Today we will be discussing about the module
9 of the organic chemical technology course.
And this module will have 2 lectures: one
is on the pesticide; another is dye stuff
and the intermediate. These are the 2 very
important sector of chemical industry. And
very brief we will be discussing on the pesticide
and dyes and intermediate. So, let us discuss
the pesticide and this is you can see the
type of the pesticide, types of the insecticide,
different types of the insecticides we are
using in our daily life also, and apart from
the pesticide they have played a very important
role in the green revolution and the whatever
the food grain and crops we are seeing this
is only the because of the pesticides which
we are using, because the fertilizer in the
pesticide. These 2 have played important role
in the green revolution.
Coverage of the lecture, so for the pesticide
is concerned we will be discussing about the
general introduction of the pesticide industry,
Indian pesticide industry, profile of Indian
pesticide industry, classification of the
pesticides because we are having the different
type of pesticide and depending upon how they
are working and the target insect what type
of the target material is there and depending
upon that the various pesticide they have
been developed. Technical grade pesticide
manufacturer in India list of the and then
the what are the raw material what are the
process involved and some of the important
pesticide which we are using that is the one
is the DDT. Although, DDT is banned but we
will be discussing still we are making DDT
and the 2, 4 D that is the herbicide ethion,
malathion, formalin, biopesticide and also
the bezene hexachloride, the gamma isomer
of the benzene hexachloride gamma large amount
of this we are using.
So, we will be discussing these things. So,
let us discuss about the general pesticide.
Pesticides are now a day’s basic need of
the agriculture production; almost every country
in the world uses pesticides. A appreciable
amount of food is lost due to insect pests,
plant pathogens, weeds, rodents birds and
storage. Pesticide includes insecticides,
fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, neomotocides
etcetera. So, various grades of the pesticide
we are manufacturing just to meet the demand
and to control the insect.
So, pesticide industry has developed substantially
and has contributed significantly towards
the India’s agriculture and public health.
In value terms the size of Indian pesticide
industry is 3.8 billion dollar in the year
2011. India is predominant exporter of the
pesticide to USA, Europe and African countries.
Agriculture is the lynchpin of the Indian
economy. Apart from fertilizers, pesticide
played important role in the green revolution
during the last 5 decades.
Use of the pesticide in India was started
for the first in 1948 on the small scale by
importing DDT for malaria control and BHC
for the locust control. Pesticide using the
agriculture began for the first time in India
in 1949. Indigenous production of the pesticide
began with the establishment of DDT and the
BHC benzene hexa chloride plant in 1954.
Indian exports of the agro chemicals have
shown an impressive growth over the last 5
years because the pesticide industry, also
we call it the agro chemical industry. India
is one of the most dynamic generic pesticide
manufacturers in the world with more than
60 technical grade pesticides being manufactured
indigenously by 125 producers consisting of
large medium scale enterprises including about
10 multinational companies and more than 500
pesticide formulators spread over the country.
Though the pesticide have made us self sufficient
in our food needs, the per hectare consumption
of the pesticide in India is very low. Pesticides
consumption is lowest around 600 gram per
hectare in India when compare to world average
consumption of 3,000 gram per hectare. India
is the fourth largest producer of the agrochemicals
after USA, Japan and China.
Insecticides accounts for 76 percent of total
domestic market on the other hand, herbicides
and fungicide have a significantly higher
share in the global market. Crops like cotton
wheat and rice together account for 70 percent
of total agrochemical consumption.
There are around 125 technical units, 800
formulation units in India. Out of rupees
180000 crore global market, the share of the
global market is of 120600 crore.
The pesticide industry in India falls into
3 distinct categories means, the manufacture
pesticide and formulation exclusively, formulation
because many small units are there which are
taking the final products and doing the formulation.
Importers distributors and dealers this is
the status of the pesticide industry in India.
