I have made many videos about many subjects,
but one that I’ve never made is one that
tells you about the current and future research
program of Fermilab, my scientific home.
I mean- there are lots of places one could
choose to do research.
What is it that makes Fermilab so special?
Why did I decide to do research here?
And, well, just what is Fermilab anyway?
Fermilab is America’s flagship particle
physics laboratory.
Located just west of Chicago, it’s one of
the world’s premier research centers and
it' s doing cutting edge research into some
of the most fundamental scientific questions.
The facility is located on 6,800 acres and,
for more than a quarter century, it operated
the Tevatron, the highest energy particle
accelerator in existence at that time.
Not only is Fermilab physically large, it
also is the intellectual home for about 300
resident scientists and postdoctoral researchers,
and about 4,000 visiting scientists drawn
from prestigious universities from across
the world.
Fermilab’s staff of permanent scientists
consists of 200 particle physicists, which
is a larger permanent faculty with those credentials
than any other facility on Earth.
Thus, by that specific measure, the laboratory
has the highest concentration of subatomic
expertise on the planet.
‘Go big or go home’ might be Fermilab’s
intellectual motto.
Our focus is on the big unanswered questions
of science.
There are many of them, questions like ‘How
did the universe come into existence?’
‘Why are the laws of nature the way they
are?’
‘Does the universe have to be the way it
is, or could it be otherwise?’
Maybe the biggest and most succinct summarizing
question is ‘Why is there something, rather
than nothing?’
And, truth be told, we don’t know the complete
answer to any of those questions.
But because of centuries of scientific effort,
we’ve made a lot of progress.
We know that the universe began in an enormous
explosion, called the Big Bang.
We’ve also devised a detailed, if incomplete,
understanding of the rules that govern subatomic
matter.
That theory is called the Standard Model.
The Standard Model of particle physics explains
the subatomic world of molecules and atoms
as being built of twelve even smaller particles
called quarks and leptons.
Those particles are the smallest known building
blocks of the cosmos and they are governed
by four forces, called the strong and weak
nuclear forces, electromagnetism and gravity.
Finally, a ghostly field called the Higgs
field gives mass to some of those particles
and completes the theory.
The Standard Model is well established and
universally accepted physics.
Researchers used the Fermilab scientific complex
to discover three of the quarks and leptons
you see here.
In addition, in 2012, Fermilab researchers
played key roles in the discovery of the Higgs
field and they continue to contribute to studying
its properties.
While those are respectable achievements,
researchers are much more interested in the
future than the past.
What questions are Fermilab scientists tackling
now?
There are a ton.
My personal favorite is to follow in the long-standing
Fermilab tradition and look at matter under
more and more extreme energies.
My colleagues and I collect and analyze data
recorded at the Large Hadron Collider, or
LHC, located at CERN, which is our sister
laboratory in Europe.
The LHC is currently the highest energy particle
accelerator in the world and it collides protons
together at energies high enough to recreate
the conditions common in the universe when
it was only a tenth of a trillionth of a second
old.
There are four detectors arrayed around the
LHC and the one that Fermilab scientists are
working on is called the Compact Muon Solenoid
or CMS.
3,000 scientists from around the world have
joined together to try to uncover nature’s
mysteries.
And together, we’ve made thousands of measurements,
published hundreds of papers, and are looking
forward to several decades of future research.
And, even though, the accelerator is located
at CERN, Fermilab’s research group of scientists,
engineers, technicians, and computer professionals
is the largest visitor group working on the
LHC.
But LHC research is by no means all we do.
About a decade ago, the decision was made
for Fermilab to build a world-leading infrastructure
to study the behavior of neutrinos.
Neutrinos are subatomic ghosts that interact
rarely with matter, and, perhaps even more
amazingly, they are particles that can change
their identity.
The term physicists use for this behavior
is neutrino oscillation.
In the recent past, in the present, and in
the future, the Fermilab neutrino program
has been or will be comprised of perhaps a
dozen different neutrino experiments, with
names like Miniboone, Microboone, MINOS, NOvA,
Minerva, Icarus, SBND, and, well, more.
Each of them explores a different facet of
the behavior of neutrinos, including the fact
that they can change their identity.
However, the future will be an enormous experiment
called DUNE, short for Deep Underground Neutrino
Experiment.
In this experiment, Fermilab will shoot a
beam of neutrinos from Illinois, through the
Earth, to South Dakota, at a huge detector
located deep underground in the former Homestake
gold mine, in the town of Lead.
This experiment is truly international, attracting
over 1,000 researchers from dozens of countries
across the globe.
DUNE has many goals, but I can call out three
of them.
One isn’t to study neutrinos at all, but
rather to look for instances where protons
decay.
Protons seem to be stable, but some theoretical
ideas say that maybe they can decay into lighter
particles, which is a pretty mind-blowing
idea.
DUNE will also look for neutrinos emitted
from supernovae in the Milky Way and nearby
galaxies.
Supernovae are rare, with about one per galaxy
per century, so that takes a lot of patience.
But perhaps the most anticipated measurement
is one that studies and contrasts the behavior
of neutrinos and antineutrinos.
Einstein’s famous equation E equals mc squared
is often said to mean that energy can convert
into matter and vice versa and, well, that’s
true.
But it’s more accurate to say that energy
can convert into matter and antimatter and
in equal quantities.
When one applies that concept to the Big Bang,
in which the universe was once smaller and
hotter and full of energy, things get a little
weird.
As the universe expanded and cooled, that
energy should have made equal amounts of matter
and antimatter.
Which brings us to a perplexing question.
