readers—constant rejoicing and faithfulness to Christ.

Strategy and Structure

Paul begins by asserting his continuing joy in spite of his uncertain fate (1:18b). He then explains the reasons for his continuing joy—his confidence in his salvation (1:19a), his confidence in prayer and the supply of the Spirit (1:19b), his hopeful eager expectation to magnify Christ (1:20), his understanding of life and death in Christ (1:21-24), and his confidence in his release (1:25-26).

I. Paul's Continuous Rejoicing (1:18b)

II. Paul's Confidence in His Salvation (1:19a)

III. Paul's Confidence in Prayer and the Supply of the Spirit (1:19b)

IV. Paul's Hopeful Eager Expectation (1:20)

A. Introduction

B. Described Negatively—Put to Shame in Nothing

C. Described Positively

1. With every confidence

2. As always even now

3. Christ will be magnified

4. Whether through life or through death

V. Paul's Understanding of Life and Death in Christ (1:21-24)

A. Paul's Perspective on Life and Death (21)

1. To live is Christ

2. To die is gain

B. The Implications of Paul's Perspective for His Current Trial (22-24)

1. The advantage of living in the flesh—fruitful labor

2. The inability of Paul to choose between the two alternatives

3. The pressure on Paul from the two alternatives

4. The superiority of departing and being with Christ

5. The greater necessity of remaining in the flesh

VI. Paul's Confidence in His Release (1:25-26)

A. Paul's Assertion of His Confidence in His Release (25a)

B. God's Purpose for Paul's Release (25b-26)

1. Joyful advance in faith

2. Confidence in Christ Jesus

Message or Messages

The Philippian Christians can continually rejoice and remained faithful no matter what the future hold like Paul because he had confidence that his trial would result in salvation; he had confidence in prayer and the supply of the Spirit of Jesus Christ; he eagerly expected and hoped to magnify Christ whether through life or death; he understood that to live is Christ and to die is gain; and he had confidence that God was in control of his life.

Analysis of the Details

Paul's Continuous Rejoicing

Paul begins by asserting that despite his seemingly uncertain fate he is able to keep on rejoicing in verse 18, "I will also continue rejoicing." The future tense does not normally stress continuous action. However, because this future tense verb is used in conjunction with the progressive present tense verb in the first half of the verse it only makes sense with a distinctive progressive force. Paul asserts that he is able to maintain a continual attitude of joy even though he might be condemned to death. Through Paul's example of continual joy despite his uncertain future, he sought to encourage the Philippian Christians to rejoice in spite of their uncertain future.

Paul's Confidence in Salvation

Throughout the rest of the passage Paul relates the reasons why he is able to sustain this joyous attitude. First, Paul affirms in the first half of verse 19 that he is able to face the future with joy because he knows that no matter what happens God will save him, "for I know that this will turn out for my salvation." "This" must refer to his imprisonment and trial. This trial could have resulted in his release or execution. What is Paul affirming about his future? To answer this question it is essential to understand what Paul means by "salvation." The word basically refers to deliverance from a difficult or dangerous situation. This use of "salvation" would certainly be consistent with Paul's personal conviction that he would be released as expressed in verses 25-26. However, this use is contrary to the general tenor of his argument in verses 20-24 where he portrays the possibility of both his release and execution in positive terms. Another possibility is that Paul is using "salvation" in the sense of ultimate Christian deliverance and eternal life which is the predominant use of the word in the New Testament (Fee, 130-131; Martin, 74; Silva, 76-78). Paul would then be affirming that he could face a difficult future with joy because he knew that ultimately he would be with his Lord in heaven. However, Paul's acknowledges in verses 20-24 the potential for good in his release or death and in verses 25-26 Paul assures the Philippian Christians that he would be released. A final possibility is that Paul is deliberately ambiguous at this point because he recognized that his trial could end in his death or release and that either possibility could be regarded as salvation since God was in total control of his life, including his death. Though this assertion of confidence is not introduced as a quotation, it is the exact wording of Job 13:16a in the Septuagint. In that verse Job expresses his confidence in God's just deliverance. Paul shared the confidence of Job because he recognized, like Job, that God's character necessitates that he act to save his obedient servant. Through Paul's example of confidence in his deliverance, he sought to encourage the Philippian Christians to be confident in their deliverance so that they would be able to rejoice.

Paul's Confidence in Prayer and the Supply

of the Spirit

Second, Paul affirms that he is able to face an uncertain future with joy because he had confidence in prayer and the faithfulness of God to help him in the second half of verse 19, "through your prayers and the supply of the Spirit of Jesus Christ." In this phrase Paul identifies those resources he was confident would enable him to endure until the time of his salvation (1:19a) and fulfill his desire to bring glory to God (1:20). Paul believed in the power of prayer and was convinced that if he and the Philippian Christians prayed he could bring glory to Christ by remaining faithful no matter what the outcome of his trial might be. Paul also believed in the faithfulness of God to give him strength and guidance in order to remain faithful. The grammar of the Greek text is ambiguous. "The Spirit of Jesus Christ" could identify what is supplied or the one doing the supplying. In either case Paul was expressing his confidence that God would meet his needs so that he could keep on rejoicing. Through Paul's example of confidence in the power of prayer and God's faithfulness to supply his needs, he sought to encourage the Philippian Christians to have confidence in prayer and God's faithfulness so they would be able to rejoice.

Paul's Hopeful Eager Expectation

Third, Paul affirms that he was able to face the future with joy because he was not concerned about his own welfare but his desire was to glorify Christ in verse 20, "in accordance with my hopeful eager expectation that in nothing I will be put to shame, but with every confidence as always even now Christ will be magnified in my body whether through life or through death." This verse describes Paul's earnest desire for his own faithfulness during his trial. The word translated "eager expectation" is perhaps a word that Paul has coined himself (Martin, 75). This word pictures the head outstretched in anticipation, ignoring all possible distractions. This word aptly describes Paul's attitude for he eagerly anticipated bringing glory to God while ignoring concerns for his own safety. The word "hopeful" adds to the sense of anticipation.

**Described negatively**. Paul begins by describing his expectation negatively, "that in nothing I will be put to shame." Paul did not want anything that he did at his trial to be an embarrassment to himself. His concern, however, was not his own personal pride as the positive statement which follows clarifies. Paul did not want to dishonor God by his lack of faith or courage.

**Described positively**. Paul then describes his expectation positively, "but with every confidence as always even now Christ will be magnified in my body whether through life or through death." The verb of this clause is "will be magnified." The word "magnify" means to make something large or appear to be large. Of course Paul's faithfulness could not make Christ any greater than he already is, but Paul's desire was that through his faithfulness others would come to recognize how great his Lord really is. Part of Paul's expectation was that he would magnify Christ "with every confidence." The word translated "confidence" was normally used for boldness in public speaking. Paul earnestly desired to confidently proclaim Christ at his trial without being intimidated. The words "as always even now" ground Paul's expectation in his past experience. God had been faithful in the past to magnify Christ through Paul's life. This past faithfulness of God affirms God's faithfulness to support Paul in this climactic crisis. Paul also recognized that he could magnify Christ "whether through life or though death." Paul knew that if he was released the believers in Philippi and their faith in God would grow (25-26). But Paul also knew that his faithful testimony "even to death" would serve as an encouragement to other Christians to remain faithful in all circumstances and testify to the truth of the gospel to non-believers. Paul, therefore, was able to face the future, any future, with joy. Through Paul's example of prioritizing the glorification of Christ, he sought to encourage the Philippian Christians to prioritize glorifying Christ so they would not be bothered by opposition and be able to rejoice despite their difficulties.

Paul's Understanding of Life and Death in Christ

Fourth, Paul affirms that he was able to face an uncertain future with joy because he understood the nature of life and death in Christ.

**Paul's perspective on life and death**. Paul states his perspective on life and death in verse 21, "for as far as I am concerned to live is Christ and to die is gain." Paul begins by presenting what the Philippian Christians would have probably regarded as the positive alternative, "to live is Christ." But what does Paul mean by "to live is Christ"? At the very least it means that Paul viewed his life as a gift of God's grace which should be lived with Christ in total control—a life which was not controlled by self-interest, but was directed by Jesus Christ. For Paul it was a life in which he could fulfill the ministry to which God had called him (22-24). Next, Paul presents what the Philippian Christians would have probably regarded as the negative alternative, but he describes it in a positive way, "to die is gain." The word translated "gain" is taken from business and meant to show a profit. But how could death be regarded as a benefit? For Paul the benefit of death was that it would end the trials of life and ministry and unite him with his Lord (23).

**The implications of Paul's perspective for his current trial**. Paul then develops the implications of this understanding of life and death in Christ for his current trial in verses 22-24, "If living is in the flesh, this is fruitful labor for me. What would I choose? I don't know! I am being pressured by the two, since I have the desire to depart and be with Christ for that is by far the best, yet to remain in the flesh is more necessary because of you." Indecision characterizes Paul's contemplation of these possibilities. Paul was so uncertain that he did not know whether he would choose life or death if the option was his, "What would I choose? I don't know!" Both alternatives were equally compelling, "I am being pressed by the two." The verb translated "I am being pressed" was normally used in a negative sense to describe the restriction and control exerted by some external power. But the options of life and death to Paul were both equally freeing and beneficial. The choice for Paul was not for the better of two bad options but for the best of two outstanding options because he understood that Jesus was the Lord of both life and death.

On the one hand was the option of life, "If living is in the flesh this is fruitful labor for me." Paul adds the qualifying phrase "in the flesh" because he has the assurance and is about to argue that there is another kind of living which may be more authentic than life as it is known and lived on earth. However, Paul recognized that a continued earthly existence did have its advantages. If he lived he could continue his productive ministry. In fact, even though Paul seems to indicate his personal preference for death, he acknowledges, "yet to remain in the flesh is more necessary because of you." Paul could face the possibility of continued life with joy because he understood that life would mean continued opportunities for ministry.

On the other hand was the option of death, "since I have the desire to depart and to be with Christ for that is by far the best." Paul purposefully uses a common euphemism for death to minimize its fearful aspects and express his personal desire. The verb translated "to depart" was used for a ship being loosed from its moorings or travelers breaking camp. Paul recognized that death was not the end but a new beginning. Death marked a new level of intimacy with Christ that far surpassed that which was possible on earth. So excited was Paul about the possibility that he exclaims that this option was from his perspective, "by far the best," an only adequate translated of a triply emphatic expression which literally translated is "much more better." Paul could even face the prospect of death with joy because he understood that death resulted in a greater quality of union with Christ. Through Paul's example of the proper perspective of life and death in Christ, he sought to encourage the Philippian Christians to disregard the threat of death so that they would be able to rejoice.

Paul's Confidence in His Release

Finally, Paul affirms that he is able to face an uncertain future with joy because he had confidence that he would be released in verses 25-26.

**Paul's assertion of his confidence in his release**. Paul asserts his confidence in his release in verse 25, "Because I am convinced of this I know that I will remain and continue with you all." Paul was convinced that not only would he be released, but that he would have ample time to be with the Philippian Christians. The antecedent for "this" and the cause of Paul's assured conviction is the need of the Philippian Christians. Notice that Paul takes no consideration of what the Roman government might have to say about his fate. He was totally convinced that God was in control of his life. His conviction that he would be released was based solely on the fact that the Philippian Christians needed him and God was not through with him.

God's purpose for Paul's release. Paul explains God's purpose for his release in verses 25-26, "for your joyful advance in faith in order that your pride may continually abound in Christ Jesus working in me because of my returning to you." The phrase "for your joyful advance in faith" is normally translated "your advance and joy in the faith." However, "advance and joy" is probably a hendiadys and was probably intended to convey one general concept. Furthermore, even though most translations and commentators argue for a developed concept of faith here which refers to Christian life in general, it would certainly be appropriate to understand faith in this context as Paul normally used it for trust in God. This explanation for Paul's confidence in his release is developed in verse 26 in terms of pride, "in order that your pride may continually abound in Christ Jesus working in me because of my returning to you." The word translated "pride" is normally translated "boasting" and is usually not a virtue. Here "pride" is used in a positive sense as the equivalent of trust (See also Fee, 154-155). The verb translated "may continually abound" pictures an overflowing cup and is in the present tense to emphasize God's bountiful supply. The basis for the boast is literally, "in Christ Jesus in me," but the word "working" has been inserted to clarify that it was Christ's action in the life of Paul which was the basis for their renewed confidence and pride. The specific work of Christ is then identified as his release and return. Through his example of confidence in his release from prison, Paul sought to encourage the Philippian Christians to trust in God's control over their fate so that they would be able to rejoice.

Application of the Message

Christians today, like the Philippian Christians, are often confronted by a bleak future because of the circumstances of life or the demands of the Christian living. Because of this reality they may despair and be tempted to forsake their Christian commitment. This passage contains very little of a contextualized nature that would require that the message be limited or adjusted when applied to the modern situation. Paul's message in Philippians 1:18b-26 is still very pertinent for Christians who find themselves in this situation. Christians can continually rejoice and remain faithful no matter what the future holds like Paul because he had confidence that his trial would result in salvation; he had confidence in prayer and the supply of the Spirit of Jesus Christ; he eagerly expected and hoped to magnify Christ whether through life or death; he understood that to live is Christ and to die is gain; and he had confidence that God was in control of his life.

Proclamation of the Message

**Title** : I Will Also Continue Rejoicing

**Objective** : The objective of this message is to exhort and encourage Christians not to be discouraged by opposition or difficulty, but continually rejoice and remain faithful to Christ.

**Proposition** : Christians can continually rejoice and remain faithful no matter what the future holds like Paul because they believe that their trial will result in salvation, they have confidence in prayer and the supply of the Spirit, they eagerly expect and hope to magnify Christ, they understand that to live is Christ and to die is gain, and they have confidence that God is in control of their life.
Introduction

Have you ever looked into the future and been unable to envision how you could possibly endure the difficulties which confronted you? This experience is a very common occurrence in modern life and it usually leads to depression. Depression is recognized to be an illness by modern medicine and could be defined as despair based on what is perceived as a hopeless situation. Christians are not immune from hardship or depression. You may at times become depressed and even feel tempted to forsake your Christian commitment. The Philippian Christians encountered similar difficulties as they sought to live their lives as faithful Christians in Philippi. The Roman culture in which they lived was resistant to the gospel. From the very beginnings of the church in Philippi Christians had been persecuted. As Paul was writing this letter they were still going through a severe trial for their faith and the prospects for the future appeared rather dismal. Paul was concerned that they might become discouraged and not only fail to experience the normal joy of Christian life but perhaps even desert the faith. Therefore, Paul wrote Philippians 1:18b-26 to encourage the Philippian Christians to remain faithful, demonstrating through his own life how it is possible to face even a bleak future with joy. Paul was in prison while he was writing this letter to the Philippians. In fact he was on trial—a trial which could result in his release or his execution. But even with this uncertainty about his fate Paul was able to experience continual joy and exclaim, "I will also continue rejoicing." How was Paul able to maintain his joy in such bleak circumstances? The answer to this question will also help us to be joyful and remain faithful to our Lord even as we look into a future filled with difficulty. _Read Philippians 1:18b-26_.

I. Christians can continually rejoice and remain faithful no matter what the future holds like Paul because they believe that their trial will result in salvation.

A. Paul was in prison and on trial to determine whether he would live or die.

B. Nonetheless, Paul affirms that he was able to continually rejoice. How was Paul able to maintain his joy in such bleak circumstances.

C. Paul explains that he was able to maintain his joy because of his confidence that his trial would result in salvation, "for I know that this will turn out for my salvation."

D. But what is the nature of Paul's assurance? Did he expect God to deliver him from prison? Was this an expression of his faith that God would raise him from death to eternal life? In all probability it was both! Paul had so much faith in God that he realized that no matter what happened to him God would take care of him.

E. Paul's expression of confidence in his salvation is a quotation of Job's affirmation of faith during his time of trial. Though Job lost everything and suffered immensely, God was faithful to restore Job and deliver him from his torment.

F. Christians can also be confident that God will deliver them from their affliction.

G. Illustration of God's Power to Deliver

H. You can continually rejoice and remained faithful no matter what the future holds like Paul because you believe that your trial will result in salvation.

II. Christians can continually rejoice and remain faithful no matter what the future holds like Paul because they have confidence in prayer and the supply of the Spirit.

A. Paul was in prison and on trial to determine whether he would live or die.

B. Nonetheless, Paul affirms that he was able to continually rejoice. How was Paul able to maintain his joy in such bleak circumstances?

C. Paul explains that he was able to maintain his joy because of his confidence in prayer and the supply of the Spirit of Jesus Christ, "through your prayers and the supply of the Spirit of Jesus Christ."

D. Paul believed in the power of prayer.

E. Paul was convinced that Jesus Christ would supply all his needs through his Spirit.

F. Christians can also be confident in prayer and the supply of the Spirit.

G. Illustration of God's Provision

H. You can continually rejoice and remain faithful no matter what the future holds like Paul because you have confidence in prayer and the supply of the Spirit.

III. Christians can continually rejoice and remain faithful no matter what the future holds like Paul because they eagerly expect and hope to magnify Christ.

A. Paul was in prison and on trial to determine whether he would live or die.

B. Nonetheless, Paul affirms that he was able to continually rejoice. How was Paul able to maintain his joy in such bleak circumstances?

C. Paul explains that he was able to maintain his joy because his earnest desire was not for his own welfare but to magnify Christ "in accordance with my hopeful eager expectation that in nothing I will be put to shame but with every confidence as always even now Christ will be magnified in my body whether through life or through death."

D. Paul probably invented the expression, "hopeful eager expectation." The picture that comes to mind is that of a head outstretched in expectation of the coming of someone or something earnestly desired. I am reminded of my children on Christmas morning when in anticipation of opening their Christmas presents they stick their heads around the corner, craning to see if all is ready yet. Nothing could distract them from their total concentration.

E. What was Paul's earnest desire?

1. First, Paul asserts that his earnest desire was, "that in nothing I will be put to shame." However, Paul's concern was not for his personal pride. He did not want to dishonor God by his lack of faith and courage.

2. Second, Paul asserts that his desire was that, "with every confidence as always even now Christ will be magnified in my body whether through life or through death." Paul's ultimate desire was to magnify Christ. When we use the term magnify we usually think a magnifying glass, which is used to make something small appear to be large. Paul of course could not make Christ larger but he could help others to recognize how great Christ is through his words and actions. So pervasive was Paul's desire to magnify Christ that it transcended his concern for his personal well-being. He recognized that Christ could be magnified through his release, but he also recognized that Christ could be magnified by his faithfulness even in death. Therefore, Paul did not care whether he lived or died and was able to continually rejoice as long as Christ was magnified!

F. Christians should also be more concerned about magnifying Christ than their own welfare.

G. Illustration of a Consuming Desire that Makes One Oblivious to Danger

H. You can continually rejoice and remain faithful no matter what the future holds like Paul because you eagerly expect and hope to magnify Christ.

IV. Christians can continually rejoice and remain faithful no matter what the future holds like Paul because they understand that to live is Christ and to die is gain.

A. Paul was in prison and on trial to determine whether he would live or die.

B. Nonetheless, Paul affirms that he was able to continually rejoice. How was Paul able to maintain his joy in such bleak circumstances?

C. Paul explains that he was able to maintain his joy because he understood the nature of life and death in Christ.

D. This understanding is stated most simply in the often quoted verse 21, "For as far as I am concerned to live is Christ and to die is gain."

E. Paul viewed his life as a gift of God's grace that should be lived with Christ in total control. Paul viewed death not as a loss but as a windfall. On the one hand, life had its benefits because it would mean that Paul could continue his fruitful ministry. On the other hand, even death had its benefits for Paul because it would mean that he could be with Christ and that was "by far the best" from his perspective. So attractive were both possibilities for Paul because of his faith in God that he did not know which he would choose if the choice were up to him. He felt pressed by two equally attractive options. Because Paul recognized that both life and death were positive alternatives he was able to confront anything that the future held with an overwhelming sense of joy.

F. Christians have a unique perspective that frees them from the fear of death.

G. You can continually rejoice and remain faithful no matter what the future holds like Paul because you understand that to live is Christ and to die is gain.

V. Christians can continually rejoice and remain faithful no matter what the future holds like Paul because they have confidence that God is in control of their life.

A. Paul was in prison and on trial to determine whether he would live or die.

B. Nonetheless, Paul affirms that he was able to continually rejoice. How was Paul able to maintain his joy in such bleak circumstances?

C. Paul explains that he was able to maintain his joy because he was convinced that he would be released from prison and be able to visit the Philippian Christians again.

D. However, this conclusion was not reached because he felt his trial was going well and he thought the Roman judges were inclined toward setting him free. In fact, Paul gave no consideration to what the Roman authorities thought about his case. Instead, his conclusion was based solely on his recognition of the need of the Philippian Christians and the conviction that God was not finished using him to meet that need. Because of his confidence in God's control of his life Paul was able to continue rejoicing.

E. Christians can be confident that God is in control of their lives, not some earthly authority or fate.

F. You can continually rejoice and remain faithful no matter what the future holds like Paul because you have confidence that God is in control of your life.

Conclusion

The account of Paul's life in the book of Acts is incomplete and does not indicate that Paul was released from prison in Rome. Though Paul's Epistles to Timothy and Titus seem to provide indirect evidence that Paul was released, it is uncertain whether Paul's expectation was realized. However, Paul did not need to be set free to experience the joy of the Christian life. In this same way, your joy in Christ is not dependent on circumstances. You should can continually rejoice and remain faithful no matter what the future holds like Paul because you have confidence that your trial will result in salvation, you have confidence in prayer and the supply of the Spirit; you eagerly expect and hope to magnify Christ; you understand that to live is Christ and to die is gain; and you have confidence that God was in control of your life.

### CHAPTER FIVE

### IN A MANNER WORTHY OF THE GOSPEL

### Philippians 1:27-30

Though Philippians 1:27-30 is closely related to both that which precedes and follows (See Literary Context and Role), it is relatively self-contained, has a cohesive content, and is of an appropriate length to be effectively studied as a unit.

Study of the Passage

Text and Translation

1:27Only, continually live patriotically in a manner worthy of the gospel of Christ. Then, whether I come and see you or I remain absent and hear about you, I find that you are continually standing in one spirit, continually striving together with one soul for the faith of the gospel 28and not being frightened in anything by your enemies. This is a sign to them of their destruction but of your deliverance and this from God. 29Because to you has been given on behalf of Christ not only to believe in him but also to suffer for him, 30since you have the same conflict that you saw in me and now hear to be in me.

Situation and Purpose

Philippians 1:27-30 seems to reflect a situation in which the Philippian Christians were experiencing opposition from a resistant and hostile society since Paul says in verse 30 that they were experiencing the same struggle he had when he was in Philippi and was still having. When Paul was in Philippi he was arrested and imprisoned for his witness. While writing this epistle Paul was again in prison for his witness. In addition, the passage seems to reflect a concern that the Philippian Christians might be discouraged by Paul's struggle since he gives them assurances about his situation in 1:12-26 and urges them in to remain faithful to their commitment no matter what happens to him in 1:27-30. Paul probably feared that the persecution of the Philippian Christians and his own struggle would undermine their faith and commitment. Therefore, he wrote Philippians 1:27-30 to exhort and encourage the Philippians Christians to remain faithful to God no matter what difficulties they encountered.

Literary Context and Role

Philippians 1:27-30 is integrally related to its context. The preceding passages establish a basis for the appeal to faithfulness in this passage by testifying of God's sovereign control over Paul's life even in prison (1:12-26). The immediately following passage supplements the exhortation to faithfulness in this passage by appealing for unity so that they would have the combined strength to resist persecution (2:1-11). In fact, Paul has already appealed for unity in 1:27-30, encouraging the Philippian Christians to stand firm in one spirit and strive together with one soul. The subsequent passage reemphasizes the appeal for faithfulness in 1:27-30 from a different perspective (2:12-18). These related passages provide valuable insight into Philippians 1:27-30. The role of Philippians 1:27-30 within this context is to exhort the Philippians to remain faithful.

Form and Function

Philippians 1:27-30 can be classified generally as epistolary exhortation. Epistolary exhortation can be generally defined as commands and prohibitions (whether direct, indirect, or implied) reinforced by explanations and reasoned arguments. In epistolary exhortation direct or indirect commands and prohibitions usually indicate the appropriate response. These commands and prohibitions are usually supplemented and reinforced with explanations and reasoned arguments that clarify and provide motivation for obedience. However, in many cases the indication of the appropriate response is incomplete or absent altogether. In these cases the appropriate response must be implied from the explanations and reasoned arguments. Occasionally no reasoned arguments accompany the commands and prohibitions and the authority of the teacher alone compels obedience. Philippians 1:27-30 contains a command in verse 27a that indicates the appropriate response in a general manner, "Only, continually live patriotically in a manner worthy of the gospel." This command is subsequently clarified with an explanation in verses 27b-28a. Reasoned arguments follow in verses 28b-30 that provide the motivation for obedience.

Strategy and Structure

Paul begins this passage with the command to live patriotically in a manner worthy of the gospel in verse 27a. However, this command is rather general. Therefore, he explains the specifics of what it means to live patriotically in a manner worthy of the gospel in verses 27b-28a. He concludes by providing reasoned arguments for living patriotically in a manner worthy of the gospel in verses 28b-30.

I. Command to Live Patriotically in a Manner Worthy of the Gospel (1:27a)

A. The Urgency of Living Patriotically

B. Command to Live Patriotically

C. The Standard of Patriot Living

II. Explanation of the Nature of Patriotic Living Worthy of the Gospel (1:27b-28a)

A. Whether Paul Comes or Remains Absent

B. Continually Standing in One Spirit

C. Continually Striving together with One Soul for the Faith of the Gospel

D. Not Being Frightened in Anything by Your Enemies

III. Reasoned Argument for Patriotic Living Worthy of the Gospel (1:28b-30)

A. The Testimony of Their Courage and Faithfulness

B. Suffering Has Been Given to Them along with Belief

C. They Have the Same Conflict as Paul

Message or Messages

Whatever happens, the Philippian Christians should live as patriotic citizens of God's kingdom in a manner worthy of the gospel by standing firm in one spirit, striving as one man to advance the gospel, and not being frightened in any way by their opposition because of the testimony of their courage, the grace they have received, and the duty they share with Paul as soldiers of the cross.

Analysis of the Details

Command to Live Patriotically in a Manner

Worthy of the Gospel

Paul begins by commanding the Philippian Christians to live in a worthy manner in verse 27, "Only, continually live patriotically in a manner worthy of the gospel."

**The urgency of living patriotically**. Paul introduces his command with "Only." This word was frequently used to stress extreme urgency in appeals and could have been translated "of primary importance" or "at all costs" (Martin, 82). In this context the urgency of the appeal is stressed in relationship to whether Paul was released so that he can come and see the Philippian Christians or remained a prisoner so that he could only hear about them. "Only" serves in this context to stress the urgency of obeying Paul's command to live patriotically regardless of his circumstances.

**Command to live patriotically**. Next, Paul commands the Philippian Christians, "continually live patriotically." The verb employed in the Greek text means "to live as a citizen." Citizenship was an important ideal in the Roman world. The Philippians were Roman citizens and the Philippian Christians were probably very proud of their citizenship. However, Paul was probably not encouraging the Philippian Christians to be patriotic citizens of Rome. In Philippians 3:20, Paul maintains that the citizenship of a Christian is in heaven. The command is in the present tense, stressing the need for continuous action. With the command "continually live patriotically" Paul was appealing to the Philippian Christians to consistently live in a way that expresses their patriotic devotion to God and his kingdom (See Fee 161-162; Martin, 83-84).

**The standard of patriotic living**. Paul concludes his command by setting the standard for patriotic living, "in a manner worthy of the gospel of Christ." "The gospel of Christ" of course refers to the good news of the coming of Christ so that the sins of people could be forgiven and they could be reconciled to God. At the heart of the gospel is Jesus' death on the cross. God certainly paid a high price so that people could have a relationship with him. With the words "in a manner worthy of the cross of Christ" Paul reinforces his command by appealing to the gratitude of the Philippian Christians for their experience of the costly gospel of salvation.

Explanation of the Nature of Patriotic Living

Worthy of the Gospel

Paul then explains the nature of patriotic living in verses 27-28, "Then, whether I come and see you or I remain absent and hear about you, I find that you are continually standing in one spirit, continually striving together with one soul for the faith of the gospel and not being frightened in anything by your enemies."

**Whether Paul comes or remains absent**. Paul introduces the explanation of the implications of his command by stating, "Then, whether I come and see you or I remain absent and hear about you." These two alternatives are references to the uncertainty of Paul's situation. He could be released from prison, continue his incarceration, or even be executed as he revealed in 1:18b-26. These possibilities would impinge upon Paul's ministry to the Philippian church. However, Paul refers to the possibilities to explain that the obedience of the Philippian Christians to his command to live patriotically in a manner worthy of the gospel was not dependent upon his circumstances or his ability to supervise their obedience.

**Continually standing in one Spirit**. Paul continues the explanation of the implications of his command by expressing his expectation that they would be faithful and united, "I find that you are continually standing in one Spirit." The Greek word translated "you are continually standing" was often used to describe an army that had set its defense and refused to retreat even against overwhelmingly superior forces. This verb is in the present tense, stressing the need for continuous action. Paul expresses this expectation to explain that the obedience of the Philippian Christians to his command to live patriotically in a manner worthy of the gospel required that they remain faithful to their commitment no matter what opposition or difficulties they encountered. The words "in one spirit" add another element to Paul's expectation. The word "spirit" is ambiguous. The word could be translated "spirit," referring to the human spirit. Every human being has a spirit, but Paul expresses the expectation that the Philippian Christians remain faithful "in one spirit." If "spirit" is the correct translation, Paul is explaining that obedience to his command to live patriotically in a manner worthy of the gospel requires unity. Another possibility is that Paul means, "Spirit," referring to the Holy Spirit, which he frequently maintains is the bond of unity that unites Christians (Fee, 163-166 presents a strong well-developed argument for "Spirit"). If "Spirit" is the correct translation, Paul is not only explaining that living patriotically in a manner worthy of the gospel requires unity, but he is directing them to the basis of that unity, the Holy Spirit.

**Continually striving together with one soul for the faith of the gospel**. Paul continues the explanation of the implications of his command by expressing another expectation, "continually striving together with one soul for the faith of the gospel." The Greek word translated "continually striving together" is the source of the English word "athletics" and was frequently used to refer to the cooperative efforts of teammates at the games. However, Paul's consistent use of terminology from warfare in this passage suggests that he may have had a military background in mind. Perhaps the image behind the choice of words was the Roman phalanx. The phalanx was of body of heavily armed infantry formed into close deep ranks and files. The phalanx was an awesome offensive weapon of warfare that made the Roman army almost invincible in battle. Of course teamwork and cooperative action were an essential feature which Paul reemphasizes with the words "with one soul." The phalanx was powerful because the entire army moved as one person. Paul expresses this expectation to explain that the obedience of the Philippian Christians to his command to live patriotically in a manner worthy of the gospel required that they continue to work together to advance the gospel no matter what opposition or difficulties they encountered. Paul defines the cause for which they were fighting as "the faith of the gospel." Here "faith" is used in a general sense for the content of the Christian religion that is further defined as the gospel—the good news of salvation through Jesus Christ (See Martin, 86). Paul's addition of these words adds further motivation for obedience by reminding the Philippian Christians that the cause for which they struggle is the gospel that is their salvation and the hope of a lost world.

**Not being frightened in anything by your enemies**. Paul concludes the explanation of the implications of his command by expressing a final expectation, "and not being frightened in anything by your enemies." The Greek word that is used here was often used to describe horses that had been spooked and run away. Paul clearly had a military background in mind because of his consistent use of military terminology in this passage and by the clarifying phrase "by your enemies." The participle is again in the present tense stressing the need for consistent courage. Paul expresses this expectation to explain that patriotic living that is worthy of the gospel requires consistent courage in the face of the enemy.

Reasoned Arguments for Patriotic Living

Worthy of the Gospel

Paul concludes his exhortation with reasoned arguments that provide the motivation for obedience in verses 28-30, "This is a sign to them of their destruction but of your deliverance and this from God. Because to you has been given on behalf of Christ not only to believe in him but also to suffer for him, since you have the same conflict that you saw in me and now hear to be in me."

**The testimony of their courage and faithfulness**. Paul begins his arguments for obeying his command by asserting, "This is a sign to them of their destruction but of your deliverance and this from God." A "sign" is a demonstration or proof. There is some confusion about the antecedent of "This," but the logic of Paul's argument seems to indicate that it refers back to the courage and faithful standing and striving that Paul has previously explained is required of those who live patriotically in a manner worthy of the gospel of Christ. The antecedent of "them" and "their" is clearly "enemies." As the confidence of an army can be shaken by the courage of their opposition, Paul argues that the confidence of those who oppose the Philippian Christians may be shaken if they witness the Philippian Christians continually standing in one Spirit, continually striving together with one soul, and not being frightened in anything. Paul was encouraging the Philippians Christians to be courageous and faithful because of the possibility of convincing their enemies that they are in danger of destruction and need to turn to God for salvation.

**Suffering has been given to them along with belief**. Paul continues his arguments for obeying his command by asserting, "Because to you has been given on behalf of Christ not only to believe in him but also to suffer for him." The Greek verb translated "has been given" was a very theologically significant word for Paul. He conveys with it the undeserved favor that God has shown to people, especially in the gospel. Here Paul correlates two experiences of God's grace. The first experience of God's grace is salvation through faith. They have received the grace of God so that they are able "to believe." However, Paul correlates their experience of God's grace to believe with God's grace "to suffer for him." The Philippian Christians should live patriotically in a manner worthy of the gospel because suffering goes along with their experience of God's grace of salvation (See also Fee, 171-172; Silva, 96-97 carries Paul's argument further and is worth considering).