This is the pesticide consumption. If you
compare here, the India is the lowest figure
0.5 kg if you compare with the republic of
Korea, Italy and Japan. And so, you can just
imagine our consumption per hectare is much
less than other developed country.
Profile of Indian pesticide industry in 2009-10,
the installed capacity was 1.46 lakh tonnes,
production was 0.82 lakh tonnes.
These are the different types of the pesticide
which we are making the pesticides, insecticides.
So, here it is 
the DDT, Malathion, Parathion, Dimethoate,
D.D.V.P, Quinalphos, Monocrotophos, Phosphamidon,
Phorate.
Ethion, endosulphon, fenvalerate, cypermethrin,
anilophos, acephate, chloropyriphos, phosalone,
metasystox, fenthion, triazophos.
So, different grades of the lindane, temephos,
deltamethrin, alphamethrin, captan and captafol,
ziram, carbendzim, calixin, mancozab, copper-oxychloride.
These are the some of the figures you can
go through the production, consumption 
and the 2, 4-D, butachlore and isoproturon,
glyphosate, diuron, atrazin, fluerochloralin,
zinc phosphide, aluminium compounds are also
there, dicofol and total is around 146.2 thousand
tons. This is from the data that is available
on the website of the ministry of chemical
and fertilizer.
This is the product wise installed capacity
and production of the major chemicals during
the 2009-10, 2002-03 comparison that has been
given and the production of figure of the
2009-10. And different pesticide that we are
making that is given there.
So, this is the agro chemical market segment
wise. Insecticide, herbicide and fungicide
so, these are the 3 major category of the
pesticides that we are using. So, India values
in the terms of rupees crore and the world
values in terms of. So, you can see the percentage
is much less of the total consumption but
still the share is of the insecticide then
it is the herbicide and the fungicides.
Agro chemical market segment wise, these are
the 3 major pesticide, Insecticide, herbicide
and fungicide that we are using and the amount
that you can see the major share is of the
insecticide and then the herbicide and fungicide.
This is the segment wise total consumption
of the various insecticides that is there,
that is given there. Here, if you see this
figure from, this figure it is clear that
the major portion of the pesticide or the
agrochemical industry, that is the rice that
is major consumer and the cotton is the highest.
But, the consumption in the cotton that has
because this will again depend upon the type
of the crops we are producing. And rest of
the things you will be seeing that the other
sugarcane or the grapes or the potato, wheat,
it is much less than in comparison to rice,
straw rice and the cotton.
Ah this is about the again the population
and the total food grain production and the
area under the food grain cultivation, about
the how the food crop pattern that we are
having in India. So, the about the as I told
you the pesticide that has been playing a
very important role in the green revolution
and the increase in the food production that
has been only, because of the availability
of the pesticide and the manufacture of the
various pesticides in India because that is
also a appreciable amount that we are using
along with the fertilizer, because now the
requirement that has that has been changing
with the type of the crop we are having.
So, major pesticide manufacture this is not
the complete. Some of the major pesticide
manufacture list excel crop care limited,
Hindustan insecticides limited, Coromandel
international limited, Super crop safe limited
and Amico pesticide limited, Nagarjun fertilizer
and chemicals limited, Cyanamid agro limited,
Hindustan insecticides, Shivalik rasayan,
Southern pesticide.
And other here large number, other numbers
are also there because the vantech, hoechst
because there here, some of the multinational
companies are there, so Bayers, Rallis, Indian
organic chemical, Sandoz, United phosphorus
this is one of the important actually the
pesticide manufacture industry in the Gujarat,
Lupin laboratory, ICI India, Kanoria chemicals
which is started their BHC benzene hexa chloride
plant near Ranikot in U.P, when the aluminium
plant came there and so, lot of the requirement
of sodium hydroxide was there. So, the caustic
chlorine plant was set up at Rainkot and just
to utilize the chlorine they started making
the benzene hexa chloride also there. So,
another companies the BASF India, EID parry.