Where is the antimatter?
We don’t know the answer to that, but it's
possible that neutrinos and antimatter neutrinos
oscillate at different rates.
If the two particles exhibit different behavior,
perhaps that’s a clue that might lead to
an explanation.
It’s hard to say, but Fermilab’s NOvA
experiment is looking at this and DUNE will
eventually chime in with improved capabilities.
The LHC and neutrino programs are both impressive,
but they’re only part of what Fermilab does.
Our scientists are also investigating an earlier
measurement that might be the best prospect
for discovering new physics.
This experiment is called g-2.
Almost all subatomic particles act as if they
are spinning.
Those particles that also have electrical
charge combine that with the spin and the
result is that they act like magnets.
And, if you put a magnet in an external magnetic
field, the magnets will precess like a top.
That’s just what they do.
This precession property has been extensively
studied for a subatomic particle called the
muon, which is basically a chubby electron.
Both the calculation and measurement of this
property have been conducted to staggering
precision- to twelve decimal places, in fact.
But here’s the exciting thing.
The measurement and prediction disagree.
Now, when measurements and predictions disagree,
that can mean a discovery.
But the disagreement has to be large and precise
to be sure it’s real and this particular
disagreement isn’t quite big enough to be
definitive.
So, the Fermilab g-2 collaboration is redoing
the measurement with much better equipment.
If the new measurement agrees with the old
one, this will be very exciting indeed.
While the g-2 experiment will tell us something
about muons in the near future, another experiment
called Mu2e will study them in a few years.
Mu2e will look for an extremely rare decay
mode of muons.
It’s a crazy-difficult experiment and it'll
be interesting to see how it unfolds.
So, let me tell you about another fascinating
topic that Fermilab scientists are studying.
We’re not just studying the subatomic world,
we’re also super interested in the cosmos
as a whole.
The statement that the universe is made of
matter is hardly an adventurous one, but it’s
more complicated than you’d think.
Astronomers have surveyed the entire universe
and determined just how much matter exists
in all of the galaxies we can see and the
gas that surrounds them.
Astronomers have also determined how much
matter and energy there is in the entire universe.
And, when they compared what we see and what
we know is there, the two numbers don’t
agree.
In fact, the matter that makes up galaxies
and gas comprise only about 5% the total matter
in the universe.
So what’s with the other 95%?
It turns out that 25% of the universe- that’s
five times as much as ordinary matter- is
made of a substance called dark matter.
Dark matter is thought to be similar to ordinary
matter, but it interacts only gravitationally.
We’re not even 100% sure that it exists,
but something is going on because we see its
effect in the speed at which galaxies rotate
and how light from distant galaxies is distorted
on its way to the Earth.
The remaining 70% of the universe is thought
to be made of a peculiar substance called
dark energy, which is an energy field that
results in a repulsive form of gravity.
Unlike matter and dark matter, which makes
the expansion of the universe from the Big
Bang slow down, dark energy makes it speed
up.
Now neither dark matter nor dark energy are
believed at the same level that we believe
the Standard Model, but the evidence is awfully
compelling.
And, given that not knowing the nature of
95% of the universe is kind of a big deal,
Fermilab physicists are looking or will look
for these two elusive substances with experiments
called SuperCDMS, COUPP, PICO, the Dark Energy
Survey, and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope.
Our researchers are as interested in the cosmos
as they are in the microrealm.
Okay- there’s one last initiative that I
want to mention that Fermilab scientists are
working on and that’s studying the quantum
realm, with an eye towards both quantum computing
and quantum teleportation.
You know that whole “is the cat alive or
dead thing?'
Yeah, they’re working on that kind of physics,
but not with the usual sort of befuddled conversations
that often incorporate quantum mechanics.
Fermilab researchers, working with academic
and industry partners, are actually using
the laws of quantum mechanics to develop and
build real, technical, devices that use quantum
weirdness to build ultrafast computers and
to be able to transport information from one
place to another.
The things that I’ve told you here don’t
span the full range of scientific and technical
projects that Fermilab scientists are working
on.
We’re also inventing and building new accelerator
technologies, and pushing computing facilities
and engineering capabilities to the limit,
and tons and tons of other very cool experiments
and measurements.
Really- it’s an honor to work among such
creative and smart people.
I think I’d be remiss if I didn’t mention
that Fermilab is more than just a mecca of
science.
I told you how big it is, but I didn’t mention
that the whole site is essentially a nature
preserve, with restored prairies, abundant
wildlife and even a small herd of American
bison.
The laboratory also hosts public science lectures
and art and theater performances that are
open to the public.
We even have a small art gallery, with a constantly
changing parade of art shows from distinguished
artists.
I hope I’ve given you a good sense of what
we can do at Fermilab.
It’s an amazing place.
And you can even come and visit us every day
of the week.
If you’d like to be shown around, we have
public tours every Wednesday and, on the first
Sunday of every month, we have an event called
'Ask a Scientist,' which has a public lecture
and then a couple of hours of access to a
group of scientists who will try to answer
any question that you throw at us.
If you’re interested in visiting, there's
a URL in the video description that tells
you the many different ways that you can visit.
Y’all come.
You get to see some amazing science and I’m
sure that you’ll have a great time
So that was fun.
I could talk all day about the outstanding
science that my colleagues and I conduct every
day at Fermilab.
It really is an extraordinary place and, well,
I’m lucky to be part of it.
If you liked this video, please like, subscribe,
and share.
And I’m serious about inviting you to come
to visit and see where new physics is being
discovered.
And, of course you’d like to do that because,
well- physics is everything.