**They have the same conflict as Paul**. Paul concludes his arguments for obeying his command by asserting, "since you have the same conflict that you saw in me and now hear to be in me." Paul is clearly appealing to his own example as one who had been and still was involved in a struggle. The word translated "conflict" was frequently used with regard to the struggle of contestants at the games, but Paul probably has a military background in mind. The clause, "which you saw in me," refers to Paul's experience when he founded the church in Philippi. At that time he was beaten and thrown into prison because of his witness according to Acts 16. The phrase, "and now hear to be in me," refers to Paul's current trial and faithful witness. Paul is arguing that the Philippian Christians should live patriotically in a manner worthy of the gospel because they, like him, are soldiers of the cross and cannot escape conflict with the enemies of God. He may also be alluding to his testimony in 1:12-26 to assure them of God's faithfulness no matter what.

Application of the Message

Christians today often encounter opposition and difficulty like Paul and the Philippian Christians as they seek to live their lives for Christ and bear witness to the good news. As a result they may become discouraged and may even consider forsaking their commitment to Christ and the gospel. This passage contains very little of a contextualized nature to require that the message be limited or adjusted when applied to the modern situation. Therefore, the message of this passage can be applied with only minor adjustments. Whatever happens, Christians should live as patriotic citizens of God's kingdom in a manner worthy of the gospel by standing firm in one spirit, striving as one man to advance the gospel, and not being frightened in any way by their opposition because of the testimony of their courage, the grace they have received, and the duty they share with Paul as soldiers of the cross.

Proclamation of the Message

**Title** : In a Manner Worthy of the Gospel

**Objective** : The objective of this sermon is to exhort and encourage Christians to be courageous and live faithfully for Christ even though they live in a resistant and even hostile world.

**Proposition** : Whatever happens, Christians should live as patriotic citizens of God's kingdom in a manner worthy of the gospel by standing firm in one spirit, striving as one man for the faith of the gospel, and not being frightened in any way because of the testimony of their courage, the grace they have received, and the duty they share with Paul as soldiers of the cross.
Introduction

Warfare is an appropriate analogy for the Christian life. We have been sent on a mission to conquer the world for God by leading people to trust in Jesus Christ. However, like all wars, this warfare is extremely difficult. Satan is a powerful enemy and he has a great multitude of allies. Most people reject God's message of salvation and retaliate against the church with opposition and persecution. Sometimes it seems easier for Christians to run away or surrender. The Philippian Christians were also engaged in this warfare. They also were rejected and attacked. As a result some of them were discouraged and on the verge of giving up the fight. In response, Paul wrote Philippians 1:27-30 to exhort the Philippian Christians to remain faithful to God. Through Paul's words God can also speak to us today about what we should do, how we can do it, and why we must do it. _Read Philippians 1:27-30_.

I. Whatever happens, Christians should live as patriotic citizens of God's kingdom in a manner worthy of the gospel of Christ.

A. First, Paul emphasizes the urgency of his command for Christians to live as patriotic citizens of God's kingdom—"Only." This word was frequently used to stress extreme urgency in appeals. In this context the urgency of the appeal is stressed in relationship to whether Paul is released so that he can come and see them or remains a prisoner and can only hear about them—"Then, whether I come and see you or only hear about you in my absence." "Only" serves in this context to stress the urgency of obeying Paul's command regardless of his circumstances.

B. Second, Paul commands Christians to live as patriotic citizens of God's kingdom—"conduct yourselves." This command appears rather undistinguished. However, the verb employed in the Greek text could be literally translated, "live patriotically." Patriotism was an important ideal in the Roman world. The Philippians were Roman citizens and the Philippian Christians were probably very proud of their citizenship. However, Paul was not encouraging the Philippian Christians to be patriotic citizens of Rome. In Philippians 3:20, Paul maintains that the citizenship of a Christian is in heaven. With the command "conduct yourselves" Paul was appealing to the Philippian Christians to live in a way that expresses their patriotic devotion to God and his kingdom. Play a recording of the National Anthem. Ask congregation members to consider or express their feelings after listening. Explain Paul was appealing to the Philippian Christians based on the same feelings of patriotism that they felt, but that he was not encouraging them to be good citizens of Rome. Instead, he was appealing to their loyalty to God and his kingdom.

C. Third, Paul sets the standard for patriotic living—"in a manner worthy of the gospel of Christ." "The gospel of Christ" of course refers to the good news of the coming of Christ so that the sins of people could be forgiven and they could be reconciled to God. At the heart of the gospel is Jesus' death on the cross. God certainly paid a high price so that people could have a relationship with him. With the words "in a manner worthy of the cross of Christ" Paul reinforces his command by appealing to the gratitude of the Philippian Christians for their experience of the costly gospel of salvation.

D. Whatever happens, you should live as patriotic citizens of God's kingdom in a manner worthy of the gospel of Christ.

II. Christians can live as patriotic citizens of God's kingdom in a manner worthy of the gospel by standing firm in one spirit, contending as one man for the faith of the gospel, and not being frightened in any way.

A. First, Paul explains that living as patriotic citizens of God's kingdom in a manner worthy of the gospel requires that Christians stand firm in one spirit—"I will know that you stand firm in one spirit." Loyal soldiers take their stand and courageously refuse to retreat even when an overwhelming enemy force confronts them. One of the reasons that they are able to maintain their courage is their unified dedication. Similarly, you should live as patriotic citizens of God's kingdom in a manner worthy of the gospel through a unified dedication to remain faithful to God no matter what opposition you encounter.

B. Second, Paul explains that living as patriotic citizens of God's kingdom in a manner worthy of the gospel requires that Christians contend as one man for the faith of the gospel—"contending as one man for the faith of the gospel." The Roman phalanx was a body of heavily armed infantry formed into close deep ranks and files. The phalanx was an awesome offensive weapon of warfare that made the Roman army almost invincible in battle. The phalanx was powerful because the entire army moved as one person. Similarly, you should live as patriotic citizens of God's kingdom in a manner worthy of the gospel through a unified determination to advance the gospel no matter what opposition you encounter.

C. Third, Paul explains that living as patriotic citizens of God's kingdom in a manner worthy of the gospel requires that Christians not be frightened in any way—"without being frightened in any way by those who oppose you." Courage is the most esteemed ideal of the soldier. Conversely, cowardice is odious to the soldier. Similarly, you should live as patriotic citizens of God's kingdom in a manner worthy of the gospel through courageous resolution to trust in God and not be frightened by anything.

D. Application—You can live as patriotic citizens of God's kingdom in a manner worthy of the gospel by standing firm in one spirit, contending as one man for the faith of the gospel, and not being frightened in any way.

III. Christians should stand firm in one spirit, contend as one man for the faith of the gospel, without being frightened in any way because of the testimony of their courage, the grace they have received, and their duty as soldiers of the cross.

A. First, Paul maintains that Christians should stand firm in one spirit, contend as one man for the faith of the gospel, without being frightened in any way because of the testimony of their courage—"This is a sign to them that they will be destroyed, but that you will be saved and this by God." According to Paul, the courage of a Christian is a sign. As the confidence of an army can be shaken by the courage of their opposition, Paul maintains that the confidence of the enemies of the church may be shaken if they witness the courage of Christians. The courage of Christians could even convince their enemies that they are in danger of destruction and should surrender and commit their lives to Jesus so that they can be delivered along with Christians.

B. Second, Paul maintains that Christians should stand firm in one spirit, contend as one man for the faith of the gospel, without being frightened in any way because of the grace they have received—"For it has been granted to you on behalf of Christ not only to believe on him, but also to suffer for him." We all enjoy receiving gifts. Certainly gratitude is among those feelings that we have when we receive gifts. Certainly we are grateful for God's gracious gift of salvation. Paul maintains that a part of the gracious gift we have received along with salvation is the gift of suffering. We can not have the one without the other. Therefore, we should gratefully accept God's gift of suffering along with the gift of salvation.

C. Finally, Paul maintains that Christians should stand firm in one spirit, contend as one man for the faith of the gospel, without being frightened in any way because it is their duty as soldiers of the cross—"since you are going through the same struggle you saw I had, and now hear that I still have." When Paul founded the church in Philippi, the Philippian Christians saw his suffering with their own eyes. He was beaten and thrown into prison because of his faithful testimony to the gospel. They had also heard that he was continuing to suffer because of his commitment to Jesus Christ. He was in prison and undergoing a trial that could result in his execution. Paul maintains that Christians share this same struggle with him. During the Gulf War CNN showed soldiers complaining about going into combat because when they joined the U.S. armed forces they did not anticipate the nation going to war. I could hardly believe my eyes and ears! The duty of a soldier is to fight! In the same way, it is the duty of Christians to courageously fight like Paul as soldiers of the cross.

D. You should stand firm in one spirit, contend as one man for the faith of the gospel, without being frightened in any way because of the testimony of your courage, the grace that you have received, and your duty as soldiers of the cross.

Conclusion

Living the Christian life can be very much like warfare. We have been sent on a mission to conquer the world for God by leading people to trust in Jesus Christ. However, Satan is a powerful enemy and he has a great multitude of allies. Most people reject God's message of salvation and retaliate against the church with persecution. Sometimes it seems easier for Christians to run or surrender. The Philippian Christians were also engaged in this warfare. Through Paul's words to them in Philippians 1:27-30 God can speak to us today about what we should do, how we can do it, and why we must do it. Whatever happens, you should live as patriotic citizens of God's kingdom in a manner worthy of the gospel by standing firm in one spirit, striving as one man for the faith of the gospel, and not being frightened in any way because of the testimony of your courage, the grace you have received, and the duty you share with Paul as soldiers of the cross.

### CHAPTER SIX

### BEING LIKE ONE PERSON

### Philippians 2:1-11

Though Philippians 2:1-11 is closely related to both that which precedes and follows (See Literary Context and Role), it is relatively self-contained, has a cohesive content, and is of an appropriate length to be interpreted as a unit.

Study of the Passage

Text and Translation

2:1If there is any encouragement in Christ, if there is any comfort of love, if there is any fellowship of the Spirit, if there is any sympathetic affection, 2complete my joy by thinking the same thing, having the same love, being like one person, thinking one thing.1 3Do nothing according to selfish ambition or vain conceit, but with humility consider others better than yourselves. 4Each of you should not look to your own interests, but to the interests of others.

5Your attitude should be the same as Christ Jesus:

6Who, though he was in the form of God,

did not consider equality with God something to be grasped;

7but he emptied himself by taking the form of a servant,

by being made in human likeness;

8and being found in appearance as a man

he humbled himself and became obedient to death—

even death on a cross!

9Therefore God also highly exalted him

and gave to him the name above every name,

10so that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow

in heaven and on earth and under the earth,

11and every tongue confess "Jesus Christ is Lord,"

to the glory of God the Father.

1Some witnesses have "thinking the same thing" instead of "thinking one thing" but this reading is probably an accidental assimilation to the earlier expression.

Situation and Purpose

Philippians 2:1-11 seems to reflect a situation in which the Philippian Christians were divided. This passage implies this threat through Paul's strong appeal for unity in verse 2, "complete my joy by thinking the same thing, having the same love, being like one person, thinking one thing." In Philippians 4:2-3 Paul deals with a specific dispute that involved two women, Euodia and Syntyche. Paul may have these parties in mind or there may have been other fractures in the fellowship of the church. Selfishness and self-centeredness seem to be the causes of the division in the church because Paul exhorts the Philippian Christians in verses 3-4 "Do nothing according to selfish ambition or vain conceit, but with humility consider others better than yourselves" and "not look to your own interests, but to the interests of others." In addition, the hymn of praise to Christ in verses 6-11 accentuates his humility and self-sacrifice for the sake of others. Paul probably feared that vanity and self-centeredness would continue to weaken the fellowship of the church in Philippi to the point that the members could no longer withstand the opposition they faced. Therefore, Paul wrote Philippians 2:1-11 to exhort and encourage the Philippian Christians to avoid self-centeredness and self-seeking and strive for unity by being humble and concerned for the needs of others. His desire was that through their strong bond of unity, the Philippian Christians would be able to withstand the assaults of their enemies.

Literary Context and Role

Though Philippians 2:1-11 with its emphasis on unity seems to digress from the emphasis on faithfulness that dominates the first two chapters of the epistle, this passage is very closely related to its context. In fact, Paul has already indirectly appealed for the Philippian Christians to be united in the preceding passage. In Philippians 1:27-30 Paul appealed to the Philippian Christians to stand "in one spirit" and strive "together with one soul." Indeed, Paul's appeal in Philippians 2:12-18 for the Philippian Christians to "do all things without grumbling or complaining" (2:14) may reflect a concern for unity. In Philippians 2:1-11 Paul addresses this concern for unity directly. Paul regarded faithfulness and unity as closely related issues. The church in Philippi could only withstand opposition and remain faithful through the strength provided by a unified fellowship. This passage is also related to 4:2-3 where Paul deals with a specific instance of disunity. Though joy does not play a large role in this passage, Paul does pick up the theme by making the completion his joy a reason why the Philippian Christians should strive for unity.

Form and Function

Philippians 2:1-11 can be classified generally as epistolary exhortation. Epistolary exhortation can be generally defined as commands and prohibitions (whether direct, indirect, or implied) reinforced by explanations and reasoned arguments. In epistolary exhortation direct or indirect commands and prohibitions usually indicate the appropriate response. These commands and prohibitions are usually supplemented and reinforced with explanations and reasoned arguments that clarify and provide motivation for obedience. However, in many cases the indication of the appropriate response is incomplete or absent altogether. In these cases the appropriate response must be implied from the explanations and reasoned arguments. Occasionally no reasoned arguments accompany the commands and prohibitions and the authority of the teacher alone compels obedience. Philippians 2:1-11 contains numerous commands and prohibitions. Verse 2 contains the command, "complete my joy." However, this command does not specifically identify the appropriate response. This response is defined by the explanation that follows, "by thinking the same thing, having the same love, being like one person, thinking one thing." Instead of identifying the appropriate response, the command combines with the conditions in verse 1 to provide the reasoned argument—desire to complete Paul's joy. Verses 3-4 contain contrasting prohibitions and commands, "Do nothing according to selfish ambition or vain conceit, but with humility consider others better than yourselves" and "Each of you should not look to your own interests, but to the interests of others." These commands are not reinforced directly with reasoned arguments. However, they are reinforced by the appeal to adopt the attitude of Christ Jesus that follows. Verse 5 contains a command, "Your attitude should be the same as Christ Jesus." Verses 6-11 are commonly regarded as an early Christian hymn. Paul employs this hymn to illustrate the attitudes of humility and self-sacrifice in verses 6-8 and provide reasoned arguments for obedience in verses 9-11

Strategy and Structure

Paul begins by exhorting the Philippian Christians to be united in verses 1-2. Paul then specifically exhorts the Philippian Christians to be humble and concerned for others so that they could be unified in verses 3-4. Finally, Paul exhorts the Philippian Christians to adopt the attitude of Christ Jesus in verses 5-11. This appeal serves to illustrate and provide the reasoned arguments for the appeal to humility and concern for others in verses 3-4 (Fee, 194-195 has an excellent analysis of the strategy and structure of verses 5-11).

I. Exhortation to Unity (2:1-2)

A. The Bases of Paul's Exhortation to Unity (1)

1. Encouragement in Christ

2. Comfort of love

3. Fellowship of the Spirit

4. Sympathetic affection

B. Paul's Exhortation to Unity (2)

1. Command to complete his joy

2. Explanation of the means of completing his joy

a. By thinking the same thing

b. By having the same love

c. By being like one person

d. By thinking one thing

II. Exhortation to Humility and Concern for Others (2:3-4)

A. Prohibition of Selfish Ambition and Vain Conceit and Command to Humbly Consider Others Better (3)

B. Prohibition of Self-interest and Command to Be Concerned for the Interests of Others (4)

III. Exhortation to Adopt the Attitude of Christ Jesus (2:5-11)

A. Command to Adopt the Attitude of Christ Jesus (5)

B. The Humility and Self-sacrifice of Christ Jesus (6-8)

1. Without presumption

2. Submissiveness

3. Humility

C. The Exaltation of Christ Jesus and Glorification of God (9-11)

1. Exalted by God

2. Bowed to and confessed by all

3. Glorification of God the Father

Message or Messages

The Philippian Christians should strive for unity in thought, love, and being because of their encouragement in Christ, the comfort they receive from his love, their fellowship in the Spirit, his sympathetic affection for them, and their desire to complete Paul's joy. The Philippian Christians should avoid self-centeredness and selfish concern for their own interests and humbly consider others better than themselves and seek what is in the interest of others. The Philippian Christians should adopt the attitude of Christ Jesus, who was without presumption, humble, and self-sacrificing and as a result was exalted by God and brought glory to God.

Analysis of the Details

Exhortation to Unity

In verses 1-2 Paul exhorts the Philippian Christians to be unified. He establishes the bases for his exhortation; then appeals to them for unity.

**The bases of Paul's exhortation to unity**. Paul begins in verse 1 by establishing the bases for his appeal to unity, "If there is any encouragement in Christ, if there is any comfort of love, if there is any fellowship of the Spirit, if there is any affection and sympathy." Actually this translation is a bit misleading because it seems to suggest that these statements are conditional. However, these are first class conditions in Greek which presuppose that what is described is a reality. Paul is stating realities within the experience of the church that make harmony possible and in a sense obligate Christians to live harmoniously. The difficulty is that these realities are not clearly defined. Instead, the impact is made through repetition and the overlapping of ideas (See Silva, 101).

First, Paul establishes the basis for his appeal for unity by reminding the Philippian Christians of their "encouragement in Christ." The word translated "encouragement" is frequently translated "exhortation" in other contexts (Martin, 90-91 suggests that Paul may be appealing to them based on his authority in Christ). However, "encouragement" seems to be a better translation in this context where the appeal for unity is based on the advantages of the Christian life. "Encouragement in Christ" probably refers to the assurance and support provided to them by their relationship with Christ (Fee, 180). Paul hoped that the Philippian Christians would recognize this advantage of their relationship with Christ and their obligation to encourage one another.

Second, Paul establishes the basis for his appeal for unity by reminding the Philippian Christians of their "comfort of love." The difficulty of this expression is that the one loving and the one loved are not defined. As a result there has been much speculation on whether Paul intends God's love for the Philippian Christians, the Philippian Christians' love for God, or the Philippian Christians' love for one another. In this context Paul is probably appealing primarily to God's love for them. However, he could also be appealing to their love for one another. The "comfort" that is produced by this love could not have been experienced as a result of their love for God but only as a result of God's love for them and their love for one another. Paul hoped that the Philippian Christians would recognize this advantage of their relationship with Christ and their obligation to love and comfort one another.

Third, Paul establishes the basis for his appeal for unity by reminding the Philippian Christians of their "fellowship of the Spirit." The word translated "fellowship" designates a bond created by a common experience. The common experience that establishes that fellowship is the Spirit. Actually, Paul could conceivably be referring to the human spirit but he should probably be understood here as indicating the Holy Spirit. Their participation in the Spirit bound the Philippian Christians together into a unified whole. Therefore, the church is a unity because of the work of the Spirit and the Philippian Christians were obligated to live in harmony with one another based on that reality.

Fourth, Paul establishes the basis for his appeal by reminding the Philippian Christians of their "sympathetic affection." Actually, these are two distinct words in the Greek text, but they should probably be regarded as a hendiadys and interpreted as a unit (Martin, 91-92). The combination of these two words suggests feelings of compassion for others that result in concern for their needs. Again the ones who are giving and receiving the "sympathetic affection" are not supplied but, in all likelihood it is God's "sympathetic affection" which the Philippian Christians have experienced. However, this experience again impacts their lives and creates an obligation for them to respond to others with compassion and sympathy and thereby create an atmosphere for harmony.

**Paul's exhortation to unity**. Next, Paul exhorts the Philippian Christians to strive for unity in verse 2, "complete my joy by thinking the same thing, having the same love, being like one person, thinking one thing." Actually the command is for the Philippian Christians to complete Paul's joy. However, this was not really Paul's concern, but another reason why they should feel obligated to live in harmony—their regard for their father in the faith and desire to please him. Paul's real concern is to prescribe the way the Philippian Christians could experience harmony. Paul again uses a great deal of repetition and overlapping of ideas to reinforce his point.

The first way that the Philippian Christians could complete Paul's joy and experience harmony is "by thinking the same thing." So important is this means of achieving unity that Paul repeats it in a varied form at the end of the list, "thinking one thing." Paul understood that people had variant ideas and that these were often a source of conflict. What Paul prescribes here is not a dull uniformity of thought, but a general orientation of the mind toward God and his truth. The word translated "thinking" is an important word for Paul in this passage. Paul uses this word to refer to Jesus' state of mind in verse 5 as an illustration for the Philippian Christians. Jesus' mind was absorbed by God and his desire to fulfill God's purpose for him even though he had to empty himself and die on the cross as a result. The Philippian Christians could experience harmony if their thoughts were totally absorbed by God.

The second way that the Philippian Christians could complete Paul's joy and experience harmony was by "having the same love." This prescription is similar to the first, but employs a different aspect of the human personality. Humans are creatures of thought, but they are also creatures of emotion. The unified object of love is left unstated, but it does not take much imagination to understand that this ultimate object of love is God. Paul recognized that a great source of disharmony is found in variant objects of devotion. Paul directed the Philippian Christians' love to God, confident that if God was their primary object of devotion this would serve as a unifying force.

The third way that the Philippian Christians could complete Paul's joy and experience harmony was by "being like one person." Actually the Greek text is stronger and could literally be translated "being one person." Paul recognized that individualism often leads to disharmony. He already identified two aspects of human personality and appealed for harmony based on unity of thought and feeling toward God. But human personality is complex and he uses this expression to emphasize that the thoughts and feelings and every other aspect of their personalities should be so united that it is as if they were all one person.

Exhortation to Humility and Concern for Others

Paul continues his exhortation of the Philippian Christians to be united in verses 3-4. Whereas in verses 1-2 Paul exhorted the Philippian Christians to be united through sharing a common life centered on God, Paul at this point exhorts them to be united through an attitude of humility and concern for others.

**Prohibition of selfish ambition and vain conceit and command to humbly consider others better**. Paul prohibits selfish ambition and vain conceit and commands humble consideration of others in verse 3, "Do nothing according to selfish ambition or vain conceit, but with humility consider others better than yourselves." "Selfish ambition" is the concern to advance one's own personal desires, frequently to the detriment of others. "Vain" or "empty conceit" is an inflated valuing of oneself that often leads to the disregard of others. Instead of "vain conceit" Paul prescribes an attitude of humility, "but with humility consider others better than yourselves." The human tendency is to elevate oneself above others, but Paul teaches the Philippian Christians that the way to unity is to put others first.

Prohibition of self-interest and command to be concerned for the interests of others. Instead of "selfish ambition" Paul prescribes an attitude of consideration for the needs of others, "Each of you should not consider his own interests but the interests of others." This translation is more absolute than most modern translations. The NIV for example has, "Each of you should not look only to your own interests, but also to the interests of others." However, the word "only" which implies an equal concern for one's own interests is not found in the Greek text, but is implied from the "also" of the second half of the verse. The inference is probably justified, but dilutes Paul's emphasis on primary concern for the interests of others. Paul hoped that through practicing humility and concern for the interest of others the Philippian Christians could overcome the human tendencies of self-centeredness and self-seeking that are so devastating to relationships.

Exhortation to Adopt the Attitude of Christ Jesus

Paul concludes his exhortation to unity in verse 5-11 by appealing to the Philippian Christians to adopt the attitude of Christ Jesus. Paul commands the Philippian Christians to adopt the attitude of Christ Jesus (5); describes Christ Jesus' attitude of humility and concern for others (6-8); and depicts the exaltation of Christ and glorification of God that results.

**Command to adopt the attitude of Christ Jesus**. Paul commands the Philippian Christians to adopt the attitude of Christ Jesus in verse 5, "your attitude should be the same as Christ Jesus." A considerable amount of debate has centered on the nature of Paul's appeal. Paul probably intended Jesus to be more than just a pattern to follow. Instead the terminology he employs suggests that what he is pointing to is a complete transformation of character made possible by Christ Jesus.

**The humility and self-sacrifice of Christ Jesus**. Paul describes Jesus' attitude of humility and concern for others that the Philippian Christians are commanded to adopt in verses 6-8. Most scholars recognize verses 6-11 as an early Christian hymn of praise to Christ which Paul has composed or borrowed and incorporated into his letter to illustrate the attitudes that are most conducive to unity. Paul accentuates the humility and self-sacrifice of Jesus by contrasting his exalted position with his deliberate renunciation of that position in favor of a role of humble service and sacrifice for others.

This contrast is stated negatively in verse 6, "who, though he was in the form of God, did not consider equality with God something to be grasped." The description of Christ as being "in the form of God" has been variously understood, but its primary significance seems to be to stress the close identity of Christ and God without specifically stating it. In contrast to this position Paul next describes the humble attitude of Christ. Unfortunately, Paul's use of the word translated "something to be grasped" seems to suggest that "equality with God" is only a potential rather than an actual reality. Therefore, many attempts have been made to understand this verse in such a way that does not violate the doctrine of the full divinity of Christ. From this perspective the phrases "in the form of God" and "equality with God" are synonymous and describe the true nature of Christ. The word translated "something to be grasped" is then reinterpreted in the light of this presupposition as "something to hold on tight to." In all probability, however, Paul was just adapting a unique illustration to its intended application. The natural tendency of human beings is to seek to exalt their own position. Christ, however, did not seek to exalt himself even in his unique position. This attitude of humble lack of concern for self is precisely what Paul is commending to the Philippian Christians so that they could achieve harmony.

The extent of this contrast is developed further in verses 7 and 8. In verse 7 Paul says, "but he emptied himself by taking the form of a servant, by being made in human likeness." In the first line of this verse Paul compares Christ to a container that has been emptied of its contents to express the self-giving nature of Jesus. It is evident from what is known of the life of Jesus that he did retain the divine nature so it is uncertain what Paul specifically meant. However, that theological issue was not a concern of Paul in this current context where his concern is more to demonstrate the sacrificial attitude of Christ. This concept of Christ emptying himself is expanded in the next two lines. First, he emptied himself "by taking the form of a servant." Christ's new role of a servant certainly stands in contrast to his former position in glory. Paul probably is using the word "servant" with the Servant Songs of Isaiah and the Psalms in mind. This servant suffered for the sake of the salvation of others. Paul was therefore challenging the Philippian Christians to this same attitude of sacrificial service for the sake of others. Second, he emptied himself "by being made in human likeness." Christ's incarnation is clearly in view here and stands in sharp contrast to his former position "in the form of God" and in "equality with God." Through Jesus, Paul was challenging the Philippian Christians to this same attitude of humility.

The extent of this contrast is reemphasized in verse 8, "and being found in appearance as a man, he humbled himself and became obedient to death—even death on a cross!" The description of Jesus as being "in appearance as a man" probably acknowledges indirectly his continued divinity, but again this is not Paul's primary concern. At this point he is concerned with demonstrating that Jesus' humility and sacrificial concern for others went much further than his incarnation. Death is the extreme act of self-sacrifice. As Paul says in Romans 5:7-8, "very rarely will anyone die for a righteous man, though for a good man someone might possibly dare to die. But God demonstrated his own love for us in this: While we were still sinners, Christ died for us." Furthermore, crucifixion was the most humiliating death imaginable. It was the form of punishment reserved for the vilest of criminals. In fact, Jews considered crucifixion especially humiliating because of Deuteronomy 21:23 which says "anyone hung on a tree is under God's curse" (See also Gal. 3:13). But Jesus gave up all that he had to meet the needs of others and humbled himself to the extreme to offer the sacrifice that could redeem mankind. Through Jesus, Paul was challenging the Philippian Christians to this same kind of humility and sacrificial attitude.

**The exaltation of Christ Jesus and glorification of God**. Paul depicts the exaltation of Jesus and glorification of God that results from Jesus humility and self-sacrifice in verses 9-11. This exaltation is linked closely with his humility and service and in context demonstrates that this attitude of humble sacrifice for others is the attitude that pleases God and brings him glory.

The description of Jesus' exaltation emphasizes his high position in contrast to the depths to which he sank in humility and service. In context this contrast serves to emphasize God's approval and blessing of those who humbly sacrifice for others like Jesus. These verses were not intended to motivate Christians to humility and service based on a crass expectation of reward for Jesus was certainly a unique case. Instead, they are the rough equivalent to Jesus' statement, "he who exalts himself will be humbled, and whoever humbles himself will be exalted" (Matt. 23:12). First, Paul asserts that God has already demonstrated his approval of Jesus' humility and self-sacrifice, "God highly exalted him and gave him the name above every name." He lifted him to a position of prominence over everyone and everything else. The name that God gave Jesus is not stated, but from its description here and the confession later it may be readily implied that the name is Lord. Lord was a name used for God in the Bible and serves again to emphasize Jesus' position of prominence over everyone and everything else as a result of his humble service for others. Though Jesus is unique in his exalted status, the exaltation of Jesus demonstrates God's approval of those who like Jesus are humble and self-sacrificing.

Second, Paul asserts that all will submit to Jesus and confess him as Lord, "so that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow in heaven and on earth and under the earth and every tongue confess 'Jesus Christ is Lord.'" Bowing was an act that demonstrated submission to the superior status of another. The fact that every knee would bow including creatures from all conceivable locales of existence stresses that Jesus would be acknowledged by all as of superior status. This same idea is reemphasized by the confession that all these creatures will make, acknowledging Jesus as Lord. Though Jesus is unique, the submission and confession of all further demonstrates God's approval of those who like Jesus are humble and self-sacrificing.

The final line of the hymn, "to the glory of God the Father," probably adds an additional motivation for adopting the attitude of Christ Jesus. When Christians are humble and self-sacrificing like Jesus they cause others to glorify God.

Application of the Message

Certainly the church today is bothered by schismatic movements and division. The splintering of the church has proved to be devastating as the church has sought to maintain its identity and accomplish its mission in a hostile world environment. Moreover, the cause of the disunity in the modern church appears to be very similar to the underlying cause of disharmony in the Philippian congregation—a self-centered and self-seeking attitude. In addition, very little of a contextualized nature is found in the passage to require that its message be limited or adjusted. The one exception is the appeal to complete Paul's joy. This appeal is based on Paul's personal relationship with the Philippian Christians and has no relevance for the modern situation. Therefore, the statement of the applied message that follows does not include that appeal. However, Philippians 2:1-11 remains a clear word from God for the modern situation. Christians should strive for unity in thought, love, and being because of their encouragement in Christ, the comfort they receive from his love, their fellowship in the Spirit, and his sympathetic affection for them. Christians should avoid self-centeredness and selfish concern for their own interests and humbly consider others better than themselves and seek what is in the interests of others. Christians should adopt the attitude of Christ Jesus, who was without presumption, humble, and self-sacrificing and as a result was exalted by God and brought glory to God.

Proclamation of the Message

**Title** : Being Like One Person

**Objective** : The objective of this message is to exhort and encourage Christians to live in harmony with one another so that they can experience the strength of a united and supportive fellowship and as a result be able to endure the trials of a life lived for Christ in a hostile environment.

**Proposition** : Christians should strive for unity by having a unified focus on Christ because of all they have received from him, avoiding self-centeredness and selfishness and placing others first, and adopting the humble and sacrificial attitude of Christ Jesus so they can please God and bring him glory.
Introduction

Christians are involved in a life and death struggle in a world hostile to Christianity. Sometimes the forces that oppose Christians are so powerful that they feel overwhelmed and are tempted to give up the struggle. This struggle is why the fellowship of the church is so important. God intended for the church to be a mutually supportive fellowship that would strengthen Christians to resist the temptation and persecution of the world. The tragedy is that the church is so frequently splintered by divisions that it is not able to fulfill this supportive role. In fact the conflict within the church often serves to accentuate the problem. Several problems often contribute to disharmony in the church. Conflicting opinions and devotions frequently lead to disagreements in the church. At the heart of the problem appears to be the fact that Christians are not allowing their experience of grace and a new relationship with God to sufficiently impact their lives. Instead of centering their lives on Christ and others, Christians are often centered on themselves and their own ideas, loyalties, and interests. Instead of resembling Jesus' humility and self-sacrifice, Christians are frequently vain and selfish. The Philippian Christians seem to have been experiencing a similar problem. They were suffering attacks from outside the church by a city hostile to Christianity. But the ability of the church to function as a supportive fellowship was hampered by schisms. Therefore, Paul appealed to them to strive for unity through a unified focus, humility and concern for others, and adopting the attitude of Jesus. We should also strive for unity so that we can have the unified strength to enable the church to stand against the opposition of the world. _Read Philippians 2:1-11_.

I. Christians should strive for unity by having a unified focus on Christ because of all that they have received from him.

A. Paul establishes the bases of his appeal for unity in verses 1-2, "If there is any encouragement in Christ, if there is any comfort of love, if there is any fellowship of the Spirit, if there is any sympathetic affection."

1. "Encouragement in Christ" is the assurance and support that Christians receive from their relationship with Christ. This encouragement that Christians receive, obligates them to encourage one another.

2. "Comfort of love" is the assurance that Christians receive from their experience of God's love. This love and assurance that Christians receive obligates them to show love and assure one another.

3. "Fellowship of the Spirit" is the common experience of the Spirit that unites Christians. This bond obligates Christians to strive for unity.

4. "Sympathetic affection" is the compassion and concern that Christians have received from God. This compassion and concern obligates them to show compassion and concern for others.

B. Paul reveals how unity can be achieved in verses 3-4, "complete my joy by thinking the same thing, having the same love, being like one person, thinking one thing."