Now, let us see the classification of the
pesticides because there are 2 how we are
classifying the pesticide.
Pesticide classification is the based on the
pest they kill, based on the pest they kill
based on the pest they kill so, insecticide,
miticide, rodentcide, fungicide, industrial
biocide, herbicide and based on the chemical
group because here it is based on the pest.
So, insecticide, DDT, parathion, the carbaryl,
malathion, the lindane, these are all the
then the miticide, kelthane, the ethion so,
number of rodentcide like rodentcide rat mice
and the squirrel control fungicide fungi and
the parasite plant control and the industrial
biocides micro-organic control and herbicide
for the wheat control. So, this is the based
on the pest they control and this is the list
of the various pesticides coming in this category.
And the other pesticides are also there, it
is just a few important pesticides in different
groups that are given here.
This is the pesticide classification based
on the chemical group. The cabamate contain
nitrogen. Organochloride contains chlorine.
Organophosphate contains phosphorus and the
miscellaneous fluorine, pyrethroids, phenoxyalkyl
acid. And so, these are the some of the important
pesticides which are coming in this group.
The cabamates ziram, carbaryl, pyrolan, Isolan,
DDT in the organic chloride, dieldrin, aldrin,
chlorodane, heptachlor these are again organochloride.
Parathion, trithion, malathion, dimethoate
and phosdrin these comes in the organic organophosphate
pesticide because here the phosphorus that
is playing important role in the insect control.
Miscellaneous fluorine here is the fluorosilicate,
cypermethrin, 2, 4-D diuron, monaron. So,
this is the classification of the pesticide
based on the chemical groups.
Pesticide is any agent used to kill or control
undesired insects, weeds because different
applications are there. The classification
which has been given that is because you are
using for insects, weeds, rodents, fungi,
bacteria or other organisms. So, these are
derived from various chemicals and they contain
different elements.
In general pesticides are classified based
on the pest they kill and based on the chemical
group they contain. So, already we have discussed
about the classification based on both. Apart
from this pesticide can be basically characterized
by their physical, chemical and toxic toxicological
properties also.
These are the technical grade pesticide manufacture
in India acephate, BHC, chloropyriph, Cypermethrins,
DDT, dichlorvos, dimethoate so, a large list.
This is a dichloropropane and dichloropropanes
mixture, dicofol, ethion, endosulfan, ethylene
dibromide and carbon tetra chloride mixture,
fenthion, fenitrothion. So, these are the
large number of the insecticide we are having
and some of the there we are different formulations
are also there.
Fungicide: These are the list of the fungicide
that we are using, the aureofungin, copper
oxychloride, copper sulphate, carbendazim,
captafol, ferbam, mancozeb, nickel chloride,
organomercurials, sulphur, streptocycline,
thiram, tride, tridemorph, ziram and zineb.
So, this is coming in the rodentcide, barium
carbonate, comafuryl, sodium cyanide, warfarin,
zinc phosphide, this is in the category of
the rodentcides. Then the wedicides: Anilophos,
butachlor, diuron, 2, 4-D, flurochlorine,
glyphosphate, isoproturon, paraquat dichloride,
these are coming in the category of the wedicides.
Plant growth regulator because what is happening
we are having the different just like we need
the different type of the nutrients.
Similarly, different types of requirements
are also there in case of the plant growth
regulator that is there so, alpha naphthalene
acetic acid, chlorom-equat chloride. Fumigants:
aluminium phosphide, ethylene bromide, methyl
bromide. So, this is the in brief about the
property of the various pesticides because
one of the major problem has been from the
environmental constraint that is, from the
environmental point of view because most of
the pesticide they are highly toxic in nature
and so these are the effects. If the DDT,
already you see that there was ban because
highly persistence. Some of the pesticides
are highly persistence in nature and this
is the reason because of which many of the
pesticides that has been banned, there use
has been banned and they are coming in the
category of the hazardous waste that is notified
by the ministry of environment and forest.