1. Unity can be achieved "by thinking the same thing" and "thinking one thing." Disunity is often caused by the different ideas that people have. Paul is not prescribing a dull uniformity of thought, but a general orientation of the mind toward God and his truth. As the thoughts of Christians become more focussed on God and the truth revealed in his word they will be able to experience unity.

2. Unity can be achieved by "having the same love." People are not only thinking creatures, they are also emotional creatures. Different objects of loyalty and devotion are often the cause of conflict. Though unstated, Paul probably intends for this common object of love to be God. As the devotion of Christians becomes more focused on God they will be able to experience unity.

3. Unity can be achieved by "being like one person." Human nature is complex and diverse. This individualism often leads to conflict. Paul often describes the church as the body of Christ. As Christians find their identity in their relationship with Christ and the church they will be able to experience unity.

C. Illustration of the Power of a Unifying Focus

D. You should strive for unity by having a unified focus on Christ because of all that you have received from him.

II. Christians should strive for unity by avoiding self-centeredness and selfishness and placing others first.

A. Paul prohibits selfish ambition and vain conceit in the first half of verse 3, "Do nothing according to selfish ambition and vain conceit." "Selfish ambition" is the concern to advance one's own personal interest, frequently to the detriment of others. "Vain conceit" is an inflated evaluation of oneself that often leads to disdain toward others. Self-centeredness and self-seeking are prominent reasons for disunity.

B. Instead of "vain conceit" Paul prescribes humility in the second half of verse 3, "but with humility consider others better than yourselves. Instead of "selfish ambition" Paul prescribes concern for the interests of others in verse 4, "Each of you should not look to your own interests, but to the interests of others."

C. Illustration of the Destructive Power of Self-Centeredness and Selfishness

D. You should strive for unity by avoiding self-centeredness and selfishness and placing others first.

III. Christians should strive for unity by adopting the humble and sacrificial attitude of Christ Jesus so they can please God and bring him glory.

A. Paul appeals to Christians to adopt the attitude of Christ Jesus in verses 5, "Your attitude should be the same as Christ Jesus." What was the attitude of Christ Jesus?

B. Christ Jesus had a position and prestige that no human could ever hope to boast about. As Paul says, Jesus was "in the form of God" and shared "equality with God." But Jesus did not take advantage of his position, but instead exhibited humility and sacrificial concern for others. He emptied himself of all the prestige that was his! He became a servant although he was the Lord of creation! He became a man although he was God! He humbled himself to the point of dying on the cross as a sacrifice so that others might experience life!

C. Humility and concern for others must be pleasing to God because God exalted Jesus as a result of his humility and sacrifice. As Paul states in verse 9 through the first half of verse 11, "Therefore God also highly exalted him and gave to him the name above every name, so that at the name of Jesus every knee should now in heaven and on earth and under the earth, and every tongue confess 'Jesus Christ is Lord.'" The word "Therefore" clearly indicates that the exaltation of Jesus Christ was a direct result of his humility and sacrifice. Of course Jesus was special. But as Jesus himself said, "He who exalts himself will be humbled, but he who humbles himself will be exalted." When Christians relate to one another based on humility and concern they please God.

D. Humility and concern for others also brings glory to God. Paul concludes his description of the exaltation of Jesus Christ by stating, "to the glory of God the Father." When Christians relate to one another based on humility and concern they bring glory to God.

E. Illustration of the Constructive Power of Humility and Sacrifice

F. You should strive for unity by adopting the humble and sacrificial attitude of Christ Jesus so you can please God and bring him glory.

Conclusion

Christians are involved in a great struggle as they seek to live and minister in a world that is hostile to Christianity. Sometimes the forces that oppose them seem overwhelming and the tempted to give up. God has planned for the church to be a supportive fellowship so that Christians might be strengthened for that struggle. But the church has proven to be subject to a spirit of division that prevents it from fulfilling its role as a supportive fellowship. Disharmony often results from conflicting ideas and devotions as well as self-centeredness and selfishness. You should strive for unity by having a unified focus on Christ because of all you have received from him. You should strive for unity by avoiding self-centeredness and selfishness and placing others first. You should strive for unity by adopting the humble and sacrificial attitude of Christ Jesus so you can please God and bring him glory.

### CHAPTER SEVEN

### WORK OUT YOUR OWN SALVATION

### Philippians 2:12-18

Though Philippians 2:12-18 is closely related to the preceding passage (See Literary Context and Role), it is relatively self-contained, has a cohesive content, and is of an appropriate length to be interpreted as a unit.

Study of the Passage

Text and Translation

2:12In this same way, my beloved, just as you always obeyed, not only when I was present but now much more while I am absent, with fear and trembling continue to work out your own salvation 13for God is the one working in you both to will and to work for his good pleasure. 14Continually do all things without grumbling or complaining 15in order that you may be blameless and pure children of God, without blemish in the midst of a crooked and perverted generation, among whom you shine as lights in the world. 16Continually hold on tight to the word of life that I might have a ground for boasting on the Day of Christ, because I did not run for nothing or labor for nothing. 17But even if I am being poured out on the sacrificial offering which is your faithfulness, I continually rejoice and continually rejoice for all of you. 18In the same way also, you yourselves must continually rejoice and continually rejoice for me.

Situation and Purpose

Philippians 2:12-18 seems to reflect a situation in which the Philippian Christians were experiencing opposition and difficulty and as a result were becoming discouraged and in danger of forsaking their commitment to Christ and the gospel. The threat of opposition is reflected in verse 17 where Paul describes his potential death as a drink offering and the faithfulness of the Philippian Christians during persecution as a sacrificial offering. The possibility that the Philippian Christians might be discouraged as a result of opposition is reflected in Paul's emphatic call to rejoice in verses 17-18. The possibility that the Philippian Christian might forsake their commitment to Christ and the gospel is reflected in his commands in verse 12, "Continue to work out your own salvation," and verse 16, "continually hold on tight to the word of life." Paul also seems to have a concern that the Philippian Christians might rebel against his instructions in verse 14, "Continually do all things without grumbling or complaining." The purpose of the passage was to exhort and encourage the Philippian Christians to rejoice and remain faithful to their commitment to Christ and the gospel.

Literary Context and Role

Philippians 2:12-18 is closely related to the preceding passage by "In the same way." This phrase clearly relates this passage to the depiction of the humility and self-sacrifice of Christ Jesus and his resulting exaltation by God as portrayed in 2:6-11. Christ Jesus is used in this passage as an illustration of obedience. The question is whether this passage reinforces the need to obey the exhortation to unity in 2:1-11, returns to reinforce the need to obey Paul's exhortation to faithfulness in 1:27-30, or reinforces in conclusion the need to obey both the exhortation to unity and faithfulness. Though some have understood 1:12-18 to be primarily related to the exhortation to unity, the language that Paul employs in this passage seems to be more closely related to the issue of faithfulness in trial. Paul's description of his life being poured out on the sacrificial offering of the faithfulness of the Philippian Christians is most naturally understood as a reference to his potential death and their persecution. Therefore, this passage reinforces Paul's appeal for faithfulness in 1:27-30. Nonetheless, this passage probably reinforces the exhortation to unity in 2:1-11 as well. This passage continues Paul's theme of joy by not only testifying to his joy even though he faced the threat of death, but also exhorting the Philippian Christians to rejoice in the face of persecution.

Form and Function

Philippians 2:12-18 can be classified generally as epistolary exhortation. Epistolary exhortation can be generally defined as commands and prohibitions (whether direct, indirect, or implied) reinforced by explanations and reasoned arguments. In epistolary exhortation direct or indirect commands and prohibitions usually indicate the appropriate response. These commands and prohibitions are usually supplemented and reinforced with explanations and reasoned arguments that clarify and provide motivation for obedience. However, in many cases the indication of the appropriate response is incomplete or absent altogether. In these cases the appropriate response must be implied from the explanations and reasoned arguments. Occasionally no reasoned arguments accompany the commands and prohibitions and the authority of the teacher alone compels obedience. This passage contains direct commands in verse 12, "continue to work out your own salvation," verse 14, "Continually do all things without grumbling or complaining," verse 16, "Continually hold on tight to the word of life," and verse 18, "continually rejoice and continually rejoice for me." However, the first of these commands, "continue to work out your own salvation," does not directly indicate the appropriate response. Instead, this command contains a reasoned argument to encourage the Philippian Christians to remain obedient—desire to secure their salvation. These commands are reinforced with explanations that clarify the appropriate response and reasoned arguments that provide the motivation for obedience.

Strategy and Structure

Philippians 2:12-18 contains a series of exhortations that appeal for faithful obedience from several different perspectives. First, Paul appeals generally for faithful obedience in verses 12-13. Second, Paul appeals for faithful obedience without grumbling or complaining in verses 14-15. Third, Paul appeals for faithful adherence to the gospel in verse 16. Finally, Paul appeals for continuous joy rather than discouragement in verses 17-18.

I. Exhortation to Obedience (2:12-13)

A. In the Same Way as Christ Jesus (12a)

B. Based on Paul's Love (12b)

C. In Accordance with Their Past Obedience (12c)

D. Even More So while Paul Is Absent (12d)

E. With Fear and Trembling (12e)

F. Command to Work Out Salvation (12f)

G. Because God Is the One Working in Them (13)

II. Exhortation to Obedience without Grumbling or Complaining (2:14-15)

A. Command for Obedience without Grumbling or Complaining (14)

B. The Rationale for Obedience without Grumbling or Complaining (15)

1. In order to be blameless and pure children of God

2. In order to be without blemish in the midst of a crooked and perverse generation

3. In order to be lights that shine in the world

III. Exhortation to Faithful Adherence to the Gospel (2:16)

A. Command to Hold on Tight to the Word of Life

B. The Purpose for Holding on Tight to the Word of Life

1. Hope that Paul might have a ground for boasting on the Day of Christ

2. Fear that Paul may have run or labored for nothing

IV. Exhortation to Rejoice (2:17-18)

A. Paul's Example of Continual Rejoicing (17)

1. The possibility that he and the Philippian Christians may have to make an extreme sacrifice

2. Paul's continual rejoicing regardless

B. Command for the Philippian Christians to Continually Rejoice as Well (18)

Message or Messages

The Philippian Christians should remain obedient in accordance with the example of Christ Jesus and their own pattern of obedience even more so while Paul is absent because of their fear of God, desire to ensure that they truly are saved, and God is the one working in them for his good pleasure. The Philippian Christians should obey without grumbling and complaining so that they can be blameless and pure children of God and without blemish in the midst of wickedness and perversity and thereby shine as lights in the world. The Philippian Christians should remain committed to the gospel because it is the word of life and so that they can anticipate the blessings of the Day of Christ rather than fear God's judgment on that Day. The Philippian Christians should continually rejoice even though they may endure a severe trial because their faithful suffering is a sacrificial offering that pleases God.

Analysis of the Details

Exhortation to Obedience

Paul appeals to the Philippian Christians for obedience in verses 12-13, "In this same way, my beloved, just as you always obeyed, not only when I was present but now much more while I am absent, with fear and trembling continue to work out your own salvation for God is the one working in you both to will and to work for his good pleasure."

**In the same way as Christ Jesus**. Paul introduces his appeal for faithful obedience in verse 12 by making use of to the example of Christ in 2:6-11, "In this same way" (See also Martin, 109-110). The faithful obedience of Christ is apparent in his incarnation, but especially in his death on the cross. The second half of verse eight describes the extent of his obedience, "he humbled himself and became obedient to death—even death on a cross!" Through Christ's example of faithful obedience Paul hoped to inspire the Philippian Christians to remain faithfully obedient even in the face of suffering and death. However, Paul was not intending merely to inspire the Philippian Christians by Christ's example of obedience. Christ was exalted because of his faithful obedience. Certainly, the exaltation of Jesus was unique, but the hope of faithful Christians is that they might share in Christ's glory. Paul therefore was probably seeking to provide incentive for the Philippian Christians to remain obedient in the face of suffering by reminding them of this hope.

**Based on Paul's love**. Paul addresses the Philippian Christians in verse 12 as "my beloved." Through this address Paul was expressing his compassion for the Philippian Christians and desire to sacrifice in any way possible for them as in 1:8 where he asserts that he loves them "with the compassion of Christ Jesus." Through this expression of Paul's compassion he sought to encourage the Philippian Christians to faithfully obey based on his love relationship with them.

**In accordance with their past obedience**. Paul reminds the Philippian Christians of their past faithfulness in verse 12, "just as you always obeyed." Paul was probably not referring specifically of their support for his ministry, but more generally of their faithful obedience to God as they experienced difficulties. Suffering and difficulties were not a new experience for the Philippian Christians. The church had experienced trials from the very beginning because of its stand for Christ. Paul hoped that the Philippian Christians would remember their victories over discouraging trials in the past and gain new strength for facing their current difficulties.

**Even more so while Paul is absent**. Paul clarifies in verse 12 that the faithful obedience of the Philippian Christians should not be dependent on his presence, "Not only when I was present, but now much more while I am absent." In fact, Paul seems to indicate that their obedience is more urgently necessary while he is absent. The reason for this greater urgency is revealed in verse 13.

**With fear and trembling**. In verse 12 Paul also encourages the Philippian Christians to faithfully obey "with fear and trembling." Some have attempted to soften these words or direct their focus away from God to the community of the church because they have felt that such and attitude was inappropriate to a Christian's relationship with God. But both the Old and the New Testaments are full of similar admonitions. The reason the Philippian Christians should fear is clarified in verse 13.

**Command for them to work out their salvation**. The only command in these verses is "continue to work out your own salvation." However, this command does not identify the response that Paul is trying to elicit. Instead, this command supplies one of Paul's reasoned arguments for faithful obedience—the desire to secure salvation. This argument has confused many in the light of Paul's insistence on salvation by grace through faith (Martin, 111 has attempted to resolve this tension by defining "salvation" in regard to the corporate life of the church rather than on personal terms). But the close connection between faith and obedience is totally consistent with Paul's perspective—true faith is demonstrated by faithfulness and without faithfulness the legitimacy of faith is questionable (See also Silva, 135-140). Paul is calling the Philippian Christians to an obedience that demonstrates the reality of their ultimate salvation. The present tense of this verb stresses the need for continual obedience.

**Because God is the one working in them**. Paul concludes his appeal for faithful obedience in verse 13 by explaining, "for God is the one working in you both to will and to work for his good pleasure." This verse is normally understood as an assurance of God's faithfulness to support Christians in accomplishing his purposes (See Martin, 112-113). Certainly God is faithful to work among Christians to guide and direct them to do what pleases him. However, in this context Paul probably intends for God's presence among the Philippian Christians to motivate them to carefully submit to his will and do his bidding based on fear of the possibility of his judgement. This verse explains both the reason why it is so urgent for the Philippian Christians to obey even more when Paul is absent and obey "with fear and trembling."

Exhortation to Obedience without Grumbling

or Complaining

Paul appeals to the Philippian Christians for faithful obedience without quibbling in verses 14-15, "Continually do all things without grumbling or complaining in order that you may be blameless and pure children of God, without blemish in the midst of a crooked and perverted generation, among whom you shine as lights in the world."

**Command for obedience without grumbling or complaining**. Paul's commands the Philippian Christians in verse 14, "Continually do all things without grumbling or complaining." The sins of grumbling and complaining were characteristic of the Israelites in the wilderness. Whenever difficulties arose they grumbled and complained against Moses. Paul was concerned that the Philippian Christians might also be consumed with grumbling and complaining because of their trials (Martin, 113 and Silva, 143-144 relate "grumbling or complaining" to the disputes among the Philippian Christians because of the close connection of this passage to the preceding passage). He therefore commands them to faithfully obey without complaint. Paul uses the present tense imperative to stress that faithful obedience without quibbling should be a perpetual practice.

**The rationale for obedience without grumbling or complaining**. Paul's command in verse 15 is based in verse 16 on the need for the Philippian Christians to maintain their distinctive character so that it could serve as an effective witness to the gospel in the world. Paul begins by appealing to the Philippian Christians based on their need to maintain a distinctive character as God's children, "in order that you may be blameless and pure children of God." Through the Son of God, Jesus Christ, Christians have been made the children of God. This status requires that Christians live in such a way as to honor their heavenly Father. The word "blameless" was used to describe those who were so upright that no one could find a reason to accuse them of an offense. However, grumbling and complaining would give the opponents of the Philippian Christians an accusation. They needed to avoid grumbling and complaining so that no such charge could be brought against them and they would honor God as his children. The word "pure" was used for gold or any precious metal from which all impurities had been removed. However, grumbling and complaining would corrupt the character of the Philippian Christians. They needed to avoid grumbling and complaining so that they would not be corrupt and could honor God as his children.

Next, Paul appeals to the Philippian Christians based on their need to maintain a distinctive character from the wickedness and perversity that was so prevalent, "without blemish in the midst of a crooked and perverse generation." The background for "without blemish" probably lies in the Jewish sacrificial system. Animals offered as sacrifices to God were also to be "without blemish." Paul later describes the obedience of the Philippian Christians as a sacrificial offering to God. However, grumbling and complaining would make the sacrifice of the Philippian Christians unacceptable to God. They needed to avoid grumbling and complaining so that their lives would be acceptable to him. Paul is probably alluding to Deuteronomy 32:5 when he describes the church as being "in the midst of a crooked and perverse generation." In that passage Israel is described in similar terms. That generation of course was the same generation that constantly grumbled and complained and was judged by God. Through this allusion, Paul warns the Philippian Christians of the danger of grumbling and complaining.

Finally, Paul appeals to the Philippian Christians based on their need to maintain a positive witness in the world, "among whom you shine as lights in the world." Paul's imagery is not altogether clear. He could have intended the imagery of stars shining in a dark sky. In this case the emphasis would again be on the necessity of maintaining a distinctive character against the threat of the Philippian Christians diminishing their distinctiveness by grumbling and complaining. He could also have had in mind the shining of a torch or a lamp. In this case the emphasis would be on the necessity of maintaining a positive witness against the threat of the Philippian Christians diminishing their influence by grumbling and complaining. Actually, the ideas of distinctiveness and influence are so closely bound that it is very difficult to separate them and Paul probably has both in mind. By reminding them of the necessity of maintaining their distinctiveness and influence Paul hoped to motivate the Philippian Christians to accept trials without complaint.

Exhortation to Faithful Adherence to the Gospel

Paul appeals to the Philippian Christians to faithfully adhere to the gospel in verse 16, "Continually hold on tight to the word of life that I might have a ground for boasting on the Day of Christ, because I did not run for nothing or labor for nothing."

**Command to hold on tight to the word of life.** Paul begins by commanding the Philippian Christians to "Continually hold on tight to the word of life." The "word of life" is obviously the gospel that leads to life for those who accept Jesus by faith. The problem here is that it is not altogether clear that his words contain a distinct command. The word translated as an imperative is actually a participle and Paul's words have been understood by many as a further description of the role of the church in relationship to the world, "continually holding forth the word of life." If this understanding of Paul's words is correct then Paul is stressing again the need of the Philippian Christians to maintain a distinctive character and witness by avoiding complaints. However, the Greek participle does often carry an imperative force in exhortations and it is probable that Paul intended for this participle to be understood in this way. The translation "hold on tight" is more consistent with normal usage than the unusual "holding forth" and is consistent with the appeal that follows. Through the image of grasping something tightly, Paul emphasizes the need for faithful adherence. He uses the present participle to amplify the need for unswerving commitment. He refers to the gospel as the "word of life" to remind the Philippian Christians that the gospel is the basis for their life in anticipation of the appeal which follows. Paul was warning the Philippian Christians of their need to remain committed to the gospel because it is the basis for their life.

**The purpose for holding on tight to the word of life**. Paul's appeal to the Philippian Christians to remain committed to the gospel during times of trials is based primarily on the hope of sharing in the blessings of the kingdom and the danger that they might not share in those blessings. However, Paul expresses himself indirectly in relationship to his own hopes and fears for the Day of Christ. "The Day of Christ" is the time of Christ's return when he will reward the righteous and judge the wicked. Paul begins by relating his hope for the Day of Christ, "that I might have a basis for boasting on the Day of Christ." However, Paul is probably not so concerned with his own ability to boast on that day as the acceptance of the Philippian Christians into the kingdom on that day. However, he would have no basis for boasting and they would not be accepted unless they remained faithfully committed to the gospel. Paul concludes by relating his fear for the Day of Christ, "that I did not run for nothing or labor for nothing." Paul employs two metaphors to describe his work on behalf of the Philippian Christians—running in a race and working at a job. When an athlete runs a race he expects to receive a prize. When a worker labors hard all day long he expects to receive wages. However, Paul is probably not as concerned about his wasted exertions on behalf of the Philippian Christians as much as the possibility that they might be rejected on the Day of Christ. The Philippian Christians needed to remain faithfully committed to the gospel so that they could be assured of receiving the blessings of the kingdom on the Day of Christ.

Exhortation to Rejoice

Finally, Paul appeals for the Philippian Christians to rejoice in verses 17-18, "But even if I am being poured out on the sacrificial offering which is your faithfulness, I continually rejoice and continually rejoice for all of you. In the same way also, you yourselves must continually rejoice and continually rejoice for me."

**Paul's example of continual rejoicing**. Paul begins by using himself as an example in verse 17, "But even if I am being poured out on the sacrificial offering that is your faithfulness, I continually rejoice and continually rejoice for you." Paul stresses his continuous joy both for himself in spite of the possibility that he might be executed and the Philippian Christians despite their persecution using the present tense. But how could Paul be continually joyful in these circumstances? The explanation of his continual joy can be found in the way that he describes both his suffering and the suffering of the Philippian Christians. Paul describes his suffering and potential death in faithfulness to Jesus as a drink offering, "But even if I am being poured out." Paul describes the suffering of the Philippian Christians in faithfulness of Jesus as a sacrificial offering, "on the sacrificial offering which is your faithfulness." Sacrificial offerings were expressions of devotion to God that pleased him when offered with a sincere heart. The drink offering was poured over the sacrifice as a supplemental expression of devotion. Paul was able to continually rejoice even though he might die for his faithfulness because he regarded his death as an expression of devotion that would be pleasing to God. Paul was able to continually rejoice for the Philippian Christians because he regarded their suffering for their faithfulness as an expression of their devotion that would be pleasing to God.

**Command for the Philippian Christians to continually rejoice as well**. Paul concludes by commanding the Philippian Christians to emulate his example of continuous joy even in suffering, "In the same way also you should continue to rejoice and continue to rejoice with me." Again, Paul uses the present imperative to stress the need for constant joy that suffering should not diminish. The Philippian Christians could continually rejoice both for themselves and for Paul if they understood suffering as an expression of worship and devotion that would please God.

Application of the Message

Christians today still face difficulties and trials that are discouraging and rob them of their joy in Christ. As a result their commitment to obey Christ and remain faithful to the gospel may be threatened. They often grumble and complain about the demands of Christian living and the difficulties they encounter because of their faithfulness to Christ. Seldom is the antagonism and persecution to the same degree that was true during the early years of the church, but it is present all the same. Therefore, Paul's appeal is very relevant for the modern context. Nonetheless, a few elements of the passage are somewhat contextualized. First, Paul addresses the Philippian Christians as "my beloved" as a basis for encouraging them to remain faithful. This appeal to his relationship with them is far too personal to be relevant to today. Second, Paul uses the past faithfulness of the Philippian Christians as a pattern for continued faithfulness, "just as you have always obeyed." However, this pattern can be applied more generally in the modern context. Third, Paul uses his hope that the Philippian Christians will give him a ground for boasting and his fear that his efforts will prove to be in vain on the Day of Christ as a basis for exhorting the Philippian Christians to remain faithful to the gospel. Since Paul has not had a direct role in the lives of modern readers this appeal appears at first to be irrelevant. However, underlying the appeal is the hope of sharing in the blessings of the Day of Christ as opposed to the fear of the Day of Christ that remains relevant for the modern context. Therefore, I have adjusted the message accordingly in the statement of the applied message that follows. Christians should remain obedient in accordance with the example of Christ Jesus without slackening their commitment or the needing supervision because they fear God, want to ensure that they truly are saved, and God is the one working in them for his good pleasure. Christians should obey without grumbling and complaining so that they can be blameless and pure children of God and without blemish in the midst of wickedness and perversity and thereby shine as lights in the world. Christians should remain committed to the gospel because it is the word of life and so that they can anticipate the blessings of the Day of Christ rather than fear God's judgment on that Day. Christians should continually rejoice even though they may endure a severe trial because their faithful suffering is a sacrificial offering that pleases God.

Proclamation of the Message

**Title** : Work Out Your Own Salvation

**Objective** : The objective of this message is to exhort and encourage Christians to remain faithfully committed to Christ and the gospel in spite of suffering.

**Proposition** : Christians should remain obedient because they fear God and want to ensure that they truly are saved; obey without grumbling and complaining so that they can be blameless and pure children of God and shine as lights in the world; hold on tight to the word of life so they can anticipate the blessings of the Day of Christ; and continually rejoice because their faithful suffering is a sacrificial offering that pleases God.
Introduction

When Jesus came to earth he lived in total faithfulness to God and proclaimed God's message of salvation to a lost world. But people felt threatened by Jesus' life and message. Therefore, they crucified Jesus on a cross. In obedience to their Lord, Christians also live for God and proclaim God's message of salvation. As a result, Christians often encounter opposition and difficulty. These trials sometimes lead to discouragement, complaining, and compromise. In extreme cases Christians may even forsake their commitment to Christ altogether so that they can avoid the difficulties that come from being faithful to Jesus. The Philippian Christians experienced many trials because of their commitment to Christ. Paul feared that they might become discouraged, compromise or even forsake their commitment to Christ and the gospel. In response Paul wrote a strong exhortation to them in Philippians 2:12-18 to appeal to them to remain faithful to Christ and the gospel in spite of trials. We also need to hear Paul's words as we experience trials because of our faithful stand for Jesus. _Read Philippians 2:12-18_.

I. Christians should remain obedient because they fear God and want to ensure that they truly are saved.

A. Paul appeals for faithful obedient in verses 12-13, "In this same way, my beloved, just as you always obeyed, not only when I was present but now much more while I am absent, with fear and trembling continue to work out your own salvation, for God is the one working in you both to will and to work for his good pleasure."

B. Paul clarifies the character of Christian obedience.

1. First, Christian obedience should follow the pattern of the sacrificial obedience of Christ Jesus. In Philippians 2:6-8, Paul relates how even though Christ Jesus was in the form of God, he emptied himself by taking the form of a servant, humbled himself, and was obedient to the extent that he submitted to death on a cross. "In the same way," Christians should faithfully obey even though they may have to sacrifice like Jesus.

2. Second, Christian obedience should be consistent. Paul acknowledged the past obedience of the Philippian Christians and used their past obedience as the pattern for present and future obedience. Christians should continue to obey "just as you always obeyed."

3. Third, Christian obedience should not require supervision. Paul instructed the Philippian Christians to obey, "not only when I was present but now much more while I am absent." Paul even seems to indicate that their obedience is even more urgent while he is absent.

C. Paul also provides some reasons for faithful obedience.

1. First, Paul maintains that Christians should remain obedient because they fear God. Paul encouraged the Philippian Christians to faithfully obey "with fear and trembling." Some feel that fear is inappropriate to a Christian's relationship with God. However, the Bible is filled with similar admonitions to fear God.

2. Second, Paul maintains that Christians should remain obedient to ensure that they are saved. Paul commands the Philippian Christians to "continue to work out your own salvation." This command is confusing to many people who regard it as being inconsistent with salvation by grace through faith. However, Paul's command is totally consistent with his perspective—true faith is demonstrated by faithfulness and without faithfulness the legitimacy of faith is questionable.

3. Third, Paul maintains that Christians should remain obedient because God is the one working in them for his good pleasure. Paul explains to the Philippian Christians, "for God is the one working in you both to will and to work for his good pleasure." The presence of God in our lives is a sobering thought. Indeed, Paul explains that the presence of God makes faithful obedience even more necessary while he is absent and is a good reason for fear and trembling.

D. Illustration of Faithful Obedience

E. You should remain obedient because you fear of God and want to ensure that you truly are saved.

II. Christians should obey without grumbling and complaining so that they can be blameless and pure children of God and shine as lights in the world.

A. Paul appeals for obedience without quibbling in verses 14-15, "Continually do all things without grumbling or complaining in order that you may be blameless and pure children of God, without blemish in the midst of a crooked and perverted generation, among whom you shine as lights in the world."

B. The sins of grumbling and complaining were characteristic of the Israelites in the wilderness. Whenever they encountered difficulty they grumbled at Moses. Whenever I teach the book of Exodus, I listen to my students marvel at the Israelites' lack of faith. However, Christians often complain with much less provocation.

C. Paul maintains that Christians should obey without quibbling because of the importance of maintaining a distinctive Christian character and witness. Paul describes this distinctive Christian character and witness in several ways.

1. First, Paul maintains that Christians should obey without quibbling so that they may be "blameless and pure children of God." Through Jesus Christ, God's Son, Christians have been made the children of God. Their new status requires that their conduct honor their heavenly Father. The word "blameless" means that they are so upright that no one can find any reason to bring an accusation against them. The word "pure" was used for gold from which all impurities had been removed.

2. Second, Paul maintains that Christians should obey without quibbling so that they will be "without blemish in the midst of a crooked and perverse generation." The words "in the midst of a crooked and perverse generation" are probably a quotation of Deuteronomy 32:4 where they are used to describe the wilderness generation that was always grumbling and complaining. Paul maintains that Christians must be distinct from that generation of whiners.

3. Third, Paul maintains that Christians should obey without quibbling so that they "shine as lights in the world." They are lamps to light the way to the gospel.

D. Illustration of the Harmful Effects of Grumbling on Christian Witness

E. You should obey without grumbling and complaining so that you can be blameless and pure children of God and shine as lights in the world.

III. Christians should hold on tight to the word of life so that they can anticipate the blessings of the Day of Christ.

A. Paul appeals for commitment to the gospel in verse 16, "Continually hold on tight to the word of life that I might have a ground for boasting on the Day of Christ, because I did not run for nothing or labor for nothing."

B. Paul stresses the need for commitment to the gospel by likening commitment to firmly grasping a precious possession. Indeed, the gospel is a precious possession.

C. Paul stresses the need for commitment to the gospel by referring to it as "the word of life"—the means of experiencing life.

D. Paul stresses the importance of commitment to the gospel based on the coming judgment on the Day of Christ. He expresses the importance of the commitment from his own personal perspective, but underlying his reasoning is his concern that the Philippian Christians might be rejected on that Day.

1. First, Paul states that he wanted the Philippian Christians to be committed to the gospel so that he might have "a ground for boasting on the Day of Christ." However, Paul was probably not as concerned about having a basis for bragging on the Day of Judgment as he was concerned that the Philippians might not be rejected on that Day.

2. Second, Paul states that he wanted the Philippian Christians to be committed to the gospel so that he would not "run for nothing or labor for nothing." However, Paul was probably not as concerned that he find that he had wasted his effort on the Day of Judgment as he was concerned that the Philippian Christians might be rejected on that Day.

E. Illustration of Faithful Adherence to the Gospel

F. You should hold on tight to the word of life so that you can anticipate the blessings of the Day of Christ.

IV. Christians should continually rejoice because their faithful suffering is a sacrificial offering that pleases God.

A. Paul appeals for joy in trial in verses 17-18, "But even if I am being poured out on the sacrificial offering which is your faithfulness, I continually rejoice and continually rejoice for all of you. In the same way also, you yourselves must continually rejoice and continually rejoice for me."

B. Paul stresses his continuous joy both for himself in spite of the possibility that he might be executed and the Philippian Christians in spite of their experience of persecution. How could Paul be continually joyful in such distressing circumstances. Paul describes the suffering of the Philippian Christians as a sacrificial offering and his own suffering as a drink offering poured over their sacrifice. The sacrificial offerings of the Old Testament were expressions of devotion to God that pleased Him when offered with a pure heart. Paul was able to continually rejoice because he understood his suffering and that of the Philippian Christians as expressions of devotion that pleased God.

C. Paul concludes by commanding the Philippian Christians to emulate his continual joyfulness in spite of trials based on this new understanding of the nature of suffering.

D. Illustration of Rejoicing in Suffering

E. You should continually rejoice because your faithful suffering is a sacrificial offering that pleases God.

Conclusion

Christians often encounter opposition and difficulty as they strive to be obedient to their Lord. These trials sometimes lead to discouragement, complaining, and compromise. In extreme cases Christians may even forsake their commitment to Christ altogether so that they can avoid the difficulties that come from being faithful to Jesus. The Philippian Christians experienced many trials because of their commitment to Christ. Paul feared that they might become discouraged, compromise and even forsake their commitment to Christ and the gospel. In response Paul wrote a strong exhortation to them in Philippians 2:12-18 to appeal to them to remain faithful to Christ and the gospel in spite of trials. We also need to hear Paul's words as we experience trials because of our faithful stand for Jesus. You should remain obedient because you fear God and want to ensure that you truly are saved. You should obey without grumbling and complaining so that you can be blameless and pure children of God and shine as lights in the world. You should hold on tight to the word of life and so that you can anticipate the blessings of the Day of Christ. You should continually rejoice because your faithful suffering is a sacrificial offering that pleases God.

### CHAPTER EIGHT

### HOLD SUCH MEN IN HONOR

### Philippians 2:19-30

Though Philippians 2:19-30 could be broken down into two passages—the commendation of Timothy in 2:19-24 and the commendation of Epaphroditus in 2:25-30—I have chosen to unite these commendations into a single passage because of their similar form and a common concern for relationships with church leaders.

Study of the Passage

Text and Translation

2:19I am hoping in the Lord to send Timothy to you soon, in order that I may be glad because I know the things concerning you. 20For I have no one like him, who will genuinely care for your interests; 21for everyone seeks after their own interests, not the interests of Jesus Christ. 22But you know his proven worth, how as a child with a father he served with me for the gospel. 23Therefore this one indeed I am hoping to send to you immediately after I see what is going to happen to me, 24but I am convinced in the Lord that I myself will come soon.

25I consider it necessary to send back to you Epaphroditus—my brother, fellow worker, and fellow soldier and your emissary, the one serving my needs, 26since he was longing and distressed for you all because you heard that he was sick. 27Indeed he was sick, close to death, but God had mercy on him, but not on him alone but also on me, so that I might not have grief piled on top of grief. 28Therefore I am all the more eager to send him to you so that when you see him again you may rejoice and I myself may be less anxious. 29So welcome him in the Lord with all joy and hold such men in honor 30because he came close to death for the work of Christ, gambling his life to fill what was lacking in your service to me.

Situation and Purpose

Philippians 2:19-30 reflects two situations. First, Paul's sending of Timothy and commendation of him reflects a situation in which the Philippian Christians were encountering difficulties. However, these difficulties are only alluded to in a general way. Nonetheless, the broader context indicates that the Philippian Christians were distressed by Paul's imprisonment and uncertain fate (1:12-26), opposed by an antagonistic Roman city (1:27-30), and threatened by divisions that would weaken their ability to remain faithful (2:1-11). In response to this situation Paul wrote his commendation of Timothy "in order that I may be glad because I know the things concerning you." More specifically, Paul wrote his commendation of Timothy to introduce him to the Philippian Christians and encourage them to welcome and follow his leadership so that he could help them overcome their difficulties and remain faithful. Second, Paul's return of Epaphroditus and commendation of him reflects a situation in which he might not have been welcomed by the Philippian Christians due to his failure to carry out his mission of serving Paul. In response to this situation, Paul wrote his commendation of Epaphroditus to exhort the Philippian Christians to welcome and honor Epaphroditus.

Literary Context and Role

Philippians 2:19-30 seems to be out of place. Paul does not normally include information about his own plans or those of his associates within the body of instruction of his epistles. These personal revelations are usually limited to the introductions and conclusions of his letters. Some have suggested, based in part on the unusual location of these commendations, that Philippians is a composite of more than one letter of Paul to the Philippians. However, such a conclusion is unnecessary. Paul could very well have been bringing his letter to a close when he heard more news from Philippi or simply took the opportunity while he waited for the outcome of his trial to give them further instructions which might be helpful to them. The commendations seem to have an especially close relationship to the preceding instruction where Paul deals with the threat of discouragement because of his imprisonment and persecution as well as the danger of disunity. Therefore, the role of these commendations may go beyond their immediate situations. Timothy and Epaphroditus may be used in part as illustrations of the qualities that Paul has encouraged in the first half of his epistle (Silva, 153-154 suggests an interesting alternative). This passage may make a small contribution to Paul's theme of joy by encouraging the Philippian Christians to welcome Epaphroditus with joy.

Form and Function

Philippians 2:19-30 can be classified as commendation. The commendations in this passage supply positive recommendations of people in order to secure their acceptance and respect. Commendations are a more specific category of epistolary exhortation. Epistolary exhortation can be generally defined as commands and prohibitions (whether direct, indirect, or implied) reinforced by explanations and reasoned arguments. In epistolary exhortation direct or indirect commands and prohibitions usually indicate the appropriate response. These commands and prohibitions are usually supplemented and reinforced with explanations and reasoned arguments that clarify and provide motivation for obedience. However, in many cases the indication of the appropriate response is incomplete or absent altogether. In these cases the appropriate response must be implied from the explanations and reasoned arguments. Occasionally no reasoned arguments accompany the commands and prohibitions and the authority of the teacher alone compels obedience. The commendation of Epaphroditus contains two direct commands in verse 29 that indicate the appropriate response, "So welcome him in the Lord with all joy and hold such men in honor." These commands are reinforced by reasoned arguments including the necessity of his return, his faithful service, and his courage for the gospel of Christ. The commendation of Timothy contains no direct or indirect commands. Nonetheless, the commendation of Timothy implies the commands "Welcome Timothy and follow his leadership." These implied commands are reinforced by reasoned arguments including Paul's confidence in Timothy, his exceptional character, and his proven worth.

Strategy and Structure

The passage contains commendations of both Timothy and Epaphroditus. The commendation of Timothy is in verses 19-24. First, Paul indicates his hope to send Timothy (19a). Second, Paul encourages the Philippian Christians to welcome him and follow his leadership based on Paul's confidence in him (19b). Third, Paul encourages the Philippian Christians to welcome him and follow his leadership by commending his exceptional character and proven worth (20-22). Fourth, Paul repeats his hope of sending Timothy (23). In conclusion, Paul assures the Philippian Christians of his personal conviction that he himself will visit them soon (24). The commendation of Epaphroditus is in verses 25-30. Paul indicates how he wants the Philippian Christians to receive Epaphroditus, but not until verse 29, "So welcome him in the Lord with all joy and hold such men in honor." These commands are reinforced throughout verses 25-30. First, Paul asserts the necessity of the return of Epaphroditus (25a). Second, Paul commends Epaphroditus for his faithful service (25b). Third, Paul substantiates the necessity of the return of Epaphroditus based on his longing and distress for them due to his illness (26), the severity of his illness (27), and the joy and relief that would result from his return (28). Finally, Paul commends Epaphroditus' courage for the work of Christ (30).

I. Paul's Commendation of Timothy (2:19-24)

A. Paul's Hope to Send Timothy (19a)

B. Paul's Confidence in Timothy (19b)

C. Paul's Commendation of Timothy (20-22)

1. Timothy's exceptional character, genuine concern, and unselfish dedication

2. Timothy's proven worth

D. Paul's Hope to Send Timothy Restated (23)

E. Paul's Conviction that He Himself Will Come Soon (24)

II. Paul's Commendation of Epaphroditus (2:25-30)

A. The Need to Return Epaphroditus (25a)

B. The Commendable Service of Epaphroditus (25b)

C. Explanation of the Need (26-28)

1. The longing and distress of Epaphroditus for the Philippian Christians

2. The severity of Epaphroditus' illness

3. The resulting joy of the Philippian Christians and relief of Paul

D. Command to Welcome and Honor Epaphroditus (29)

1. Command to welcome Epaphroditus in the Lord with all joy

2. Command to hold such men in honor

E. The Commendable Courage of Epaphroditus (30)

1. He came close to death for the work of Christ

2. He gambled his life to complete their service to Paul

Message or Messages

The Philippian Christians should welcome Timothy and follow his leadership because Paul is confident that Timothy's presence will ensure their well-being; Timothy is exceptional in his genuine concern for their welfare and unselfish dedication to the interests of Christ; and Timothy has proven his worth through his service with Paul for the gospel. The Philippian Christians should welcome Epaphroditus with joy and honor him because his return was necessitated by his severe illness; he faithfully fulfilled his mission of serving Paul; and he courageously risked his life for the work of Christ and their service to Paul.

Analysis of the Details

Paul's Commendation of Timothy

Paul introduces and commends Timothy to the Philippian Christians in 2:19-24. Within this introduction and commendation Paul informs them of his hope to send Timothy to them, expresses his confidence in Timothy's ability to help them, commends Timothy for his exceptional character and proven worth, repeats his hope of sending Timothy, and assures them that he himself will come to them soon.

**Paul's hope to send Timothy**. Paul begins by expressing his hope to send Timothy to the Philippian Christians at the beginning of verse 19, "I am hoping in the Lord to send Timothy to you soon." Paul repeats this hope in verse 25, "Therefore this one indeed I am hoping to send to you immediately after I see what is going to happen to me." As Paul reveals in verse 23, he only intends to send Timothy when he discovers what is going to happen to him. His conviction as he indicates in verse 24 is that he will be released so that he can come and see them. Both his hope to send Timothy and later his conviction of his release are "in the Lord." Paul believed that God was in control rather than earthly authority or fate. Through these expressions of his hope, Paul was reinforcing his earlier assurances to the Philippian Christians with regard to his situation.

**Paul's confidence in Timothy**. Next, Paul indicates his purpose for sending Timothy at the end of verse 19, "in order that I may be glad because I know the things concerning you." However, Paul was probably not just using Timothy as an observer to report back to him on the welfare of the church in Philippi. The commendation of Timothy that follows implies that he was to have a significant role in helping them overcome their difficulties. Therefore, Paul is probably expressing his confidence that the welfare of the Philippian Christians will be assured and he will be made glad because of Timothy's ministry among them. Through this expression of Paul's confidence in Timothy, Paul was encouraging the Philippian Christians to welcome Timothy and follow his leadership.

**Paul's commendation of Timothy**. Next, Paul commends Timothy to the Philippian Christians in 2:20-22 for his exceptional character and proven worth, "For I have no one like him, who will genuinely care for your interests; for everyone seeks after their own interests, not the interests of Jesus Christ."

First, Paul commends the exceptional character of Timothy in the first half of verse 20, "For I have no one like him." The word translated "like him" could more literally be translated "same-souled." Paul could be indicating that no one is as close to him as Timothy (Fee, 266; Silva, 158). However, Paul worked with many others. Instead, Paul seems to be using the term to compare Timothy with others (See also Martin, 123-124). Paul rates the inner character of Timothy above all the rest. This commendation is the equivalent of the modern idiomatic expression, "He is in a class by himself." Through Paul's commendation of Timothy's exceptional character, Paul was encouraging the Philippian Christians to welcome Timothy and follow his leadership.

Second, Paul indicates one aspect of the exceptional character of Timothy in the second half of verse 20, "who will genuinely care for your interests." The word translated "genuinely" was the commonly used word to distinguish a legitimate child from an illegitimate child. Timothy's concern for the welfare of the Philippian Christians was real and unadulterated. Through Paul's commendation of Timothy's genuine concern for their welfare, Paul was encouraging the Philippian Christians to welcome Timothy and follow his leadership.

Third, Paul explains that self-interest and lack of dedication to Jesus Christ are pervasive in verse 21, "for everyone seeks after their own interest, not the interests of Jesus Christ." Though Paul makes no specific assertion about Timothy, his implication is that Timothy was unselfish and dedicated unlike everyone else. Paul's use of absolute language was probably not meant to be taken literally, but to emphasize Timothy's exceptional unselfishness and dedication. Through Paul's commendation of Timothy's unselfishness and dedication, Paul was encouraging the Philippian Christians to welcome Timothy and follow his leadership.

Fourth, Paul commends Timothy to the Philippian Christians based on his proven worth in verse 22, "For you know his proven worth, how as a child with a father he served with me for the gospel." The word translated "proven worth" implies a time of testing which has demonstrated the authentic quality of his life and ministry. Paul then illustrates Timothy's proven worth using the common practice of fathers teaching their sons the family trade. Paul often speaks of Timothy as a son and he does so here to emphasize that Timothy has had the opportunity to observe Paul and practice as an apprentice under his supervision. He has now been found capable of venturing out on his own with the full endorsement of the master craftsman. Through Paul's commendation of Timothy's proven worth, Paul was encouraging the Philippian Christians to welcome Timothy and follow his leadership.

**Paul's conviction that he himself will come soon**. In verse 24, Paul expresses his confidence that he will come to see the Philippian Christians soon, "but I am convinced in the Lord that I myself will come soon." This expression of confidence probably serves to reinforce the words of encouragement that he has given them earlier in 1:24-26. Though from a human perspective his situation did not look good, because he has confidence "in the Lord" there is good reason for optimism. Through this expression of his confidence, Paul was reinforcing his earlier assurances to the Philippian Christians with regard to his situation.

Paul's Commendation of Epaphroditus

Paul commends Epaphroditus to the Philippian Christians and exhorts them to welcome and honor him in 2:25-30. Within this commendation and exhortation Paul establishes the need to return Epaphroditus, commends his faithful service, commands the Philippian Christians to welcome and honor him, and commends him for his courage for the work of Christ.

**The need to return Epaphroditus**. Paul establishes the need to return Epaphroditus in verses the first half of verse 25 and verses 26-28. Paul's elaborate defense of Epaphroditus at this point seems to indicate that the Philippian Christians may have regarded his return as a failure and not give him the welcome he deserved. First, Paul directly states his conviction of the necessity of Epaphroditus' return in the first half of verse 25, "I consider it necessary to send back to you Epaphroditus." Paul then establishes the necessity of his return from the perspective of all the parties involved—Epaphroditus, Paul himself, and the Philippian Christians.

First, Paul establishes the necessity of Epaphroditus' return from the perspective of Epaphroditus himself in verse 26, "since he was longing for all of you and distressed because you heard that he was sick." Epaphroditus loved his Christian friends in Philippi and missed them very much. The word "longing" emphasizes the deep feelings of love that Epaphroditus had for his friends and his earnest desire to see them again. In addition, Epaphroditus was concerned for his friends, especially because they had heard that he was ill. The word translated "distressed" is a strong word expressing that he was deeply troubled. A Greek periphrastic construction is used to stress the continuous longing and distress of Epaphroditus for his friends in Philippi. Epaphroditus' return, therefore, was necessary from Epaphroditus' perspective because of his earnest longing and distress for his friends in Philippi. Based on the necessity of Epaphroditus' return from Epaphroditus' perspective, the Philippian Christians were encouraged to welcome him without any disinclination due to his aborted mission.

Second, Paul establishes the necessity of Epaphroditus' return from Paul's own perspective in verse 27, "Indeed, he was sick, close to death, but God had mercy on him, but not on him alone but also on me, so that I might not have grief piled on top of grief." Paul emphasizes the severity of Epaphroditus' illness. Epaphroditus was "close to death" and it was only by the mercy of God that he was spared. But Paul regarded Epaphroditus' recovery not only as God's mercy upon Epaphroditus but upon himself as well. The extent of Paul's anxiety over Epaphroditus' condition is stressed by his description of his possible death as "grief piled on top of grief." Paul continues this line of reasoning in verse 28, where he explains that his decision to return Epaphroditus is so that he "may be less anxious." Paul feared that Epaphroditus' health might get worse if he remained with him. Epaphroditus' return therefore was necessary from Paul's perspective based on the severity of his illness and the relief he anticipates when Epaphroditus is safely home. Based on the necessity of Epaphroditus' return from Paul's perspective, the Philippian Christians were encouraged to welcome him without any disinclination due to his aborted mission.

Finally, Paul establishes the necessity of Epaphroditus' return from the perspective of the Philippian Christians themselves in verse 28, "Therefore I am all the more eager to send him to you so that when you see him again you may rejoice and I myself may be less anxious." Paul has already alluded to the anxiety of the Philippian Christians regarding Epaphroditus' condition in verse 26. Here he looks forward to that time when they would be reunited and the joy that they would experience when they saw that Epaphroditus was safe. Epaphroditus' return, therefore, is necessary from the perspective of the Philippian Christians because of their anxiety and the joy that they will have when he returns safely. Based on the necessity of Epaphroditus' return from the perspective of the Philippian Christians themselves, they were encouraged to welcome him without any disinclination due to his aborted mission.

**The commendable service of Epaphroditus**. Paul commends the faithful service of Epaphroditus in the second half of verse 25 where Paul describes him as "my brother, fellow worker, and fellow soldier and your emissary, the one serving my needs." The first three expressions that Paul uses to describe Epaphroditus emphasize his close association and support of Paul. Paul describes Epaphroditus as his "brother"—expressing Paul's close personal relationship with him that was made possible by their common commitment to Jesus. Paul describes Epaphroditus as his "fellow worker"—elevating Epaphroditus to a position equal to himself in the work of Christ. Paul describes Epaphroditus as his "fellow soldier"—distinguishing Epaphroditus for his courage as he faced opposition along with Paul for the sake of the gospel. Through this commendation of Epaphroditus' faithful service along with Paul, the Philippian Christians are encouraged to welcome and honor him without any disinclination due to his aborted mission.

Paul concludes by describing Epaphroditus as "your emissary, the one serving my needs." The word translated "emissary" is frequently transliterated "apostle" when used in a technical sense. In this context it refers more generally to someone sent out on a mission. Epaphroditus had been sent out on a mission by the Philippian church—to deliver the church's gift to Paul and to stay with Paul and serve him. Paul emphasizes that Epaphroditus has been responsible in fulfilling that mission. Paul's return of Epaphroditus therefore should not be interpreted by the church as a failure on his part. Based on the commendable service of Epaphroditus, the Philippian Christians were encouraged to welcome him without any disinclination due to his aborted mission and honor him.

**Command to welcome and honor Epaphroditus**. Paul commands the Philippian Christians to welcome and honor Epaphroditus in verse 29, "So welcome him in the Lord with all joy and hold such men in honor." Instead of being disappointed at Epaphroditus' return because he failed to fulfill his mission, Paul commands the Philippian Christians to "welcome him in the Lord with all joy." Paul qualifies this command with the phrase, "in the Lord," probably to appeal to their duty as Christians. The Philippian Christians had been forgiven and accepted by God through Christ. This experience of God's forgiveness and acceptance requires that they show the same mercy to Epaphroditus. Paul also qualifies this command with the phrase, "with all joy." Paul earlier described how close Epaphroditus was to death and God's merciful healing. His return should be marked by joyful celebration of God's mercy in healing Epaphroditus rather than condemnation of him for failure to fulfill his mission. Instead of looking down upon him because of his failure to fully accomplish his mission, Paul commands the Philippian Christians to "hold such men in honor." Though Paul states this command indirectly, his intention is certainly that they honor Epaphroditus.

**The commendable courage of Epaphroditus**. Paul commends the courage of Epaphroditus in verse 30, because he came close to death for the work of Christ, gambling his life to fill what was lacking in your service to me." Because of his dedication to the work of Christ Epaphroditus exposed himself to the possibility of death. The element of risk is emphasized in the second description of his bravery where his service to Paul on behalf of the Philippian Christians is described as a gamble. Paul is probably using Epaphroditus' name as an illustration of his character. Epaphroditus is a derivative of the name of the god of fortune to whom people appealed for luck in their wagers. True to his name, Epaphroditus was also a gambler, but of a much higher order. He risked his life to fulfill the mission on which he had been sent by the Philippian church. Based on the commendable courage of Epaphroditus, the Philippian Christians were encouraged to welcome him without any disinclination due to his aborted mission and honor him.

Application of the Message

Christians today often encounter difficulties and need good leaders like Timothy to help them overcome their problems. Sometimes those who serve the Lord fail like Epaphroditus and are disregarded and abandoned by the church. Therefore, Paul's words do relate to the modern situation. However, Philippians 2:19-30 contains Paul's very personal commendations of Timothy and Epaphroditus. Much of what is commended is so directly related to Timothy and Epaphroditus that it is difficult to apply to the modern situation. After all, neither Timothy or Epaphroditus are still live, at least on this earth. One might well wonder how these commendations of Timothy and Epaphroditus can speak to modern Christians. Nonetheless, I have attempted to relate the message of this passage to the modern situation. However, I have necessarily had to adjust the message considerably. The commendation of Timothy could not be used to commend all Christian leaders today, but only those who share Timothy's exceptional character, genuine concern, unselfish dedication, and proven worth. The commendation of Epaphroditus could not be used to commend all Christian ministers who have failed, but only those whose failure was unavoidable, and who tried their best to fulfill their charge with courage like Epaphroditus. Christians should welcome and follow leaders like Timothy who have exceptional character, genuine concern for their welfare, unselfish dedication to the interests of Christ, and have proven their worth through their service for the gospel. Christians should accept and honor leaders even if they have failed like Epaphroditus because sometimes failure is unavoidable, they have done their best to faithfully fulfill their mission, and they have courageously risked their lives for the work of Christ.

Proclamation of the Message

**Title** : Hold Such Men in Honor

**Objective** : The objective of this message is to exhort and encourage Christians to welcome and honor leaders like Timothy and Epaphroditus.

**Proposition** : Christians should welcome and respect ministers like Timothy who have exceptional character, genuine concern for their welfare, unselfish dedication to the interests of Christ; and have proven their worth through their service for the gospel. Christians should accept and honor leaders even if they have failed like Epaphroditus because sometimes failure is unavoidable; they have done their best to faithfully fulfil their mission; and they have courageously risked their lives for the work of Christ.
Introduction

The church is suffering from a crisis in leadership. Few people are willing to give their lives to Christian ministry. The average tenure of a pastor at a church is less than two years. Many pastors are leaving the ministry and seeking secular employment. Certainly part of the crisis is caused by the human failings of the ministers themselves. However, the crisis is also caused by Christians failing to give their ministers the respect that they need to lead effectively. This failure of the church is illustrated by my friend Prem. Prem was a devout Christian and for many times I challenged him to consider the possibility that God was calling him into fulltime Christian ministry. His response for was always, "Why should I become a full time Christian minister and be criticized for doing the very things that I am appreciated for doing as a layman?" Christians are often very critical of their pastors. Christians are often very unforgiving when their pastors fail. Christians often do not give their pastors the respect that they need to minister effectively. Paul understood the necessity for Christians to respect their pastors. Therefore, he wrote commendations of Timothy and Epaphroditus to the church in Philippi so that the Christians in this church would give them the respect that they needed to minister effectively. Paul's commendations of Timothy and Epaphroditus in Philippians 2:19-30 challenge Christians today to give their ministers the respect that they deserve. _Read Philippians 2:19-30_.

I. Christians should welcome and respect ministers like Timothy who have exceptional character, genuine concern for their welfare, unselfish dedication to the interests of Christ, and have proven their worth through their service for the gospel.

A. The Christians in Philippi had never met Timothy. Therefore, Paul feared that they would be suspicious of him and not welcome and respect him.

B. Paul expresses his hope to send Timothy in the first half of verse 19, "I am hoping in the Lord to send Timothy to you soon."

C. Paul indicates his confidence in Timothy in the second half of the verse, "in order that I may be glad because I know the things concerning you." The word "know" in this context probably means confidence. Paul had confidence in Timothy and knew that through his ministry the Philippian Christians would be able to overcome the many challenges that they faced.

D. Paul commends Timothy to the Philippian Christians for his exceptional character in the first half of verse 20, "For I have no one like him. Paul worked with many other Christian leaders. However, he rates Timothy above all the rest. In accordance with modern idiom, Timothy was "in a class by himself."

E. Paul commends an aspect of Timothy's exceptional character in the second half of verse 20—his genuine concern, "who will genuinely care for your interests." The word translated "genuinely" is the commonly used word to distinguish legitimate from illegitimate children. Timothy's concern for the welfare of the Philippian Christians was real and unadulterated.

F. Paul commends another aspect of Timothy's exceptional character in verse 21—his unselfish dedication to Jesus Christ, "for everyone seeks after their own interests, not the interests of Jesus Christ." Though Paul does not specifically say that Timothy is unselfish and dedicated and only asserts the pervasiveness of selfishness rather than dedication, his implication is that Timothy is distinguished from everyone else by his unselfish dedication.

G. Paul commends Timothy to the Philippian Christians for his proven worth in verse 22, "For you know his proven worth, how as a child with a father he served with me for the gospel." The word translated "proven worth" implies a time of testing that has demonstrated the authentic quality of Timothy's life and ministry. The common practice at that time was for fathers to teach their sons the family trade. Paul often refers to Timothy as his son in the Lord and this relationship was accurate with regard to Timothy's training for ministry as well. Timothy had opportunity to observe Paul and learn from his instruction. However, Timothy was also given opportunity to practice ministry and he had proven his worth and earned the endorsement of Paul.

H. Timothy was certainly an excellent Christian and minister. Admittedly, some ministers today are lacking character and worth. The church could certainly use ministers like Timothy today. Nonetheless, the church has many ministers with exceptional character and worth like Timothy.

I. Illustration of a Leader with Exceptional Character and Worth

J. The problem is that Christians sometimes don't respect their ministers. You should welcome and respect ministers like Timothy who have exceptional character, genuine concern for your welfare, unselfish dedication to the interests of Christ, and have proven their worth through their service for the gospel.

II. Christians should accept and honor ministers even if they fail like Epaphroditus because sometimes failure is unavoidable, they have done their best to faithfully fulfill their mission, and they have courageously risked their lives for the work of Christ.

A. The church in Philippi had sent Epaphroditus to Paul along with their gift. His mission was to serve Paul and assist him in the work of Christ. However, Paul was sending Epaphroditus back to Philippi even though he had not completely fulfilled his mission. Epaphroditus' failure could have resulted in him losing the respect of his church and diminish his ability to serve effectively.

B. Paul commands the Philippian Christians to welcome and honor Epaphroditus in spite of his failure in verse 29, "So welcome him in the Lord with all joy and hold such men in honor." Paul gives several reasons why this unsuccessful minister should be welcomed and honored.

C. Paul explains that Epaphroditus should be welcomed and honored because his return was necessitated by unavoidable circumstances. Paul directly states that Epaphroditus' return was necessary and unavoidable in the first half of verse 25, "I consider it necessary to send back to you Epaphroditus." Paul then establishes the necessity of Epaphroditus' return from the perspective of all the parties involved—Epaphroditus, Paul, and the Philippian Christians.

1. First, Paul establishes the necessity of Epaphroditus' return from the perspective of Epaphroditus himself in verse 26, "since he was longing for all of you and distressed because you heard that he was sick." Epaphroditus loved his Christian friends in Philippi and missed them very much. Epaphroditus was concerned for his friends, especially because they had heard that he was ill. Epaphroditus' return, therefore, was necessary from Epaphroditus' perspective because of his earnest longing and distress for his friends at Philippi.

2. Second, Paul establishes the necessity of Epaphroditus' return from Paul's own perspective in verse 27, "Indeed, he was sick, close to death, but God had mercy on him, but not on him alone but also on me, so that I might not have grief piled on top of grief." Paul emphasizes that Epaphroditus was "close to death" and it was only by the mercy of God that he was spared. Paul stresses the extent of his anxiety over Epaphroditus' condition by describing his possible death as "grief piled on top of grief." Paul explains in second half of verse 28 that his decision to return Epaphroditus is so that he "may be less anxious." Paul feared that Epaphroditus' health might get worse if he remained with him. Epaphroditus' return therefore was necessary from Paul's perspective based on the severity of his illness and the relief he anticipates when Epaphroditus is safely home.

3. Finally, Paul establishes the necessity of Epaphroditus' return from the perspective of the Philippian Christians themselves in verse 28, "Therefore I am all the more eager to send him to you so that when you see him again you may rejoice and I myself may be less anxious." Paul has already alluded to the anxiety of the Philippian Christians regarding Epaphroditus' condition in verse 26. Here he looks forward to that time when they would be reunited and the joy that they would experience when they saw that Epaphroditus was safe. Epaphroditus' return, therefore, is necessary from the perspective of the Philippian Christians because of their anxiety over his sickness and the joy that they would have when he returned safely.

4. Therefore, Paul maintains that the Philippian Christians should welcome and honor Epaphroditus because his failure was understandable.

D. Paul explains that Epaphroditus should be welcomed and honored because he tried his best to faithfully fulfill his mission. Indeed, Paul commends Epaphroditus for his faithful service in the second half of verse 25, describing him as "my brother, fellow worker, and fellow soldier and your emissary, the one serving my needs." Paul calls Epaphroditus his "brother"—expressing Paul's close personal relationship with him. Paul calls Epaphroditus his "fellow worker"—emphasizing his partnership with Paul in Christian ministry. Paul calls Epaphroditus his "fellow soldier"—alluding to the opposition and danger that he was exposed to as he served with Paul. Paul maintains that Epaphroditus is "the one serving my deeds" in accordance with his commission as an emissary of the church in Philippi. Therefore, Paul maintains that the Philippian Christians should welcome and honor him because he tried his best to fulfill his ministry.

E. Paul explains that Epaphroditus should be welcomed and honored because he courageously risked his like for the work of Christ in verse 30, "because he came close to death for the work of Christ, gambling his life to fill what was lacking in your service to me." Epaphroditus' pagan parents named him after the god of fortune, the deity appealed to by gamblers when they made their wagers. Ironically, Epaphroditus turned out to be a gambler, but of a much higher order. He risked his life to fulfill the mission on which he had been sent by the church in Philippi to assist Paul in the work of Christ. Therefore, Paul maintains that the Philippian Christians should welcome and honor him because he courageously risked his for the work of Christ.

F. Christian ministers face incredible challenges as they seek to serve God and even the best are only human. Inevitably, they will experience failure and defeat. But by the grace and power of God they are still able to be used by him to do great things.

G. Illustration of a Christian Leader Who Has Rebounded from Failure

H. You should accept and honor ministers even if they have failed like Epaphroditus because sometimes failure is unavoidable, they have done their best to faithfully fulfil their mission, and they have courageously risked their lives for the work of Christ.

Conclusion

The church is suffering from a crisis in leadership. Few people are willing to give their lives to Christian ministry. The average tenure of a pastor at a church is less than two years. Many pastors are leaving the ministry and seeking secular employment. Certainly part of the crisis is caused by the human failings of the ministers themselves. However, the crisis is also caused by Christians failing to give their ministers the respect that they need to lead effectively. Paul understood the necessity for Christians to respect their pastors. Therefore, he wrote commendations of Timothy and Epaphroditus to the church in Philippi so that the Christians in this church would give them the respect that they needed. Paul's commendations of Timothy and Epaphroditus in Philippians 2:19-30 challenge Christians today to give their ministers the respect that they deserve as well. You should welcome and respect ministers like Timothy who have exceptional character, genuine concern for your welfare, unselfish dedication to the interests of Christ, and have proven their worth through their service for the gospel. You should accept and honor ministers even if they have failed like Epaphroditus because failure is sometimes unavoidable, they have done their best to faithfully fulfill their mission, and they have courageously risked their lives for the work of Christ.

### CHAPTER NINE

### BE CONTINUALLY ALERT

### Philippians 3:1-11

Though Philippians 3:1-11 is closely related to the remainder of the chapter (See Literary Context and Role), this passage has a distinctive focus on superficial religion that unites it into a cohesive whole. However, the inclusion of verse 1 within the passage could be questioned because its relationship to the remainder of the passage is unclear. Nonetheless, I believe this verse is integrally related with the remainder of the passage. This verse appeals for continual joy "in the Lord" and Paul's relationship with Christ is the primary reason he gives for having renounced superficial religion (See Fee, 285-287; Martin, 134-136; and Silva, 165-168. However, all divide chapter 3 much differently than I have divided it.).

Study of the Passage

Text and Translation

3:1Finally, my brothers, continually rejoice in the Lord. To write the same things to you is no trouble for me and it is a safeguard for you. 2Be continually alert for the dogs. Be continually alert for the evil workers. Be continually alert for the mutilation. 3For we ourselves are the true circumcision, the ones who worship in the Spirit of God,1 who boast in Christ Jesus and do not put confidence in the flesh. 4Although I myself have a basis for confidence even in the flesh. If anyone thinks he has a basis for confidence in the flesh, I have more: 5circumcised on the eighth day, of the people of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of Hebrews; with respect to the law, a Pharisee; 6with respect to zeal, persecuting the church; with respect to the righteousness, which is in keeping the law, blameless. 7But whatever was profitable for me, these things I have considered loss because of Christ. 8But more than that even, I am considering all things to be loss because of the superiority of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord, for whom I have forfeited all things and am considering them garbage, in order that I might gain Christ 9and be found in him, not having my own righteousness which is from keeping the law, but the righteousness which is through faith in Christ, the righteousness which comes from God and is based on faith, 10and know him and the power of his resurrection and the fellowship of his suffering, conforming to his death, 11so somehow I may attain to the resurrection from the dead.

1Papyrus fragment 46 has a shorter reading that omits "of God" which is an attractive alternative because it is simpler and the longer reading could easily be explained as an expansion. However, the longer reading is so heavily and widely attested that it has been retained in this translation.

Situation and Purpose

Philippians 3:1-11 seems to reflect a situation in which the Philippian Christians were exposed to the influence of Judaism. Though the specific terms Paul used to refer to the Jews—dogs, evil workers, mutilation—are unclear because of his use of sarcasm, Paul's warning of the danger clearly indicates the origin of the threat. Paul identifies the general nature of the threat in verses 2-3. Judaism promoted superficial worship through external forms like circumcision rather than authentic worship through the Spirit of God. Judaism encouraged confidence based on superficial standards rather than faith in Christ Jesus. Some of these superficial standards are listed in verses 5-6: circumcision, racial and religious heritage, party affiliation, zealous persecution, and blamelessness by the standards of the law. Paul probably feared that the Philippian Christians would be distracted from authentic encounter with God in worship and faith in Christ by the superficial worship and bases for confidence promoted by Judaism and lose the joy of their relationship with the Lord. The purpose of the passage was to exhort the Philippian Christians to rejoice in their relationship with the Lord, be on guard against being influenced by the superficiality of Judaism, and renounce any claims to confidence they have before God and rely on Christ alone.

Literary Context and Role

Philippians 3:1-11 is very closely related to the rest of chapter 3. In this chapter Paul deals with dangerous influences that he perceived as possible threats to the Philippian Christians. Some scholars have attempted to relate these dangerous influences to a single threat to which the Philippian Christians were exposed. If this approach is accepted, the passages in this chapter deal with different aspects of the threat. However, the dangerous influences described in these passages are so diverse that they are difficult to relate to a single threat. Therefore, the passages in this chapter probably deal with three distinct threats. Philippians 3:1-11 deals with the threat of superficial religion. Subsequent passages deal with the threat of complacency (3:12-16) and the threat of a worldly perspective and lifestyle (3:17-21). In addition, verse 1 seems to be part of Paul's theme of joy. Previously Paul has encouraged the Philippian Christians to rejoice through his own example (1:18); exhorted them to rejoice along with him no matter what happened (2:17-18); and commanded them to welcome Epaphroditus with all joy (2:29). Subsequently Paul will emphatically exhort them to rejoice at all times (4:4). Paul was deeply concerned that the Philippian Christians might become discouraged by the various challenges and difficulties they faced. Therefore, he inserts appeals to rejoice and strategic points throughout the epistle. Philippians 3:1 contributes to this ongoing emphasis.