So, this is some of the effect of the DDT:
Vomiting then partial paralysis, mild convulsions.
And the parathion: headache, blurred vision,
weakness, nausea, cramps, sweating, loss of
the reflexes, coma.
So, these are the 2,4-D again nausea, vomiting,
kidney and liver failure that may be there.
Carbaryl symptoms are same as the parathion
but to a lesser extent. The properties also,
that you can just see the properties but these
are the some of the effect BHC. Because in
case of the BHC we are using the gamma, isomer
which is highly reactive and at the same time
highly toxic and normally, the various formulation
having the carrier 5 percent gammaxine that
we are using so, this because lot of the dust
emission is there during the making of the
that gamaxine powder. And so, lot of the people
were working they are exposed, in all the
cases they are exposed to the various pesticide
and so, the chance and the toxicity and that
may cause serious health effect.
So, BHC: Irritation, excitation, hyperirritability,
loss of equilibrium, depression all. Similarly,
lindane: Acute toxicity may be excitation,
hyperirritability and loss of the equilibrium,
depression, headache, nausea, irritation of
the eyes, nose and throat, no chronic toxicity
as such. It emits highly toxic fumes of the
phosgene when heated.
Here, about the properties the threshold value
on that is given on the various pesticides.
Atraz-ine: relatively low toxicity but a possible
carcinogen. It emits dangerous fumes when
strongly heated.
Aldrin: Highly toxic by ingestion and inhalation,
carcinogen, use restricted to non-agricultural
application because Aldrin that is highly
toxic material.
Dime-thoate: Highly toxic, a cholinestrerase
inhibitor, restricted use. Copper oxychlo-ride:
toxic by ingestion and inhalation, this is
the properties fungicide, soluble in acids,
ammonia, Insoluble in water.
Ziram: moderately toxic, strong irritant to
the eyes and mucous membrane. Similarly, zinc
phosphide, so this is the again highly toxic.
So, most of the pesticide you will see that
they are highly toxic in nature so, proper
precautions that is very important while using
these pesticides. Now, let us discuss about
the process technology that is involved in
manufacture of the various pesticide insecticide.
Pesticide manufacturing consists of chemical
synthesis of the active ingredients for crop
protection, which is very often in the synthesis
of complex organic chemical compounds, and
subsequent formulation of these active ingredients
usually, mixing and grinding process.
So, major chemical reactions involved in production
of technical grade pesticides. These are the
various because the basic raw material, I
will be discussing the about that are the
feed stock. But, basic raw material whether
it is benzene or your pthalic anhydride or
it may be the xylenes, all those thing that
is the benzele acid, phenol, herbis phenol
so, all these are the basic raw material.
But, these are the some of the additional
process that is required to make the active
ingredient of the pesticide.
The alkylation, carboxylation, acetylation,
condensation, cyclization, dehydration, halogenations,
oxidation, sulphonation, nitration and amination
so, these are the some of the major unit process
that is involved in making of the pesticide.
So, this is because you see, as I told you
earlier also we are having the a large number
of the pesticide manufacture, some are making
the basic ingredient of the pesticide, some
are doing only formulation, some are doing
the just like the dusting powder means where
in the powder form you are getting, share
taking the main ingredient and then they are
doing the formulation by mixing the basic
pesticide with the powder based mineral.
So, this is the formulation: dry, liquid and
semisolid formulation that may be there. Dusting
powder means just like you take the case of
the benzene; there we are having some powder
mineral base along with the soap stone powder
finely the powdered. So, the planning and
pulverising that is the one of the very important
operation here in case of the making of the
dusting powder. So, mixing of the basic pesticide
and powder mineral base that is we are having
mineral base means it may be soap stone or
other some of the inert material, which is
cheap, which should be cheap that is because
this is only the carrier. And the water dispersible
powders it contains finely divided pesticides
and surface active agent.
Then the another type of the formulation where,
this is the granules formulation contain absorptive
granual carrier where, the pesticide or absorb
in the granuals and so the with that granual
that we are using. Emulsifiable concentrates
it contains basic pesticide solvent and emulsifier.
Then another type of the water soluble concentrates
it contains the wetting agent. So, this is
the how the formulation of the pesticide or
the making of the pesticide that is being
apart from this the basic ingredient the pesticide.
So, we will be discussing some of the important
pesticide that we are making not it will be
not possible to cover every all the pesticide,
insecticide, herbicide. But, only the in brief
we will be discussing about that. Let us now
discuss the one of the major actually, you
can say the use of the DDT that was the first
started and it was just to for the fighting
against the malaria. So, DDT were but because
of this persistence nature in the environment
now there is ban on the use of DDT but still
we are manufacturing and using the DDT but
in other development there is ban on the DDT.
So, DDT is mixture of 2 isomers: para trichloro
bis2 2-bis and ortho para, 1-trichloro-2-0,
chloro-2, chlorophenyl ethane2-bis, pchlorophrnyl
ethane.
DDT is one of the commonly used organo chloride
pesticide, this was first synthesized in 1874
and played important role in the elimination
of the malaria. As I told you earlier that
and used for the agriculture purpose. Main
use started with the malaria and the elimination
of the malaria disease that is because of
the use of the DDT that was started during
the after getting the independence.
However, due to its persistent nature and
the carcinogenic nature DDT has been banned
in most of the country. DDT dissociates in
presence of moisture into DDE and DDD which
are highly persistent in nature because they
will remain in the environment for very-very
long time and they will not bio. So, steps
in the DDT manufacture.
Manufacture of the mono-chlorobenzene through
chlorination of benzene using the iron catalyst,
manufacture of chloral through chlorination
of ethyl alcohol, manufacture of DDT through
condensation reaction between MCB and chloral
means the MCB is the mono-chloro benzene and
using oleum as the condensing agent. Recovery
of the by products, dilute HCL, dichlorobenzene
and sulphuric acid. So, this was the process
about the DDT manufacture that is 
but as I told you because of the highly carcinogenic
nature, one of the major constraint about
all the pesticide because they are discharging
lot the your hazardous material during the
process manufacture, it is not only the during
the use of the pesticide but also during the
manufacture also, the same thing is in case
of the DDT also.
Another very important pesticide is Malthion
which is made by condensation reaction of
dimethoxy dithiophosphoric acid in the presence
of hydroquinone and diethyl maleate.
Formalin is an important fungicide and is
used as a fumigant for seeds, soil and green
houses. It is 40 percent formaldehyde solution
because this is the one of the, another important
use of the formaldehyde and manufacture of
formaldehyde we discussed earlier in the petrochemical
section. So, the many of the raw material
basic raw material which we are taking from
the petrochemical route now we are taking
those raw material, not through the coal route
which was the earlier route for getting many
of the organic chemicals.
Endosulfan is a organochlorine group of the
pesticide. Endosulfan is produced from hexachloro
cyclropentadiene and this cyclopentadiene
while discussing the C4, C5 recovery in case
of the FCC gasses and the cracker gasses.
Discussed the importance why the cyclopentadiene
that is important to recover from the C5 gasses.
Inorganic fungicide, because we are having
both organic and inorganic fungicides. Inorganic
fungicide the elemental sulphur and compound
of heavy materials like copper and mercury
was earlier used as major inorganic fungicide.
However due to environmental concern there
has been banned on their use. The Bordeaux
is an important inorganic fungicide.
Now, let us come to the benzene hexachloride
and you see the during the manufacture of
the benzene hexachloride we need lot of the
chlorine and as I told you earlier that the
kanoria chemical which is started making the
caustic chlorine, the caustic that was being
used by the aluminium plant there and the
chlorine that is being used for making of
the benzene hexachloride.