Form and Function

The passage can be classified generally as epistolary exhortation and personal example. Epistolary exhortation can be generally defined as commands and prohibitions (whether direct, indirect, or implied) reinforced by explanations and reasoned arguments. In epistolary exhortation direct or indirect commands and prohibitions usually indicate the appropriate response. These commands and prohibitions are usually supplemented and reinforced with explanations and reasoned arguments that clarify and provide motivation for obedience. However, in many cases the indication of the appropriate response is incomplete or absent altogether. In these cases the appropriate response must be implied from the explanations and reasoned arguments. Occasionally no reasoned arguments accompany the commands and prohibitions and the authority of the teacher alone compels obedience. This passage contains direct commands in verse 1, "continually rejoice," and verse 2, "Be continually alert for the dogs. Be continually alert for the evil workers. Be continually alert for the mutilation." The first of these commands is reinforced with an explanation of the basis for rejoicing. The commands in verse 2 are reinforced by the demeaning description of those they are commanded to guard themselves against as contrasted with the identity of Christians. Verses 4-11 contain Paul's example of himself as one who willingly renounces any claims based on superficial human standards for Christ. The Philippian Christians were intended to follow Paul's example based on his rationale. Therefore, Paul's example is like exhortation that does not have any commands or prohibitions. The appropriate response is implied from Paul's actions and rationale. Paul renounced his claims for confidence based on the superficial standards of Judaism so that he could gain Christ, have the righteousness that is through Christ, and experience the power of Christ's resurrection. Underlying Paul's example is the implied commands, "Renounce claims for confidence based on superficial human standards and continue to rely on Christ."

Strategy and Structure

Paul begins Philippians 3:1-11 with a general exhortation for the Philippian Christians to continually rejoice (3:1a). The relationship of this verse to the strategy of Philippians 3:1-11 is difficult to discern. However, Paul probably includes this appeal for the Philippians to rejoice at this point because their exposure to superficial religion might deprive them of their joy. Next, Paul exhorts the Philippian Christians to be on guard against the influence of Judaism and its superficial worship and bases for confidence (3:2-3). Finally, Paul encourages the Philippian Christians through his own example to renounce their claims to confidence based on superficial human standards and continue to trust in Christ and the superior bases for confidence found in him (3:4-11).

I. Exhortation to Rejoice in the Lord (3:1a)

II. Exhortation for Vigilance against the Superficiality of Judaism (3:1b-3)

A. The Urgency of the Exhortation (1b)

B. Commands Demanding Alertness against (2)

1. The dogs

2. The evil workers

3. The mutilation

C. Rationale for Alertness—The Identity of Christians as (3)

1. The true circumcision

2. Those who worship in the Spirit of God

3. Those who boast in Christ Jesus

4. Those who do not put confidence in the flesh

III. Paul's Example of Renouncing Superficial Claims to Confidence for Christ (3:4-11)

A. Paul's Claims to Confidence (4-6)

1. Paul's assertion of his claims to confidence

2. The bases of Paul's greater claims for confidence

B. Paul's Renunciation of Claims to Confidence for Christ (7-8)

C. The Superior Claims to Confidence in Christ (9-11)

1. The superior righteousness available in Christ

2. The hope of the resurrection in Christ

Message or Messages

The Philippian Christians should continually rejoice because of their relationship with the Lord. The Philippian Christians should continually be on guard against the Jews and their superficial worship and claims to confidence because in spite of their claims the Jews are dangerous, unclean, and evil, and a perversion whereas Christians worship authentically in the Spirit and rely on Christ Jesus rather than superficial claims. The Philippian Christians should follow Paul, who had claims to confidence, but came to consider them a liability and wrote them off as a loss in order to gain Christ, have a righteousness from God through faith in Christ rather than through his own efforts, and know the power of Christ's resurrection.

Analysis of the Details

Exhortation to Rejoice in the Lord

Paul exhorts the Philippian Christians to rejoice in the first half of verse 1, "Finally, my brothers, continually rejoice in the Lord." "Finally" seems to be a strange word for Paul to employ at this point in the epistle with nearly half of the content of the epistle remaining. Some have explained Paul's use of the word by proposing that either the epistle is a composite of several epistle fragments or Paul was ready to conclude when he became aware of the dangerous influences to which the Philippian Christians were exposed. However, these proposals may not be necessary. Chapter 3 does indeed contain the final major section of Paul's instructions to the Philippian Christians. Chapter 4 is composed of concluding exhortations, an expression of thanksgiving, and final greetings.

Paul begins this chapter of warnings with another call to rejoice (See also 1:18, 2:17-18 and 29). Paul feared that the Philippian Christians would lose the joy of their relationship with Christ by succumbing to the influence of Judaism and its superficial emphasis on outward forms of worship and perfunctory obedience to the law. Therefore, Paul appeals to them to rejoice in their relationship with the Lord. Paul uses the present tense imperative to emphasize the need for continual joy in spite of the serious threats that they faced. Paul's identification of the Philippian Christians as "my brothers" provides an added note of encouragement based on their close relationship with Paul in Christ. Paul reveals the foundation for continuous joy with "in the Lord." Paul employs his example to encourage the Philippian Christians to renounce superficial religion in verses 4-11. The primary reason he gives for his own renunciation of superficial religion is his relationship with Christ. Paul appeals for the Philippian Christians to continually rejoice based on the joy of their relationship with God as opposed to the superficiality of Judaism.

Exhortation for Vigilance against the

Superficiality of Judaism

Next, Paul exhorts the Philippian Christians to be vigilant against the superficiality of Judaism in verses 2-3. Paul stresses the urgency of his exhortation, commands the Philippian Christians to be vigilant and presents his rationale for vigilance.

**The urgency of the exhortation**. Paul stresses the urgency of his exhortation for vigilance in the second half of verse 1, "To write the same things to you is no trouble for me and it is safe for you." Actually, the relationship of this sentence to the passage is unclear. Some scholars conclude that this sentence stresses the urgency of Paul's previous appeal for continuous joy, relating "the same things" to previous instances when Paul has appealed to the Philippian Christians to rejoice (1:18, 2:17-18 and 29). However, Paul is probably anticipating his repeated commands demanding vigilance against the influence of Judaism in verse 2 (See Fee, 292-293). The word translated "safe" means "firm" or "stable." Paul emphasizes the need for vigilance against the superficiality of Judaism because it could endanger the authenticity of their Christian experience.

**Commands demanding alertness**. Paul commands the Philippian Christians to be vigilant in verse 2, "Be continually alert for the dogs. Be continually alert for the evil workers. Be continually alert for the mutilation." Paul repeats the command three times in slightly different forms for emphasis. Paul employs present imperatives to stress the need for continual vigilance. From the terms Paul uses it is not at first apparent who he is warning against, but the remainder of the passage clarifies that he certainly is warning against Judaism. Through his use of sarcasm Paul reveals the superficial character of Judaism, especially in contrast to the description of Christianity in the following verse (See Fee, 293-297; and Silva, 169). The Jews regarded dogs as unclean animals and insulted Gentiles by calling them dogs, thereby indicating their repugnance to God. However, Paul maintains that the Jews were just as repugnant to God. The Jews insulted Gentiles by calling them evil workers because they did not live by the law. However, Paul maintains that the Jews were also evil workers, probably because their obedience was only superficial. The Jews were distinguished by their practice of circumcision and it was one of the external religious practices that gave them confidence that they were accepted by God. However, Paul sarcastically labels them "the mutilation." Religious rituals convey an underlying religious truth through a religious observance. Circumcision was intended as an outward sign of the distinctive character of God's people based on their special covenant relationship with him. This understanding of circumcision is clearly reflected in the prophets who spoke of a circumcision of the heart (Jer. 4:4 and Ez. 44:7), meaning a reorientation of life so that one is totally dedicated to God. Because the Jews emphasized the outward practice without the spiritual reality their circumcision did not qualify as true circumcision from Paul's perspective, but in fact was a corruption, a mutilation. Therefore, Paul argues that the Philippian Christians should guard against the influence of Judaism because the Jews were only superficially religious and in reality were unclean and evil and their worship was corrupt.

**Rationale for alertness**. Paul presents his rationale for vigilance in verse 3, "For we ourselves are the true circumcision, the ones who worship in the Spirit of God, who boast in Christ Jesus and put no confidence in the flesh." Paul's rationale is based on the superiority of Christianity to Judaism because of the superiority of the authentic spiritual worship of Christianity over the superficial formal worship of Judaism and the superiority of reliance upon faith in Christ over Judaism's reliance on superficial human claims for acceptance by God.

First, Paul argues that the Philippian Christians should be vigilant because of the superiority of Christianity's authentic spiritual worship over Judaism's superficial formal worship. In contrast to the mutilation that the Jews had made out of circumcision because their characters did not distinguish them as God's people, Paul identifies Christians as "the true circumcision." Actually the word "true" is not in the Greek text, but its inclusion is justified by the use of the definite article and the context where the church, "the circumcision," is contrasted with Judaism, the false circumcision or "mutilation." Paul maintains that Christianity fulfills what was signified in circumcision—not just outward conformity to the ritual of circumcision but inner transformation that distinguishes them as God's people. In addition, Paul identifies Christians as "the ones who worship in the Spirit of God." The qualifying phrase, "in the Spirit of God," indicates more clearly the superiority of Christian worship over the worship of Judaism. The Jews worshiped God outwardly through their participation in ritualistic forms like circumcision, but Christians worship at a deeper level based on an inner experience of God's Spirit. Therefore, Paul argues that the Philippian Christians should avoid the influence of Judaism based on the superiority of Christian worship over the worship of Judaism.

Second, Paul argues that the Philippian Christians should be vigilant because of the superiority of Christianity's reliance on faith in Christ over Judaism's dependence on superficial claims for acceptance by God. Paul begins by describing positively what Christians rely on for acceptance by God, "who boast in Christ Jesus." Boasting is usually regarded as a fault in Scripture and especially Paul since it is normally based on one's own achievements. But if the object of boasting is Christ Jesus, then boasting is completely justified (See Martin, 139). As Paul employs this term in contrast the Judaism's dependence upon superficial claims for acceptance by God, "boast" is the equivalent of faith (See Silva, 171). Paul then describes negatively what Christians do not rely on for acceptance by God, "and do not put confidence in the flesh." "Flesh" literally refers to the flesh of the body, but is used by Paul to refer to superficial claims for acceptance on the human level. The Jews did place confidence in superficial criteria. As Paul illustrates from his own experience, Jews depended on circumcision, racial and religious heritage, party affiliation, zeal in persecuting the church, and blamelessness in keeping the law. Christians, in contrast, do not. Therefore, Paul argues that the Philippian Christians should avoid the influence of Judaism based on the superiority of Christian reliance upon faith in Christ over Judaism's reliance on superficial human claims for acceptance by God.

Paul's Example of Renouncing Superficial

Claims to Confidence for Christ

Paul concludes in verses 4-11 by using his own example to encourage the Philippian Christians to renounce superficial claims to confidence for Christ. Paul establishes his own claims for confidence in Judaism, testifies to his own renunciation of his claims to confidence for Christ, and explains his reasoning based on the superior bases for confidence in Christ.

**Paul's claims to confidence**. Paul establishes his own claims to confidence from a Jewish perspective in verses 4-6. Paul asserts his claims for confidence from the perspective of Judaism in verse 4, "Although I myself have a basis for confidence in the flesh. If anyone thinks he has a basis for confidence even in the flesh, I have more." Again, Paul uses "in the flesh" to refer to superficial standards on a human level. More specifically, the list of Paul's credentials that follows indicates that he is referring to the superficial standards of Judaism. From this perspective, not only does Paul maintain that he has a claim to confidence, but a claim that surpasses the claim of anyone else.

Paul lists his claims to confidence from the perspective of Judaism in verses 5-6. Paul lists his claims for confidence based on his racial and religious heritage in the first part of verse 5, "Circumcised on the eighth day, of the people of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of Hebrews." Paul's description of himself as "Circumcised on the eighth day" emphasizes that from the very beginning of his life he lived in strict accordance with the law. Paul's description of himself as one "of the people of Israel" identifies him with God's chosen people. Paul probably includes his tribal background to substantiate his claims to be a Jew and perhaps to draw upon the proud heritage of the tribe of Benjamin. Paul's description of himself as "a Hebrew of Hebrews" could be understood in several ways. First, Paul could be claiming to be of pure Jewish blood. Second, Paul could be identify himself as a Palestinian Jew educated in Hebrew as opposed to a Diaspora Jew speaking Greek and perhaps corrupted by outside ideas. Third, Paul could be claiming to be an exemplary Hebrew, following the Hebrew superlative use of the construct relationship.

Paul's lists his claims for confidence based on his own choice in the second part of verse 5 and verse 6, "with respect to the law, a Pharisee; with respect to zeal, persecuting the church; with respect to the righteousness, which is in keeping the law, blameless." The Pharisees were the strictest of all the Jewish religious parties. They not only committed themselves to obey the law, but the traditions of the scribes as well. Paul's dedication to tracking down members of the church and having them arrested clearly testifies to his zeal. By the standards of righteousness in Judaism, measured in outward conformity to the demands of the law, he was beyond reproach.

**Paul's renunciation of his claims to confidence for Christ**. Paul renounces his claims to confidence for Christ in verses 7-8, "But whatever was profitable for me, these things I have considered loss because of Christ. But more than that even, I am considering all things to be loss because of the superiority of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord, for whom I have lost all things and consider them garbage in order that I might gain Christ." Though Paul had many claims for confidence from the perspective of Judaism, he renounced all of these for Christ. In fact, Paul only lists his claims from a Jewish perspective to accentuate the superiority of Christ and the claims to confidence found in him by contrast. Paul's emphasizes his renunciation of his claims for confidence for faith in Christ by repetition.

Uniting these renunciations is the use of language from the world of business—profit/gain and loss/lost. Through this language Paul illustrates his dramatic change of perspective. That which Paul had considered profit, he now considers loss, and he wrote off all things as loss, in order to gain Christ. That which Paul had considered profit was primarily his Jewish heritage and dedication. However, he expands what he had considered profit to include anything in verse 7. But now that he has become a Christian his perspective has been reversed. He does not only say that his heritage and righteous acts were unprofitable, but that they were actually "loss." Paul perhaps considered these reasons for confidence "loss" because they led to complacency and denial of a need for Christ. Furthermore, Paul describes those things which he once took great pride in as "garbage." The word translated "garbage" stresses Paul's revulsion for his claims to confidence from a superficial human perspective. The word translated "garbage" was used for excrement and the vilest of waste and came to be used for anything detestable.

Paul explains the profit and gain in Christ more thoroughly in verses 9-11. However, even in verses 7-8 Paul identifies that which is truly profitable. Paul renounces his claims for confidence, "because of Christ . . . because of the superiority of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord" . . . "in order that I might gain Christ." Paul's personal relationship with Christ was more profitable and greater gain than any of his claims to confidence based on superficial human standards (See also Martin, 146). Through his renunciation of his claims for confidence in Judaism for Christ, Paul sought to lead the Philippian Christians to renounce any claims to confidence based on superficial human standards and continue to trust in Christ.

**The superior claims to confidence in Christ**. Paul concludes in verses 9-11 by clarifying the superior claims for confidence in Christ. First, Paul clarifies in verse 9 that the claims for confidence in Christ are superior because of the superior righteousness that is available in him, "and be found in him, not having my own righteousness which is from keeping the law, but the righteousness which is through faith in Christ, the righteousness which comes from God and is based on faith." Paul establishes the superiority of the righteousness that is available in Christ by contrasting his righteousness in Christ with the righteousness that he formerly had in Judaism. His righteousness in Christ "comes from God," whereas his righteousness in Judaism was his "own righteousness." His righteousness in Christ "is based on faith," whereas his righteousness in Judaism was "from keeping the law." Based on the superior righteousness available in Christ, Paul sought to encourage the Philippian Christians to renounce dependence on superficial claims for confidence and continue to rely on Christ.

Second, Paul clarifies in verses 10-11 that the claims for confidence in Christ are superior because of the hope of resurrection, "and know him and the power of his resurrection and the fellowship of his suffering, conforming to his death, so somehow I may attain to the resurrection from the dead." This hope is most clearly found in Paul's expression of his desire to experience "the power of the resurrection" and longing to attain "the resurrection of the dead." The Jewish expectation for the afterlife was mixed. The Pharisees believed in the resurrection, but the Sadducees did not. But Jesus' resurrection provided the sure basis of the expectation that Christians would also be raised from the dead. The difficulty is with Paul's other two statements which are so closely linked to his desire and hope for the resurrection, "and the fellowship of his suffering" and "conforming to his death." Paul's implication that the hope of the resurrection is contingent suggests that suffering and death are prerequisites for experiencing the resurrection. The words "conforming to his death" have long been recognized as an allusion to baptism. Baptism in part was an expression of the Christian's death to their old way of living and resurrection to a new life through the power of the Spirit. Paul maintains that, because of the Christian's superior hope for the resurrection, he and by implication all other Christians should be willing to renounce a superficial religious life, even if it means sacrifice. Based on the hope of resurrection in Christ, Paul sought to encourage the Philippian Christians to renounce dependence on superficial claims for confidence and continue to rely on Christ.

Application of the Message

Christians today are often exposed to the same dangers that Paul confronts in this passage. They often become discouraged when they are exposed to difficulties, including dangerous influences. They often engage in superficial worship rather than authentic worship in the Spirit of God. They often rely on superficial human claims for acceptance by God rather than trusting in Christ. However, Christians today are seldom influenced by Judaism to engage in superficial worship or rely on superficial human claims. Therefore, the statement of the message has been adjusted so that Jews are not identified as the source of this threat. Nonetheless, Christians often assume that they are living authentically because of their religious heritage, attendance and participation in worship, and adherence to Christian ethical standards. Because of this assumption they often miss out on the dynamic relationship with God which is available to them in Christ. Indeed, some may even assume that they are Christians when they are not and thereby fail to experience justification and resurrection. Therefore, Paul's message is still clearly relevant for today. Christians should continually rejoice because of their relationship with the Lord. Christians should continually be on guard against superficial worship and claims to confidence because that kind of religion is dangerous, unclean, evil, and perverted whereas Christians worship authentically in the Spirit and rely on Christ Jesus. Christians should follow Paul, who had claims to confidence, but came to consider them a liability and wrote them off as a loss in order to gain Christ, have righteousness from God through faith in Christ, and know the power of Christ's resurrection.

Proclamation of the Message

**Title** : Be Continually Alert for the Dogs

**Text** : Philippians 3:1-11

**Objective** : The objective of this message is to exhort and encourage Christians to rejoice in the Lord, be on guard against superficial worship and reliance on superficial claims for acceptance and continue to trust in Christ.

**Proposition** : Christians should rejoice because of their relationship with the Lord; be on guard against superficial worship and claims for confidence because these are deceptive and dangerous and worship authentically in the Spirit and rely on Christ Jesus; and renounce superficial claims for confidence and put their faith in Christ Jesus so they can gain Christ, have a righteousness from God through faith in Christ, and know the power of Christ's resurrection.
Introduction

People today commonly say, "Religions are all alike." Few Christians could agree with this statement. However, Christians sometimes practice a superficial kind of Christianity that is little different than other religions. The adherents of all religions perform superficial acts of worshiping their god or gods and have some superficial ethical standard of conduct for acceptance by their god or gods. Christianity is sometimes little different. Christians sometimes perform the superficial acts of worship, but have no spiritual encounter with God. Christians sometimes live by the superficial ethical standards of Christianity, but their inner characters are not transformed. The Philippian Christians were exposed to a similar threat through Judaism. The Jews worshiped using the correct forms prescribed by God in the Old Testament, but their worship was superficial. The Jews relied on their adherence to the law as the basis for their acceptance by God, but their obedience was superficial. Paul feared that the Philippian Christians would be influenced by the Jews to settle for a superficial Christianity that was indistinguishable from Judaism. Therefore, Paul wrote Philippians 3:1-11 to appeal to them to be on guard against superficial worship and reliance on superficial claims for acceptance and continue to trust in Christ. We need to hear Paul's words so that we practice authentic Christianity rather than a superficial form of Christianity that is little different than other religions. _Read Philippians 3:1-11_.

I. Christians should continually rejoice because of their relationship with the Lord.

A. Religion, with its superficial worship and bases for confidence, provides no basis for joy. The Judaism of Paul's time is a good example of joyless religion. The Jews worshiped using forms prescribed by the law. The Jews lived by the standards prescribed in the law. However, the Jews had not experienced God's forgiveness and did not have a personal relationship with Him. The Jews had no joy because their religion was superficial.

B. However, Paul commands the Philippian Christians to continually rejoice in the first part of verse 1, "Finally, my brothers, continually rejoice in the Lord."

C. Christianity provides an authentic basis for joy through Jesus Christ the Lord through whom Christians have the forgiveness of sins and a personal relationship with God.

D. Illustration of the Joy of an Authentic Relationship

E. Therefore, my fellow Christians, continually rejoice in the Lord.

II. Christians should continually be on guard against superficial worship and claims to confidence because these are deceptive and dangerous and worship authentically in the Spirit and rely on Christ Jesus.

A. Religion, with its superficial worship and claims for confidence is deceptive and dangerous. The Judaism of Paul's time is a good example of the deceptiveness and danger of religion. The Jews worshiped using forms prescribed by the law. The Jews lived by the standards prescribed in the law. The worship and conduct of the Jews appeared to correspond with God's revelation. However, the religion of the Jews was superficial.

B. Paul maintains in the second part of verse 1 and in verse 2 that the Philippian Christians should be continually on guard against Judaism because it is deceptive and dangerous.

1. Paul commands the Philippian Christians three times to be continually on guard against the Jews in verse 2, "Be continually alert for the dogs. Be continually alert for the evil workers. Be continually alert for the mutilation."

2. Paul explains that he has repeated himself on purpose in the second part of verse 1, "To write the same things to you is no trouble for me and it is a safeguard for you." Paul repeated himself so that the Philippian Christians would recognize the urgency of avoiding the deceptive and dangerous influence of Judaism.

3. Paul calls them dogs, evil workers, and the mutilation. First, Paul calls the Jews dogs. The Jews believed that dogs were unclean animals. The Jews called all other people dogs because the Jews believed that they were holy and accepted by God, whereas all other people were unclean and detestable to God. However, Paul maintains that the Jews were no different. They were just as unclean. Their appearance of religion was deceptive and dangerous because it resulted in superficial obedience and an unwarranted presumption of acceptance by God.

4. Paul calls the Jews evil workers. The Jews called all other people evil workers because they lived by the law and all other people were without the law. However, Paul maintains that the Jews were no different. They possessed the law, but their obedience was superficial. They were also evil workers. Their appearance of religion was deceptive and dangerous because it resulted in superficial obedience and an unwarranted presumption of acceptance by God.

5. Paul calls Judaism the mutilation. Circumcision was a rite practiced by Jews in obedience to the law. Circumcision was an outward sign of their identity as God's covenant people. However, Paul calls them "the mutilation." Even though they were outwardly obedient, their practice of circumcision was a perversion because their was no inner reality. The prophet Jeremiah command the Israelites, "Circumcise your hearts" (Jer. 4:4), meaning that they should submit completely to the Lord as a completion of the inner significance of the rite of circumcision. They were outwardly obedient, without being transformed. They were a perversion. Their appearance of religion was deceptive and dangerous because it resulted in outward obedience without real transformation and an unwarranted presumption of acceptance by God.

C. Furthermore, Paul maintains in verse 3 that the Philippian Christians should be continually on guard because of the superiority of Christian worship and claims for confidence.

1. Paul asserts that Christianity is superior to Judaism, "For we ourselves are the true circumcision." The Jews practiced circumcision without realizing the transformation that the rite was intended to portray. Through Christ Jesus, Christians can experience real transformation and authentic religion.

2. Paul asserts that Christianity is superior to Judaism and superficial religion because Christians are "the ones who worship in the Spirit." The Jews performed all the religious rituals prescribed in the law, but did not encounter God in worship. Through the Spirit, Christians can experience real encounter with God and authentic religion.

3. Paul asserts that Christianity is superior to Judaism and superficial religion because Christians "boast in Christ Jesus and do not put confidence in the flesh." "Boast" is usually regarded as a fault in Scripture, but Paul is using it here as the equivalent of faith. "Flesh" literally refers to the flesh of the body, but Paul uses it here to refer to superficial claims for acceptance by God. The Jews depended upon their superficial conformity to the demands of the law as the basis for their acceptance by God. Through Christ Jesus' sacrifice on the cross, Christians have confidence in acceptance by God because of what God has done rather than what they do.

D. Illustration of a Superficial Christian

E. You should continually be alert against superficial worship and claims to confidence because these are deceptive and dangerous and worship authentically in the Spirit and rely on Christ Jesus.

III. Christians should renounce superficial claims for confidence and put their faith in Christ Jesus so they can gain Christ, have a righteousness from God through faith in Christ, and know the power of Christ's resurrection.

A. Religion, with its superficial worship and bases for confidence, should be renounced for a relationship with Christ and the superior bases for confidence found in him as Paul illustrates using his own example.

B. Paul had claims for confidence in Judaism. In fact, Paul maintains in verse 4 that in comparison with others his claims for confidence were superior. Paul lists his superior bases for confidence in verse 6, "Circumcised on the eighth day, of the people of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of Hebrews; with respect to the law, a Pharisee; with respect to zeal, persecuting the church; with respect to righteousness, which is in keeping the law, blameless."

C. However, Paul's maintains in verses 7-8 that his values were dramatically changed by his encounter with Jesus Christ. That which Paul had considered profit, he now considers loss, and wrote off all things as loss, in order to gain Christ. Paul even calls that which he was once so confident in "garbage," a word used for the vilest of waste, to emphasize the change in his perspective.

D. Paul explains the reasons for this dramatic change in perspective in verses 7-11.

1. First, Paul changed his perspective because of his conviction of the superiority of Christ and his desire to have a relationship with him. Paul repeatedly emphasizes this conviction and desire as he explains that his change of perspective is "because of Christ . . . because of the superiority of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord . . . in order that I might gain Christ . . . and be found in him . . . and know him."

2. Second, Paul changed his perspective because of the superior righteousness found in Christ. Paul explains in verse 9 by contrasting the righteousness he now has in Christ with the righteousness he had in Judaism. His righteousness in Christ "comes from God" whereas his righteousness in Judaism was his "own righteousness." His righteousness in Christ "is based on faith" whereas his righteousness in Judaism was "from keeping the law."

3. Third, Paul changed his perspective because of the superior hope for resurrection found in Christ. The Jewish understanding of resurrection is vague and uncertain. However, the power of Jesus to give life was demonstrated by his own resurrection from the dead. Therefore, Paul had a firm basis for hoping that he would experience "the power of his resurrection" and "attain to the resurrection from the dead."

E. Illustration of a "Superficial" Christian

F. You should renounce superficial claims for confidence and put your faith in Christ Jesus so that you can gain Christ, have a righteousness from God through faith in Christ, and know the power of Christ's resurrection.

Conclusion

People today commonly say, "Religions are all alike." Few Christians could agree with this statement. However, Christians sometimes practice a superficial kind of Christianity that is little different than other religions. Christians sometimes perform the superficial acts of worship, but have no spiritual encounter with God. Christians sometimes live by the superficial ethical standards of Christianity, but their inner characters are not transformed. The Philippian Christians were exposed to a similar threat through Judaism and Paul's words for them are very relevant for us. You should continually rejoice because of your relationship with the Lord. You should continually be on guard against superficial worship and claims for confidence because these are deceptive and dangerous and worship authentically in the Spirit and trust in Christ Jesus. You should renounce superficial claims for confidence and put your faith in Christ Jesus so that you can gain Christ, have a righteousness from God through faith in Christ, and know the power of Christ's resurrection.

### CHAPTER TEN

### I KEEP PURSUING DILIGENTLY

### Philippians 3:12-16

Though Philippians 3:12-16 is closely related to the rest of chapter 3 (See Literary Context and Role); however, this passage has a distinctive focus on the threat of presumption and complacency that unites it into a cohesive whole (Fee, Martin, and Silva all divide chapter 3 much differently than I divide it.).

Study of the Passage

Text and Translation

3:12Not that I have received this already, or have been made righteous already,1 or have been made perfect already, but I keep pursuing in order that I may secure that for which also I was secured by Christ Jesus. 13Brothers, I myself am not2 thinking that I have attained these things, but one thing I do, ignoring what is behind and stretching out for what is ahead, 14I keep pursing diligently the goal for the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus. 15Therefore, whoever is mature, let us keep on thinking this way; and if anyone thinks otherwise, God will reveal even this to you. 16Only, let us stay in line with that which we have attained.3

1The clause, "or have been made righteous already," is not found in a large number of respected witnesses to the text. However, this clause is found in several Western witnesses including Papyrus fragment 46. The addition of the clause could be explained as the inclusion of a gloss by a scribe who wanted to add further clarification. However, the absence of this clause could be explained by the eye of a scribe jumping from the first "or already have" to the third. Because of the uncertain and mixed evidence, the clause has been included in this translation, against the UBS text.

2A few witnesses have "not yet" instead of "not," but the shorter reading is supported strongly by external witnesses and the longer reading can be explained as a scribal change to soften the modesty of Paul's claim.

3This simple form of the text is probably original since the more complex readings lack consistency and are quite varied. These later readings probably arose out of a desire to explain an ambiguous statement. Both in terms of external attestation and internal evidence, therefore, the simpler reading accepted here is preferable.

Situation and Purpose

Philippians 3:12-16 seems to reflect a situation in which the Philippian Christians might have been in danger of presuming that they were mature and becoming complacent. In verses 12-14 Paul repeatedly discourages presumption through his own denial of having fully attained maturity in Christ: "Not that I have received this already, or have been made righteous already, or have been made perfect already . . . I myself am not thinking that I have attained these things." He also encourages diligence through his own constancy: "but I keep pursuing in order that I may secure that for which I also was secured by Christ Jesus . . . but one thing I do, ignoring what is behind and stretching out for what is ahead, I keep pursuing diligently the goal for the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus." In verse 15-16, Paul commands the mature to join him in avoiding presumption and striving diligently, but also addresses "anyone who thinks otherwise." The purpose of this passage was to exhort and encourage the Philippian Christians to avoid presumption and complacency and diligently endeavor to reach full maturity in Christ Jesus.

Literary Context and Role

Philippians 3:12-16 is very closely related to the rest of chapter 3. In this chapter Paul deals with dangerous influences that he perceived as possible threats to the Philippian Christians. Some scholars have attempted to relate these dangerous influences to a single threat to which the Philippian Christians were exposed. If this approach is accepted, the passages in this chapter deal with different aspects of the threat. However, the dangerous influences described in these passages are so diverse that they are difficult to relate to a single threat. Therefore, the passages in this chapter probably deal with three distinct threats. Philippians 3:12-16 deals with the threat of presumption and complacency. Other passages in chapter three deal with the threat of superficial religion (3:1-11) and the threat of worldliness (3:17-21). This passage is especially linked to the preceding passage. Verse 12 begins, "Not that I have received this already." "This" probably refers back to the gain in Christ described in 3:9-11—relationship with Christ, righteousness, and resurrection.

Form and Function

The passage can be classified generally as epistolary exhortation and personal example. Epistolary exhortation can be generally defined as commands and prohibitions (whether direct, indirect, or implied) reinforced by explanations and reasoned arguments. In epistolary exhortation direct or indirect commands and prohibitions usually indicate the appropriate response. These commands and prohibitions are usually supplemented and reinforced with explanations and reasoned arguments that clarify and provide motivation for obedience. However, in many cases the indication of the appropriate response is incomplete or absent altogether. In these cases the appropriate response must be implied from the explanations and reasoned arguments. Occasionally no reasoned arguments accompany the commands and prohibitions and the authority of the teacher alone compels obedience. This passage contains direct commands in verse 15, "Therefore, whoever is mature, let us keep on thinking this way," and verse 16, "Only, let us stay in line with that which we have attained." These commands are rather ambiguous and only become clear in relationship to Paul's example in verse 12-14 of avoiding presumption and complacency and striving for full maturity in Christ. The Philippian Christians were intended to follow Paul's example based on his rationale. Paul avoided presumption and complacency and lived the Christian life diligently so that he could reach full maturity and receive all the benefits of that life. Underlying Paul's example is the implied commands, "Avoid presumption and complacency and live the Christian life diligently."

Strategy and Structure

Paul begins Philippians 3:12-16 by giving his own example of one who does not presume to have attained full maturity in Christ, but diligently pursues Christ and his benefits (12-14). Within these verses Paul repeats his denial that he has attained the fullness of the Christian life and his attestation that he diligently pursues the fullness of the Christian life to emphasize his practice as an example. Paul concludes by making specific application to the Philippian Christians, exhorting them to think and act in accordance with his example (15-16).

I. Paul's Example of Lack of Presumption and Diligent Pursuit of Christ and His Benefits (3:12-14)

A. Paul's First Denial of Presumption and Attestation of His Diligent Pursuit of Christ and His Benefits (12)

1. Paul's first denial of presumption

2. Paul's first attestation of his diligent pursuit

3. Paul's rational for avoiding presumption and diligently pursuing

B. Paul's Second Denial of Presumption and Attestation of His Diligent Pursuit of Christ and His Benefits (13-14)

1. Paul's second denial of presumption

2. Paul's second attestation of his diligent pursuit

3. Paul's rationale for avoiding presumption and diligently pursuing

II. Paul's Exhortation for the Philippian Christians to Follow His Example (3:15-16)

A. Command for the Mature to Keep on Thinking This Way (15a)

B. Pledge of God's Revelation to Those Who Think Otherwise (15b)

C. Command to Stay in Line with that Which They Have Attained (16)

Message or Messages

The Philippian Christians should not presume that they have attained all that is in Christ because the apostle Paul himself had not attained and did not think that he had attained the fullness of the Christian life. The Philippian Christians should diligently pursue the fullness of the Christian life like Paul so that they can secure all that God has made available for them in Christ. The Philippian Christian should not presume that they have attained all that is in Christ, but diligently pursue the fullness of the Christian life like Paul because this is the way the mature think, whereas those who think otherwise are immature and in need of further revelation, and by so doing they will be acting in a way that is consistent with their claims to be mature.