So, benzene hexachloride is made by the chlorination
of benzene, again here, the basic raw material
in the benzene in the presence of ultraviolet
radiation and solvent media consisting of
the acetic anhydride and carbon tetrachloride.
The product is mixture of isomers of BHC of
which gamma isomer is a powerful in insecticide
and is commonly known as gammaexane or the
lindane. 2, 4-D this is the very commonly,
we use this term 2,4-D. So, 2,4 dichloro phenoxyl
chloro acetic acid this is the name of the
2, 4-D. 2, 4-D is an important herbicide.
It is made by chlorinating phenol to form.
Again phenol, the basic raw material that
is the benzene or it may be from the cumin
route. So, phenol to form 2,4 dichloro phenol
which purified and converted to sodium salt,
which is reacted with the sodium monochloroacetate
formed by chlorinating acetic acid. 2, 4-D
is usually used in form of amine salt or an
ester. So, this is the how we are making the
2, 4-D ethion.
Ethion is made by reacting phosphorus pentasulphide
and alcohol which is reacted to form dithiophosphoric
acid (DTA), which is further reacted with
caustic soda to form sodium salt of DTA.
Dichlorvos so, this is 2 dichlorovinyl dimethyl
phosphate. Dichlorvos is an organic organophosphate
compound. It is a dense colorless liquid with
a sweetish smell and is highly soluble in
water. Dichlorvos is used in pest control.
Dichlorvos is made by dehydrochlorination
of trichlorophon in presence of caustic soda.
It is also made from the condensation of the
dichloro acetaldehyde and trimethyl phosphate.
So, this was in brief about the some of the
important pesticide and if you see the tour
the raw material which is needed for the making
of the pesticide that is the some of the aromatics,
they are important actually and if some of
the phosphates that is being used for the
making of the organophosphate insecticide.
Now, actually as I told you the environmental
concern, there is lot of the environmental
concern are there because of use of the pesticide
and now, if you see the water, ground water
that has been reported contaminated by heavy
materials, by the pesticides and lot of the
pesticide which is being used that is we are
inhaling, that is going in our body through
the food grain. So, lot of the environmental
concern are there and the because what we
are doing in case of use of the pesticide
we will have to take precaution while using,
which we are not taking and so, because of
them because of diet problem lot of the environmental
hazards has been reported by the use of the
pesticides. And even you take the case of
good knight we are continuously exposed on
to the vapour by inhaling during the when
we are sleeping.
So, this is the how a large number of the
even other mosquito which we are using while
spraying definitely, we are also exposed to
that. So, these were the some of the concern
about the use of the pesticide. So, again
the same bio-pesticides, bio-fertilizers because
of the problems of the environmental problem
we have started thinking the same the composed
or the neem in case of the fertilizer also.
The neem that you see the one of the very
important tree that is there and so that the
neem fertilizer, neem pesticide, neem even
you are that is you are using the tooth paste,
neem soap. So, this is the how the importance.
So, the let us discuss about the bio-pesticide
because now the because of the environmental
concern.
There is growing environmental concern and
consumer inclination towards chemical free
crops especially food crops there has been
increasing use of the bio pesticides. Now,
we are pesticide free food, green food. So,
this is the how we are now has lead to this
is, has been the major driving force the environmental
concern for the again development the bio
pesticide.
3 major classes of the bio-pesticides are
microbial pesticides, biochemical pesticides
and plant incorporated pesticides. Bio-pesticide
getting importance as they are less toxic
than the conventional pesticide which has
become serious threat to the environment due
to its increasing use as I told you the problem
that we are facing. Bio pesticides affect
only the target pest and closely related organisms,
so this is because what we need, only we need
the target pest should be affected in case
of the other chemical pesticide other problems
are also there. So, that is why we prefer
the bio pesticides.