Analysis of the Details

Paul's Example of Lack of Presumption and

Pursuit of Christ and His Benefits

Paul begins encouraging the Philippian Christians to avoid presumption and diligently pursue Christ and his benefits by using his own example verses 12-14. In these verses Paul twice denies any presumption and attests to his diligent pursuit of Christ and his benefits.

**Paul's first denial of presumption and attestation of his diligent pursuit of Christ and his benefits**. Paul's first denial of presumption and attestation of diligent pursuit of Christ and his benefits is in verse 12. In the first half of the verse Paul denies that he has attained fullness in Christ, "Not that I have received this already, or have been made righteous already, or have been made perfect already." Paul is quite emphatic in his denial, repeating the denial in three different forms, employing the perfect tense to stress that these are not accomplished facts, and using repeatedly the adverb "already." Paul's first denial is general, referring broadly to all the blessings of in Christ, especially those which have been mentioned in the preceding passage—relationship with Christ, righteousness, and resurrection. Paul's second denial specifies justification as a benefit of Christ that he does not presume to have realized fully. Even though Paul did preach a gospel of salvation by faith in Jesus and his sacrificial death, he consistently maintains that justification cannot be fully realized without a transformed life and faithfulness to the end. Paul's third denial again appears to be more general. The word "perfect" means "complete" and should probably not be limited to moral perfection. Perfection or completeness could encompass many aspects of the Christian life such as relationship with God, assurance of salvation, morality, spiritual power, and revelation. Therefore, Paul argues that the Philippian Christians should not be presumptuous because he himself does not presume to have attained the fullness of the Christian life.

In the second half of verse 12 Paul attests to his diligent pursuit of Christ and his benefits, "but I keep pursuing in order that I may secure that for which also I was secured by Christ Jesus." Paul uses the present tense verb, "I keep pursuing" to emphasize that this is his characteristic practice. The verb is also an emphatic compound to stress the diligence of Paul's pursuit of fullness in Christian living. Paul plays on two forms of the verb "secure" to emphasize through his example that despite the fact that the Christian's life and benefits are based on God's work of grace in Christ, there is also an element of human responsibility if these benefits are to be fully realized. He employs the perfect tense of the verb to acknowledge Christ's completed work, "I have been secured by Christ." However, he uses the subjunctive to emphasize his continuing responsibility if the blessings of the Christian life are to be fully realized in his life, "in order that I may secure." This verb is an emphatic compound and means "to take firm possession of," stressing both Christ's completed work and the need for diligence in Christian living in order to guarantee receiving the benefits of the Christians life. Therefore, Paul argues that the Philippian Christians should diligently pursue Christ and his benefits like him so that they can attain all that is available in Christ.

**Paul's second denial of presumption and attestation of his diligent pursuit of Christ and his benefits**. Paul restates his denial of presumption and attestation of his diligent pursuit of Christ and his benefits in verses 13-14. In the first part of verse 13 Paul denies for the second time that he has attained fullness in Christ, "Brothers, I myself am not thinking that I have attained these things." Paul repeats his denial to emphasize his lack of presumption as an example for the Philippian Christians. However, in this denial Paul extends the denial to include his thinking. Not only does Paul deny that he has received all that is in Christ, but he does not even allow the thought to enter his head. Paul addresses the Philippian Christians as his "Brothers." This word is commonly used in the New Testament to refer to Christians because of their family unity in Christ. Paul probably uses it here to help the Philippian Christians identify with him so they will learn from his example. Paul employs an emphatic personal pronoun, translated "I myself," to underscore his personal practice as an example for them. Paul was an apostle and if he didn't presume to have attained the fullness of Christ, certainly none of the Philippian Christians should either. "These things" should again be understood generally to refer to many aspects of the Christian life such as relationship with God, assurance of salvation, morality, spiritual power, and revelation. Therefore, Paul emphasizes again that the Philippian Christians should not be presumptuous because he himself does not presume to have attained the fullness of the Christian life.

In the second half of verse 13 and in verse 14 Paul attests a second time to his diligent pursuit of Christ and his benefits, "But one thing I do, ignoring what is behind and stretching out for what is ahead, I keep pursuing the goal for the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus." He is careful to clarify what he does and what he does not do and why he does it. Throughout the description language borrowed from the games is prominent. Paul introduces his attestation with "But one thing I do," emphasizing that the practice he exemplifies is a priority in his life and by implication should be in the lives of Christians as well. Paul's priority is expressed by the main verb, "I keep pursing." The verb that Paul employs is in the present tense emphasizing Paul's persistent practice. This word was more commonly associated with hunting, but it must be understood in context in relationship to Paul's racing imagery. Paul probably employs the word because it focuses attention on the object or goal. The word is an emphatic compound, emphasizing the diligence of his pursuit. Paul is like a runner who runs with persistence and diligence to reach the finish line. Paul describes more clearly the manner in which he pursues the goal with the participial phrases "ignoring what is behind and stretching out for what is ahead." Paul describes his pursuit in terms of a successful runner at the games. These runners did not look at how far they had run for that would certainly distract them from the task at hand, completing the race and winning the prize. Instead, they exerted themselves to the very limit to be sure that they were the first to cross the finish line. Similarly, Paul does not revel in past experiences of Christ and assume that the blessings of the Christian life are fully secured. Instead, he expends all his energy in living the Christian life to make sure that those blessing are realized.

Paul also describes his motivation in terms of the races at the games. He strives for "the goal" or "finish line" so that he can win "the prize" that goes to the winner at the races. The racing metaphor breaks down a bit here since Paul certainly does not mean to imply that only one person will receive the full blessings of life in Christ or promote competition between Christians. His primary concern is with convincing the Philippian Christians that the full blessings of life in Christ, which are certainly represented here in the racing metaphor by the goal and prize, have not yet been attained but are still the aims of the Christian life. Paul's expanded depiction of the prize, "of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus," is difficult. Paul was perhaps alluding to the practice of calling the victor up to receive his prize after the race. Again the racing metaphor breaks down for Christians receive their call when they give their lives in faith to Jesus. As in verse 12, Paul is probably acknowledging the completed work of God in Christ Jesus, while at the same time maintaining that there is an element of responsibility on the part of Christians if they are to realize what God has made possible in Christ. Therefore, Paul emphasizes again that the Philippian Christians should diligently pursue Christ and his benefits like him so that they can attain all that is available in Christ.

Paul's Exhortation for the Philippian Christians

To Follow His Example

Paul concludes by making specific application to the Philippian Christians in verse 15-16 where he exhorts them to follow his example. Paul commands the mature to keep on thinking this way; pledges God's revelation of the validity of this way of thinking to those who think otherwise; and commands that they stay in line with that which they have attained. Though seldom acknowledged, Paul's exhortation seems to be somewhat sarcastic.

**Command for the mature to keep on thinking this way**. First, Paul commands the mature to keep on thinking like him in the first half of verse 15, "Therefore, whoever is mature, let us keep on thinking this way." Paul addresses the mature, but his real concern in this passage is with those who presume that they are mature. He groups himself with these mature Christians, but it is obvious that his understanding of maturity is much different from those who merely presume that they are mature. Those who are truly mature will join him and "keep on thinking this way," referring to his example as one who does not think that he is mature or has attained the fullness of life in Christ. Paul uses the present tense to stress the need to continually think in this way. Paul maintains, paradoxically, that the way to complete maturity is the abiding realization that maturity has not yet been achieved. Therefore, the Philippian Christians should avoid presumption and complacency and diligently pursue Christ and his benefits like Paul because this approach is the mature approach that leads to real maturity.

**Pledge of God's revelation of the validity of this way of thinking to those who think otherwise**. Second, Paul pledges God's revelation of the validity of his way of thinking to those who think otherwise in the second half of verse 15, "and if anyone thinks otherwise, God will reveal even this to you." God's revelation to those who think otherwise is clearly the validity of Paul's avoidance of presumption and complacency and diligent pursuit of Christ and his benefits. Those who think otherwise were those who presumed that they were already mature. Included probably in their presumption of maturity was their confidence that they had complete revelation from God. However, Paul implies that if they have rejected the validity of his way of thinking, their grasp of God's revelation is incomplete. Paul maintains, paradoxically, that those who think they are mature demonstrate their lack of maturity by refusing to acknowledge their lack of complete maturity. Therefore, the Philippian Christians should avoid presumption and complacency and diligently pursue Christ and his benefits like Paul because failure to do so is an indication of their lack of maturity.

**Command to stay in line with that which they have attained**. Finally, Paul commands the Philippian Christians to stay in line with that which they have attained in verse 16, "Only, let us stay in line with what we have attained." Paul seems at first to be retreating to a position in which he is allowing the Philippian Christians to behave as they always have. However, the Philippian church was strong and the Christians and attained a high level of Christian maturity. If Paul is concerned about some Christians in Philippi who believe that they are fully mature in Christ, these Christians certainly claimed to have attained a great deal. Paul was challenging the Philippian Christians and specifically those who claimed to be fully mature to live in a way that is consistent with their high standard of attainment and claims to maturity. Therefore, Paul argues that the Philippian Christians should avoid presumption and complacency and diligently pursue Christ and his benefits like him so that they can live in a way that is consistent with their claims to maturity.

Application of the Message

Christian today are sometimes self-satisfied and complacent, the very attitudes that Paul addresses in Philippians 3:12-16. They presume that they are mature and have received all that is in Christ. As a result, they no longer live out the Christian life in a diligent manner. As a Baptist, I am especially aware of this danger in the Baptist church. Baptists stress the sufficiency of Christ's sacrifice on the cross and the security of the believer. Indeed, Christ's death is sufficient and believers are secure. However, these doctrines are sometimes stressed so much that Baptists presume that all has been accomplished in Christ and nothing remains to be done to secure the fullness of Christ. As a result, they do not diligently strive to live out the Christian life. There is very little of a contextualized nature within this passage to require that its message be limited when applied to the modern situation. Therefore, Paul's message in this passage can be applied fairly directly to the modern situation. The doctrine of the security of the believer, which is legitimate, sometimes degenerates in practice into a spiritual apathy. Because Paul is addressing a very similar problem, it would seem that his words are directly relevant for the modern situation. Christians should not presume that they have attained all that is in Christ because Paul himself had not attained and did not think that he had attained the fullness of the Christian life. Christians should diligently pursue the fullness of the Christian life like Paul so that they can secure all that God has made available for them in Christ. Christians should not presume that they have attained all that is in Christ, but diligently pursue the fullness of the Christian life like Paul because this is the way the mature think, whereas those who think otherwise are immature and in need of further revelation, and by so doing they will be acting in a way that is consistent with their claims to be mature.

Proclamation of the Message

**Title** : I Keep on Pursuing Diligently

**Objective** : The objective of this message is to exhort and encourage Christians not to be presumptuous and complacent, but to diligently strive to attain all that is in Christ.

**Proposition** : Christians, like the apostle Paul, should not presume that they have attained the fullness of the Christian life, but diligently pursue the fullness of the Christian life; and not presume that they are mature but demonstrate that they are truly mature by diligently striving for maturity.
Introduction

Christians today are sometimes self-satisfied and complacent. They presume that they are mature and have received all that is in Christ. As a result, they no longer live out the Christian life in a diligent manner. We as Baptists have a particular problem with presumption, complacency, and lack of diligence in Christian living because of a misunderstanding of one of our prized doctrines—the security of the believer. We as Baptists rightly believe that Christians are secure because our salvation is based on God's work of grace in Jesus' sacrificial death on the cross. However, sometimes we stress the security of the believer so much that we believe that all is secure and nothing remains to be done. As a result, we lose our sense of responsibility and no longer strive to live the Christian life diligently. Paul addresses this threat of presumption, complacency, and lack of diligent Christian living in Philippians 3:12-16. The church in Philippi may have had people with a similar perspective. They presumed that they were already mature. They presumed that they had already attained all that is in Christ. They presumed that they were mature. But their presumption had left little motivation for growth. They had become spiritually apathetic and their development as Christians had been arrested. Therefore, Paul wrote Philippians 3:12-16 to warn the Philippian Christians against the danger of presumption and complacency and encourage them to strive diligently for all the blessings of life in Christ. We also need to hear Paul's words so that we will not become complacent and fail to diligently live for Christ. _Read Philippians 3:12-16_.

I. Christians, like the apostle Paul, should not presume that they have attained the fullness of the Christian life.

A. Paul denies that he has attained the fullness of Christ in the first half of verse 12, "Not that I have received this already, or have been made righteous already, or have been made perfect already." He denies the actuality!

B. Paul repeats his denial that he has attained the fullness of Christ in the first half of verse 13, "Brothers, I myself am not thinking that I have attained these things." He even denies the thought!

C. Paul repeatedly denies that he has attained the fullness of Christ to emphasize the importance of this way of thinking for living out the Christian life as an example to the believers in Philippi. Paul was an apostle and certainly more mature than any of the believers in Philippi. If he did not did not presume that he had attained all the fullness of Christ, neither should they.

D. Illustration of a Presumption and Its Results

E. You should not presume that you have attained the fullness of the Christian life like the apostle Paul.

II. Christians, like the apostle Paul, should diligently pursue the fullness of the Christian life.

A. Paul attests to his diligent pursuit of Christ and his benefits in the second half of verse 12, "but I keep pursuing in order that I may secure that for which also I was secured by Christ Jesus." Paul acknowledges the completed work of Christ in his life. However, he also affirms that he also has a responsibility to diligently pursue all that is in Christ if he is to realize the fullness of the Christian life.

B. Paul attests to his diligent pursuit of Christ and his benefits again in the second half of verse 13 and in verse 14, "But one thing I do, ignoring what is behind and stretching out for what is ahead, I keep pursuing the goal for the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus." Paul compares his diligent pursuit of Christ to a runner in a race. The runner does not turn around to admire how far he has come. The runner keeps straining forward to reach the finish line. The runner is motivated by his desire to be called to the winners platform to receive the prize.

C. Paul repeatedly attests to his diligent pursuit of Christ and his benefits to emphasize the importance of this way of thinking for living out the Christian life as an example to the believers in Philippi. Paul was an apostle and certainly more mature than any of the believers in Philippi. If he diligently pursued the fullness of Christ, so should they.

D. Illustration of Diligence and Its Results

E. You, like the apostle Paul, should diligently pursue the fullness of the Christian life. Like a runner, you should not be distracted by past accomplishments, but keep straining ahead for the fullness of the Christian life so that you can be assured of receiving all that God has called you to in Christ.

III. Christians, like the apostle Paul, should not presume that they are mature but demonstrate that they are truly mature by diligently striving for maturity.

A. Paul commands those who think they are mature in the first half of verse 15, "Therefore, whoever is mature, let us keep on thinking this way." His presumption is that if anyone is truly mature they will share his lack of presumption and diligent pursuit of Christ and his benefits. Therefore, Paul maintains, paradoxically, that the way to complete maturity is the abiding realization that maturity has not been attained completely.

B. Paul pledges God's revelation of the validity of his way of thinking to those who think otherwise in the second half of verse 15, "and if anyone thinks otherwise, God will reveal even this to you." Paul implies that if anyone does not share his lack of presumption and diligent pursuit of Christ and his blessings, they are immature and in need of God's revelation. Therefore, Paul maintains, paradoxically, that those who think they are completely mature demonstrate their lack of maturity by refusing to acknowledge the deficiency of their maturity.

C. Paul commands those who claim to be mature to stay in line with that which they have attained in verse 16, "Only, let us stay in line with what we have attained." The Christians in Philippi had reached a high level of maturity and some claimed they had reached complete maturity. Therefore, Paul challenges them to live in a way that was consistent with their high standard of attainment and claims to maturity.

D. Illustration of True and False Maturity

E. You, like the apostle Paul, should not presume that you are mature, but demonstrate that you are truly mature by diligently striving for maturity.

Conclusion

Christians today are sometimes self-satisfied and complacent. They presume that they are mature and have received all that is in Christ. As a result, they no longer live out the Christian life in a diligent manner. Paul addresses this threat of presumption, complacency, and lack of diligent Christian living in Philippians 3:12-16. The church in Philippi may have had people with a similar perspective. Therefore, Paul wrote Philippians 3:12-16 to warn the Philippian Christians against the danger of presumption and complacency and encourage them to strive diligently for all the blessings of life in Christ. We also need to hear Paul's words so that we will not become complacent and fail to diligently live for Christ. You should not presume that you have attained the fullness of the Christian like, but diligently pursue it. You should not presume that you are mature, but demonstrate that you are truly mature by striving for maturity.

### CHAPTER ELEVEN

### THEIR GOD IS THEIR STOMACH

### Philippians 3:17-21

Though Philippians 3:17-21 is closely related to the rest of chapter 3 (See Literary Context and Role), this passage has a distinctive focus on the threat of worldliness that unites it into a cohesive whole. Verse 1 of chapter 4 is frequently regarded as the conclusion to Paul's warnings against dangerous influences in chapter 3 (See Martin, 164-165; and Silva, 220). However, I have chosen to relate that verse to the concluding exhortations in 4:2-9 (See also Fee, 385).

Study of the Passage

Text and Translation

3:17Join together in constantly imitating me, brothers, and continually set as your goal those who consistently live as you have us as an example. 18For there are many, as I have told you many times before and now I am telling you again even with tears, who are enemies of the cross of Christ. 19Their destiny is destruction. Their god is their stomach and their glory is in their shame. They characteristically think earthly thoughts. 20For our homeland is in heaven, from which we are awaiting eagerly a Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ, 21who will transform our humble body to correspond with his glorious body in accordance with the power by which he is even able to subject all things to himself.

Situation and Purpose

Philippians 3:17-21 seems to reflect a situation in which the Philippian Christians were in danger of being influenced by people with a worldly perspective and lifestyle. Paul describes this threat in verses 18-19, "For there are many, as I have told you many times before and now I am telling you again even with tears, who are enemies of the cross of Christ. Their destiny is destruction. Their god is their stomach and their glory is in their shame. They characteristically think earthly thoughts." Paul's allegation that they are "enemies of the cross of Christ" probably indicates that they had rejected suffering and sacrifice as an essential element of Christianity. Paul's allegation that "their god is their stomach" probably indicates that they had elevated their physical desires above God. Paul's allegation that "their glory is their shame" probably indicates that they took pride in that for which they should be ashamed. Paul's allegation that "They characteristically think earthly thoughts" probably indicates that they were preoccupied with the things of this world. Paul was concerned that the Philippian Christians might be influenced by these people and their worldly perspective and lifestyle (The terminology that Paul employs can be understood to refer to Judaizers as well. See the discussions in Fee, 362-375 who is inclined to understand the threat as worldliness; Martin, 157-160 who is ambivalent; and Silva, who is inclined to understand the threat as Judaizers.). Therefore, Paul wrote this passage to exhort and encourage the Philippian Christians to imitate him and those who follow his example rather than those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle.

Literary Context and Role

Philippians 3:17-21 is very closely related to the rest of chapter 3. In this chapter Paul deals with dangerous influences that he perceived as possible threats to the Philippian Christians. Some scholars have attempted to relate these dangerous influences to a single threat to which the Philippian Christians were exposed. If this approach is accepted, the passages in this chapter deal with different aspects of the threat. However, the dangerous influences described in these passages are so diverse that they are difficult to relate to a single threat. Therefore, the passages in this chapter probably deal with three distinct threats. Philippians 3:17-21 deals with the threat of worldliness. Other passages in chapter 3 deal with the threat of superficial religion (3:1-11) and the threat of presumption and complacency (3:12-16). Since Paul appeals to the Philippian Christians to imitate him and those who follow his example (17), other passages in the epistle where Paul uses himself as an example and commends others are helpful for understanding what he means.

Form and Function

Philippians 3:17-21 can be classified generally as epistolary exhortation. Epistolary exhortation can be generally defined as commands and prohibitions (whether direct, indirect, or implied) reinforced by explanations and reasoned arguments. In epistolary exhortation direct or indirect commands and prohibitions usually indicate the appropriate response. These commands and prohibitions are usually supplemented and reinforced with explanations and reasoned arguments that clarify and provide motivation for obedience. However, in many cases the indication of the appropriate response is incomplete or absent altogether. In these cases the appropriate response must be implied from the explanations and reasoned arguments. Occasionally no reasoned arguments accompany the commands and prohibitions and the authority of the teacher alone compels obedience. This passage contains direct commands in verse 17, "Join together in constantly imitating me, brothers, and continually set as your goal those who consistently live as you have us as an example." The necessity of obeying these commands is reinforced by a warning against those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle in verses 18-19 and a commendation of a heavenly perspective and lifestyle in verses 20-21. However, more specific commands can be implied from this warning and commendation. The warning implies the command, "Avoid a worldly perspective and lifestyle." The commendation implies the command, "Adopt a heavenly perspective and lifestyle."

Strategy and Structure

Paul begins Philippians 3:17-21 by exhorting the Philippian Christians to imitate him and those who follow his example (17). Next, Paul warns against the influence of those with a worldly perspective (18-19). This warning presents an alternative to imitating Paul and encourages the Philippian Christians to follow Paul's example rather than those with a worldly perspective based on their nefarious character and ultimate ruin. Paul concludes by commending a heavenly perspective and lifestyle (20-21). This commendation encourages the Philippian Christians to follow Paul's example rather than those with a worldly perspective based on the heavenly destiny of Christians.

I. Paul's Exhortation to Imitate Him and Those Who Follow His Example (3:17)

A. Paul's Command to Imitate Him (17a)

B. Paul's Command to Emulate Those Who Follow His Example (17b)

II. Paul's Warning against the Influence of Those with a Worldly Perspective and Lifestyle (3:18-19)

A. The Urgency of Paul's Warning (18a)

B. The Nefarious Character and Ultimate Ruin of the Worldly (18b-19)

1. Enemies of the cross of Christ

2. Destined for destruction

3. Obsession with physical desires

4. Shamefully distorted values

5. Preoccupation with earthly thoughts

III. Paul's Commendation of a Heavenly Perspective and Lifestyle (3:20-21)

A. The Heavenly Homeland of Christians (20a)

B. The Savior Christians Anticipate from Heaven (20b)

C. The Savior's Glorious Transformation of the Bodies of Christians (21a)

D. The Savior's Power and Subjection of All Things to Himself (21b)

Message or Messages

The Philippian Christians should imitate Paul and those who follow his example rather than those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle. The Philippian Christian should not follow those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle because they are enemies of the gospel, worship their physical desires, have shamefully distorted values, are preoccupied with earthly thoughts, and will ultimately be destroyed. The Philippian Christians should have a heavenly perspective and lifestyle because heaven is their home, they are awaiting their Savior from heaven, he will transform their humble bodies to be like his glorious body, and he will subject all things to himself.

Analysis of the Details

Paul's Exhortation to Imitate Him and Those

Who Follow His Example

Paul begins in verse 17 by appealing to the Philippian Christians to imitate him and those who follow his example, "Join together in constantly imitating me, brothers, and continually set as your goal those who consistently live as you have us as an example."

**Paul's command to imitate him**. First, Paul commands the Philippian Christians to imitate him in the first half of the verse. Paul addresses the Philippian Christians as "brothers" based on their relationship in Christ. He probably uses this form of address to enhance the bond between them as a basis for the use of his example. Paul uses the present imperative to stress the importance of continually following his example. The verb Paul uses is a bit unusual, literally meaning "to imitate with." Some have suggested that Paul is calling upon the Philippian Christians to join with him in imitating Christ, but Christ in found nowhere in the context. Others have suggested that this word is synonymous with the simpler form and merely means "to imitate." A more likely solution, reflected in the translation above, is that Paul is stressing the need for the whole church to follow his example (Fee, 364-365). Some have been troubled by what they perceive as egocentrism in Paul, but Paul simply recognized the importance of good models for instructing Christians and his role as an apostle.

But what specifically is Paul modeling? The remainder of the passage implies that Paul is modeling the rejection of a worldly perspective and lifestyle for a heavenly perspective and lifestyle. The Philippian Christians knew Paul very well and could probably think of many ways in which Paul modeled this heavenly perspective and lifestyle. Moreover, Paul has used himself as an example frequently in this epistle and in each case his heavenly perspective is evident. He was able to endure present difficulties because he was convinced that "the things that have happened to me have really come about for the advance of the gospel" (1:12-18a). He was able to face an uncertain future with joy because he was convinced that "this will turn out for my salvation," "to die is gain," and "to depart and be with Christ . . . is by far the best" (1:18b-26). He had "a basis for confidence even in the flesh," but "whatever was profitable" he "considered loss because of Christ." (3:1-11). He did not think he had "received this already," or "been made righteous already," or "been made perfect already," or had "attained these things," but kept "pursuing" to "secure that for which" he "was secured by Christ Jesus" (3:12-16). Paul illustrated through his Christian life a heavenly perspective and lifestyle.

**Paul's command to emulate those who follow his example**. Paul recognized that there were others who could also serve effectively as examples for the Philippian Christians. Therefore, he exhorts them to "continually set as your goal those who consistently live as you have us as an example." Paul employs the present imperative to stress the need for persistence. In the previous passage Paul identified the ultimate goal of the Christian life as diligence and faithfulness in living for Christ until the end of life. Here he sets an intermediate goal, the example of other Christians who are faithfully living for Christ. The only qualification Paul supplies for identifying appropriate models is that they consistently follow Paul's example. Paul is the standard for identifying people who live with a heavenly rather than an earthly perspective. Paul uses the present participle to emphasize that these models must follow his example consistently. Some have suggested that Paul is using "us" in a rhetorical sense and really means "me," especially since the word "example" is singular. However, Paul is probably also including his close associate Timothy and perhaps even Epaphroditus as potential examples. Paul has previously commended Timothy for his exceptional character, genuine concern, unselfish dedication, and proven worth (2:19-24). Paul has previously commended Epaphroditus for his faithful service and courage (2:25-30). Timothy and Epaphroditus illustrate through their lives the heavenly perspective and lifestyle that Paul commends.

Paul's Warning against Those with a Worldly

Perspective and Lifestyle

Next, Paul warns the Philippian Christians in verses 18-19 against those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle, "For there are many, as I have told you many times before and now I am telling you again even with tears, who are enemies of the cross of Christ. Their destiny is destruction. Their god is their stomach and their glory is in their shame. They characteristically think earthly thoughts."

**The urgency of Paul's warning**. Paul begins by stressing the seriousness of the threat of those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle to the Philippian Christians. Paul stresses the seriousness of the threat in three ways. First, he stresses the seriousness of the threat by indicating the prevalence of the worldly, "For there are many." Second, he stresses the seriousness of the threat by reminding them of his repeated warnings in the past, "as I have told you many times before and now I am telling you again." Third, he stresses the seriousness of the threat by disclosing that he is moved to tears because of his distress, "I am telling you again with tears." Paul contends that the Philippian Christians should not allow themselves to be influenced by those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle because they are a widespread and serious threat to their wellbeing.

**The nefarious character and ultimate ruin of the worldly**. Next, Paul alerts the Philippian Christians to the nefarious character and ultimate ruin of those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle. First, Paul castigates the worldly for being "enemies of the cross of Christ." But in what sense were these people enemies of Christ's cross? The word "enemies" implies enmity and conflict, but it is unlikely that these people were literally enemies, since they appear to be people who could subtly influence the church by their example rather than compel Christians by force. These dangerous influences should probably be regarded as people with a lifestyle that was in opposition to "the cross of Christ." The cross is a symbol in the New Testament both of God's work of grace in Christ and the character of Christian discipleship. The gospel message is that Jesus sacrificed his life on the cross so that those who commit their lives to him in faith will be saved. Christians are challenged to take up their own cross and follow him with the same kind of sacrificial commitment. Therefore, Paul is warning the Philippian Christians to avoid the influence of the worldly so that they are not influenced by them to have a perspective and lifestyle that is in opposition to the very nature of the gospel message and the Christian life.

Second, Paul warns the Philippian Christians of the ultimate ruin of those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle, "Their destiny is destruction." The word translated "destiny" literally means "end" and is used by Paul to refer to the ultimate outcome of their way of living. Though Paul would not have excluded the possibility of temporal judgment, he probably is warning of eschatological judgement. Those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle will be destroyed along with Satan and all the other enemies of God. Therefore, Paul is warning the Philippian Christians to avoid the influence of those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle so they will not share in the ruin of the worldly.

Third, Paul castigates those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle because "Their god is their stomach." For Paul, God alone is worthy of commitment and devotion. But the worldly had replaced God with their stomach. Certainly Paul is not speaking literally, but is using stomach as a metaphor for the desires of the human body. One aspect of the insidious influence of the worldly was their obsession with the satisfaction of physical desires. In a sense their worldliness was a form of idolatry. Therefore, Paul warns the Philippian Christians to avoid the influence of those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle so that they will not commit idolatry.

Fourth, Paul castigates those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle because "their glory is in their shame." This statement is very closely linked with the preceding statement and probably parallels it. The word "glory" suggests great splendor and is sometimes used to describe the object of pride. Here the word is obviously used in this latter sense in contrast to "their shame." Paul is essentially saying that they are proud of that for which they should feel shame. To their shame, the worldly have a perspective and lifestyle that is corrupt and the reverse of a godly perspective and lifestyle. Furthermore, "Glory" is also commonly used as a name for God. In light of the preceding indictment, Paul also could be reemphasizing the idolatrous character of their preoccupation with the satisfaction of physical desires. Therefore, Paul warns the Philippian Christians to avoid the influence of the worldly so that they do not become shamefully corrupt and idolatrous.

Finally, Paul castigates those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle because, "They characteristically think earthly thoughts." "Earthly thoughts" are clearly in contrast to the heavenly perspective that Paul describes in the succeeding verses. Paul is alluding to the value system prevalent in the world. These worldly people shared the world's emphasis on power, glory, money, possessions, and pleasures. Implied in the contrast is the inferiority of the earthly to the heavenly. Therefore, Paul is warning the Philippian Christians to avoid the influence of those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle because it is earthly and unworthy of their heavenly calling.

Paul's Commendation of a Heavenly

Perspective and Lifestyle

Paul concludes by commending a heavenly perspective and lifestyle to the Philippian Christians in verses 20-21, "For our homeland is in heaven, from which we are awaiting eagerly a Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ, who will transform our humble body to correspond with his glorious body in accordance with the power by which he is even able to subject all things to himself."

**The heavenly homeland of Christians**. First, commends a heavenly perspective and lifestyle because their "homeland is in heaven." Philippi was an remote outpost of the Roman Empire. As a Roman city, Philippi was obligated to maintain and promote the values of Rome. Paul maintains that the Philippian church was in a similar way an outpost of heaven and the Christians in Philippi were obligated to maintain and promote the values of heaven because heaven was the place of their actual citizenship (Martin, 161). Therefore, Paul argues that the Philippian Christians should have a heavenly perspective and lifestyle because heaven is their home.

**The Savior from heaven that Christians anticipate**. Second, Paul commends a heavenly perspective and lifestyle to the Philippian Christians because it is from heaven that they "are awaiting eagerly a Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ." The verb Paul uses is an emphatic compound that stresses anticipation. This sense of anticipation is reinforced by the use of the present tense, which stresses continuous expectation. Paul describes Jesus as both Savior and Lord. Jesus will come as their Savior to deliver them. However, Jesus will also come as their Lord and they need to live their lives in submission to him even now if they are to be prepared for his coming. Therefore, Paul argues that the Philippian Christians should have a heavenly perspective and lifestyle so that they can be assured of deliverance when their Lord comes.

**The Savior's glorious transformation of the bodies of Christians**. Third, Paul commends a heavenly perspective and lifestyle to the Philippian Christians because when Jesus comes he "will change our humble body to correspond with his glorious body." Paul stresses the change that will occur in Christian when Jesus comes by contrast. Now they have a humble body, but when Jesus returns that body will be changed into a glorious body which corresponds to that of Jesus. Paul's focus on the humble body in contrast to the transformed body is probably to intimate that Christians should not live for physical pleasure because they are temporal like the body and do not last. Paul's focus on the transformed body in contrast to the humble body is probably to intimate that the Philippian Christians should already be living the transformed life.

**The Savior's power and subjection of all things to himself**. Finally, Paul commends a heavenly perspective and lifestyle to the Philippian Christians because of "the power by which he is even able to subject all things to himself." Paul affirms Jesus' power to subject all things to himself, including the world. This world will eventually fall and Jesus and the kingdom of heaven will ultimately be established. The world provides no lasting basis for life because it will fall. However, the kingdom of heaven will be established and remain forever. Therefore, Paul argues that the Philippian Christians should have a heavenly perspective and lifestyle because of Jesus' ultimate dissolution of this world and establishment of the kingdom of heaven.

Application of the Message

Christians today, perhaps more than ever, are subject to the influence of worldliness. Many people within the church are more concerned with pursuing power, prestige, and wealth than realizing God's purpose for their lives and accomplishing the mission that God has given the church. The church is frequently wracked by scandals and even pastors have fallen to sexual immorality and other shameful practices. Philippians 3:17-21 contains little of a contextualized nature to require that its message be limited or adjusted when applied to the modern situation. Therefore, the message of this passage remains relevant for the modern situation. Christians should imitate Paul and those who follow his example rather than those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle. Christian should not follow those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle because they are enemies of the gospel, worship their physical desires, have shamefully distorted values, are preoccupied with earthly thoughts, and will ultimately be destroyed. Christians should have a heavenly perspective and lifestyle because heaven is their home, they are awaiting their Savior from heaven, he will transform their humble bodies to be like his glorious body; and he will subject all things to himself.