Several factors such as new products, end
user acceptance and acceptance of the substitute
to conventional pesticide and declining market
for harmful organophosphate insecticide, have
fuelled the market growth of the bio pesticide.
The pesticide in general and then the driving
force are coming up the more-more bio pesticide.
Delivering a better alternative to manage
harmful insects, weeds and fungal plant, pathogens,
bio pesticide is poised to witness robust
gains in the coming years. The United States
represents the largest reason for bio pesticide
worldwide. Europe represents the fastest growing
regional market for bio pesticide.
With the growing acceptance of the bio pesticides
as an efficient crop protection alternative
with eco friendly footprint, several agricultural
chemicals are leaning towards leaning towards
the bio-pesticides.
As the organic food business now, we call
it the organic food. So, the organic food
business is growing, demand for non toxic
pesticide for crop protection is crop protection
is increasing. So, now you must have seen
advertisement the organic food means the now
various companies are there which are marketing
their products which we are using in daily
that is, as an organic food. Use of the bio
pesticide is being encouraged by government
of India as part of the integrated pest management
program.
Some of the important bio pesticides: Trichogramma,
fungi trichoderma and gliocladium and the
baculovirues, bacillus thuringiensis, neem.
Neem is the one of the actually the important
bio pesticide and it is used, earlier there
was less use with the coming of the more pest
chemical pesticide, but again people have
started thinking of the neem as the pesticide
as well as in the part of the fertilizer also.
Now, we call it the new generation NGI new
generation insecticide. Looking to the environmental
hazards of the chemicals used as pesticide
in the past, new generation of pesticides
with reduced risks to the environment and
human health has developed and are being used.
These pesticides tend to be rather surgical
in method for their reducing number of insects.
Some of the new generation pesticide are neo-niconoids
and then the spinosyns 
and 
the spymosoids, indoxcarb, fiproles or the
phenylpyrazoles, pyrazolesa, pyridazinones,
quinazolines. 7 classes of insecticides which
have appearance in the recent years are methyxyacrylates,
Npahthoquinones, nereistoxin, nereistoxin
analogues, pyridine azomethine, pyrmidinamines,
tetronic acids, clofentazenes. While discussing
the petrochemical, because you see the one
of the large integrated chemical plant they
are making the pyridine and prechlorine from
the alcohol route, the molasses route because
they are making the acetal dehyde. So, the
pyridine and prechlorine that is one of the
they are very valuable product that I told
you that this is the your organic now, jubiliant
organization it is called so, they are making
the pyridine and prechlorine and the cyclopentadiene
that I told you earlier that is been the by
the recovery from the C 5.
IGRS is the insect growth regulator what we
call is the IGRS are compounds which alter
the normal growth of the process of the insect
and therefore, can be used to control insect
population. Some of the IGRS are the juvenile
hormone based insecticides then the tebufenozide
and fenoxycarb. So, this was about the various
pesticide and insecticide, different of types
of the pesticide which we are making in India
and the how the this has been playing important
role and the various type of the actually
the so far the production is concerned, different
small to large integrated plants are there
which are also making the basic raw material
for the ingredient for the pesticide industry.
So, this is the how the importance of the
pesticide is in there in our crop protection
and they have played important role and the
use of the insecticide or the pesticide that
is increasing day by day because of the many
of the insects they are breaking more repent
and they are not actually responding to the
various pesticide and so, the new generation
of the pesticide, new type of the pesticide
is being developed. Even, we must have seen
that the in case of the mosquito various type
of the now, it is market in the market we
are using for the control.
So, this was in brief about the pesticide
industry and the pesticide which have the
pesticide for different purpose. In the next
lecture, we will be discussing about the dyes
and intermediate because that is also one
of the important sector of chemical industry
although, if you compare with chemical industry
the total amount in is less but still that
is one of the very important, because just
like here, in case of the pesticide they have
been able to provide more and more food. There
in case of the dyes and intermediate, they
have made our life more and more colorful.