Proclamation of the Message

**Title** : Their God Is Their Stomach

**Objective** : The objective of this message is to exhort and encourage Christians to imitate Paul and his heavenly perspective and lifestyle and avoid the influence of those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle.

**Proposition** : Christians should imitate Paul's heavenly perspective and lifestyle rather than those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle because the worldly are enemies of the gospel, worship their physical desires, have shamefully distorted values, are preoccupied with earthly thoughts, and are destined for destruction; and heaven is their home, they are awaiting their Savior from heaven, he will transform their humble bodies to be like his glorious body, and he will subject all things to himself.
Introduction

A few years ago scandal rocked the Christian world when a prominent television evangelist was discovered to have been employing prostitutes for illicit sex. This case is extreme both because of the nature of the sin and the profession of the sinner. He was a Christian minister, yet he succumbed to his physical desires. But the truth is that worldly values permeate the church. Many people in the church are more concerned about accumulating material wealth than they are concerned about living the Christian life. Many people who call themselves Christians are often guilty of some of the vilest and disgraceful indulgences of their physical desires. Evidently the Philippian church also had people within its membership who had a similar perspective and lifestyle. Paul feared that the whole church would be infected with this preoccupation with worldly values and physical desires. Therefore, Paul wrote Philippians 3:17-21 in order to encourage them to live with a heavenly perspective and values rather than an earthly perspective and values. Paul's words have a timely message for the church today. _Read Philippians 3:17-21_.

I. Christians should imitate Paul's heavenly perspective and lifestyle rather than those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle.

A. Paul appeals to the Philippian Christians to imitate him and those who follow his example in verse 17, "Join together in constantly imitating me, brothers, and continually set as your goal those who consistently live as you have us as an example."

B. Paul commanded the Philippian Christians to imitate him. Paul exemplified a heavenly perspective and lifestyle. He was able to endure present difficulties because he was convinced that "the things that have happened to me have really come about for the advance of the gospel" (1:12-18a). He was able to face an uncertain future with joy because he was convinced that "this will turn out for my salvation," "to die is gain," and "to depart and be with Christ . . . is by far the best" (1:18b-26). He had "a basis for confidence even in the flesh," but "whatever was profitable" he "considered loss because of Christ." (3:1-11). He did not think he had "received this already," or "been made righteous already," or been made perfect already," or had "attained these things," but kept "pursuing" to "secure that for which" he "was secured by Christ Jesus" (3:12-16).

C. Paul commanded the Philippian Christians to emulate those who followed his example. Others like Timothy and Epaphroditus followed Paul's example of a heavenly perspective and lifestyle. Paul commended Timothy for his exceptional character, genuine concern, unselfish dedication, and proven worth (2:19-24). Paul commended Epaphroditus for his faithful service and courage in the face of death (2:25-30).

D. Illustration of the Influence that a Mentor Can Have

E. You should imitate Paul's heavenly perspective and lifestyle rather than those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle.

II. Christian should not follow those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle because they are enemies of the gospel, worship their physical desires, have shamefully distorted values, are preoccupied with earthly thoughts, and will ultimately be destroyed.

A. Next, Paul warns the Philippian Christians in verses 18-19 against those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle, "For there are many, as I have told you many times before and now I am telling you again even with tears, who are enemies of the cross of Christ. Their destiny is destruction. Their god is their stomach and their glory is in their shame. They characteristically think earthly thoughts."

B. First, Paul warns of the danger of being influenced by those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle, "For there are many, as I have told you many times before and now I am telling you again even with tears." Paul stresses the urgency of his warning in three ways. He points out the pervasiveness of the threat; reminds them of his many previous warnings; and relates that he is moved to tears because of his distress for them.

C. Second, Paul maintains that Christians should not follow those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle because they are "enemies of the cross of Christ." The cross is the symbol of God's work of grace in Christ and Christian discipleship. The worldly are "enemies of the cross of Christ" because their perspective and lifestyle is in direct opposition to the gospel and the Christian life.

D. Third, Paul maintains that the Philippian Christians should not follow those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle because, "Their destiny is destruction." The worldly enjoy the short term pleasures of a worldly perspective and lifestyle, but the long term results are disastrous.

E. Fourth, Paul maintains that the Philippian Christians should not follow those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle because, "Their god is their stomach." God alone is worthy of complete devotion. But the devotion of the worldly to their physical desires is so strong that it has taken the place of God in their lives and made them idolaters.

F. Fifth, Paul maintains that the Philippian Christians should not follow those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle because, "their glory is in their shame." The worldly esteem power, wealth, and the gratification of physical desires. These values may seem good to you, but the value system of the worldly is totally corrupt and shameful.

G. Finally, Paul maintains that the Philippian Christians should not follow those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle because, "They characteristically think earthly thoughts." The "earthly thoughts" of the worldly stand out as inferior to the heavenly perspective and lifestyle that Paul commends in verses 20-21.

H. Illustration of a Worldly Perspective and Lifestyle

I. You should not follow those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle because they are enemies of the gospel, worship their physical desires, have shamefully distorted values, are preoccupied with earthly thoughts, and are destined for destruction.

III. Christians should have a heavenly perspective and lifestyle because heaven is their home, they are awaiting their Savior from heaven, he will transform their humble bodies to be like his glorious body, and he will subject all things to himself.

A. Finally, Paul commends a heavenly perspective and lifestyle in verses 20-21, "For our homeland is in heaven, from which we are awaiting eagerly a Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ, who will transform our humble body to correspond with his glorious body in accordance with the power by which he is even able to subject all things to himself."

B. First, Paul asserts that the Philippian Christians should have a heavenly perspective and lifestyle because heaven is their home, "For our homeland is in heaven." Philippi was a remote outpost of the Roman Empire. As a Roman city, the citizens were obligated to promote and maintain the Roman way of life. Similarly, the church is a remote outpost of heaven and Christians are obligated to maintain heavenly values even as they continue to live on earth.

C. Second, Paul asserts that the Philippian Christians should have a heavenly perspective and lifestyle because it is from heaven that they "are awaiting eagerly a Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ." Jesus Christ is returning as Savior. Christians should live in a way that reflects their gratitude for salvation. Jesus Christ is returning as Lord. Therefore, Christian should live in submission to their Lord.

D. Third, Paul asserts that the Philippian Christians should have a heavenly perspective and lifestyle because the Lord Jesus Christ "will transform our humble body to correspond with his glorious body." The body that we now have will pass away along with all its desires and will be replaced by a glorious body like Jesus' body that will equip us for life in heaven. Christians should live gratefully in anticipation of this transformation.

E. Finally, Paul asserts that the Philippian Christians should have a heavenly perspective and lifestyle because the Lord Jesus Christ "is even able to subject all things to himself." This statement points to the ultimate subjection of all things to Jesus, including the world. This world will eventually fall and the kingdom of heaven will ultimately triumph. Christians should not live by the standards of a world that is passing away but by the standards of God's eternal kingdom.

F. Illustration of a Heavenly Perspective and Lifestyle

G. You should have a heavenly rather than worldly perspective and lifestyle because heaven is your real home, you are awaiting your Savior from heaven, he will transform your humble body to be like his glorious body, and he will subject all things to himself.

Conclusion

Christians must live in the world in order to fulfill their mission as the church. However, they are frequently more greatly influenced by the world than they are effective in influencing the world for Christ. The church is permeated by a worldly perspective and lifestyle. This worldliness weakens Christians and makes it impossible for them to experience the fullness of life in Christ and cripples the church so that it cannot fulfill its mission. Evidently the Philippian church was also threatened by a worldly perspective and lifestyle. Therefore, Paul wrote Philippians 3:17-21 in order to encourage them to live with a heavenly perspective and lifestyle rather than an earthly perspective and lifestyle. Paul's words have a timely message for the church today. You should imitate Paul and those who follow his example rather than those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle. You should not follow those with a worldly perspective and lifestyle because they are enemies of the gospel, worship their physical desires, have shamefully perverted values, are preoccupied with earthly thoughts, and are destined for destruction. You should have a heavenly perspective and lifestyle because heaven is your home; you are awaiting your Savior from heaven, he will transform your humble bodies to be like his glorious body, and he will subject all things to himself.

### CHAPTER TWELVE

### CONTINUALLY STAND IN THE LORD

### Philippians 4:1-9

Though Philippians 4:1-9 contains four distinct exhortations, these exhortations can be interpreted as a unit. Paul sometimes closes his epistles with concluding exhortations that contain his final instructions. In addition, each of these exhortations is too brief to be efficiently interpreted as a unit. Many scholars regard verse 1 as the conclusion of Paul's warning against dangerous influences in the preceding chapter (See Martin, 164-165; and Silva, 220). However, I have chosen to include verse 1 in this passage (See also Fee, 385).

Study of the Passage

Text and Translation

4:1Therefore, brothers, my beloved and the ones for whom I long, my joy and my crown, continually stand in the Lord in this way, beloved.

2I continually implore Euodia and I continually implore Syntyche to think the same thing in the Lord. 3Yes, and I am asking you, genuine yokefellow, to continually help these women who struggled in the gospel with me and Clement and the rest of my fellow workers, whose names are in the Book of Life.

4Keep on rejoicing in the Lord always! Again I say, keep on rejoicing! 5Let your gentleness be known to all men. The Lord is near! 6Stop being anxious about everything, but in everything, by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God, 7and the peace of God, which surpasses all understanding, will guard your hearts and minds in Christ Jesus.

8Finally, brothers, whatever is true, whatever is honorable, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is pleasing, whatever is of good report, if anything is excellent and praiseworthy, continually concentrate on these things. 9That which you also learned or received or heard or saw in me, continually practice these things, and the God of peace will be with you.

Situation and Purpose

This passage deals with many of the problems encountered by the church in Philippi and addressed by Paul already (See Literary Context and Role). The church in Philippi was suffering persecution; weakened by division; and threatened by dangerous influences. Paul feared that they might become discouraged and be overwhelmed by any or all of these difficulties. Therefore, the general purpose of this passage as reflected in the introductory exhortation in verse 1 was that the Philippian Christians "continually stand in the Lord." Subsequent exhortations address other difficulties experienced by the church in Philippi. Verses 2-3 deal with the problem of division and specifically a dispute between two women in the church—Euodia and Syntyche. The purpose of these verses was to encourage these women to reconcile. Verses 4-7 deal with the problem of opposition and difficulty. Paul's exhortation seems to indicate a real danger that the Philippian Christians might be overcome by anxiety and lose their joy. He also seems to indicate a concern that they might retaliate against their enemies. The purpose of these verses was to exhort the Philippian Christians to rejoice rather than be anxious and respond gently rather than retaliate. Verses 8-9 deal with the problem of dangerous influences. The purpose of these verses was to exhort the Philippian Christians to set a high standard of conduct and remain faithful to the teachings of Paul.

Literary Context and Role

Paul frequently concludes his letters with general words of exhortation. His epistle to the Philippians is no exception. Throughout the epistle he has been concerned that the many discouraging circumstances that the church at Philippi was encountering might rob the Christians of their peace and joy. In this passage he addresses anew many of the concerns that he has addressed more specifically within the body of the letter and gives his final words of instruction with regard to these concerns. Paul previously addressed the problem of division in the church in 2:1-11. In 4:2-3 he gives his final instructions to Euodia, Syntyche, and his "genuine yokefellow," encouraging them to strive for reconciliation and peace. Paul previously addressed the problem of opposition and difficulty in 1:12-18a, 1:18b-26, 1:27-30, and 2:12-18. In 4:4-7 Paul gives his final instructions to the Philippian Christians for dealing with opposition and difficulty, discouraging anxiety and encouraging rejoicing, gentleness, and prayer. Paul previously addressed the problem of dangerous influences in 3:1-11, 3:12-16, and 3:17-21. In 4:8-9 Paul gives his final instructions to the Philippian Christians for counteracting these dangerous influences, encouraging them to have a high standard of conduct and adhere to what they have learned from Paul. In addition, Paul has previously encouraged the Philippian Christians to rejoice in 1:18, 2:17-18, 2:29, and 3:1. Paul reinforces this continuing theme here in verse 4. The preceding passages are often helpful for understanding the concluding exhortations in 4:1-9.

Form and Function

Philippians 4:1-9 can be classified generally as epistolary exhortation. Epistolary exhortation can be generally defined as commands and prohibitions (whether direct, indirect, or implied) reinforced by explanations and reasoned arguments. In epistolary exhortation direct or indirect commands and prohibitions usually indicate the appropriate response. These commands and prohibitions are usually supplemented and reinforced with explanations and reasoned arguments that clarify and provide motivation for obedience. However, in many cases the indication of the appropriate response is incomplete or absent altogether. In these cases the appropriate response must be implied from the explanations and reasoned arguments. Occasionally no reasoned arguments accompany the commands and prohibitions and the authority of the teacher alone compels obedience. Philippians 4:1-9 contains numerous direct and indirect commands: "continually stand in the Lord" (1), "I continually implore Euodia and I continually implore Syntyche to think the same thing in the Lord" (2), "I am asking you, genuine yokefellow, to continually help these women" (3), "Keep on rejoicing in the Lord always! Again I say, keep on rejoicing!" (4), "Let your gentleness be known to all men" (5), "Stop being anxious about everything, but in everything, by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God" (6), "whatever is true, whatever is honorable, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is pleasing, whatever is of good report, if anything is excellent and praiseworthy, continually concentrate on these things" (8), and "That which you also learned or received or heard or saw in me, continually practice these things" (9). These commands are reinforced with reasoned arguments including Paul's love for the Philippian Christians and interest in their well-being (1), the previous service and salvation of Euodia and Syntyche (3), and assurances of God's peace (7) and presence (9).

Strategy and Structure

Paul begins with an introductory exhortation for the Philippian Christians to "stand in the Lord" in verse 1. This appeal is introduced by the words "In this way." These words refer to the subsequent appeals. By complying with the subsequent exhortations the Philippian Christians will be able to stand. Paul then exhorts specific individuals to agree and reconcile in verses 2-3; the church to rejoice, be gentle, and pray rather than be anxious in verses 4-7; and to live based on the highest standards and the teaching of Paul in verses 8-9.

I. Introductory Exhortation to Faithfulness (4:1)

II. Exhortation to Agree and Reconcile (4:2-3)

A. Command for Euodia and Syntyche to Agree in the Lord (2)

B. Command for a Genuine Yokefellow to Help Them Reconcile (3a)

C. The Bases for Agreement and Reconciliation (3b)

III. Exhortation to Joy, Gentleness, and Prayer rather than Anxiety (4:4-7)

A. Exhortation to Keep Rejoicing in the Lord and Be Gentle (4-5)

1. Commands to keep rejoicing in the Lord

2. Command to be gentle

3. Assurance of the nearness of the Lord

B. Exhortation to Avoid Anxiety and Pray Instead (6-7)

1. Prohibition of anxiety and command to pray instead

2. Assurance of the peace of God and security in Christ Jesus

IV. Exhortation to Conduct Based on the Highest Standards and What They Have Learned from Paul (4:8-9)

A. Command to Concentrate on the Highest Standards (8)

B. Command to Practice What They Have Learned from Paul (9a)

C. Assurance of the Presence of the God of Peace (9b)

Message or Messages

The Philippian Christians should remain faithful by abiding in the Lord and heeding Paul's instructions because he gave them out of love and concern for their best interests. Euodia and Syntyche should agree by submitting their thoughts to their Lord and those who are their genuine supporters should help them reconcile because of their collaboration in the gospel ministry and their joint experience of God's grace and life in Christ. The Philippian Christians should keep on rejoicing in the Lord rather than be discouraged and be gentle rather than retaliate because the Lord is near. The Philippian Christians should stop being anxious and continually pray about everything instead so that they can experience the peace of God and be secure in Christ Jesus. The Philippian Christians should continually concentrate on that which is of the highest standards and live in a way that is consistent with what they have learned from Paul so that the God of peace will be with them.

Analysis of the Details

Introductory Exhortation to Faithfulness

Paul introduces his concluding exhortations with a general appeal for faithfulness in verse 1, "Therefore, brothers, my beloved and the ones for whom I long, my joy and my crown, in this way continually stand in the Lord, beloved." The inferential conjunction, "Therefore," probably either refers back to the threat caused by the dangerous influences that Paul warned against in chapter 3 or more generally to all of the difficulties that he has addressed in this epistle. These threats could easily cause the Philippian Christians to become discouraged and forsake their commitment to Christ. Paul uses a present imperative to emphasize the need for persistent steadfastness, "continually stand." Paul seems to be reverting to the military terminology he has used earlier (especially in 1:27-30). The Philippian Christians were to maintain their present position without surrender or retreat from the difficulties that they have been experiencing. Paul indicates the means by which the Philippian Christians could remain faithful with "in the Lord." Through their relationship with the Lord, the Philippian Christians could overcome every difficulty. Paul refers to Jesus Christ as the Lord here to emphasize his authority and power to help the Philippian Christians. With the words "in this way," Paul points ahead to the more specific exhortations he is about to give. Paul uses a variety of expressions including "brothers," "my beloved," "the ones for whom I long," "my joy and my crown," and "beloved" to emphasize his love and concern for the Philippian Christians so that they would recognize that the subsequent exhortations are given from love and with concern for their best interest. Paul maintains that the Philippian Christians should remain faithful by abiding in the Lord and heeding his instructions because they are given from love and with concern for their best interests.

Exhortation to Agree and Reconcile

Next, Paul appeals for agreement and reconciliation between two women in the church in verses 2-3. The Philippian Christians were experiencing disharmony within the fellowship of the church. Paul addressed this problem generally in 2:1-11. In 4:2-3 he addresses a specific case of estrangement between two women named Euodia and Syntyche. In verses 2-3 Paul appeals to Euodia and Syntyche to agree in the Lord and to a genuine yokefellow to help them reconcile.

**Exhortation for Euodia and Syntyche to agree in the Lord**. Paul directly exhorts the estranged individuals in verse 2, "I continually implore Euodia and I continually implore Syntyche to think the same thing in the Lord." The verb translated "continually implore" is used in urgent appeals. Paul uses this verb to emphasize the urgency of the situation and the need for reconciliation. In addition, Paul emphasizes his appeal by repeating the verb with reference to each party and by using the present tense. That Euodia and Syntyche are commanded "to agree" probably does not mean conformity of thought in every respect, but to agree generally. Paul supplies the basis for agreement by commanding them to agree "in the Lord." Whatever their own thoughts may be, Paul appeals to them to remember that Jesus is their Lord and they can be unified through their submission of their thoughts to him. Therefore, Paul contends that Euodia and Syntyche should agree by submitting their thoughts to their Lord.

**Exhortation for a genuine yokefellow to help them reconcile**. Second, Paul exhorts others to help these estranged women reconcile in the first half of verse 3, "Yes, and I am asking you, genuine yokefellow, to continually help these women." Some have suggested that this "genuine yokefellow" is a specific person named Suzuge, a transliteration of the word translated "yokefellow." Others propose that Paul may be addressing a specific but unnamed person (Martin, 165-166; Fee, 393-395 makes a case for one of Paul's "intimate companions in itinerant mission, probably Luke). However, Paul's ambiguity suggests that he is appealing to anyone in the Philippian church who would be willing to serve in this capacity (See also Silva, 222). The word translated "genuine" distinguishes that which is sincere from that which is only feigned. The word translated "yokefellow" is often used to describe animals bound to one another by a yoke and sharing a common burden. The imperative verb "continually help" is in the present tense to emphasize the need for persistence in helping. Paul is appealing to anyone within the Philippian church who is a legitimate friend and supporter of these women to persistently help them to reconcile with one another.

**The bases of agreement and reconciliation**. Finally, Paul provides additional bases for agreement and reconciliation in the second half of verse 3, "who struggled in the gospel with me and Clement and the rest of my fellow workers whose names are in the Book of Life." Paul's rationale is based on the joint experience of Euodia and Syntyche as well as any who might help them. Paul's first rationale is based on their joint effort on behalf of the gospel. He identifies Euodia and Syntyche as ones "who struggled in the gospel with me and Clement and the rest of my fellow workers." The verb translated "struggled together" is characteristically used to describe the joint effort of those who compete as a team at the games or fight together as a unit in the army. Therefore, Paul contends that Euodia and Syntyche should reconcile and others should help them because of their collaboration in the gospel ministry.

Paul's second reason is based on their joint experience of God's grace and the life that is available in Christ. Paul describes Euodia and Syntyche as ones, "whose names are written in the Book of Life," "The Book of Life" is the record of all of those whom God has saved and are assured of God's acceptance and life on the Day of Judgement (See Dan. 12:1; Rev. 3:5 and 21:27). Since Euodia and Syntyche are both in the book, they both have benefited from God's grace and have a common experience of such overpowering significance that it should make any differences that they have seem minor. Therefore, Euodia and Syntyche should seek reconciliation and others should help them because of their common experience of God's grace and life in Christ.

Exhortation to Joy, Gentleness, and Prayer

Rather than Anxiety

Next, Paul exhorts the church to joy, gentleness, and prayer rather than anxiety in verses 4-7. The Philippian Christians had from the very beginning been opposed because of their commitment to Christ. They had suffered much and probably were quite discouraged. Paul has addressed this problem already in 1:12-30. However, in verses 4-7 he provides some concluding instructions. In verses 4-5 Paul exhorts the Philippian Christians to keep rejoicing in the Lord and be gentle and in verses 6-7 he exhorts them to pray rather than be anxious.

**Exhortation to keep rejoicing in the Lord and be gentle**. Paul exhorts the Philippian Christians in verses 4-5 to keep rejoicing in the Lord and be gentle. First, Paul commands them to keep rejoicing in the Lord in verse 4, "Keep on rejoicing in the Lord always! Again I say, keep on rejoicing!" Paul's commands are emphatic. This emphasis is evident primarily in the terse repeated commands to rejoice. The need for continually joy is stressed by the use of the present tense "keep on rejoicing" as well as the adverb "always." Paul provides a basis for joy, even in the midst of trials, with the prepositional phrase, "in the Lord." Christ Jesus is the sovereign Lord. Therefore, Paul contends that the Philippian Christians should not despair as they experienced persecution but should continually rejoice because the sovereign Lord is taking care of them.

Second, Paul commands the Philippian Christians to be gentle in the first part of verse 5, "Let your gentleness be known to all men." The natural response to persecution is retaliation. "Gentleness" in this context is a spirit of calm acceptance of the situation rather than vindictiveness. Paul stresses that this non-retributive attitude is to be manifest to "all men." The Philippian Christians must be gentle with everyone, their persecutors as well as their compatriots.

Third, Paul assures the Philippian Christians of the nearness of the Lord in the second half of verse 5, "The Lord is near!" This assurance explains how Christians can both rejoice and be gentle in times of trial rather than becoming discouraged and retaliating against their persecutors. Jesus is called "the Lord," underscoring his sovereign control over human affairs and history. Paul could either be referring to Jesus' imminent presence with his people to help them during times of trial or the imminence of Christ's return when he would deliver his people and judge their enemies (Fee, 408; Martin, 168; and Silva, 224-225). Therefore, Paul contends that the Philippian Christians should continually rejoice and be gentle rather than discouraged and retaliate because the Lord is near.

**Exhortation to avoid anxiety and pray instead**. Paul exhorts the Philippian Christians to avoid anxiety and pray instead in verses 6-7. Paul prohibits anxiety and commands prayer in verse 6, "Stop being anxious about everything, but in everything, by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, continually let your requests be known to God." Paul's use of the present imperative in the prohibition of anxiety implies that the Philippian Christians were already quite distressed. Though occasionally used in a positive sense, the word "anxious" is obviously used here for the fruitless type of concern that is in fact debilitating. The extent of their anxiety is stressed by the fact that they worry about "everything." Instead of anxiety, Paul commends praying. He again uses the present imperative, "continually let your requests be known," to emphasize the need for the habitual practice of seeking God's intervention. Paul multiplies the words for prayer in order to underscore its importance by repetition. Paul's appeal for the Philippian Christians to pray "with thanksgiving" anticipates the direct encouragement that follows. The fact that God does hear and answer prayer makes it possible for his people to pray thankfully.

Paul supplies the reason why the Philippian Christians should not be anxious and instead should pray in verse 7, "and the peace of God, which surpasses all understanding, will guard your hearts and minds in Christ Jesus." "The peace of God" may be either a subjective genitive, "the peace that comes from God," or a genitive of description, "divine peace." In either case it is clear that this is a quality of peace which is not dependent on outward circumstance. This truth is underscored by the relative clause that follows, "which surpasses all understanding." From a rational perspective, the Philippian Christians had no basis for peace, but "the peace of God" is an overwhelming force that transcends human logic. Paul describes "the peace of God" metaphorically as an armed guard that will ensure their security (Martin,170-171). What is guarded is their "hearts and minds." The heart was generally regarded as the center of emotions whereas the mind was regarded as the center of thought and will. Through this picture Paul was assuring the Philippian Christians that they had no reason to be disturbed in thought or emotions. Paul identifies the locale of their security as "in Christ Jesus." Through their relationship with Christ Jesus they need not be anxious, but could have confidence to pray in times of need. Therefore, Paul contends that the Philippian Christians should stop being anxious and continually pray about everything instead so that they can experience the peace of God and be secure in Christ Jesus.

Exhortation to Conduct based on the

Highest Standards

Paul appeals for conduct based on the highest standards and what they have learned from him in verses 8-9. The Philippian Christians were being exposed to many different teachings and lifestyles, like those which Paul warned them against in chapter 3. They evidently were confused and needed some direction if they were to make the right choices. In verse 8-9 Paul commands them to concentrate on the highest standards and practice what they have learned from him and assures them of the presence of the God of peace if they do.

**Command to concentrate on the highest standards**. Paul commands the Philippian Christians to concentrate on the highest standards in verse 8, "Finally, brothers, whatever is true, whatever is honorable, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is pleasing, whatever is of good report, if anything is excellent and praiseworthy, continually concentrate on these things." Paul again exhorts the Philippian Christians as his "brothers," appealing to them based on their family relationship in Christ. Paul uses repetition to emphasize to them the need to concentrate on the highest standards of truth and conduct. There is considerable overlapping in the meaning of these words and clearly the primary emphasis is on the need to be discerning and chose only the best teachings and lifestyles. These teachings should be consistent with the truth of divine revelation; conform to honorable Christian practice; be morally right from a Christian perspective; be pure from worldly contamination; be pleasing, probably to God rather than from a human perspective; recommended by others who are genuinely mature Christians; and be worthy of commendation by God and church leadership (See Fee, 417-418 for a thorough treatment). The imperative verb "continually concentrate" is in the present tense to emphasize the need for consistency in making decisions about what to believe and how to live by these high standards.

**Command to practice what they have learned from Paul**. Admittedly the standard which Paul has supplied in the preceding verse is a bit ambiguous and subjective. However, Paul provides a more specific standard for distinguishing what the Philippian Christians should believe and practice in the first part of verse 9, "In addition, that which you learned or received or heard or saw in me, continually practice these things." The objective standard that Paul employs is what he has taught them already. "That which you learned" is a general description. That which they "received" probably refers either to tradition that Paul has passed on to them or instructions which they have received from him either by letter or messenger. That which they "heard" certainly refers to his preaching and teaching while he was with them. That which they "saw" in him probably refers to his personal example while he lived among them. The imperative verb "continually practice" is again in the present tense to emphasize the need of the Philippian Christians to characteristically exhibit a lifestyle that was consistent with Paul's teaching and practice.

**Assurance of the presence of the God of peace**. Paul supplies the motivation for concentrating on the best and living in a way which is consistent with his teaching in the second part of verse 9, "and the God of peace will be with you." "God of Peace" is similar to the earlier expression "peace of God" and conveys a similar meaning. "Peace" is probably an objective genitive so that phrase could be translated "the God who gives peace." In any case the promise and motivation for Christians to concentrate on the best and follow Paul's teachings and lifestyle is that by doing so they will experience peace because the God who gives peace will be with them. Therefore, Paul contends that the Philippian Christians should continually concentrate on that which is of the highest standards and live in a way that is consistent with what they have learned from him because if they do the God of peace will be with them.

Application of the Message

Christians today are also opposed by a world that has rejected Christ and the gospel. Christians today are also plagued by disagreements between members of the church. Christians today are also bombarded by teaching that is purportedly "Christian," but is really far from the truth of the gospel. Therefore, Philippians 4:1-9 remains very relevant for the church today. Nonetheless, the passage does contain a few contextualized elements that require some minor adjustment in the statement of the message when applied to the modern situation. Paul's appeal for the Philippian Christians to "continually stand in the Lord" in verse 1 is based of his personal love relationship with them. Christians today do not have this same relationship with Paul. However, Paul had love and concern for all Christians. Therefore, I have adjusted the statement of the applied message only slightly. In addition, Paul's appeal for unity and reconciliation in verses 2-3 is addressed specifically to Euodia and Syntyche. However, Euodia and Syntyche are long gone. Nonetheless, today Christians in the church with different names continue to experience conflict. Therefore, I have adjusted the statement of the applied message below so that it addresses Christians experiencing conflict. Christians should remain faithful by abiding in the Lord and heeding Paul's instructions because he gave them out of love and concern for the best interests of Christians. Christians should agree by submitting their thoughts to their Lord and those who are their genuine supporters should help them reconcile because of their collaboration in the gospel ministry and their joint experience of God's grace and life in Christ. Christians should keep on rejoicing in the Lord rather than being discouraged and be gentle rather than retaliating because the Lord is near. Christians should stop being anxious about everything and continually pray so that they can experience the peace of God and be secure in Christ Jesus. Christians should continually concentrate on that which is of the highest standards and live in a way that is consistent with what they have learned from Paul so that the God of peace will be with them.

Proclamation of the Message

**Title** : Continually Stand in the Lord

**Objective** : The objective of this message is to exhort and encourage Christians to remain faithful; seek reconciliation when there is conflict; rejoice and be gentle and pray rather than be anxious when times are difficult; and concentrate on the highest standards and live in a way that is consistent with God's word.

**Proposition** : Christians should remain faithful by abiding in the Lord and sound teaching; agree in the Lord and help others reconcile; rejoice in the Lord and be gentle; stop being anxious and continually pray; and concentrate on that which is of the highest standards and live in a way that is consistent with what they have learned.
Introduction

Most people long for peace. We want for everything to go smoothly without our lives being troubled by any difficulties. Unfortunately, the world we live in is not a very peaceful place. Far from being removed from the disturbing torrent of a world of unrest, Christians are exposed to a number of factors that could rob them of their peace. One of the greatest arenas of conflict in the world today is the church. Christians seem to be constantly bickering and fighting with one another. In addition, Christians espouse beliefs and values that are contrary to those of society in general. The result is that Christians often find themselves in clashes with people who reject Jesus and are antagonistic to the church. Furthermore, the world is saturated with a plethora of philosophies and lifestyles, many of which claim to be "Christian." Christians are often confused about what is true and right. All of these factors and more make it difficult for Christians to experience peace. The Philippian Christians were also having a great deal of difficult experiencing peace for similar reasons. Paul was afraid that it all might be too much for the Philippian Christians to bear. He was concerned that they might lose their peace and give up entirely. Therefore, he wrote Philippians 4:1-9 to show them how they could experience peace in the midst of a world filled with conflict. We need to listen carefully as Paul advises us as well. _Read Philippians 4:1-9_.

I. Christians should remain faithful by abiding in the Lord and sound teaching.

A. The Christians in Philippi were encountering many difficulties such as persecution, disunity, and dangerous influences. Paul feared that these difficulties might overwhelm them and they might forsake their commitment to Christ.

B. Therefore, Paul commands Christians to "continually stand." Paul is probably employing the language of warfare. Armies take a stand and refuse to retreat when they are attacked. Paul maintains that Christians should also take their stand and refuse to retreat or surrender no matter what difficulties they encounter.

C. Paul maintains that Christians can remain faithful by standing "in the Lord." Paul uses the phrase "in the Lord" to describe the close relationship that Christians are intended to have with their Lord. This relationship gives them the strength to live life faithfully even in difficult circumstances. Jesus' title "Lord" emphasizes his authority. No matter what Christians encounter, they are up to the challenge because their Lord is in sovereign control. Christians can remain faithful through their relationship with Jesus Christ their Lord.

D. Illustration of Facing Difficulties "in the Lord"

E. Paul also indicates that Christians can remain faithful by following his instructions. The words "in this way" anticipate the instructions that Paul is about to give in verses 2-9.

F. You should remain faithful by abiding in the Lord and heeding sound biblical teaching.

II. Christians should agree by submitting their thoughts to their Lord and help others reconcile as genuine coworkers because of their collaboration in the gospel ministry and their joint experience of God's grace.

A. Two women in the church at Philippi named Euodia and Syntyche were having a disagreement. Paul feared that their disagreement would fracture the fellowship of the church.

B. Paul ordered Euodia and Syntyche to seek reconciliation with one another, "I continually implore Euodia and I continually implore Syntyche to think the same thing in the Lord." This probably does not mean conformity of thought in every respect, but to agree generally. This is possible because they are both "in the Lord." Whatever their own thoughts may be, Jesus is their Lord and they can be unified through their submission of their thoughts to him.

C. Illustration of Overcoming Disagreements by Agreeing in the Lord

D. Paul also ordered the other members of the church to help Euodia and Syntyche reconcile with one another, "Yes, and I am asking you, genuine yokefellow, to continually help these women." Some have suggested that this "genuine yokefellow" is a specific person named Suzuge; however, Paul is probably appealing to anyone who is serving alongside of them in the Philippian church (genuine yokefellow).

E. Paul explains that they should reconcile because they have a common task that requires cooperation so they can serve effectively on the team, "who struggled in the gospel with me and Clement and the rest of my fellow workers."

F. Paul further explains that they should reconcile because they have a common experience of God's grace and life in Christ that unites them at such a basic level of their lives that their disputes are inconsequential, "whose names are in the Book of Life."

G. The church today is often split as Christians find themselves in conflict with one another and the peace of the church is shattered. You should agree by submitting your thoughts to the Lord and help others reconcile as genuine coworkers because of your collaboration in the gospel ministry and your joint experience of God's grace.

III. Christians should keep on rejoicing in the Lord rather than being discouraged and be gentle rather than retaliating because the Lord is near.

A. The Philippian Christians were being oppressed and persecuted. Paul feared that they might become discouraged by oppression and even retaliate against their persecutors.

B. Therefore, Paul commands them to rejoice rather than be discouraged, "Keep on rejoicing in the Lord always! Again I say, keep on rejoicing!" Discouragement is the natural response to opposition and difficulty. However, Paul stresses the urgency of maintaining an attitude of joy by repeating his command and stressing that they should rejoice always and keep on rejoicing.

C. In addition, Paul commands them to be gentle rather than retaliate, "Let your gentleness be known to all men." Retaliation is the natural response to oppression an persecution. "Gentleness" should probably be understood in this context as a spirit of calm acceptance rather than vindictiveness. Paul stresses that this non-retributive attitude is to be manifest to "all men." Christians must be gentle with everyone, their persecutors as well as their compatriots.

D. Furthermore, Paul identifies a means and reason for rejoicing rather than being discouraged and being gentle rather than retaliate. First, they can rejoice "in the Lord." Jesus' title "Lord" emphasizes his authority. Christians can continually rejoice through their relationship with Jesus Christ their Lord. Second, they can rejoice and be gentle because "The Lord is near!" Again, Paul calls Jesus "Lord," emphasizing his authority. Paul could be assuring them of Jesus' presence in time of trial or the imminence of his return to deliver them or both. The presence of the Lord Jesus Christ is reason to rejoice rather than be discouraged and be gentle rather than retaliate.

E. Illustration of Responding to Opposition with Joy and Gentleness

F. You should keep on rejoicing in the Lord rather than being discouraged and be gentle rather than retaliating because the Lord is near.

IV. Christians should stop being anxious and continually pray so that they can experience the peace of God and be secure in Christ Jesus.

A. The Philippian Christians were being oppressed and persecuted and had become anxious about their welfare. Paul feared that they might be overcome with anxiety.

B. Therefore, Paul commands them to pray with thanksgiving instead, "Stop begin anxious about everything, but in everything, by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, continually let your requests be known to God."

C. Paul encourages them to stop being anxious and pray with thanksgiving instead by explaining that they will experience an extraordinary peace that comes from God and is beyond human understanding. This peace is not dependent upon circumstances, but solely upon the presence of God.

D. He further encourages them to stop being anxious and with pray with thanksgiving by describing the peace of God as an armed guard who will ensure their security. The locale of this security is "in Christ Jesus." Nothing can harm them because of their relationship with Christ Jesus.

E. Illustration of the Extraordinary Peace that Comes through Prayer

F. Christians today tend to be anxious about everything and pray about nothing. You should stop being anxious and continually pray so that you can experience the peace of God and be secure in Christ Jesus.

V. Christians should concentrate on that which is of the highest standards and live in a way that is consistent with what they have learned so that the God of peace will be with them.

A. The Philippian Christians were being threatened by many dangerous influences. Paul feared that they might be corrupted by these influences.

B. Therefore, Paul appeals to them for conduct based on the highest standards, "Finally, brothers, what is honorable, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is pleasing, whatever is of good report, if anything is excellent and praiseworthy, continually concentrate on these things." They should conduct their lives in a way that is honorable, right, and pure from a biblical and Christian perspective and pleasing to God and worthy of his commendation and praise.

C. Paul also appeals to them for conduct based on what they had learned from him, "In addition, that which you learned or received or heard or saw in me, continually practice these things."

D. Paul encourages them to conduct themselves based on the highest standards and what they have learned from him by describing the results, "and the God of peace will be with you." When God is with you it is possible to experience peace no matter what the situation because he is "the God of peace."

E. Illustration of the Importance of Focusing on High Standards

F. More than ever, Christians are exposed to a variety of dangerous influences. You should concentrate on that which is of the highest standards and live in a way that is consistent with what you have learned so that the God of peace will be with you.

Conclusion

Most people long for peace. We want for everything to go smoothly without our lives being troubled by any difficulties. Unfortunately, the world we live in is not a very peaceful place. Far from being removed from the disturbing torrent of a world of unrest, Christians are exposed to a number of factors that could rob them of their peace such as conflict among Christians in the church, conflict with the enemies of Christ and the church, and conflicting philosophies and lifestyles. The Philippian Christians were also having great difficulty experiencing peace for similar reasons. Paul was afraid that it all might be too much for the Philippian Christians to bear and they might give up entirely. Therefore, he wrote Philippians 4:1-9 to show them how they could experience peace in the midst of a world filled with conflict. We need to listen carefully as Paul advises us as well. You should remain faithful by abiding in the Lord and heeding sound instruction. You should agree by submitting your thoughts to the Lord and help others reconcile as genuine coworkers because of your collaboration in the gospel ministry and your joint experience of God's grace and life in Christ. You should keep on rejoicing in the Lord rather than being discouraged and be gentle rather than retaliating because the Lord is near. You should stop being anxious and continually pray so you can experience the peace of God and be secure in Christ Jesus. You should concentrate on that which is of the highest standards and live in a way that is consistent with what you have learned so that the God of peace will be with you.

### CHAPTER THIRTEEN

### I AM ABLE TO DO ALL THINGS

### Philippians 4:10-20

Though Philippians 4:10-20 is a bit long and somewhat erratic (See Strategy and Structure), everything within it relates to the interrelated issues of giving and God's provision. I have attempted to divide these issues and verses into two passages, but no matter where I have made the division the teaching on these issues suffered. Therefore, these verses should be interpreted as a unit.

Study of the Passage

Text and Translation

4:10I greatly rejoice in the Lord that at last your concern for me has been revived. Indeed, you were being concerned, but you were lacking the opportunity to demonstrate it. 11I am not saying this because I have a need, for I myself have learned to be self-sufficient in whatever circumstances I am. 12I know what it means to be humbled and I know what it means to abound. I have learned the secret of self-sufficiency in any and every circumstance, whether being well fed or hungry, whether abounding or lacking. 13I am able to do all things through the one who gives me strength. 14Still, you did well by sharing in my trouble. 15You Philippians yourselves also know that in the beginning of the gospel, when I departed from Macedonia, not one church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone; 16for even in Thessalonica, indeed more than once, you sent aid to meet my need. 17Not that I am diligently seeking the gift, but I am diligently seeking that the profit continues to increase in your account. 18I am giving you receipt of full payment. I am abounding. I have been filled up now that I have received from Epaphroditus the things you sent—a fragrant aroma, a favorable sacrifice, that which is pleasing to God. 19My God will also supply your every need in accordance with his riches in glory in Christ Jesus. 20To our God and Father be glory forever and ever, amen.

Situation and Purpose

Philippians 4:10-20 clearly reflects a situation in which Paul has experienced hardship and the Philippian Christians have sent him a gift through Epaphroditus. Paul was certainly experiencing hardship. At other places in the epistle, Paul indicates that he was in prison while he wrote (1:7, 13, and 17). In addition, Paul states in this passage, "I know what it means to be humbled and I know what it means to abound . . . being well fed or hungry . . . abounding or lacking" (12). Paul refers to their gift in this passage on several occasions, the most specific being verse 18 where he states, "I have received from Epaphroditus the things you sent." In response to this basic situation, the purpose of the passage was to express gratitude to the Philippian Christians for their gift. However, Paul also indicates that he has no need for gifts because he has learned to deal with deprivation (11b-13) and has all he needs now that they have sent him their gift (18). In fact, he even denies seeking a gift (17a). Therefore, an additional purpose of the passage was probably to discourage further gifts. Moreover, Paul may have been aware of another situation in Philippi that he addresses indirectly in this passage. In 2 Corinthians 8, Paul describes the tremendous desire of the Macedonian Christians to give in spite of their extreme poverty (Fee, 422-424 explains Paul's reserve based on the cultural context; and Silva, 231-232 explains his reserve based on his sense of apostolic responsibility). Paul admired their generosity and used them as an example of generous giving and commends their giving in this passage (14-18). Therefore, another purpose of Philippians 4:10-18 was to encourage the Philippian Christians to give. Paul was also concerned that the Philippian Christians might be discouraged by their hardships and begin to doubt God. Paul probably stresses his own self-sufficiency in Christ (11-13), and assures them of God's provision (19), and leads them in praise (20) to encourage them to depend on God to provide for their needs and give God glory.

Literary Context and Role

Philippians 4:10-20 is located at the end of the epistle and is independent of its immediate context. The role of the passage is to thank the Philippian Christians for their gift while indirectly instructing them to be generous, rely on God, and give God praise. However, this passage is related, albeit remotely, with Paul's thanksgiving and prayer in 1:3-11 and commendation of Epaphroditus in 2:25-30. Paul may be referring to their gift to him when he describes the Philippian Christians in 1:7 as "sharers along with me of grace both in my imprisonment and in the defense and vindication of the gospel." Paul refers to Epaphroditus in 4:18. Therefore, both 1:3-11 and 2:25-30 provide some background for understanding 4:10-20. This passage also makes a contribution to Paul's theme of joy through his expression of joy in the Lord for their concern for him in verse 10.

Form and Function

The form of Philippians 4:10-20 is extremely complex. On the surface it is essentially a thankyou note, expressing Paul's gratitude to the Philippian Christians for their gift. However, in this passage Paul also employs his personal example, commendation, assurance, and an expression of praise. These sub-forms can be generally understood as exhortation, but the kind of exhortation where there is no direct indication of the appropriate response and that response needs to be implied. Paul employs his personal example in verses 11-13. He has learned the secret of self-sufficiency—"I am able to do all things through the one who gives me strength." Paul normally uses his personal example as a pattern of conduct for others. Therefore, underlying his personal example in these verses is the implied command, "Rely on God to meet your needs like Paul." Paul employs commendation in verses 10 and 14-18 where he commends the giving of the Philippian Christians. Paul normally uses commendations to encourage Christians to continue that which he commends. Therefore, underlying Paul's commendation in these verses is the implied command, "Keep on giving to those in need." Paul employs assurance in verse 19 where he assures the Philippian Christians of God's provision. Paul normally uses assurances to encourage trust in God. Therefore, underlying Paul's assurance in these verses is the implied command, "Continue to trust in God to provide for your needs." Paul employs an expression of praise to God in verse 20. Paul normally uses expressions of praise to encourage those he is writing to praise God. Therefore, underlying Paul's expression of praise in these verses is the implied command, "Give glory to God our Father."

Strategy and Structure

The strategy of Philippians 4:10-20 is difficult to analyze because it shifts back and forth between Paul's sometimes opposing purposes. First, he expresses his joy for the Philippian Christians' gift (10). However, he then denies the need for their gift and takes the opportunity to show them by his own example how they can deal with their own deprivation through reliance on Christ (11-13). Next, Paul commends the giving of the Philippian Christians (14-16). However, Paul then discourages them from giving to him by denying that he is seeking their gift while encouraging giving by indicating that their gift is profitable for them (17). Next, Paul discourages them from giving to him by asserting that they have fulfilled their obligation while encouraging them to give by commending their gift as a sacrificial offering that pleases God (18). Finally, Paul takes the opportunity of God's provision for his needs through the Philippian Christians to assure them of God's provision and encourage them to join him in praising God (19-20).

I. Paul's Joy in the Lord for Their Expression of Concern (4:10)

II. Paul's Denial of Need and Self-sufficiency in Christ (4:11-13)

A. Paul's Denial of Need (11a)

B. Paul's Self-sufficiency in Christ (11b-13)

1. Paul's first claim to be self-sufficient

2. Paul's second claim to be self-sufficient

3. The secret of Paul's self-sufficiency

III. Paul's Commendation for Sharing in His Trouble and Distinguishing Themselves through Their Gift (4:14-16)

A. Paul's Commendation for Sharing in His Trouble (14)

B. Paul's Commendation for Distinguishing Themselves by Sending Him Aid (15-16)

1. The failure of any church to share with Paul except the church in Philippi

2. The immediate and repeated aid of the church in Philippi to meet Paul's needs

IV. Paul's Denial of Ambition for Their Gift and Assertion of Ambition for Them (4:17)

A. Paul's Denial of Ambition for Their Gift (17a)

B. Paul's Assertion That His Ambition Is for that Which Will Increase Their Profit (17b)

V. Paul's Assertion that Their Obligation Is Fulfilled and Commendation of Their Pleasing Sacrifice (4:18)

A. Paul's Assertion that Their Obligation Is Fulfilled (18a)

B. Paul's Commendation of the Their Pleasing Sacrifice (18b)

VI. Paul's Assurance of God's Provision and Adoration of God (4:19-20)

A. Paul's Assurance of God's Provision (19)

B. Paul's Assertion of the Appropriateness of Praising God the Father (20)

Message or Message

The Philippian Christians should not despair when they experience deprivation, but learn Paul's secret of self-sufficiency in every circumstance, whether in abundance or want—"I am able to do all things through the one who gives me strength." The Philippian Christians should continue to give because they brought Paul joy in the Lord at the expression of their concern; they did well by sharing in his trouble; and they distinguished themselves by sending him aid to meet his need. The Philippian Christians should not give to Paul because he is not seeking their gift, but continue to give because giving is profitable for them. The Philippian Christians should not give to Paul because they have fulfilled their obligation by fully meeting his needs, but continue to give because their gift is a sacrifice that is pleasing to God. The Philippian Christians should continue to trust in God and give him glory even when they experience deprivation because their Father will supply their every need with his glorious riches in Christ Jesus.

Analysis of the Details

Paul's Joy in the Lord for Their Expression

Of Concern

Paul begins by expressing his joy in the Lord for the Philippian Christian's expression of concern for him in verse 10. Paul expresses his joy in the first part of the verse, "I greatly rejoice in the Lord that at last your concern for me has revived." However, his expression of joy almost sounds like a rebuke for their failure to be more consistent in their support (Martin, 173 states that "this idea is absent from the Greek"). The verb "has revived" is used of flowers bursting into bloom in the Spring after a long Winter. Paul emphasizes the extent of his joy, but it is not specifically because of their gift. Instead, his joy is "in the Lord." Paul is joyous because he sees their gift as a sign that Jesus is at work in their lives. In addition, Paul is joyous because he regarded their gift as an indication of their concern for him. Paul's probably expresses his joy for their gift indirectly in anticipation of his subsequent denial of any need (11a) or ambition for their gift (17a). However, Paul probably recognized at this point that his expression of joy could have been misunderstood as a criticism. Therefore, he acknowledges their inability to help him until now in the second half of the verse, "Indeed, you were being concerned, but you were lacking opportunity to demonstrate it." Paul did not need to explain to the Philippian Christians why they could not help him for such a long time. Probably it was because they themselves were experiencing such difficult times. Paul uses the imperfect verbs "were being concerned" and "were lacking opportunity" to emphasize their continual concern and inability to help.

Paul's Denial of Need and Self-sufficiency

In Christ

Paul denies his need for a gift and asserts his self-sufficiency in Christ in verses 11-13. Paul took the opportunity of his expression of thanksgiving for their gift to use his example of self-sufficiency to show the Philippian Christians how they could deal with deprivation. In these verses, Paul denies his need (11a) and asserts his self-sufficiency in Christ (11b-13).

**Paul's denial of need**. Paul denies that he has a need in the first part of verse 11, "I am not saying this because I have a need." On a surface level this denial serves to discourage the Philippian Christians from sending him any more help. Paul preferred to support himself and this disposition was strengthened by the fact that the church in Philippi did not have the resources to help him. However, on a deeper level Paul's denial serves as a bridge to Paul's instructions to the Philippian Christians on how they can endure deprivation.

**Paul's self-sufficiency in Christ**. In verses 11b-13 Paul uses his example to show the Philippian Christians how they can endure hardship. He begins by describing the approach he has learned to take during times of need. In fact he describes this perspective twice, probably to underscore it as the appropriate perspective for the Philippian Christians to take as they experience want.

Paul's first description of his approach to deprivation is found in the second part of verse 11 and in the first part of verse 12, "for I myself have learned to be self-sufficient in whatever circumstances I find myself. I know what it means to be humbled and I know what it means to abound." Paul uses an emphatic pronoun "I myself" to stress his perspective as an example to the Philippian Christians. Paul's perspective is summed up by the word "self-sufficient." This word is frequently translated "content" because of the negative connotations of the former and the context. However, the word itself does not normally carry that connotation. Paul is purposely using this word paradoxically to show the Philippian Christians that they should not depend on themselves, but instead depend on Christ as he clarifies in verse 13. Paul then emphasizes the extremes in which he has experienced sufficient provision for his needs in order to stress to the Philippian Christians that no matter how bleak the situation their needs will be met. This emphasis is conveyed through the prepositional phrase "in whatever circumstances I find myself" and the polar circumstances "to be humbled" and "to abound."

The second description of Paul's approach to deprivation is similar to the first and is found in the second half of verse 12, "I have learned the secret of self-sufficiency in any and every circumstance, whether being well fed or hungry, whether abounding of lacking." Again Paul uses the word "self-sufficiency" paradoxically to point to the need of depending upon God rather than self. The emphasis on God's faithfulness in providing for his people is carried by the prepositional phrase "in any and every circumstance" and the polar circumstances "well fed or hungry" and "abounding or lacking." The only new and distinctive element in the second description is the identification of the basis for this perspective as a "secret."

Paul reveals his secret of self-sufficiency in verse 13, "I am able to do all things through the one who gives me strength." Paradoxically the secret of self-sufficiency is dependence on God (See also Fee, 434; and Silva, 235). Paul affirms his self-reliance, "I can do all things," but it is "through the one who gives me strength." "The one who gives me strength" is obviously God. The verb "I can do" is in the present tense emphasizing Paul's continual confidence in God. The object "all things" puts no limits on what God can do. Through Paul's example he affirms to the Philippian Christians that God will also strengthen them during their trial if they will only depend upon him.

Paul's Commendation for Sharing in

His Trouble

Paul again commends the Philippian Christians for their giving in verses 14-16. Paul admired their generosity and wanted to encourage them to be open-handed. Therefore, Paul commends them for sharing in his trouble (14) and distinguishing themselves through giving him aid (15-16).

**Paul's commendation for sharing in his trouble**. Paul commends the Philippian Christians for sharing in his trouble in verse 14, "Still, you did well by sharing in my trouble." Paul had been arrested and put in prison and the Philippian Christians, despite their own great needs, sacrificed to help him in his need. They literally did share in his trouble because of the sacrifices that they had to make to help him.

**Paul's commendation for distinguishing themselves by sending him aid**. Paul commends the Philippian Christians for distinguishing themselves by sending him aid in 15-16, "You Philippians yourselves know that in the beginning of the gospel, when I departed from Macedonia, not one church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone; for even in Thessalonica, indeed more than once, you sent aid to meet my need." Paul emphasizes several aspects of the character of their giving to reinforce his commendation of them. First, Paul emphasizes that they gave to support his ministry from the time that they became Christians. The ambiguous phrase, "in the beginning of the gospel," certainly refers to the time when the gospel was introduced in Philippi. They supported him from their first exposure to the gospel and when he departed from there to go to his next destination, Thessalonica. Second, Paul emphasizes the uniqueness of their giving. They were the only church to support him in his ministry. With the expression "in the matter of giving and receiving" Paul introduces the language of business that he will develop more thoroughly later. Here it may imply a sense of obligation for those who have received the gospel to give in support of the gospel ministry. Third, Paul emphasizes the frequency of their giving. Paul says that they sent him aid "more than once." Paul employs understatement to stress that they sent him aid many times. Therefore, Paul encourages the Philippian Christians to be generous because they have done well by sharing in his trouble and distinguished themselves by their immediate and repeated giving.

Paul's Denial of Ambition for Their Gift and

Assertion of Ambition for Them

Paul denies ambition for the gift of the Philippian Christians and asserts his ambition for them in verse 17, "Not that I am seeking diligently the gift, but I am seeking diligently that the profit continues to increase in your account." The verb translated "seeking diligently" is in the present tense and is an emphatic compound. Paul uses it to emphasize that he is not soliciting gifts and instead stress that he is only concerned about the welfare of the Christians in Philippi. Paul uses the language of business again. Giving is portrayed by Paul as an investment with significant returns. The noun translated "profit" normally is used in the context of agriculture and means "fruit," but in this context where the language of business is used it clearly refers to the profit of a business. Paul uses the participle "continues to increase" to emphasize his desire that they continue to be successful through giving. Therefore, Paul maintains that the Philippian Christians should not send him any more gifts, but they should continue to be generous because giving is a profitable investment for them. Though Paul does not explain in what sense giving is a profitable investment, it is unlikely that he is referring to financial gain. Instead he is probably referring generally to growth in Christian maturity and the blessings of the Christian life which naturally result (Fee, 448; and Silva, 239-240).

Paul's Assertion that Their Obligation Is Fulfilled

And Commendation of Their Giving

Paul discourages the Philippian Christians from giving to him by asserting that they have fulfilled their obligation with their gift while encouraging giving by commending their gift as a sacrifice that pleases God in verse 18.

**Paul's assertion that their obligation is fulfilled**. Paul asserts that the Philippian Christians have fulfilled their obligation by fully meeting his need in the first part of verse 18, "I am giving receipt of full payment. I am abounding. I have been filled up now that I have received from Epaphroditus the things you sent." Paul's declaration, "I am giving receipt of full payment," is a technical expression used in the papyri for receipting someone who has paid the full amount due (Martin, 181-182). Paul was stressing to the Philippian Christians that they had fulfilled their obligation to him as the one who shared the gospel with them to discourage their future giving. A slightly different emphasis is found in his accompanying declarations, "I am abounding" and "I have been filled up." These verbs suggest an overabundant supply and are in the present tense to emphasize the Paul's needs are being continually met. In this way, Paul discourages the Philippian Christians from sending him any more gifts.

**Paul's commendation of their pleasing sacrifice**. Paul commends the giving of the Philippian Christians in the second part of verse 18, describing their gift as "a fragrant aroma, a favorable sacrifice, that which is pleasing to God." The sacrifices of the Old Testament were intended to be expressions of devotion to God. When they were offered sincerely they were said to be pleasing and acceptable to him. This pleasure and acceptance is often described graphically through the picture of the aromatic smoke of the burning sacrifices rising to God and giving him pleasure (Martin, 182). Here Paul describes the giving of the Philippian Christians in similar terms to encourage giving as an expression of sincere devotion of God.

Paul's Assurance of God's Provision and

Adoration of God

Paul concludes in verses 19-20 by assuring the Philippian Christians of God's provision and encouraging them to join him in giving glory to God the Father for his provision.

**Paul's assurance of God's provision**. Paul assures the Philippian Christians that God will provide for their needs in verse 19, "My God will supply your every need according to his riches in glory in Christ Jesus." By referring to God as "My God" Paul is alluding to his own experience of God's provision as a guarantee that God will meet the needs of the Philippian Christians. He stresses that their "every need" will be met. The abundance of the provision is stressed by "according to his riches in glory." The treasures of heaven are not measurable and Paul maintains that God's provision for their needs will be equally abundant. The prepositional phrase, "in Christ Jesus," makes it clear that it is though their relationship with Jesus that their needs will be met. Therefore, Paul maintains that the Philippian Christians need not be distressed because of their poverty because God is certain to provide for their needs in abundance.

**Paul's assertion of the appropriateness of praising God**. Finally, Paul asserts the appropriateness of praising God in verse 20, "To our God and Father be glory forever and ever, amen." Since Paul identifies God as "our God and Father" his intention is clearly to encourage the Philippian Christians to join him in praising God. The word translated "glory" means exaltation or praise. Paul identifies the reason for praising God in the names by which he refers to God, "To our God and Father." God is their Father, and as their Father, God cares about his children and wants to meet their needs. The appropriateness of perpetual praise is stressed by the adverbial phrase, "forever and ever." Therefore, Paul maintains that the Philippian Christian should continue to praise God because their Father will provide for their needs.

Application of the Message

Much of the passage is very personal communication between Paul and the Philippian Christians. Paul's personal expression of gratitude to the Philippian Christians and his discouragement of their giving to him are too closely bound to the original situation to be of clear relevance to the modern church. However, where he departs from these specific concerns and teaches general principles about dealing with deprivation and giving to support the ministry of the church his teachings are universal. In addition, Paul discouraged the Philippian Christians from giving to him by asserting that they had already fulfilled their obligation to him when they fully met his needs with their gift. However, in a broader sense Christians can never fulfill their obligation to God for his grace. Therefore, I have included this appeal to obligation as a basis for giving in the statements of the applied message found below. Christians today often experience financial difficulties and question the faithfulness of God to provide for their needs. They also struggle with giving to support the ministry of the church, especially during times of financial recession. Paul's words in these areas are extremely relevant for today. Christians should not despair when they experience deprivation, but learn Paul's secret of self-sufficiency in every circumstance, whether in abundance or want—"I am able to do all things through the one who gives me strength." Christians should continue to give because they may bring others joy in the Lord with the expression of their concern; do well by sharing in the troubles of others; and distinguished themselves by sending others aid to meet their need. Christians should continue to give because giving is profitable for them; they are obligated to give by their experience of God's grace; and their gift is a sacrifice that is pleasing to God. Christians should continue to trust in God and give him glory even when they experience deprivation because their Father will supply their every need with his glorious riches in Christ Jesus.

Proclamation of the Message

**Title** : I Am Able to Do All Things

**Objective** : The objective of this message is to exhort and encourage Christians to trust in God, give him glory, and continue to give during times of financial distress.

**Proposition** : Christians can be content no matter what their circumstances by learning Paul's secret of self-sufficiency—total reliance on God; should continue to give because they bring others joy, do good, distinguish themselves, make a profit, fulfill an obligation, and please God by giving; and should trust in God and give him glory even when they experience deprivation because their Father will supply their every need with his glorious riches in Christ Jesus.
Introduction

We live in times of great financial insecurity. Though the nation has begun to recover, full restoration remains a long-term goal. The newspapers and news broadcasts seem to report daily that companies are scaling back their operations and laying off more workers. I know that many of you have lost your jobs and others live constantly with the fear that you will be next. During times like these it is very natural for us to begin to doubt God. We reason that if he is God, he should be able to protect us from financial disaster. During times like these we also get very practical. Often the first item to be cut from the family budget is the support of God's work through the church. The Christians in Philippi were also experiencing financial difficulties. However, their difficulties did not stop them from supporting Paul's ministry and relieving the more severe suffering of the Christians in Jerusalem. In fact, their situation is so dire that Paul discourages the Philippian Christians from giving to him. Nonetheless, Paul also encouraged them in Philippians 4:10-20 to rely on God for their needs and continue to give. Listen and consider carefully Paul's instructions with regard to God's provision and giving in this passage. _Read Philippians 4:10-20_.

I. Christians can be content no matter what their circumstances by learning Paul's secret of self-sufficiency—total reliance on God.

A. Paul denies that he had need of the gift of the Philippian Christians in the first part of verse 11, "I am not saying this because I have a need."

B. Paul explains that he does not need their gift because he has learned the secret of self-sufficiency in every circumstance. Paul asserts his self-sufficiency for the first time in the second part of verse 11 and the first part of verse 12, "for I myself have learned to be self-sufficient in whatever circumstances I find myself. I know what it means to be humbled and I know what it means to abound." Paul asserts his self-sufficiency for the second time in the second part of verse 12, "I have learned the secret of self-sufficiency in any and every circumstance, whether being well fed or hungry, whether abounding or lacking."

C. Paul reveals the secret of self-sufficiency in verse 13, "I am able to do all things through the one who gives me strength." The secret of self-sufficiency is not self-sufficiency at all, but reliance on God.

D. Through his example of reliance on God in times of difficulty, Paul models for Christians the appropriate response to deprivation.

E. Illustration of Total Reliance on God

F. You can be content no matter what your circumstances by learning Paul's secret of self-sufficiency—total reliance on God.

II. Christians should continue to give because they bring others joy, do well, distinguish themselves, make a profit, fulfill an obligation, and please God by giving.

A. Paul expresses his joy in the Lord for the gift of the Philippian Christians as an expression of their concern for him in verse 10, "I greatly rejoice in the Lord that at last your concern for me has revived. Indeed, you were being concerned, but you were lacking opportunity to demonstrate it."

B. Paul commends the Philippian Christians for sharing in his trouble in verse 14, "Still you did well by sharing in my trouble."

C. Paul commends the Philippian Christians for distinguishing themselves by sending him aid in verse 15-16, "You Philippians yourselves know that in the beginning of the gospel, when I departed from Macedonia, not one church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone; for even in Thessalonica, indeed more than once, you sent aid to meet my need." The Philippian Christians distinguished themselves by supporting Paul immediately after he found the church in Philippi and repeatedly thereafter culminating in their recent gift through Epaphroditus.

D. Paul denies ambition for the gift of the Philippian Christians and asserts his ambition for that which is increasingly profitable for them in verse 17, "Not that I am seeking diligently the gift, but I am seeking diligently that the profit continues to increase in your account." Paul portrays their giving as an investment with significant returns. Paul is probably not promising that they will gain financially. Instead he is probably promising them growth in Christian maturity and the blessings of the Christian life. Therefore, Paul asserts that the Philippian Christians should continue to give because they will profit from their investment.

E. Paul asserts that the Philippian Christians have fulfilled their obligation to him by fully meeting his need through their gift in the first part of verse 18, "I am giving receipt of full payment. I am abounding. I have been filled up now that I have received from Epaphroditus the things you sent." Nonetheless, Christians remain obligated to God for his mercy and grace.

F. Paul commends the giving of the Philippian Christians by describing their gift as a sacrificial offering that pleases God in the second part of verse 18, "a fragrant aroma, a favorable sacrifice, that which is pleasing to God." The sacrifices of the Old Testament were intended as expressions of devotion to God. When they were offered sincerely they were acceptable and pleasing to God. This acceptance and pleasure of sacrificial offerings is sometimes portrayed graphically through the picture of the aromatic smoke of the burning sacrifices rising to God and giving him pleasure. Here Paul describes the giving of the Philippian Christians in similar terms to encourage giving as an expression of sincere devotion to God.

G. Illustration of Sacrificial Giving in Faith

H. You should continue to give because they bring joy to others, do good, distinguish themselves, make a profit, fulfill an obligation, and please God by giving.

III. Christians should continue to trust in God and give him glory even when they experience deprivation because their Father will supply their every need with his glorious riches in Christ Jesus.

A. Paul assures the Philippian Christians that God will provide for their needs in verse 19, "My God will supply your every need according to his riches in glory in Christ Jesus." Paul stresses that "every need" will be met. Paul stresses the abundant resources at God's disposal. God has "riches in glory in Christ Jesus." Paul was encouraging the Philippian Christians to continue to trust in God in times of difficulty because God is certain to provide for their needs in abundance.

B. Paul asserts the appropriateness of praising God in verse 20, "To our God and Father be glory forever and ever, amen." Paul identifies God as their Father to stress his parental concern and care for his children. Paul was encouraging the Philippian Christians to join him in giving glory to God because their Father cares about them and will provide for their every need.

C. Illustration of Trusting in God and Giving Him Glory in Difficult Times

D. You should continue to trust in God and give him glory even when you experience deprivation because your Father will supply your every need with his glorious riches in Christ Jesus.

Conclusion

Yes, we live in times of great financial insecurity. Many of you have suffered because of the large-scale cutbacks and layoffs. As a result many of you may have become discouraged and begun to doubt God. You may have even cut the church from your personal budgets. The Christians in Philippi were also experiencing financial difficulties. Paul encouraged them in Philippians 4:10-20. Consider carefully Paul's instructions with regard to God's provision and giving. You can be content no matter what your circumstances by learning Paul's secret of self-sufficiency—total reliance on God. You should continue to give because you bring others joy, do well, distinguish yourselves, make a profit, fulfill an obligation, and please God by giving. You should continue to trust in God and give him glory even when you experience deprivation because your Father will supply your every need with his glorious riches in Christ Jesus.

### SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arndt, William F. and F. Wilbur Gingrich. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1957.

Bruce, F. F. Philippians. _The New International Biblical Commentary_. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1983.

Bullinger, E. W. Figures of Speech Used in the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1898 (reprinted 1968).

Carson, D. A., Douglas J. Moo, and Leon Morris. An Introduction to the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1992.

Fee, Gordon D. Paul's Letter to the Philippians. The New International Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1995.

Guthrie, Donald. New Testament Introduction. Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press,.

Hawthorne, Gerald F. Philippians. _Word Biblical Commentary_. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1983.

Kittel, Gerhard, ed. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Trans. By Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.

Lawson, William H. Ears to Hear: A Guide for the Interpretation of the Bible. Penang, Malaysia: Institute for Biblical Interpretation, Malaysia Baptist Theological Seminary, 1994.

Martin, Ralph P. The Epistle of Paul to the Philippians. _Tyndale New Testament Commentaries_. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1975.

Silva, Moises. Philippians. _Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament_. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1992.

### ABOUT THE AUTHOR

William H. (Bill) Lawson is a proud graduate of California Baptist University (BA), Golden Gate Baptist Theological Seminary (MDiv), and the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary (PhD). He taught briefly at SBTS and then served with the International Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention and taught the Bible in Baptist seminaries throughout Asia for over 30 years. He has written other books including Ears to Hear: A Guide for the Interpretation of the Bible and The Lion Roars: A Guide for the Interpretation of the Book of Amos. He is now retired and living at _The End of the Lane_ where he is writing books and painting/drawing pictures.

